WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION OFFICIAL RECORDS No. 89 Proposed Programme and Budget Estimates for 1960 17 March 1959 Corr. 1 CORRIGENDA Page xxi, Table (Averages used in the Computation of the Budget Estimates), in Entitlement column, under Short -term Consultants: delete Fees: $700 per month insert Fees: $600 per month Page 31, twenty -sixth line: delete , and to study how far different strains exist in different epidemiological situations Page 32, first seven lines: Sub -paragraph (e)- Vaccine Studies -should appear under 4.5.5, Endemo -epidemic Diseases, as an additional paragraph under Contractual Technical Services (page 33) Page 32, twenty -first line, under "Smallpox: Co- ordination of Research ": delete their production of dried smallpox vaccine by training their personnel insert research on dried smallpox vaccine and on the prevention of complications in the disease Page 35, twelfth line: delete to advise on policies of hospital planning and organization and of insert to study and report on hospital planning and organization and on Page 36, fifth to tenth lines inclusive: Sub -paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) should appear under 4.5.5, Endemo -epidemic Diseases, as additional paragraphs under Contractual Technical Services (page 33) Page 37, second and third lines from bottom: delete , aviation medicine, sports medicine, accident prevention and forensic medicine); insert and aviation medicine); sports medicine; accident prevention; forensic medicine; Page 40, eleventh line: delete to establish the influences insert to consider the influence Page 90, in the column headed Regular Budget, Estimated expenditure, 1958, under " Nursing " last line (total) : delete 518 885 insert 518 855 Page 101, third line from bottom: after the words particularly primary cancer insert , of the liver
Transcript
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
OFFICIAL RECORDS No. 89
Proposed Programme and Budget Estimates for 1960
17 March 1959Corr. 1
CORRIGENDA
Page xxi, Table (Averages used in the Computation of the Budget Estimates), in Entitlement column, underShort -term Consultants:delete Fees: $700 per monthinsert Fees: $600 per month
Page 31, twenty -sixth line:delete , and to study how far different strains exist in different epidemiological situations
Page 32, first seven lines:Sub -paragraph (e)- Vaccine Studies -should appear under 4.5.5, Endemo -epidemic Diseases, as anadditional paragraph under Contractual Technical Services (page 33)
Page 32, twenty -first line, under "Smallpox: Co- ordination of Research ":delete their production of dried smallpox vaccine by training their personnelinsert research on dried smallpox vaccine and on the prevention of complications in the disease
Page 35, twelfth line:delete to advise on policies of hospital planning and organization and ofinsert to study and report on hospital planning and organization and on
Page 36, fifth to tenth lines inclusive:Sub -paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) should appear under 4.5.5, Endemo -epidemic Diseases, as additionalparagraphs under Contractual Technical Services (page 33)
Page 37, second and third lines from bottom:delete , aviation medicine, sports medicine, accident prevention and forensic medicine);insert and aviation medicine); sports medicine; accident prevention; forensic medicine;
Page 40, eleventh line:delete to establish the influencesinsert to consider the influence
Page 90, in the column headed Regular Budget, Estimated expenditure, 1958, under " Nursing " last line (total) :delete 518 885insert 518 855
Page 101, third line from bottom:after the words particularly primary cancerinsert , of the liver
Page 220, at end of text:add
CONTINGENCY PROVISION
An amount of $42 000 is proposed to meet requests for advisory services which may be receivedfrom Members in Europe who, at the time these estimates were prepared, had not returned to activeparticipation in the work of the Organization. In the absence of information as to the specific require-ments of these countries it has not been possible to submit detailed proposals in the usual way.
Page 350, last column (Total, Estimated expenditure, 1960) against Total- Headquarters :delete 216 019
insert 261 019
Page 407, second column, ninth line from bottom:delete Iran 28
insert Iraq 28
Proposed Programme and Budget Estimates for 1960
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
1. Organizational Meetings
2. Programme Activities
3. Regional Offices
4. Expert Committees
5. Administrative Services
6. The Regions: Summary
7. Africa
8. Americas
9. South -East Asia
10. Europe
11. Eastern Mediterranean
12. Western Pacific
13. Inter -regional and Other Activities
ANNEX 3 14. Technical Assistance
ANNEX 4 15. Malaria Eradication
ANNEX 5 16. Special Account forResearch Planning
ANNEX 6 17. Additional Projects
OFFICIAL RECORDSOF THE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONNo. 89
PROPOSED REGULAR PROGRAMME AND BUDGET
ESTIMATES FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR
1 JANUARY - 31 DECEMBER 1960
WITH
PROPOSED PROGRAMMES AND ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE
UNDER OTHER AVAILABLE SOURCES OF FUNDS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONPALAIS DES NATIONS
GENEVA
December 1958
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations are used in the Official Records of the World Health Organization:
ACC - Administrative Committee on Co- ordination
CCTA - Commission for Technical Co- operation in Africa South of the Sahara
CIOMS - Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
ECAFE - Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East
ECE - Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA - Economic Commission for Latin America
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization
ICITO - Interim Commission of the International Trade Organization
ILO - International Labour Organisation (Office)
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
OIHP - Office International d'Hygiène Publique
PASB - Pan American Sanitary Bureau
PAHO - Pan American Health Organization
TAB Technical Assistance Board
TAC - Technical Assistance Committee
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund
UNKRA - United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency
UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
UNTAA - United Nations Technical Assistance Administration
WFUNA - World Federation of United Nations Associations
WMO - World Meteorological Organization
PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND
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CONTENTS
Page
Letter of Submittal and Authority xi
Introduction XIII
Notes on the Presentation of the Programme and Budget xvttt
Appendix: Salary schedules showing distribution of posts under the regular budget, the ExpandedProgramme of Technical Assistance, the Malaria Eradication Special Account. and other extra -budgetary funds, by grade levels XXII
Tables
Estimated total expenditure under the regular budget, the Expanded Programme of TechnicalAssistance, the Malaria Eradication Special Account, and other extra -budgetary funds, withpercentages, by major functions 2
Estimated total staff under the regular budget, the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance,the Malaria Eradication Special Account, and other extra -budgetary funds, with percentages,by major functions 2
Summary of Budget Estimates 4
Table showing, by sections of the Appropriation Resolution for 1959, the total estimates for 1959 asrevised, the amounts to be financed from Technical Assistance funds, and the remaining expenditurefrom regular funds 10
Summary Table showing Total Budget, Income, Assessments and Effective Working Budget . 11
Scales of Assessment for 1958, 1959 and 1960 11
Proposed Appropriation Resolution for the Financial Year 1960 13
Proposed Working Capital Fund Resolution for 1960 14
INFORMATION ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 - SUMMARIES, TOGETHER WITH DETAILED ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE FORORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS AND HEADQUARTERS ACTIVITIES
Tables
Summary by purpose -of- expenditure code, indicating percentages of total regular budget estimates 17
Summary of activities to be financed from transferred assets of the Office International d'HygiènePublique to the extent available 18
PART I : ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS PageText Cost
estimates
1. World Health Assembly : Thirteenth Regular Session 19 19
2. Executive Board and its Committees 19 19
3. Regional Committees 19 19
Africa 19
The Américas 20South -East Asia - 20Europe 20Eastern Mediterranean 20Western Pacific - 21
PART II : OPERATING PROGRAMME
4. PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Summary
PageText Cost
estimates
48
4.1 Offices of the Assistant Directors -General 22 51
4.2 Health StatisticsOffice of the Director - Health Statistical Methodology - Consolidation
of Health Statistics - International Classification of Diseases andDevelopment of Health Statistical Services 22 51
4.3 Biology and PharmacologyOffice of the Director - Radiation and Isotopes - Biological Standardi-
ANNEX 2 - SUMMARIES AND DETAILED ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE FOR REGIONAL ACTIVITIES
The Regions - Summary of Field Activities
PageText Cost
estimates
89 The Americas (continued)
PageText Cost
estimates
Africa British Honduras 128 157Summary of Field Activities - 103 Canada 128 157Regional Office 93 104 Chile 128 157Regional Advisers 93 106 Colombia 129 158Area Public Health Officers 93 107 Costa Rica - 159Angola, Cape Verde and Mozambique 94 108 Cuba - 159Basutoland 94 108 Dominican Republic 129 160Bechuanaland 94 109 Ecuador 130 160Belgian Congo and Ruanda -Urundi . 94 109 El Salvador 130 161British East Africa (various territories) - 110 French Antilles and Guiana 130 162Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 94 110 Guatemala 131 162French Africa (various territories) - 111 Haiti 131 163French Equatorial Africa - 111 Honduras 132 163French West Africa - 112 Mexico 132 164Gambia 95 112 Netherlands Antilles and Surinam 133 165Ghana 95 113 Nicaragua 133 165Kenya 96 114 Panama 133 166Liberia 97 115 Paraguay 133 166Mauritius 98 116 Peru 134 167Nigeria 98 116 United States of America 134 167Réunion - 117 Uruguay 134 168Seychelles 99 118 Venezuela 135 168Sierra Leone 99 118 West Indies Federation 135 169Somaliland Protectorate - 119 Inter -country Programmes 135 170St Helena - 119SwazilandTanganyika
9999
119120
South -East Asia
Uganda 100 120 Summary of Field Activities - 188Union of South Africa 100 121 Regional Office 173 189Zanzibar 100 121 Regional Advisers 173 191Inter- country Programmes 101 122 Area Representatives 173 192
Afghanistan 173 193The Americas Burma 175 194
Summary of Field Activities - 140 Ceylon 177 196Regional Office 124 141 India 178 197Regional Advisers 124 147 Indonesia 183 200Zone Offices 124 148 Maldive Islands 184 202Argentina 125 153 Nepal 184 202Bolivia 126 154 Portuguese India 185 203Brazil 126 155 Thailand 185 203British Guiana and West Indies 127 156 Inter -country Programmes 186 205
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Europ e
PageText Cost
estimates
Eastern Mediterranean (continued)
PageText Cost
estimates
Summary of Field Activities - 221 Pakistan 247 267Regional Office 207 222 Saudi Arabia 248 268Regional Health Officers 207 224 Somalia 248 269Albania 207 225 Sudan 249 269Austria 207 225 Tunisia 250 270Belgium 208 225 United Arab RepublicBulgaria 208 226 Province of Egypt 251 271Czechoslovakia 208 226 Province of Syria 252 272Denmark 208 226 Yemen 252 273Finland 208 227 Inter -country Programmes 253 274France 209 227Germany, Federal Republic 209 227 Western PacificGreece 209 228 Summary of Field Activities - 289Iceland 210 228 Regional Office 276 290Ireland 210 229 Regional Advisers 276 292Italy 210 229 Area Representatives 276 293Luxembourg 210 229 Australia 277 294Malta 210 230 British Solomon Islands Protectorate 277 294Morocco 211 230 Cambodia 277 294Netherlands 211 231 China 278 295Norway 211 231 Fiji 280 296Poland 212 231 French Polynesia 280 297Portugal 212 232 Hong Kong 280 297Romania 212 232 Japan 280 297Spain 213 232 Korea 281 299Sweden 213 233 Laos 282 300Switzerland 214 233 Macao 282 300Turkey 214 234 Malaya 282 300Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . 215 235 Netherlands New Guinea 282 301
United Kingdom of Great Britain and New Caledonia - 302Northern Ireland 215 235 New Zealand 283 302
Papua and New Guinea 283 303Eastern Mediterranean Philippines 283 304
Summary of Field Activities - 255 Sarawak - 305Regional Office 241 256 Singapore 284 306Regional Advisers 241 258 Timor - 306Area representatives 241 259 Tonga 285 306Aden 241 260 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 285 307Cyprus 242 260 Viet Nam 285 307Ethiopia 242 260 Western Samoa 286 308Iran 243 261 Inter -country Programmes 286 308Iraq 244 263Israel 244 263 Inter- regional and Other ActivitiesJordan, Hashemite Kingdom 245 264 Summary of Field Activities - 312Lebanon 245 265 Inter -regional Activities 310 313Libya 246 266 Collaboration with Other Organizations 311 314
ANNEX 3 - SUMMARIES OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE UNDER THE EXPANDED PROGRAMMEOF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Summary by Purpose -of- Expenditure Code
Technical Assistance : Category II Projects
PageText Cost
estimates
316
Africa 317 329
The Americas 317 331
South -East Asia 319 333
Europe 324 337
Eastern Mediterranean 325 339
Western Pacific 327 342
Summary of Programmes for 1959 and 1960, by Priorities 329
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ANNEX 4 - MALARIA : OPERATIONS PLANNED TO BE FINANCED FROM THE MALARIAERADICATION SPECIAL ACCOUNT, AND INCLUDING REGULAR, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
AND OTHER EXTRA -BUDGETARY FUNDS
1. Consolidated Summary of Cost Estimates of Malaria Operations under all
PageText Cost
estimates
Sources of Funds for the Years 1958, 1959 and 1960 346
2. Summary, by Region and Country, of the Estimated Cost of Operations plannedto be Financed from the Malaria Eradication Special Account in 1958, 1959 and1960, and the Two -Year Period 1961/62 347
3. Programme Activities
Summary 350
3.1 Malaria. EradicationOffice of the Director - Malaria Eradication Planning - Malaria Eradica-
tion Programme 349 351
3.2 Editorial and Reference ServicesTranslation 349 351
3.3 Supply 349 352
3.4 Contractual Technical Services and Other Forms of Research Co- ordination 352
3.5 Other Costs 352
4. Regional Offices : Summary 352
5. Administrative Services
Summary 354
5.1 Administrative Management and PersonnelAdministrative Management - Personnel - Conference and Office Services 353 354
5.2 Budget and FinanceOffice of the Director - Budget - Finance and Accounts 353 355
5.3 Internal Audit 353 355
6. Common Services 356 357
7. Other Statutory Staff Costs 356 357
8. Africa8.1 Regional Office 359 3628.2 Regional Advisers 359 3628.1 Country and Inter -country Programmes 359 363
9. Americas9.1 Regional Office 366 3709.2 Country and Inter -country Programmes 366 371
10. South -East Asia10.1 Regional Office 375 37710.2 Regional Advisers 375 37710.3 Country and Inter -country Programmes 375 378
11. Europe11.1 Regional Office 379 38011.2 Regional Health Officers 379 38011.3 Country and Inter -country Programmes 379 381
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12. Eastern MediterraneanText
PageCost
estimates
12.1 Regional Office 383 38512.2 Regional Advisers 383 38512.3 Country and Inter -country Programmes 383 386
13. Western Pacific13.1 Regional Office 38-8 39013.2 Regional Advisers 388 39013.3 Country and Inter -country Programmes 388 391
14. Inter -regional and Other Activities 393 395
ANNEX 5 - RESEARCH PLANNING : OPERATIONS PLANNED TO BE FINANCEDFROM THE SPECIAL ACCOUNT
PageText Cost
estimates
Details of Programmes and Estimated Expenditure 399 399
ANNEX 6 - ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS AND NOT INCLUDEDIN THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME AND BUDGET ESTIMATES
PageText Cost
estimates
1. Country Programmes 403 417
2. Inter -country Programmes 413 420
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL AND AUTHORITY
In accordance with the requirements of the Constitution, the Director- General hasthe honour to submit the proposed programme and budget estimates of the Organizationfor the financial year 1 January to 31 December 1960.
M. G. CANDAU, M. D.
Director- Generalof the World Health Organization
INTRODUCTION
The Programme and Budget Estimates proposed for the year 1960 should be analysed and evaluatedagainst the background of several important developments which resulted in the emergence of a series of newtrends and changes of emphasis in the long -range programme of the World Health Organization. It was notsimply a coincidence that these developments occurred at the time WHO celebrated its tenth anniversary :the modifications the Organization has had to carry out grew to a very significant degree from the experienceit had gained during its first decade. They were also the logical consequence of some of the truly remarkableadvances achieved by medical and allied sciences during the same period. In order to define more clearlythe real meaning and intended impact of the programme of work suggested for 1960, I deem it necessary tomention briefly some of these developments.
*
The most outstanding of them is undoubtedly the widening of the concept of control to that of eradicationas an approach to the solution of communicable disease problems. While malaria remains of course in theforeground of the efforts WHO is making in this field, smallpox and yaws are moving in as the next targets oferadication, and tuberculosis and leprosy are two other diseases which it hoped to defeat through an all -outattack conducted on a world -wide basis.
As far as malaria is concerned, by 1960 in a number of countries in the Americas the attack phase of theeradication programmes will be in its final stage. Eradication operations are far advanced, in all countriesconcerned, in the European Region. In the Eastern Mediterranean, South -East Asia and Western PacificRegions, countries will either have reached full implementation or will have entered the pre- eradication phase.Even in Africa it will be possible to start full eradication programmes in the south -eastern part of the continent,and to begin pre -eradication activities in a number of other areas where the results of pilot projects appear tobe encouraging.
The eradication work in the field will continue to be supported in all the regions by special centres whereprofessional and technical personnel are given specific training. The three malaria eradication advisory teamswill continue to be available to governments to assist them in the evaluation of programmes, and provisionis made for the continuation in Africa of the study of the problem of Anopheles gambiae. Finally, a pool ofadvisers will be at the disposal of governments for such emergency assistance as may be required.
It is hoped that governments will make it possible through their voluntary contributions to implementthe programme of malaria eradication as now planned. I shall be submitting to the Executive Board and to theWorld Health Assembly a full report on the steps taken and those envisaged for the future to encourage con-tributions from all sources to the Malaria Eradication Special Account. At the same time, I shall report onthe actual status of the Account.
The progress made by smallpox eradication campaigns in several Latin American countries exemplifiesethe intensified efforts to be made towards the final elimination of this disease. In the Eastern MediterraneantRegion a survey team will advise countries on possible eradication, while in South -East Asia assistance willbe given to governments in organizing effective vaccination campaigns and in the production of vaccines suitablefor use in tropical areas. Other measures planned for 1960 are an inter -regional training course on the produc-tion of dried smallpox vaccines, and a conference for the co- ordination of smallpox control programmes in theSouth -East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean Regions and part of the Western Pacific.
In the field of treponematoses, the low prevalence of active yaws obtained, following mass campaigns inmany countries, strongly indicates the practicability of final eradication. Thanks to the wide use of a long -acting penicillin -PAM -, to improved sanitation and to health education, it can be expected that, withpersistent efforts, the disease can be eradicated within the foreseeable future. In order to achieve this goal,
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there will be a need to reorient the technical policy from the mass approach to a more individual approach,and serological field surveys will therefore have to precede the final phase of operations aimed at eradication.Advisory teams will play their part in concerted action against endemic treponematoses in rural areas as well asagainst venereal syphilis in urban areas, so as to contain the spread of the latter as and when yaws is eradicated,and a generation is growing up which no longer has a partial immúnity against syphilis resulting from previousinfection with yaws.
* *
Tuberculosis and leprosy may be considered almost as " border -line cases " in the sense that, althoughtechnical and scientific preconditions for the eradication of these diseases are at hand, the next phase for bothmust generally still be a speeding -up of control operations while further study is made of methods of' eradication.However, as far as tuberculosis is concerned, WHO must also be prepared to give assistance in 1960 to somecountry projects aimed at eradication. There are now several antituberculosis drugs which are effective,not only for treatment, but also for the elimination of potential sources of infection. Therefore, in countriessuch as Denmark, which have long maintained successful tuberculosis control programmes and in which theprevalence of the disease is low, a change of objective from control to eradication should now be possible.
Elsewhere, for instance in Gambia and Kenya, the work of survey teams now operating will make itpossible to initiate, for the first time, effective control programmes which lie within the resources of the countriesconcerned, in terms both of finance and of trained personnel. In yet other countries, for example Nigeria,India and Tunisia, the fight against tuberculosis will also be promoted on the basis of the latest developmentsin field investigations and in the treatment of sources of infection.
Leprosy control activities are to be continued in 1960 in a number of countries, including Nigeria, Ceylon,Colombia and Indonesia. Owing to the scarcity and lack of uniformity of information on field programmes,and the need for statistical and epidemiological investigations to confirm satisfactory progress towards controlactivities, or suggest modifications to present plans, provision is made for a team which will eventually visitcontrol projects in all the regions. The general aim of all the studies to be sponsored by WHO will be to institutecontrol measures based on the most recent experience.
** *
Another important aspect of WHO's development in 1960 will be the expansion of a number of activitieswhich in the past could be carried out to a very limited extent only. Thus, the vital and health statistics serviceswill be utilized in other WHO activities on a wider scale than formerly. We expect that the expert committeeproposed for 1960 will make important recommendations on how to conduct national health surveys for thepurpose of improving and extending morbidity statistics. Many countries, among them India, the United ArabRepublic, Pakistan and several Member States of the Western Pacific Region, are to receive advice fromWHO on the organization and development of national statistical services.
In 1960 and ensuing years, WHO will pay increasing attention to nutritional problems, which constituteone of the main obstacles to better health. An instance of the type of help the Organization can give in thisfield is its contribution to nutrition surveys and the control of deficiency diseases in Kenya and Indonesia.These, together with the nutritional studies in several other countries, including Ceylon and Iran, will, I amsure, yield significant results not only for the countries concerned but also for the whole world.
In the African and Eastern Mediterranean Regions much of WHO's effort will be concentrated on thecontrol of bilharziasis. Studies of methods to prevent the spread of the disease in newly irrigated areas will beactively pursued and it is hoped that means will be found to reduce the snail population. Engineering methodsof water management based on snail ecology will be tested in order to find canalization schemes unfavourableto snail breeding. The aim of another group of studies will be to establish chemical or mechanical devices forpreventing reinfestation. Furthermore, we must learn more about the value of molluscicides and their residualeffect on the soil, on the fauna and flora in the water, and also on crops.
Progress in fighting bilharziasis and many other communicable diseases will greatly depend on how muchthe countries affected can do to improve the sanitary conditions of the environment in which their citizenslive. In this respect WHO's plans for 1960 concentrate on the improvement of community water supplies. TheOrganization is indeed prepared to stimulate and guide a truly world -wide effort, in which all available resourceswill be pooled -including those of local, national and international character -to remedy the critical watersupply situation which prevails today in many populous cities.
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In 1960 there will also be an expansion of WHO activities directed against the arthropod -borne viruses,many of which, unknown a few years ago, are now known to be important producers of human and animaldisease. We have to learn more about the distribution of these infections, their prevalence in different areas,their reservoirs in nature and the ways in which they are carried from one place to another.
Through studies, training courses and conferences, we hope to co- ordinate research in Africa and in theAmericas on some aspects of onchocerciasis, for example on epidemiological factors which may explain thegreat differences in the incidence of eye lesions and blindness observed in different areas of endemicity, and alsoon the biology of the vectors.
As to mental health, the two main subjects to be dealt with are the epidemiology of mental disorders andthe teaching of psychiatry and of mental health techniques. There will be a wider variety of assistance givento individual countries. For instance, most of the European countries will be assisted in the teaching of childpsychiatry and in child guidance, while Burma will receive help in the training of medical and nursing staffin psychiatry, and Iran in the development of mental health services. Special activities will be sponsored togetherwith the World Federation of Mental Health for the organization of a world mental health year in 1960.
I should like to add to this rapid analysis of the activities to be expanded in 1960 a few words on chronicand degenerative diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and cancer -problems which have always beenrecognized as being of vital importance but to which the Organization was able to give only very limited atten-tion during its first decade.
The principal aim of WHO's cardiovascular disease programme is to co- ordinate work carried out invarious countries, both in the field and in laboratories, to achieve a better understanding of the various factorssuspected of being of etiological importance. Thus, an expert committee to be convened in 1960 will analyseall material collected during the preceding two years in an attempt to establish the relative importance ofgeographical, environmental, occupational and nutritional factors in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases.A multidisciplinary meeting, to be attended by cardiologists, epidemiologists, nutritionists and public healthadministrators, will examine the possibility of developing an effective programme of control.
For cancer, too, WHO will encourage epidemiological studies, in the hope of obtaining more knowledgeof the environmental and related factors which may contribute to the incidence of the disease. Assistance willcontinue to be given to selected laboratories for the collection, study and distribution of reference prepara-tions of various cancer types.
** *
The experience WHO has gained during its first ten years proves conclusively that progress in all the fields1 have mentioned depends largely on the advances made by medical research both in its fundamental and in itsapplied aspects. This basic role of research was emphasized by the Eleventh World Health Assembly when itspecifically requested the Director -General to study the role of WHO in "research and the ways and means ofstimulating and co- ordinating research in all parts of the world. A separate document to be submitted to theTwelfth World Health Assembly deals with this. In essence, the proposed programme can be divided intotwo broad categories. First, it is planned that WHO through its co- ordinating machinery should mobilizeavailable resources for research to sustain an intensified attack on the most important health problems ofmankind. Secondly, the Organization will assist in the expansion of national activities in research, notnecessarily related to the study of specific problems, particularly in countries where such activities are at anearly stage of development.
The aim of the activities in the first category would simply be that the part already played by research inthe various programmes undertaken by WHO will be expanded according to two essential criteria : attentionis to be given to problems of world -wide significance and emphasis is to be placed on research activities whichcan be best carried out through international co- operation.
The second function of WHO, particularly in less advanced countries, would be to help create what maybe called the " scientific climate " -the intangible intellectual and psychological environment, the presence ofwhich accounts for flourishing research in one place and the absence of which is the cause of little or no researchin others. This climate can only develop in places -above all, in universities -where active original researchis pursued. Only so can students become imbued with the intellectual curiosity, the critical and searching frameof mind that incites to the exploration of the unknown. From this point of view, the subject of research is
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essentially irrelevant as long as the research worker generates the desirable atmosphere around himself. Byassisting this type of research worker, who is bound to attract young talent, WHO would contribute to raisingthe research potential of individual countries and the world at large and would assist in developing new scientificmanpower on which depends the success of medical research.
In the exercise of this dual function which WHO appears to have in this field, much attention will be givento the link that exists between research and teaching. Indeed, experience has shown that by placing the chiefresponsibility for the promotion of research on universities and medical schools, one accomplishes the doublepurpose of improving standards of both education and research.
*
It had become clear in 1958 that, to enable the Organization to discharge adequately the new responsibilitiesit is going to face in its second decade, there would have to be fundamental modifications in the structure of itssecretariat, more particularly at headquarters. Indeed, the old pattern, virtually unchanged since 1948, couldnot fit the new needs of governments and had to be adjusted to the new functions of WHO. These called fora regrouping of units, for some increases in personnel, and, in general, for a more flexible structure. Sincecertain new tasks had to be assumed immediately, some organizational changes had to be introduced withoutdelay at the turn of 1958, while others were postponed for a year. It might be useful to describe these modifica-tions, which are to be spread over a period of eighteen months and are reflected not only in the 1960 proposedprogramme and budget but also in its revised columns for 1958 and 1959.
The changes in the two last -mentioned years are mainly : the adaptation of the names of certain units totheir new functions, which have become either more specific or broader in nature; the transfer of some unitsto more appropriate divisions ; and, finally, the creation of new units and expansion of others to enable themto carry out a number ,of activities the need for which has repeatedly been emphasized by WorldHealth Assemblies.
The growing importance of WHO's work in the field of statistics is reflected in the new Division of HealthStatistics, which now comprises three essential services : health statistical methodology; consolidation andanalysis of health statistics; and international classification of diseases and development of health statisticalservices. International quarantine services have been transferred to the Division of Communicable Diseases.
In order better to define the tasks it has to assume, the former Division of Therapeutic Substances has beenrenamed Division of Biology and Pharmacology, and includes a unit responsible for radiation and isotopes.On the other hand, the unit of Health Laboratory Services, formerly identified as Health Laboratory Methods,has been transferred to the Division of Organization of Public Health Services, to which have also been addedthree new units dealing respectively with dental health, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
The expanded activities in the field of leprosy and virus diseases are carried out by two new units establishedwithin the Division of Communicable Diseases.
The work of the Division of Environmental Sanitation is, I believe, also more sharply defined by breakingit down into four parts responsible respectively for urban sanitation; rural sanitation; vector control andpesticides; and environmental biology.
Two changes have been made in the Division of Education and Training. The units formerly known asExchange of Scientific Information and Assistance to Educational Institutions have become Education inMedical and Allied Subjects and Public Health Education and Training.
In view of the fact that, with its added functions, the burden falling on the Division of Organization ofPublic Health Services will by 1960 have become much too heavy, I believe that it is essential to divide theeleven fields assigned to that division between two new divisions, to be identified as the Division of HealthProtection and Promotion and the Division of Public Health Services.
The changing nature of the services WHO renders to Member States has revealed the arbitrary characterof the departmental structure of the Organization. The need to replace the departmental system with a moreflexible one was emphasized by the additional duties taken up by headquarters. It was decided, therefore, tointroduce in 1959 a new system, according to which the Assistant Directors -General assume responsibilityfor various divisions on the basis of their particular individual experience, and taking into account the workloadinvolved in those divisions. It has also become apparent that the growth of activities WHO is called upon to
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undertake has reached the stage at which it is necessary to provide for an additional post of Assistant Director -General, together with supporting staff. This increase in Headquarters personnel is indispensable to themaintenance of the standard of efficiency governments expect from WHO.
* *
The budget proposals for the programme of work suggested for 1960 amount to $16 330 900, showing anincrease of $1 247 714, or 8.27 per cent., over the revised budget estimates for 1959, which total $15 083 186.The actual programme increase will amount to some $1 350000, the difference of approximately $100 000being due to the fact that the reimbursement of the Working Capital Fund is not foreseen in the 1960estimates in the same amount as in 1959. The Assembly will note that of this $1 350 000, roughly $380 000will cover statutory staff costs for established posts; $490 000 will go to field projects; $460000 for strengtheningexisting services, including a provision of $30 000 for staff training; and, finally, $20 000 for increased require-ments for organizational meetings.
The Appropriation Resolution proposed for the budgetary expenses in 1960 has been adapted to the newinternal structure and the new functions of the Organization.
** *
The programme of work for' 1960, and the necessary budgetary modifications it carries with it, are submittedto the Twelfth World Health Assembly in the firm conviction that they will make it possible for WHO to assistcountries more effectively in the solution of their health problems. To this end, the Organization must atcertain intervals undergo a critical review of its policies, activities and structural pattern. It is indeed onlythrough a dynamic and courageous approach, never uncritically accepting established working methods, thatWHO will adequately play the role assigned to it : that of making the fullest use of the international meansavailable for raising levels of health throughout the world.
Director - General
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NOTES ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME AND BUDGET
1. Form of Presentation
1.1 Developments Which Have Led to Changes in DetailedPresentation
Developments in the work of WHO have made it necessaryto adapt the presentation of the proposed programme andbudget estimates to the current needs of the Organization.The pattern which has been evolved is consistent with theprinciples governing the form of presentation that wereadopted by the World Health Assembly in resolution WHA7.36.The major modifications in presentation have resulted fromchanges in the organizational structure of the Secretariat,developments in the Expanded Programme of TechnicalAssistance, and the need for a complete picture of all activitiesin the field of malaria.
1.1.1 Changes in the organizational structure of the SecretariatChanges in the organizational structure of the Secretariat
have been described in the Introduction to this volume andneed not be repeated here, although they have had a con-siderable effect on the presentation. The changes, some ofwhich will be introduced only in 1960, have been shown, forpurposes of comparison, also for the years 1958 and 1959.
1.1.2 Administrative and operational services costs of theExpanded Programme of Technical Assistance
1.1.2.1 The Economic and Social Council in July 1958requested organizations participating in the Expanded Pro-gramme of Technical Assistance to take, as soon as possible,whatever steps might be necessary to permit :
(a) the consolidation in the regular budgets of the parti-cipating organizations of all administrative and operationalservices expenses;(b) the consolidated review of these expenses by the legis-lative bodies of the participating organizations.
The Council also requested the Technical Assistance Board topresent to the Technical Assistance Committee for approvallump -sum amounts for allocation to the participating organi-zations in 1959, " which amounts shall not exceed and shallpreferably be less than the amounts allocated for 1958 towardmeeting the Expanded Programme's administrative andoperational services costs ". For subsequent years the Councilrequested the Technical Assistance Board, in preparingestimates for the approval of the Technical Assistance Com-mittee, not to exceed the 1959 ceilings for lump -sum payments" unless the allocation for project costs proposed for anyparticipating organization shall vary by more than 10 per cent.from the allocation for the same purpose for the year 1959 ".
1.1.2.2 In the light of these developments, the administrativeand operational services costs of the Expanded Programme ofTechnical Assistance, incurred at headquarters and in regionaloffices, have been merged with the estimates for the regularbudget. The amounts expected to be reimbursed from theExpanded Programme of Technical Assistance ($724 000 in1959 and in 1960) are shown at the end of the Summary ofBudget Estimates as deductions from the total estimates, andidentified as " Reimbursement from the Special Account ofthe Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance ". Forpurposes of comparison, the 1958 column is presented in thesame way.
1.1.2.3 In order to reconcile the revised 1959 estimates withthe approved Appropriation Resolution for that year
(WHA11.47 of the Eleventh World Health Assembly) a newtable is included after the Summary of Budget Estimates.This table shows the total estimated expenditure under eachappropriation section and the amounts expected to be reim-bursed from the Expanded Programme of Technical Assist-ance; the difference gives the amounts financed fromregular funds. The table takes into account the transfersbetween sections of the Appropriation Resolution which theDirector -General will make, subject to the concurrence of theExecutive Board at its twenty -third session. An amount of$71 586 is also included, which will be met by an advancewhich the Director -General finds it necessary to make fromthe Working Capital Fund under the authority vested in himby paragraph 2 (2) of the Working Capital Fund Resolution for1959 (WHA11.12). The Director -General is submitting to theExecutive Board at its twenty -third session, and to the TwelfthWorld Health Assembly, supplementary estimates for thepurpose of reimbursing in 1959 this advance from the WorkingCapital Fund.
1.1.3 The need for a complete picture of all activities in thefield of malaria
1.1.3.1 In resolution WHA8.30, the Eighth World HealthAssembly established a Malaria Eradication Special Accountand requested that the operations planned to be financedfrom this account should " be presented separately in theannual programme and budget estimates ". Annex 4, whichcontains the information requested, has been expanded togive a complete picture of all activities in the field of malaria,regardless of the source of funds from which such activitiesare financed. The annex presents a consolidated summaryof the cost estimates of malaria operations under all sourcesof funds. It also includes a summary, by region and country,of the estimated costs of projects planned to be financed fromthe Malaria Eradication Special Account.
1.1.3.2 Complete information on all project activities in- malaria, financed from whatever source of funds, is given
in Annex 4 and details of such projects are no longer given inthe country schedules contained in Annex 2. The estimatedexpenditure for malaria shown in Annex 2 gives only the totalin each year under the appropriate fund.
1.1.3.3 The estimated expenditure for Headquarters, Regio-nal Offices and Regional Advisers that is to be met from theMalaria Eradication Special Account is shown in the appro-priate parts of the budget, as well as in Annex 4, to give acomplete picture.
1.1.3.4 As far as possible the estimates in Annex 4 follow, insummary and in detail, the form of presentation used through-out the budget volume. Columns have been included in thecountry schedules and the related summaries showing byyear the total number of posts and the estimated expenditurefrom all sources of funds.
1.1.4 Special Account for Research Planning1.1.4.1 Annex 5 shows the estimated expenditure for acti-vities to be financed in 1958 and 1959 from the Special Accountfor Research Planning, established in the amount of $300 000.The Eleventh World Health Assembly, in resolutionWHA11.35, requested the Director -General :
(1) to organize and arrange for a special study of the roleof WHO in research and of ways in which the Organizationmight assist more adequately in stimulating and co- ordinat-ing research and developing research personnel;
- XVIII -
NOTES ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME AND BODGET XIX
(2) to prepare a plan on the basis of such study in thefurtherance of research, for transmission to the twenty -thirdsession of the Executive Board and to the Twelfth WorldHealth Assembly, with cost estimates.
In the same resolution, the Health Assembly authorized theDirector -General to take the necessary steps to receive thecontribution of $300 000 from the United States of Americawhich the Eleventh World Health Assembly accepted withappreciation under Article 57 of the Constitution, andrequested the Director- General to establish a special accountfor the purpose and to present separately in the annual pro-gramme and budget estimates the operations financed orplanned to be financed from this special account.
As required by resolution WHA11.35, the Director -General is presenting to the Executive Board at its twenty -third session and to the Twelfth World Health Assembly aplan, with cost estimates for future years, based on the specialstudy.
1.2 Other Changes in Detailed Presentation
1.2.1 Expanded Programme of Technical AssistanceProjects planned under the Expanded Programme of Techni-
cal Assistance are classified as Category I or Category II.Category II projects can only be implemented as savings accruein the approved Category I programme. Therefore, althoughinformation concerning both Category I and II projects (includ-ing narratives for the latter) under the Expanded Programmeof Technical Assistance is presented in Annex 3, the estimatesfor 1959 as given in the country schedules and the summariescontained in Annexes 1 and 2 show only those projects whichare included in the Category I programme recommended bythe Technical Assistance Board for approval by the TechnicalAssistance Committee. The 1960 estimates and narrativesin Annexes 1 and 2 cover only those projects which are ten-tatively proposed for the Category I programme. Theirimplementation is dependent on requests from the govern-ments concerned to the Technical Assistance Board and onthe funds available for 1960.
1.2.2 Other modifications in the form of presentationOther modifications in the form of presentation are as
follows :(a) Thè appendix to these Notes now includes data con-cerning the numbers of posts in the various grade levelsfinanced from the Malaria Eradication Special Account.(b) The tables showing the estimated total expenditureand total staff under regular, Technical Assistance andOther Extra -budgetary Funds, with percentages, by majorfunctions, now include data relating to the Malaria Eradi-cation Special Account.(c) In the detailed cost schedules and summary for Pro-gramme Activities (Headquarters), grants are now shownseparately from " Contractual Technical Services and OtherForms of Research Co- ordination ";(d) In . the country schedules, an additional column showsthe identifying numbers assigned to individual .projects.
1.3 New Form of the Appropriation Resolution
1.3.1. Changes in form1.3.1.1 Some changes in the form of the AppropriationResolution will follow logically from the developments whichhave been described in 1.1 above. It is therefore proposed inthe draft Appropriation Resolution, which appears on page 13,that :
(a) the former Appropriation Sections 4 (Central TechnicalServices) and 5 (Advisory Services) should be replaced bya new Appropriation Section 4 - Programme Activities;
(b) the text of paragraph III of the Appropriation Reso-lution should include the lump sum expected to be reim-bursed from the Expanded Programme of TechnicalAssistance.
1.3.1.2 In addition, the Director -General recommends thecreation of two new appropriation sections, one underPart II (Operating Programme), the other under Part III(Administrative Services), under which provision would bemade for all statutory staff costs except salaries. The reasonfor proposing two separate sections, apparently for similarpurposes, is to permit the continuance of the separation ofadministrative costs, following the definition of administrativecosts as established by the Executive Board and the HealthAssembly. These sections would be numbered AppropriationSections 7 and 9 respectively, the former AppropriationSections 6 (Regional Offices) and 7 (Expert Committees) beingrenumbered Appropriation Sections 5 and 6. It is consideredthat the introduction of these two new appropriation sectionswill have practical advantages. It will segregate all statutorycosts (apart from salaries), which should simplify the present-ation and facilitate the understanding and discussion of theestimates. Further it should over a period of time simplifythe computation of the estimates.
1.3.1.3 The text of the proposed Appropriation Resolutionfor 1960 should, it is recommended, remain unchanged in allother respects.
1.3.2 Effect of changes in form of the Appropriation Resolutionon detailed presentation
The detailed presentation of the proposed programme andbudget estimates conforms to the Appropriation Resolutionas recommended in section 1.3.1, above. For comparison theestimates of expenditure for the years 1958 and 1959 arepresented in the same way. Thus, in the detailed cost schedulesand in the summaries, the estimated expenditure for 1958and 1959 under Appropriation Sections 4 (Central TechnicalServices) and 5 (Advisory Services) is now presented underAppropriation Section 4 (Programme Activities). Statutorystaff costs, other than the salaries of personnel provided forwithin Part II (Operating Programme) are shown under Appro-priation Section 7 -Other Statutory Staff Costs. In order thatthe total value of the assistance provided for individualcountries should be reflected in the country schedules, theproject cost estimates in the schedules and in the regionalsummaries for field activities include the amounts shown inAppropriation Section 7 (Other Statutory Staff Costs). Thelatter are shown in the Summary for Programme Activitiesas a deduction from the total estimates for Field Activitiesto establish the net amounts under Appropriation Section 4.The 1958 and 1959 cost estimates under AppropriationSection 6 (Regional Offices) are now shown under Appro-priation Section 5 (Regional Offices) except for " OtherStatutory Staff Costs which are presented under Appro-priation Section 7; and Appropriation Section 7 (ExpertCommittees) is renumbered as Appropriation Section 6.While there is no change in the numbering of AppropriationSection 8 (Administrative Services), the statutory staff costsother than salaries are presented separately under Appro-priation Section 9 - Other Statutory Staff Costs.
No request is made for reimbursement of the WorkingCapital Fund in 1960, so that Part IV (Other Purposes)of the 1958 and 1959 Appropriation Resolutions does notappear in the 1960 resolution. Part V (Reserve) of the 1958and 1959 Appropriation Resolutions is the same as Part IV(Reserve) in the proposed Appropriation Resolution for 1960.
XX NOTÉS ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME AND BUDGET
2. Integrated Health Programme
2.1 Other Extra -budgetary FundsCost estimates relating to requirements expected to be
financed from funds other than the regular budget, TechnicalAssistance funds or the Malaria Eradication Special Accountare given in the columns headed " Other Extra -budgetaryFunds ", and amounts which have been allocated by theUNICEF Executive Board for supplies and equipment aredenoted by asterisks. The column " Other Extra -budgetaryFunds " also includes cost estimates of activities of thePan American Health Organization.
2.2 Additional Projects Requested by Governments and notIncluded in the Proposed Programme and Budget Estimates
Annex 6 contains a narrative account, together with costestimates, of additional projects requested by governmentsand not included in the proposed programme and budgetestimates. The Category II projects under the ExpandedProgramme of Technical Assistance which appear in Annex 3are also, in effect, projects requested by governments whichare not included in the proposed programme and budgetestimates, since they can be financed only if funds not nowforeseen become available.
2.3 Additional Amounts Expected to be Contributed by Govern-ments for Proposed Programmes
The estimated amounts (expressed in US dollars) whichare expected to be contributed by governments towards thecosts of projects in their own countries, in so far as WHO hadbeen informed of them at the time when these estimates wereprepared, are shown in parenthesis in the columns headed" Other Extra -budgetary Funds " at the end of each countryschedule contained in Annex 2. In Annex 4 the amountsexpected to be contributed by governments towards the costof implementing projects in malaria are shown in the countryschedules in the columns headed " Total ". All informationrelating to such contributions by governments which isreceived after the preparation of these estimates will bepresented to the Executive Board and the World HealthAssembly.
3. Casual Income
3.1 The Director -General recommends that an amount of$500 000 of casual income be used to help finance the proposedprogramme and budget estimates for 1960. This amount iscomposed of $31 960, representing assessments on new Mem-bers for previous years, $27,000 to be transferred from thePublications Revolving Fund and $441,040 of estimatedmiscellaneous income; it is shown at the end of the " Summaryof Budget Estimates " as a deduction from the proposed total1960 budget estimates, to arrive at the total assessments onMembers. Any shortfall in the actual amount of miscellaneousincome which will ultimately become available, when theaccounts for 1958 have been finalized in the early part of 1959,is proposed to be covered by a transfer from the AssemblySuspense Account. It is expected that such a transfer, ifnecessary, would involve a relatively small amount.
3.2 The recommendation as to the amount of casual incometo be used is in line with the decision of the Eleventh WorldHealth Assembly to limit the use of casual income for financingthe 1959 budget to $400 000, in order to avoid fluctuationsin the assessments on Members from year to year which wouldresult from using whatever income might be available eachyear. The amount of $500 000 now proposed to be appro-priated for 1960 in no way jeopardizes the principle thusestablished, and is recommended solely on the basis of thecasual income available at present and in the foreseeablefuture, which indicates that some increase is appropriate in1960 and that the same level approximately could bemaintained in future years.
3.3 At the time the 1960 estimates were prepared, theamount available in the Assembly Suspense Account wasapproximately $624 000 and it is likely that by the time of thetwenty -third session of the Executive Board, and later theTwelfth World Health Assembly, the balance, of the accountwill be larger. The Director -General believes that there aredistinct advantages to the Health Assembly in having at itsdisposal some income to use at its discretion to meet suchsupplementary estimates as the Director -General from timeto time finds himself obliged to submit to the Executive Boardand the Health Assembly as a result of unforeseen or extra-ordinary expenses. The Director -General in submittingseparately his supplementary estimates for 1959 is recommend-ing that those estimates should be financed by the TwelfthWorld Health Assembly's appropriating additional incomefor 1959 by a transfer from the cash available in the AssemblySuspense Account. Additional assessments on Members,which would require budgetary and legislative action on theirpart, may thereby be avoided. There may be other instanceswhere the Health Assembly would find it more convenientto appropriate funds for specifically approved purposes byusing available income rather than by recourse to increasedassessments on Members.
3.4 The estimated amount of miscellaneous income for 1960referred to in paragraph 3.1 above does not include anyamount relating to the transfer of assets of the Office Inter-national d'Hygiène Publique. However, as in past years, theestimated expenditure in 1960 for activities of the kind pre-viously undertaken by the Office has continued to be identifiedin the budget document in accordance with resolutionWHA3.98 of the Third World Health Assembly.'
3.5 In addition to casual income, the amount of $724 000is expected to be available from the Expanded Programme ofTechnical Assistance, as explained in paragraph 1.1.2.2,above.
4. Publications Revolving Fund
The estimates presented under Appropriation Section 4(Programme Activities) for 1960 include an amount of $19 000for printing additional copies of publications for sale (anitem previously shown under the former AppropriationSection 4 - Central Technical Services). An amount of$8000 is also shown in the 1960 estimatesunder AppropriationSection 8 (Administrative Services) to provide for the purchaseof copies of film -prints for sale, the proceeds being creditedto the Publications Revolving Fund. This is in line with aproposal which is being submitted separately by the Director -General to the Executive Board at its twenty -third session,and to the Twelfth World Health Assembly, concerning anexpansion of the use of the Fund for this purpose. The totalamount of $27 000 has been included in the casual incomeavailable by transfer from the Publications Revolving Fund,as shown in the " Summary of Budget Estimates ".
5. Scales of Assessment
Paragraph 2 (5) of resolution WHA8.5 of the Eighth WorldHealth Assembly 2 provides that " in establishing the scaleof assessment to be used in 1960 and future years, the HealthAssembly shall further adjust the WHO scale to take intoaccount the latest available United Nations scale of assess-ment ". The scale of assessment for 1960 has been calculatedon the basis of the United Nations scale of assessment for1959. Should one or more Members resume active partici-pation in the work of the Organization prior to the TwelfthWorld Health Assembly, the amount of Part IV (Reserve),
1 Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions, fourth edition,page 222
2 Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions, fourth edition,pages 230 and 231
NOTES ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME AND BUDGET XXI
Appropriation Section 10, will be subject to adjustment, withconsequential changes in the amount of the total budget andof the total assessments on Members.
6. Working Capital Fund Resolution
In resolution EB17.R34 1 the Executive Board at its seven-teenth session decided " to postpone further considerationof the scale of assessment for the Working Capital Fund untilits first meeting in 1959 or until such time as an increase in thesize of the Fund may become necessary ". Pursuant to thisresolution the Director -General is submitting to the ExecutiveBoard at its twenty -third session a report on the " Scale ofassessments for, and amount of, the Working Capital Fund ".Since the study to be undertaken by the Executive Boardmay have implications for the text of the Working CapitalFund Resolution, the Director -General will include in his
report a proposed text for the resolution. For this reason, notext is presented in the budget document.
7. Computation of Estimates and Averages used in Costing
7.1 All graded posts, other than vacant posts in projectsunder the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (seeparagraph 7.6 below) have been costed on a fully -year basis.For filled posts, the costs have been computed individuallyon the basis of actual salaries (including increments) and otherentitlements, except that the amounts included for repatriationgrant ($150 in the grade levels Pl and above and $50 in othergrade levels) represent averages based on experience. Forvacant posts the salary costs represent the base step of thegrade concerned and all related costs have been computedaccordingly. For all other entitlements use has been made ofthe averages shown in the table below, which are based onexperience.
AVERAGES USED IN THE COMPUTATION OF THE BUDGET ESTIMATES
Entitlement
Schedule " R "Assignments Schedule " S " Assignments(other than Project Staff)
Dependants' allowance e . 600 360 180 - 600 360 180 - 360 360 120Post adjustment d D -rate D -rate S -rate - D -rate D -rate S -rate - D -rate D -rate S -rate
Short -Term ConsultantsFees : $700 per monthTravel : $700 per month
a Applied only where recruitment is expected to be made from outside the local recruitment areab These averages, reflecting adjustments to take account of the annual turnover of staff entitled to transportation of personal effects upon repatriation
and whose replacements are not entitled to such transportation upon recruitment, are used only in the calculation of the additional costs resulting from staffturnover.
c Including education grants and related travel; applied proportionately for periods of less than one yeard Applied proportionately for periods of less than one year
7.2 The estimates for duty travel have been established, asfar as practicable, by costing the individual journeys envisaged.
7.3 Provision has been included in the estimates to meetadditional turnover costs resulting from the repatriationof staff members who may leave the Organization, and therecruitment of their replacements. The amounts of theseadditional costs have been calculated by applying to the aver-age for repatriation travel, recruitment travel, installationper diem and transportation of personal effects on repatriation(and where applicable on recruitment) in respect of all filledposts, the appropriate staff turnover percentages as establishedin the light of experience. The staff turnover percentage atheadquarters is 5 per cent. for posts subject to international
1 Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions, fourth edition,page 245
recruitment and 12 per cent. for posts subject to local recruit-ment. In the case of the regional offices (including regionaladvisers, etc.) the staff turnover percentage for posts subjectto international recruitment is '8 per cent. Since, with fewexceptions, the replacement of staff in posts subject to localrecruitment in the regions does not entail additional expendi-ture in respect of repatriation or recruitment travel, installationper diem or transportation of personal effects, the estimatesdo not take into account such costs in the regions.
7.4 Apart from the additional costs resulting from turnoverof staff as described above, economies accrue on salaries andother entitlements of staff members for :
(a) the periods between the dates of departure of the staffmembers who leave the Organization and the dates whenthe incoming staff members replace them; and
XXII SALARY SCHEDULES WITH DISTRIBUTION OF POSTS
(b) the fact that incoming staff members are appointedat the base step of the grade.
To take account of these economies, deductions for " Lapsesin effecting replacements " have been applied to the estimates.These deductions have been calculated by applying the staffturnover percentages referred to in paragraph 7.3 above tothe difference between the total amounts included in the esti-mates for all the posts concerned in respect of salaries and allrelated costs for the full year and the salaries (at the base step)and the established averages for all related costs of the samenumber of posts, for that period of the year which remainsafter taking into account the established average lapse periodin effecting replacements. In the light of experience the averagelapse period has been established at 31/2 months for inter-nationally recruited staff at headquarters and 21/2 months forsuch staff in regional offices (including regional advisers, arearepresentatives, area public health officers, regiónal healthofficers, and zone offices).
7.5 As in previous years, deductions have also been appliedto the estimates under the regular budget for " delays infilling new posts ". These deductions have been calculatedon the basis of delays averaging 3 months both at headquartersand in the regional offices (including regional advisers etc.)applied to the salary costs and the averages of the relatedcosts for the posts concerned, and have for purposes ofpresentation been merged with the deductions for " Lapsesin effecting replacements " (described in paragraph 7.4). Nosuch deductions have been applied to the estimates under theMalaria Eradication Special Account.
7.6 Under the regular budget, global deductions have againbeen applied to the estimates for " Delays in the implemen-tation of new projects ", on the basis of delays averagingthree months, to take account of economies expected to accruein respect of the salaries and related costs of the individualposts concerned, these posts having been costed on a full -yearbasis. Since new projects under the Expanded Programmeof Technical Assistance, in accordance with the establishedprocedures under that programme, have been costed asfrom 1 April or the dates when they are expected to commence,whichever is the later, no global deductions have been appliedto the estimates of expenditure from such funds. No suchdeductions have been applied to the estimates relating to theoperations planned to be financed from the Malaria Eradi-cation Special Account as presented in Annex 4.
7.7 The amounts relating to " Staff turnover " (para-graph 7.3), to " Lapses in effecting replacements " (para-graph 7.4), to " Delays in filling new posts " (paragraph 7.5),and to " Delays in the implementation of new projects " areshown in the relevant summaries under the various appro-priation sections. However, in the summaries contained inAnnex 4, the amounts which might be applicable to the costestimates given in the columns for the regular budget have notbeen calculated or shown, since these amounts have been cal-culated and applied to the estimates under the regular budgeton an overall basis only, and the application of such amountsto parts of the total estimates would be of no significance andcontrary to the established budgetary principles governingthe application of these factors.
Appendix
SALARY SCHEDULES SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF POSTS UNDER THE REGULAR BUDGET, THE EXPANDEDPROGRAMME OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, THE MALARIA ERADICATION SPECIAL ACCOUNT,
TOTAL A. . 713 750 780 490 502 539 75 234" 226 235 275 301
a Director -General, Deputy Director -General, Assistant Directors- General and Regional Directorsb Including consultantse Assistant -Director, Secretary- General and Consultants
SALARY "SCHEDULES WITH DISTRIBUTION OF POSTS XXIII
Total - ALL PARTS 15 360 952 16 161 246(b) 17 484 800(d)
Less: Reimbursement from the Special Account of the Expanded Programme ofTechnical Assistance(e) 724 000 724 000 724 000
Less: Advance from Working Capital Fund to meet unforeseen expenses (seefootnote (b)) 71 586
Less: Casual IncomeAssessments on new Members from previous years 28 820(f) 2 090 31 960
Miscellaneous income 280 065 304 562Available by transfer from the cash portion of the Assembly Suspense 441 040(g)
Account 20 115 74 348Available by transfer from the Publications Revolving Fund 29 000 19 000 27 000
Total - Casual Income 358 000 400 000 500 000
Total - Deductions 1 082 000 1 195 586 1 224 000
Total - ASSESSMENTS ON MEMBERS 14 278 952(h) 14 965 660 16 260 800(d)
(a) In the Appropriation Resolution for 1958 and 1959, this part and appropriation section appeared as "Part IV - Other Purposes" and
"Appropriation Section 9: Reimbursement of Working Capital Fund ".
(b) Including unforeseen additional expenses totalling $71 586 resulting from increased salary scales for local staff in Geneva andadministrative and operational services costs not covered by the amount to be reimbursed from Technical Assistance funds. These
expenses are covered by an advance from the Working Capital Fund for which reimbursement is included in the supplementary estimatesfor 1959 being submitted separately.
(c) In the Appropriation Resolutions for 1958 and 1959 this part appeared as "Part V - Reserve ".
(d) The amounts of "Undistributed Reserve ", "Total - All Parts" and "Total - Assessments on Members" are subject to adjustment if oneor more Members should resume active participation in the work of the Organization prior to the Twelfth World Health Assembly.
(e)( See paragraph 1.1.2.2 of the Notes on the Presentation of the Programme and Budget.
(f) Including $10 347 - the amount available from the transfer of the assets of the Office International d'Hygiène Publique
(g) See paragraph 3 of the Notes on the Presentation of the Programme and Budget.
(h) In the Appropriation Resolution for 1958 (resolution WHA10.38) the assessments on Members were $14 411 160.
10
TABLE SHOWING, BY SECTIONS OF THE APPROPRIATION RESOLUTION FOR 1959, THE TOTAL ESTIMATESFOR 1959 AS REVISED, THE AMOUNTS TO BE FINANCED FROM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FUNDS
AND THE REMAINING ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE FROM REGULAR FUNDS
Appropriation SectionTotal estimates
as revised
Amounts to bereimbursed from
Technical Assistancefunds
Remaining estimatedexpenditure from
regular fonda
US$ US$ US$
PART I - ORGANIZATIONAL !WINGS
1. World Health Assembly 233 430 233 430
2. Executive Hoard and its Committees 132 670 132 670
9. Reimbursement of Working Capital Fund 100 000 100 000
Total - Part IV 100 000 100 000
Total - Parts I, II, III and IV 15 083 186 724 000 14 359 186(a)
PART V - RESERVE
10. Undistributed Reserve 1 078 060 1 078 060
Total - Part V 1 078 060 1 078 060
TOTAL - ALL PARTS 16 161 246 724 000 15 437 246(a)
(a) Representing an excess of $71 586 over the approvedppxoved effective working budget and total budget for 1959. This amount relatesto unforeseen expenses resulting from increased salary scales for local staff in Geneva, and to administrative and operationalservices costs not covered by the amount to be reimbursed from Technical Assistance funds. This amount will be covered by anadvance from the Working Capital Fund, reimbursement of which will be included in supplementary estimates for 1959 to besubmitted to the Executive Hoard at its twenty -third session and to the Twelfth World Health Assembly.
Assessments on Members for the effective workingbudget 13 208 130 13 887 600 15 106 900
Add; (i) Amount reimbursable from the SpecialAccount of the Expanded Programme ofTechnical Assistance 724 000 724 000 724 000
(ii) Advance from Working Capital Fund 71 586
(iii) Casual Income 358 000 400 000 500 000
Total effective working budget 14 290 130 15 083 186 16 330 900
(a) Including administrative and operational services costs previously shown under the Expanded Programme of TechnicalAssistance and for which a lump sum of $724 000 is reimbursable from the Special Account of the Expanded Programme ofTechnical Assistance. For 1959 only there is included unforeseen expenses of $71 586 financed by an advance from theWorking Capital Fund. The reimbursable amounts from the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance Special Accountand the advance from the Working Capital Fund are also shown together with casual income in the years concerned.
(b)Equalling the assessments on inactive Members (comprising at the time the.1958 estimates were prepared the ByelorussianSSR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Ukrainian SSR), on China, and on the Member which resumed active participation inthe work of the Organization subsequent to the adoption by the Tenth World Health Assembly of the AppropriationResolution for 1958 (WHA10.38).
(c) Equalling the assessments on inactive Members (comprising at the time the Appropriation Resolution for 1959 was adoptedby the Eleventh World Health Assembly, the Byelorussian SSR, Hungary and the Ukrainian SSE) and on China.
(d) These amounts are subject to adjustment if one or more Members should resume active participation in the work of theOrganization prior to the Twelfth World Health Assembly.
SCALES OF ASSESSMENT FOR 1958, 1959 AND 1960
MEMBERS
1958
Total assessments$14 411 160;Total budget$15 493 160(3)
1959
Total assessments$14 965 660;Total budget$16 161 246(3)
(a) The amount of the total assessments is subject to adjustment if one or more Members should resume activej dJ participationin the work of the Organization prior to the Twelfth World Health Assembly.
(b) Includi ng administrative and operational services costs previously shown under the Expanded Programme of TechnicalAssistance, for which a lump sum of $724 000 is reimbursable from the Special Account of that programme. The amount
for 1959 includes also unforeseen expenses of $71 586, met by an advance from the Working Capital Fund.
(o) Associate Member
(d) In resolution WHA11.7, the Eleventh World Health Assembly fixed the 1958 assessment of Ghana at 8 units ($8880). The
difference ($3120) between this assessment and the tentative assessment ($5760) is not included in the total assess-ments on Members ($14 411 160) for 1958.
(e) In resolution WHA 1 the Ninth World Health Assembly fixed the assessment of Korea for the next five9. 5, years at theminimum of 0.04 %, subject to review in 1961.
(f) The assessment of the Federation of Malaya, which became a Member of WHO in 1958 (resolution WHA11.8 of the EleventhWorld Health Assembly), is shown in parenthesis and is not included in the total assessments on Members ($14 411 160)for 1958.
PROPOSED APPROPRIATION RESOLUTION 13
I.
PROPOSED APPROPRIATION RESOLUTION FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 1960
The Twelfth World Health AssemblyRESOLVES to appropriate for the financial year 1960 an amount of US $ as follows :
AppropriationSection
Purpose of appropriation
PART I : ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS
1. World Health Assembly2. Executive Board and its Committees3. Regional Committees
8. Administrative Services9. Other Statutory Staff Costs
Total -Part III
SUB- TOTAL -PARTS I, II AND III
PART IV : RESERVE
10. Undistributed Reserve
Total -Part IV
TOTAL -ALL PARTS
AmountUS $
II. Amounts not exceeding the appropriations voted under, paragraph I shall be available for the payment of obligations incurredduring the period 1 January to 31 December 1960 in accordance with the provisions of the Financial Regulations.
Notwithstanding the provisions of this paragraph, the Director- General shall limit the obligations to be incurred during thefinancial year 1960 to the effective working budget established by the World Health Assembly, i.e., Parts I, II and III.
III. The appropriation voted under paragraph I shall be financed by contributions from Members after deduction of :(i) the amount of $ available by reimbursement from the Special Account of the Expanded Programme
of Technical Assistance(ii) the amount of $ representing assessments on new Members from previous years
(iii) the amount of $ representing miscellaneous income available for the purpose(iv) the amount of $ available by transfer from the cash portion of the Assembly Suspense Account(y) the amount of $ available by transfer from the Publications Revolving Fund
thus resulting in assessments against Members of $
14 PROPOSED WORKING CAPITAL FUND RESOLUTION
IV. The Director -General is authorized, with the prior concurrence of the Executive Board or of any committee to which it maydelegate appropriate authority, to transfer credits between sections.
V. When the Executive Board or any committee to which it may have delegated appropriate authority is not in session, theDirector -General is authorized, with the prior written concurrence of the majority of the members of the Board or such committee,to transfer credits between sections. The Director -General shall report such transfers to the Executive Board at its next session.
VI. Notwithstanding the provisions of the Financial Regulations, the Director -General is authorized to charge as an obligationagainst the 1960 appropriation the costs, including transportation, of operational supplies and equipment for which contractshave been entered into prior to 31 December 1960.
VII. In respect of the printing of publications, the Director -General is authorized, notwithstanding the provisions of the FinancialRegulations, to charge as an obligation against the 1960 appropriation the cost of publications for which complete manuscriptsshall have been delivered to and received by the printer prior to 31 December 1960.
PROPOSED WORKING CAPITAL FUND RESOLUTION FOR 1960
Since the study which the Executive Board will undertake at its twenty -third session on the " Scaleof assessments for, and amount of, the Working Capital Fund" may have implications for the text ofthe Working Capital Fund Resolution, the Director -General will include as a part of the study a proposedtext for the Working Capital Fund Resolution.
INFORMATION ANNEXES
Annex 1
SUMMARIES, TOGETHER WITH DETAILED ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE
FOR ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS AND HEADQUARTERS ACTIVITIES
SUMMARY BY PURPOSE -OF- EXPENDITURE CODE, INDICATING, PERCENTAGESOF TOTAL REGULAR BUDGET ESTIMATES
1. WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY : THIRTEENTH REGULAR SESSION(See below)
The estimates, which are based on experience, amount to $227 050 -a decrease of $6380 as compared with the estimatedexpenditure for 1959, when provision is made for the printing of the fifth edition of the Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions.
2. EXECUTIVE BOARD AND ITS COMMITTEES(See below)
These estimates, amounting to $132 670, are the same as those for 1959. They provide for a session lasting about three weeksin January- February (preceded by a session of the Standing Committee on Administration and Finance of approximately oneweek's duration) and a short session following the Health Assembly.
3. REGIONAL COMMITTEES(See below)
The estimates for Regional Committees are based on the decisions of the respective regional committees in 1958 as totheir places of meeting.
ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS : COST ESTIMATES
Estimated Expenditure1958 1959 1960
US$ US$ US$
1. WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY 492 940 233 430 227 050Less: Amount provided by the Government of the
United States of America to cover the additionalcosts to be paid directly by the Organization . . 274 000 T
Total - World Health Assembly 218 940 233 430 227 050
2. EXECUTIVE BOARD AND ITS COMMITTEES 123 900 ¡-'¡ 132 670 132 670
Total - Executive Board and its Committees 123 900 I32 670 132 670
3. REGIONAL COMMITTEES
AFRICA
Personal ServicesSalaries and wages (temporary staff) 1 900 1 845 1 845
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 10 500 5 770 6 025Travel and subsistence of temporary staff 4 500 9 120 8 940
Other ServicesOther contractual services 1 300 l 427 4 507
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 300 228 283
Total - AFRICA 18 500 18 390 21 600
t Pursuant to resolution WHA10.51 of the Tenth World Health Assembly, the Governmentof the United States of America was expected to " bear the additional costs, not to exceedUS $400 000, incurred by and on behalf of the Organization ". Certain costs were borne by the localauthorities and some payments were made directly by the Government. The estimate shown here repre-sents only the payments to be made directly by the Organization.
tt The additional costs of holding the twenty- second session of the Executive Board in the UnitedStates of America have been included in the amount of $274 000 provided by the Government of theUnited States of America (see estimated expenditure for the World Health Assembly).
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 8 430 1 560 8 400
Space and Equipment ServicesRental and maintenance of equipment 130 150
Other ServicesOther contractual services 740 510 750
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 2 350 640 2 000
Total - THE AMERICAS 25 850 7 400 25 500
SOUTH -EAST ASIA
Personal ServicesSalaries and wages (temporary staff) 500 500 500
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 1 600 5 050 12 450
Other ServicesOther contractual services 450 550 550
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 1 300 1 200 1 200
Total - SOUTH -EAST ASIA 3 850 7 300 14 700
EUROPE
Personal ServicesSalaries and wages (temporary staff) 1 200 2 640 1 300
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 2 200 6 680 300Travel and subsistence of temporary staff 1 400 4 140 3 600
Space and Equipment ServicesRental and maintenance of equipment 750
Other ServicesOther contractual services 1 000 1 200 700
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 200 250 200
Total - EUROPE 6 000 15 660 6 100
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Personal ServicesSalaries and wages (temporary staff) 5 000 7 400 7 400
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 9 600 1 600 9 600Travel and subsistance of temporary staff 5 600 4 900 4 400
Space and Equipment ServicesRental and maintenance of equipment 300 500 500
Other ServicesOther contractual services 2 500 600 1 100
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 2 000 2 000 2 000
Total - EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 25 000 17 000 25 000
ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS 21
Estimated Expenditure1958 1959 1960
US$ US$ US$WESTERN PACIFIC
Personal ServicesSalaries and wages (temporary staff) 1 150 1 650 1 650
Travel and TransportationDuty travel 3 650 4 220 4 220
Other ServicesOther contractual services 1 150 950 950
Supplies and MaterialsSupplies 1 050 680 680
Total - WESTERN PACIFIC 7 000 7 500 7 500
Total - REGIONAL COMMITTEES 86 200 73 250 100 400
TOTAL - ORGANIZATIONAL MEETINGS 429 040 439 350 460 120
22 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
PART II : OPERATING PROGRAMME
4. PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
4.1 OFFICES OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTORS -GENERAL(See page 51)
The Assistant Directors -General in charge of programme activities :(1) advise the Director -General on major policy questions;(2) share the general responsibility for the technical programme, the co- ordination of the work of the technical divisions atheadquarters, and the technical aspects of liaison with regional offices and other agencies :(3) direct the work of the divisions and other units which have been placed under their immediate supervision, theresponsibilities for the various divisions being distributed among the Assistant Directors -General in accordance with the workloadand the special qualifications of each of them.
PersonnelAs from 1960 provision is made for an additional post of Assistant Director - General for programme activities, in view of the
steady increase in the responsibilities of the Organization in the technical field and in order to maintain an effective leadership forthe intensified programme of the Organization. The office of each of the Assistant Directors - General is staffed by an administrativeassistant and two secretaries.
The typing pool, consisting of an administrative assistant and thirteen clerk stenographers, serves the personnel at headquartersdealing with programme activities; an additional clerk tenographer is provided for in 1960, to meet the increasing workload. Forpurposes of budgetary presentation, provision is also made under these offices for a director -consultant reporting to the Office ofthe Director- General, and for his secretary.
Duty TravelThe Assistant Directors -General will travel in order to maintain close contact with regional offices, field activities, other
agencies, and national institutions and centres co- operating with WHO in the various technical subjects.
Other Costs (see page 67)Staff Training. It has been recognized by the Executive Board and the Assembly that in an organization such as WHO main-
tenance of the necessary standards of professional competence requires that staff be released from their operational duties fromtime to time in order to receive further advanced scientific training, preferably in an academic institution. Staff Rules 420 and650.1 are relevant. The latter provides that " special leave, with full or partial pay, or without pay, may be granted for advancedstudy or research in the interest of the Organization ... "
So far no budgetary provision has been made for participation by the Organization in the cost of such training, but undera provisional arrangement the Rockefeller Foundation has for some five years been granting a limited number of fellowships (threeor four a year) to WHO staff for this purpose. Even with this assistance the number of study leaves which it is possible to arrangeis wholly inadequate to the needs of the professional staff of an organization of the size and wide subject -field of WHO. Therehas therefore been included in the budget estimates for 1960 a sum of $30 000 to provide for participation of the Organization inthe costs of such training (payment of tuition, a maintenance stipend in the form of continued payment of part of the staff member'ssalary during his leave, and travel costs).
4.2 HEALTH STATISTICS(See page 51)
The Division of Health Statistics is responsible :(1) for providing statistical assistance to the regions and to headquarters units;(2) for collection and consolidation of basic data received from coúntries, their recording, analysis and publication;(3) for the standardization of health statistics, including nomenclature and classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death;(4) for advising and assisting countries with regard to the organization of their national health statistical services;(5) for servicing the Expert Advisory Panel on Health Statistics and expert committees in this field.
4.2.0 Office of the Director(See page 51)
PersonnelThe Office consists of the Director and a secretary. A mechanical equipment unit composed of a supervisor and three clerks
is attached to this office as from 1960, for the statistical processing essential for the efficiency of the statistical services.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 23
Duty TravelProvision is made for the participation of the Director in WHO meetings and those of United Nations statistical bodies and for
advising national health administrations on their health statistical services.
4.2.1 Health Statistical Methodology(See page 51)
Advice is given to the professional units at headquarters on all aspects of statistics (these have to be considered in the planningstage in most projects in order to ensure the sound application of statistical methodology, which is indispensable for an adequateevaluation of the work performed and the results achieved). Assistance is also given to the various units in collecting and consolidatingnumerical information where needed for their work, as well as in processing and analysing the statistical data received in connexionwith studies conducted by these units.
Personnel
The staff consists of three statisticians, a technical assistant, two clerks and a secretary.
Consultants
Consultants are provided to meet requests from governments for assistance in improving statistical aspects of health projects.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to countries for statistical consultations and participation in statistical training programmes.
4.2.2 Consolidation of Health Statistics(See page 52)
The statistical consolidation of basic data received from countries, or extracted from various national statistical or epidemiolo-gical publications, includes :(1) the routine collection of data on diseases, health- service facilities, health personnel, and major activities of health services,e.g. vaccination;(2) the collection, elaboration and analysis of vital and health statistics;(3) the keeping of up -to -date records of such statistics, published in the monthly Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report andin an annual volume.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers (epidemiologists), six statisticians, eight clerks, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
Duty TravelProvision is made for the medical officers to visit national statistical services for consultations.
4.2.3 International Classification of Diseases and Development of Health Statistical Services(See page 52)
Functions and responsibilities are :(1) to establish the classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death and its application to the compilation of morbidity andmortality statistics, in liaison with the WHO Centre for Classification of Diseases and with the Latin American Centre in Caracas;(2) to assist countries in the organization and development of their national health statistical services;(3) to conduct a general survey on the present situation of vital and health statistics in the world in order to plan a long -termprogramme of assistance to countries;(4) to assist national administrations through expert advice by the statistical officers of the Organization or by special consultants;(5) to assist in improving the collection of national data so as to achieve better international comparability of such data;(6) to encourage the broader utilization of national committees on vital and health statistics through meetings of representativesof such committees.
Personnel
The staff consists of two medical officers, a statistician, a technical assistant, a clerk, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.An additional statistical clerk is proposed in 1960 to assist in meeting the increasing workload.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants to advise on the revision of the International Statistical Classification and to assist govern-ments in organizing or improving their national health statistical services.
Duty TravelProvision is made for the staff to visit national health administrations to advise on the improvement of mortality and morbidity
statistics and on the adaptation to their various needs of the International Statistical Classification.
24 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Contractual Technical Services (see page 65)WHO Centre for Classification of Diseases. Provision is made for the maintenance of this centre, to cope with the technical
problems both of the application of the revised Classification and of the preparation of the next revision.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Health Statistics. An expert committee on health statistics (eight members) is proposed for 1960, to make recommendations
on methods of conducting national health surveys.
4.3 BIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY(See page 52)
The Division has a wide range of activities, based mainly on the mandate given to the Organization by Articles 2(t) and 2(u)of its Constitution, which state that among the functions of the Organization shall be the standardization of diagnostic proceduresas necessary and the development, establishment and promotion of international standards with respect to biological,pharmaceutical and similar products.
In order to achieve these objects :(1) specifications for important pharmaceutical preparations are prepared and published as recommendations in an InternationalPharmacopoeia;(2) lists of recommended international non -proprietary names for selected pharmaceutical preparations are published;(3) international biological standards and reference preparations are established for drugs which cannot be characterized byphysical or chemical means;(4) in co- operation with other units, diagnostic bacteriological methods are studied for the purpose of recommending reliabletechniques; and(5) advice is given on the medical aspects of drug addiction and addiction -producing drugs, thus assisting both the internationalorgans of narcotics control of the United Nations and governments.
4.3.0 Office of the Director(See page 52)
PersonnelThe Office consists of the Director and a secretary.
Duty TravelVisits are planned to countries in one of the regions to study general problems in the field of biological standardization and
problems connected with the International Pharmacopoeia.
4.3.1 Radiation and Isotopes(See page 53)
The staff dealing with the health aspects of radiation and isotopes is concerned with work on radiation protection in a broadsense and with the use of x -rays and radionuclides in medicine and health work. It services the Expert Advisory Panel on Radiation,prepares expert committees and seminars, effects liaison with the regional offices in their training programmes in the health aspectsof ionizing radiation, and gives technical advice where necessary. A significant part of the activities of the staff will be devoted toco- operation with other organizations : the United Nations, the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency,and also two non -governmental organizations in official relationship with WHO -the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection and the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a secretary and a clerk stenographer. Owing to the technical breadth of the field
encompassed and also the increasing demands placed on the programme by the expansion of radiation work in many countries,it is necessary to add a scientist trained in radiobiology and a clerk stenographer. This addition is necessitated also by the needfor maintaining close contact with other organizations having interests in the field and by the increased joint work with otherspecialized agencies and with the International Atomic Energy Agency. A technical assistant is also being added, to help with thecollecting of data and with tracing of references in the extremely large and growing volume of literature in the field, and inmaintaining records and contact with educational facilities.
ConsultantsIn view of the small increase in staff, a reduction is being made in the provision of consultants for 1960 as compared with
1959. The consultants will assist in meeting requests from governments for advice in the rapidly advancing and highly specializedfield, and also assist in the preparation of meetings and in the joint UNESCO /WHO project for international comparison ofdifferent countries' x -ray standards.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to countries with developing radiation programmes or growing atomic energy installations and
to areas where training is required in medical radioisotope techniques or in radiation protection. Provision is also made for visitsto the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency, of the United Nations and of UNESCO.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 25
Expert Committees (see page 72)Effect of Radiation on Human Heredity. As a follow -up of the Study Group on the Effect of Radiation on Human Heredity
held in 1956 and the expert committee on this subject convened in 1958, another expert committee (nine members) is planned for1960. WHO has a special interest in the genetic effects of radiation in man and it is thought of value to again convene a group ofexperts to consider the current status and those developments in the field which are of interest to the WHO programme in radia-tion health. It is thought also that this group would be of help in making further recommendations in relation to field studies ofhuman genetics which may be under way, e.g., in areas of high natural radiation background.
Therapy of Radiation Injury and Radioactive Poisoning. This committee (nine members) will consider questions of treatment forradiation sickness and for internal contamination with radioactive material. Need for adequate therapy of this type has come to beof considerable importance, especially from the point of view of occupational and public health, because the growing number ofpersons engaged in radiation work and the increasing amounts of radioactive material being handled may be expected to be generallyassociated with an increase in radiation accidents and radioactive contamination on both a small and a large scale. The treatmentof persons over -exposed to ionizing radiation or internal radioactive contamination is receiving a great deal of research attention,and promising approaches are available for certain types of problem. It is felt that benefit would come from the consideration ofthese questions by a committee of experts who would be in a position to make recommendations regarding appropriate ways ofhandling radiation sickness and radioactive poisoning in the light of current knowledge, and also regarding future research in thisfield. Their recommendations should be of value both to groups experienced in radiation and radioisotope work and also togovernments and installations newly undertaking this type of activity.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 65)(a) Studies on Maximum Permissible Radiation Doses. Basic knowledge of the effects on man of various levels of radiation
exposure is essential for the WHO programme in radiation health. It is proposed to use the assistance of the International Com-mission on Radiological Protection on a contractual basis to develop fundamental data on radiation exposure and exposure toradioactive nuclides necessary for the establishment of sound recommendations for maximum permissible exposure levels. TheICRP is in official relationship with WHO and is eminently qualified for this work. It is felt that this arrangement will be moreeconomical for WHO than the development of another programme with the same aim.
(b) Studies on the Measurement of Medically Used Radiation and Isotopes. It is proposed to use the assistance of the Inter-national Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements in the development of more adequate measurement standardsand units for use with radiation, of interest to WHO from a health point of view.
4.3.2 Biological Standardization
Functions and responsibilities include :(1) establishment of international standards and reference preparations for substances whose potency can be measured only bybiological methods (these include pharmacological and immunological preparations, the control of which, especially vaccines, isbecoming more and more important);(2) servicing the Expert Advisory Panel on Biological Standardization and relevant expert committees;(3) promoting the use of the standards on as wide a scale as possible.
(See page 53)
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants, to promote the use of international biological standards and to assist in the preparation of
meetings.
Duty TravelVisits are planned to the international centres for biological standards in Copenhagen and London, and, for the purpose of
promoting the use of international standards and obtaining information, to various national laboratories for biological standards.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 65)It is proposed to continue the following assistance, based on arrangements concluded between WHO and the institutions
concerned :(a) International Centre for Biological Standards, Copenhagen. For work in connexion with the establishment of biological
standards and reference preparations of immunological substances, and for co- ordination of research in this field.(b) International Centre for Biological Standards, London. For work in connexion with the establishment of biological
standards and reference preparations of pharmacological substances, and for co- ordination of research in this field.(c) Tuberculosis Immunization Research Centre, Copenhagen. For laboratory and field studies on immunity and immuniza-
tion against tuberculosis.(d) Yellow Fever Vaccine Studies. For the study of problems in connexion with yellow fever vaccine and vaccination, and
with other vaccine, as well as for co- ordination of research on such problems.
Other Costs (see page 67)Study Group on Recommended Requirements for Biological Substances. A considerable number of countries have asked the
Organization for guidance in the difficult field of recommended requirements for biological preparations. In order to meet this wide-spread need and to prepare certain recommendations, it is proposed to convene a study group for the discussion of these importantand complicated problems.
Biological Standard Supplies. As in former years, an amount is provided for the purchase of substances essential for thework on international standards.
26 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Expert Committees (see page 72)Biological Standardization. Provision is made for an expert committee on biological standardization (nine members), to make
recommendations on the establishment of new international standards and reference preparations and the replacement of thosethat are nearing exhaustion.
4.3.3 Pharmaceuticals
Functions and responsibilities include :(1) revision, in the light of scientific progress, of specifications for important pharmaceutical preparations as published in thePharmacopoea Internationalis;(2) preparation of revised specifications or methods of assay, deletion of monographs on such pharmaceuticals as have becomeobsolete, and inclusion of monographs on new preparations in supplements or further editions of the Pharmacopoea Internationalis;(3) servicing the Expert Advisory Panel on the International Pharmacopoeia and Pharmaceutical Preparations and relevantexpert committees;(4) preparation of proposals for international non -proprietary names for important preparations, with a view to recommendingto governments their use on as wide a scale as possible;(5) study of methods to be recommended for promoting more uniformity in accepted specifications for pharmaceutical prepara-tions and their use, which vary considerably from country to country.
(See page 53)
PersonnelThe staff consists of two pharmaceutical officers, a scientist and four General Service staff.
ConsultantsConsultants are required to help in the preparation of meetings, as well as for assistance to national health authorities in the
establishment of specifications for pharmaceutical preparations.
Duty TravelVisits are planned to one of the regions to consider legislation and methods for different aspects of examining pharmaceutical
preparations and their quality control.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)Centre for Authentic Chemical Substances, Stockholm. Further assistance is proposed for the purchase, examination, storage
and distribution of important authentic chemicals.
Other Costs (see page 67)Study Group on the Quality Control of New Pharmaceutical Preparations. It is intended that this group should study
the laboratory control of new pharmaceutical preparations and related problems.Special Work in connexion with International Pharmacopoeia and Non-proprietary Names. This is to meet the cost of specialized
assistance for work in connexion with the International Pharmacopoeia.Purchase of Pharmaceuticals. This amount, slightly increased, is provided to allow small quantities of specific pharmaceuticals
to be bought in the local market for the purpose of assay.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. It is planned to convene an expert committee of nine members on this subject.Non -proprietary Names. Provision is made for a sub -committee (four members) to study proposed international non-
proprietary names.
4.3.4 Addiction- Producing Drugs(See page 54)
Functions and responsibilities include survey and preparation of relevant scientific evidence in order to fulfil the Organization'sobligations under the international conventions regarding narcotic drugs. This implies responsibilities with regard to the discussionsin the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, as well as obligations for WHO arising from the conventions. As a basis forthe Commission's discussions, a series of scientific studies on different problems connected with the use and abuse of narcotic drugsis prepared. Close co- operation is maintained with the relevant units and bodies of the United Nations, e.g. the Narcotics Division,the Permanent Central Opium Board, and the Drug Supervisory Body. The Expert Advisory Panel on Addiction -Producing Drugsand relevant expert committees are serviced. In addition to the functions in connexion with the control of addiction -producingdrugs, advice is given to governments on medical aspects of this field, such as treatment and prevention of drug addiction.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a secretary, and a clerk stenographer.
ConsultantsConsultants will be required to assist in the preparation of studies requested by the Economic and Social Council and the
Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the United Nations.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 27
Duty TravelVisits are proposed to one of the regions for the purpose of studying and advising on practical problems of narcotics control,
as well as to attend a session of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Addiction -Producing Drugs. An expert committee (seven members) on this subject is required in order to carry out work arising
out of WHO's obligations under the international treaties on the control of narcotic drugs.
4.4 MALARIA ERADICATION(See page 54)
The Division is responsible for the world -wide programme for the eradication of malaria in accordance with resolu-tion WHA8.30 of the Eighth World Health Assembly. It(1) advises on the technical malaria policy of the Organization;(2) plans and co- ordinates eradication programmes on a world -wide basis;(3) provides technical guidance and information for regional and field advisers and consultants;(4) analyses and evaluates technical reports from field projects;(5) promotes and co- ordinates research both in the laboratory and in the field, and assists in the evaluation andpractical application of the results;(6) organizes the training of personnel.
4.4.0 Office of the Director(See page 54)
PersonnelThe staff consists of the Director and a secretary under the regular budget, and an administrative officer, two secretaries and
two clerk stenographers under the Malaria Eradication Special Account.
ConsultantsProvision is made for a consultant to advise the Director on the planning of the Organization's programme and on technical
problems, and for another consultant who will be responsible for training programmes and for the preparation and editing oftraining manuals.
Duty TravelProvision is made to enable the Director and the senior technical officers to visit the regions and individual countries for
discussions and negotiations in connexion with the planning and development of malaria eradication programmes, and to attendconferences.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)(a) Assistance to Institutes (Malaria Eradication). Assistance is given to various institutes carrying out serological identifica-
tion tests on mosquito stomach contents and research on the chemotherapeutics of malaria, insecticide resistance in anophelines,and sorption of insecticides by mud walls.
(b) Exchange of Scientific Workers (Malaria Eradication). Provision is made for twelve exchange visits of two months eachto enable professional malaria workers to study eradication methods in other countries. Such studies would be of benefit both tothe scientific workers concerned and to the countries visited.
(c) Special Research (Malaria Eradication). Provision is made for(i) a study of the problems of nomadism, one of several specific local problems which impede the progress of malaria eradica-tion in certain areas of the world; an investigation is needed to find whether drug administration, spraying of tents, or controlof population movements could solve the difficulty;(ii) a study of the ecology of Anopheles sergenti and A. claviger in Israel and Lebanon;(iii) specific research on the resistance of A. sacharovi to dieldrin in Greece and to DDT in Turkey;(iv) research on the potentiation effects of 4- amino -quinolines and 8- amino -quinolines given concurrently.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Malaria. It is proposed to hold a meeting of an expert committee on malaria (nine members) because the problems of global
malaria eradication are of great complexity. It appears that in the last phases of malaria eradication the strategy of the final solutionwill depend on many variables, such as the degree of regional endemicity, the bionomics of the vector, the ever -growing menace ofresistance and, last but not least, the social and economic factors. The approach to the problem of surveillance is changing from yearto year.
4.4.1 Malaria Eradication Planning(See page 54)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the development of plans of operation and detailed plans of action, and participate in the preparation of plansof action by drawing on the pool of consultants, which includes malariologists, entomologists and public health engineers;
28 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
(2) to review and check all aspects of plans of operation and detailed plans of action;(3) to organize and stimulate research necessary to the programme of eradication;(4) to prepare the basis on which eradication programmes can be developed, and to this end be responsible for the technicaldevelopment and appraisal of pilot projects;(5) to provide technical supervision for the work of pre- eradication teams, and the work of the research team on A. gambiae.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, a secretary and two clerk stenographers under the Malaria Eradication Special Account,
and a public health engineer, an entomologist, a scientist and a clerk stenographer under the regular budget.
4.4.2 Malaria Eradication Programme(See page 54)
Functions and responsibilities are :(1) to provide technical guidance to eradication programmes in operation, and to keep constant watch on such programmes toascertain that they are progressing satisfactorily, to identify troublesome or unsatisfactory situations as they develop, and torecommend the action necessary to overcome the difficulties;(2) to ensure that the staff required for the eradication programme is recruited, trained and available when needed;(3) to prepare teaching and training manuals and arrange for the training of staff for national programmes;(4) to develop systems of reporting which will ensure that regional offices and headquarters are accurately and adequately informedof progress in malaria eradication;(5) to supervise the work of the technical intelligence staff who collect, elaborate and circulate technical information on malariaeradication.
PersonnelThe staff of the main unit consists of two medical officers, a secretary and a clerk stenographer under the regular budget.
The technical intelligence staff consists of a medical officer under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, and a technical assistant(scientist), a secretary and a clerk stenographer under the regular budget.
4.5 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES(See page 55)
The Division(1) advises on the technical policy of communicable- disease control;(2) advises on food hygiene practices;(3) maintains close co- operation with research institutes and laboratories all over the world on the co- ordination of research oncommunicable diseases;(4) formulates technical guiding lines for operating programmes and developing long -term plans for organization of communicable -disease control;(5) maintains a world -wide service for reception and distribution of notifications of quarantinable diseases and administers theInternational Sanitary Regulations and other international sanitary legislation;(6) services expert committees, study groups and advisory groups, and organizes inter -regional seminars, conferences and trainingcourses.
4.5.0 Office of the Director(See page 55)
PersonnelThe office is staffed by the Director, an administrative assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regional offices and to various research institutes, and for attendance at meetings of importance
to the work of the Division.
4.5.1 Tuberculosis(See page 55)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the technical tuberculosis policy of the Organization;(2) to collect and disseminate technical information;(3) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Tuberculosis and relevant expert committees;(4) to stimulate and co- ordinate research in national laboratories and field studies so as to develop methods and techniquessuitable for the effective implementation of mass tuberculosis control programmes;
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 29
(5) to assist the regional offices in giving technical guidance and in evaluating results of tuberculosis prevalence surveys, BCGassessment programmes, and pilot projects in chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis;
(6) to organize training of technical field personnel and WHO fellows in public health tuberculosis control.
Personnel
The staff in Geneva consists of two medical officers, a technical assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
In 1959 the staff of Tuberculosis Research Office (in addition to the previous reduction by a statistician and a clerk) is reducedby two nurses and a statistical clerk; their work is transferred to the Danish Tuberculosis Index which will continue the studieson freeze -dried vaccine and the duration of BCG allergy, for which purpose it is receiving assistance. In 1960 TRO is furtherreduced by a medical officer, a statistician and a clerk statistician. As shown for 1960, therefore, it has two operational units, thefirst of which is staffed by a medical officer, two statisticians, a technical assistant, a draughtsman, a secretary, a statistical clerkand three clerks, and the second by a medical officer, two statisticians, a research assistant, two statistical clerks and two clerks.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants to :
(a) assist with the evaluation of new prototypes in mass chest x -ray equipment designed according to WHO specifications;
(b) assist in formulating an eradication programme in the developed countries;
(c) advise on finding new methodology for public health tuberculosis control; and
(d) assist in the formulation of a programme for the elimination of tuberculosis as a public health problem in the under-privileged countries.
Duty Travel
Travel is planned to projects in South -East Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe, and to co- operating institutions.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)
(a) British Medical Research Council. The assistance given to the Council in connexion with the research project on chemo-therapy in tuberculosis control in Madras, India, is continued.
(b) Tuberkulose Forschungsinstitut, Borstel, Germany: Institut Pasteur, Lille, France. Payments are continued to these twoinstitutes to enable them to continue the study of the biological characteristics of mycobacteria from different parts of the world, inparticular a study of strains of tubercle bacilli from widely different geographical areas.
(c) Tuberculosis Research Institute, Prague. In addition to the services mentioned in (b) above, it is proposed to enable thisinstitute to carry out similar studies, as important and hitherto unknown differences in the strains of tubercle bacilli have alreadybeen found, for instance a markedly lower virulence of strains from certain parts of India as compared with European strains.This institute is also undertaking routine examinations on drug sensitivity, animal pathogenicity, etc. of tubercle bacilli in sputumspecimens sent from WHO- assisted pilot projects and tuberculosis centres.
(d) Indian Council for Medical Research. The sum provided is to enable the Council to continue its investigations of the effectof tuberculosis control measures, particularly a BCG trial, and its longitudinal study of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in ruralareas.
(e) Danish Tuberculosis Index: Epidemiology and BCG Vaccine Studies. Since 1950 the Government of Denmark and WHOhave been engaged in a long -term study of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a population where BCG vaccination has beencarried out on a large scale. The Government has been gradually assuming the greater part of the responsibility for this work,which is of international interest. Assistance from WHO has been on a decreasing scale, but the Organization retains a very con-siderable interest in the study and a further sum is proposed for 1960.
The Danish Tuberculosis Index is also taking over from TRO, in 1959, the collection of field data for the continuation of thestudies on freeze -dried BCG vaccines and the duration of BCG- induced allergy. The results of these studies will have far -reachingimplications for all the internationally- assisted BCG campaigns. Assistance received by the Index for these studies includes anamount for the employment on a full -time basis of two nurses and a clerk.
(f) Tuberculosis Eradication Pilot Study (Methodology and Evaluation). The Government of Denmark has agreed to enlargethe scope of the Danish Tuberculosis Index so that it becomes the central organization for a programme of eradication oftuberculosis in Denmark in clearly defined stages. The experience that will be gained therefrom is of the greatest internationalimportance. Negotiations between the Government and WHO are currently taking place, and provision is made to enable theDanish_Tuberculosis Index to carry out this work.
4.5.2 Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses(See page 55)
Functions and responsibilities are
(1) to advise on the policies of control programmes intended to eliminate endemic treponematoses and venereal diseases as publichealth problems;
(2) to assist in the technical planning, implementation and evaluation of field projects;
(3) to collect and disseminate technical information;
30 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
(4) to encourage and co- ordinate research on aspects of the subject which may have practical application in the work of the unit;(5) to deal with matters related to the Brussels Agreement of 1924 concerning venereal- disease treatment in ports;(6) to co- operate with the United Nations, its specialized agencies, and non -governmental organizations and institutions interestedin venereal- disease and treponematosis control;(7) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Venereal Infections and Treponematoses and relevant expert committees, as well asstudy groups (or other forms of inquiry), conferences and symposia in that subject.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a technical assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
ConsultantsConsultant services will be required for two months, in connexion with the preparation for yaws eradication, the co- ordination
of field research and the evaluation of serological tests avoiding venipuncture which are to be conducted in 1959 (in Bosnia and oneother place, possibly Morocco).
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to field projects in Africa, and for participation in the General Assembly of the International Union
against the Venereal Diseases and the Treponematoses.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)(a) International Treponematosis Laboratory Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. This amount is provided for
continued long -term studies of the biology of the treponematoses, the immunological and other relationships of strains -and typesof treponemes, the resistance of treponemes to antibiotics and changing penicillin sensitivity, the sensitization of the host to thesedrugs, the cultivation of pathogenic treponemes, and the development of new laboratory procedures in the co- ordination of theresearch part of the programme on venereal diseases and treponematoses.
(b) WHO Serological Reference Laboratories, Copenhagen and Chamblee (Georgia). Provision is made for necessary work bythese laboratories with a view to the renewal of current international reference preparations of cardiolipin and lecithin antigens,and for preparing the establishment of international references for RPCF and TPI sera, in co- operation with the Expert Committeeon Biological Standardization; and also for designing and preparing trials with new proving methods, ready to be tried in the field,and checking antigens and sera at the request of WHO field teams and national health administrations. It is proposed that theamount be increased to meet the additional cost of the materials needed and the extra time requested from the personnel of theseinstitutions.
4.5.3 Veterinary Public Health
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide technical advice and promote work in the control or eradication of zoonoses;(2) to initiate, co- ordinate and assess research work in these fields;(3) to assist in developing and strengthening national veterinary public health programmes and services;(4) to assist in the technical planning, implementation, and evaluation of field studies and projects;(5) in co- operation with the relevant units of the Organization, to develop food hygiene practices, with particular reference todiseases transmissible from animals to man;(6) to assist countries, in co- operation with the relevant units of the Organization, in the standardization of veterinary biologicalproducts of public health interest;(7) to service the Expert Advisory Panels on Brucellosis, on Rabies and on Zoonoses, and corresponding expert committees,and organize training courses and seminars;(8) to co- ordinate the work of groups or agencies dealing with related problems of human and animal health, and maintain liaisonwith FAO and other international organizations dealing with veterinary public health problems.
(See page 56)
PersonnelThe staff consists of a public health veterinarian, a technical assistant and a secretary. It is proposed to add a public
health veterinarian and a clerk stenographer to help with the additional work of the unit in co- ordinating research on the majorzoonoses and on food hygiene.
Consultants
Consultants are required in connexion with research on and field trials of human and veterinary vaccines, and to assist inco- ordinated research on rabies, leptospirosis, hydatidosis and other zoonoses.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to collaborating laboratories and agencies, to regional offices, and for attendance at meetings.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)Zoonoses: Co- ordination of Research. These funds will be used in connexion with co- ordinated research on diagnostic and
survey procedures in toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis, animal influenza studies in relation to the epidemiology of human influenza,
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 31
studies of unclassified viral diseases of animals related to human diseases, and research on animal reservoirs and epidemiology ofthe arthropod -borne viral encephalitides.
4.5.4 Virus Diseases(See page 56)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the technical policy of the Organization regarding virus and rickettsial diseases, including trachoma, yellow feverand smallpox;(2) to advise on the technical policy of the Organization in respect of vaccine studies;(3) to advise on the technical planning, location and evaluation of field projects and field studies;(4) to collect, appraise and disseminate technical information;(5) to stimulate and co- ordinate research in co- operation with governmental and non -governmental organizations;(6) to service the Expert Advisory Panels on Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, on Trachoma, and on Yellow Fever, andthe corresponding expert committees.
Personnel
The staff consists of three medical officers, a technical assistant, two secretaries and a clerk stenographer. In view of theincrease in the work to be undertaken following the resolution of the Eleventh World Health Assembly on smallpox eradication(WHA11.54), it is proposed to add a medical officer, a technical assistant and a clerk stenographer.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants(a) to advise on smallpox, both on the laboratory production of vaccine and on the organization and administration of
vaccination programmes; they will also be used for the preparation and conduct of the conference and training courses proposedunder inter -regional activities;
(b) to advise on the conduct and assessment of field trials of typhoid vaccines and combined vaccines initiated in 1958 and1959;
(c) to assist in the preparation of thé Expert Committee on Poliomyelitis (see below);(d) to assist in the preparation of a study group on arthropod -borne viruses (see below);(e) to assist in the preparation of a protocol for co- ordinated research on the trachoma virus, and to study how far different
strains exist in different epidemiological situations.
Duty Travel
Provision is made for visits to leading laboratories in the Americas and in Eastern Europe, and for visits to field projects.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)
(a) World Influenza Centre. An amount is made available to the British Medical Research Council towards the costof the World Influenza Centre and the salary of a scientist to work in the Centre. The Centre receives strains of influenzavirus isolated by WHO influenza centres in all parts of the world; it examines and compares the strains to detect changes of potentialpublic health importance; it distributes unusual strains to vaccine manufacturers and to co- operating laboratories. It undertakesstudies of influenza vaccines in the field and on the problems of testing vaccines in the laboratory. It advises WHO on the co-ordination of the Organization's influenza programme. The work of the Centre has resulted in notable contributions to the under-standing of the epidemiology of influenza.
(b) International Influenza Centre for the Americas. This centre works in close liaison with the World Influenza Centre, under-taking the same functions for the Americas as the World Centre does for the rest of the world. Two centres are needed, partlybecause the epidemiology of influenza in the Americas seems to differ somewhat from European experience and thus requirescloser attention than can be given by the World Influenza Centre, and partly because the workload has increased greatly and onecentre can no longer deal with it without undue delay. Moreover, this programme is being extended to cover other respiratoryvirus diseases and this will further increase the work.
(c) Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, including Influenza. These funds are used for the cost of preparation or purchase ofstandard reagents, antigens and sera, and for the cost of special items of equipment for laboratories co- operating with WHO inco- ordinated research on virus and rickettsial diseases, including influenza. Standard reagents are essential to ensure comparabilityof the work of laboratories in different countries all over the world. As emphasized at the Madrid seminar (April 1956) and at theNinth World Health Assembly, the availability of laboratory reagents is an essential preliminary to the application of virology topublic health.
(d) Poliomyelitis: WHO Strain- Typing Centres. These centres undertake studies of the epidemiology of poliomyelitis and thecharacteristics of polioviruses, in co- operation with national laboratories in all regions. They also undertake serological surveysof the incidence of poliomyelitis infection, conduct field studies of poliomyelitis vaccines in different epidemiological circumstances,and give technical assistance to national laboratories working on poliomyelitis by acting as reference centres and by supplyingstandard strains of virus and standard sera which many national laboratories are unable to prepare themselves. The centres collect,exchange, and study strains of poliovirus, and viruses causing similar clinical symptoms, isolated in all regions to ensure the earlydetection of outbreaks of disease due to strains of virus which would not be controlled by existing vaccines.
32 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
(e) Vaccine Studies (Typhoid, Diphtheria- Tetanus -Pertussis). For several years WHO has been supporting field and laboratorystudies designed to clarify many obscure problems connected with vaccination procedures. In particular these studies have beendirected towards learning the meaning of laboratory tests of vaccines in terms of the actual protection conferred on man, and theythus contribute greatly to progress in the standardization of vaccines. In 1960 the funds will be used principally for further studieson typhoid vaccines, which have been shown to be necessary by the results of the extensive field trials carried out in Yugoslaviawith WHO support in 1954 and 1955, and for studies on triple (diphtheria- tetanus -pertussis) vaccines with special reference to theirrelative efficacy in two doses.
(f) Studies on Arthropod -Borne Virus Diseases. These funds would be used to assist laboratories in Africa and other regionsin carrying out studies on arthropod -borne virus diseases, including yellow fever. The arthropod -borne viruses constitute a groupwith common epidemiological and virological characteristics, which include such important members from the epidemiologicalpoint of view as viruses of Japanese B encephalitis, Russian spring -summer encephalitis, Western and Eastern equine encephalitis,dengue, and yellow fever. The entire group must be considered together when planning studies on these viruses. In order to advancethe knowledge of this group of viruses, planned and co- ordinated research is essential in such subjects as : antigenic relations amongviruses in this group, geographical distribution of the different viruses, importance of the serological surveys and interpretation ofresults obtained, natural vector and host ranges, and methods of prevention. This field of study is being enlarged in the Organizationand therefore more research and more assistance to institutions is contemplated.
(g) Trachoma Studies. Several claims have been made in 1958 regarding the isolation of trachoma strains in different countries.Some of them have been made in institutions directly connected with the WHO co- ordinated research programmes (Institut Pasteur,Tunis), others only indirectly connected with it (the trachoma virus research teams at the Harvard School of Public Health andin Gambia).
(h) Smallpox: Co- ordination of Research. This provision is to assist certain institutes in their production of dried smallpoxvaccine by training their personnel and by supplying laboratory materials.
Expert Committees (see page 72)
Poliomyelitis. It is considered that by 1960 a considerable body of fresh information will be available, particularly with referenceto live attenuated poliovirus vaccine. By that time it should be possible to make recommendations regarding its use in public healthprogrammes. This is of special importance to less wealthy and to relatively under -developed countries for which inactivated vaccineis both too expensive and presents many problems of administration due to the need for two injections and a third reinforcing doseat least. The expert committee, which is to consist of nine members, will also consider the inactivated vaccine, especially the durationof immunity and the need for further reinforcing doses, and the problems of ensuring adequate potency, which are as yet far fromsolution.
Other Costs (See page 67)Study Group on Arthropod -Borne Viruses. It is proposed to hold this meeting to study the numerous viruses which have been
identified in this group (47 have been found in the last five years). A chain of common antigens links many of them, but there arestill a great number unclassified which may reveal relations among them. Because much of the recently accumulated informationhas come from different fields of biological sciences and as its interpretation has given rise to controversy among different groupsof workers, it is intended to invite workers in very specialized and sometimes widely separated fields of science, such as biologists,entomologists, ornithologists, immunologists and public health veterinarians. The field being so vast and including so many differentaspects, many of them controversial and not yet well known, a study group will be more appropriate than an expert committee.
4.5.5 Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the technical policy of the Organization for parasitic diseases such as bilharziasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis,filariasis, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis, helminthal and mycotic diseases and for bacterial diseases such as plague, cholera,relapsing fever, staphylococcus infections and diarrhoeal diseases;(2) to advise on the technical planning, execution and evaluation of field projects;(3) to collect, appraise and disseminate technical information;(4) to stimulate and co- ordinate research in these fields;(5) to co- operate with the United Nations, its specialized agencies, non -governmental organizations and institutions interestedin these fields;(6) to service the Expert Advisory Panels on Parasitic Diseases, on Plague and on Cholera, and the correspondingexpert committees.
(See page 56)
Personnel
The staff as provided for 1960 consists of three medical officers, two secretaries and a clerk stenographer. This includes theproposed addition of a medical officer, a secretary and a clerk stenographer, to deal with the increased activities which the Organi-zation has to undertake in these fields.
Consultants(a) A consultant on filariasis is required to review all information which has become available since the meeting in 1955 of
the Study Group on Filariasis, which gave particular attention to scientific progress and control activities related to infectionsproduced by parasites of the genus Wuchereria. The consultant will assist in developing guiding lines for the control of filariasis andonchocerciasis for the regional offices.
(b) A consultant on bilharziasis will be required to assist in the evaluation of results obtained from advisory teams in thefield and in the preparation of guiding lines for the Organization's activities in the programme on parasitic diseases.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 33
(c) A consultant is needed to assist in the planning of a long -term programme to prevent failure in the control ofthe helminthiases such as ankylostomiasis and ascariasis.
(d) A consultant is proposed for three months, to assist in planning a programme for the control of cholera and to co- ordinateresearch.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to field programmes in South and Central America, and to certain laboratories in South -East Asia
and the Western Pacific.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)(a) Bilharziasis Studies. It is proposed to give assistance to the following centres for the continuation of their studies on the
determination of snail vectors and criteria of identification : Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris ; Malaria and BilharziaResearch Laboratory, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia; Danmarks Akvarium, Copenhagen. In addition it is now proposed to supportone new identification centre in the American Region in its work on identification of American species of snails, and centres inAfrica in the study of the parasite /intermediate host relationship and the ecology of the snail intermediate host.
(b) Parasitological Studies, including Onchocerciasis and Filariasis. Assistance is to be continued for the study of the differentialdiagnosis of lesions of the posterior segment of the eye, and for research on the parasitological and entomological aspects of oncho-cerciasis.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Bilharziasis. It is proposed to convene an expert committee of nine members to study the practical aspects of the application
of molluscicides in the control of snails, the intermediate hosts of bilharziasis. The evaluation of their application needs standardbiological or chemical dosage methods, and the residual action of molluscicides, their effect on the soil, their effect on fauna andflora in the water, and their effect on crops need study.
4.5.6 Leprosy(See page 56)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the technical policy of the Organization for the programmes in connexion with leprosy;(2) to advise on the technical planning, implementation and evaluation of field projects;(3) to collect, appraise and disseminate technical information;(4) to stimulate and co- ordinate research;(5) to co- operate with the United Nations, its specialized agencies, non -governmental organizations and institutions interested inleprosy; and(6) to service theExpert Advisory Panel on Leprosy and the corresponding expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer and a secretary.
ConsultantsProvision is made for a consultant to advise on co- ordination of research and on the organization of field research in pilot zones
and pilot projects, and to assist in the organization of an inter -regional training course.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to field projects in Africa and South America.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)Leprosy: Co- ordination of Research. The renewed interest in leprosy research, its bacteriology, immunology and histo-
pathology, as well as field research in epidemiology, and the stimulation of the production of new drugs and their trial in thefield, will require increased assistance from WHO to certain institutions doing this work.
4.5.7 International Quarantine(See page 57)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to maintain a world -wide system of reception and distribution of notifications of quarantinable diseases, including a networkof broadcasting stations and the issue of weekly reports from Geneva, Alexandria, Singapore and Washington;(2) to administer the International Sanitary Regulations and other international sanitary legislation (this includes the duty ofadvising on the settlement of problems and disputes arising out of the International Sanitary Regulations and Conventions); and(3) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on International Quarantine, from which is drawn the Committee on Inter-national Quarantine.
Personnel
The staff consists of two medical officers, a technical officer, two technical assistants, two clerks, a secretary and three clerkstenographers.
34 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants to assist governments in the application of the International Sanitary Regulations and in theorganization of quarantine services.
Duty Travel
Provision is made for visits to WHO regional units dealing with international quarantine, and to ports and airports at whichquarantine problems may arise.
Expert Committees (see page 72)
Committee on International Quarantine.' Provision is made for the annual meeting of this committee (eight members), whichreviews the application of the International Sanitary Regulations, adjudicates on international disputes not settled by the Director-General, and advises the Health Assembly on quarantine matters.
4.6 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES(See page 57)
The essential objective of the Division is the organization and strengthening of health services at national and local level,in accordance with the concept of an integrated approach to public health problems. To this end it(1) assists governments in making surveys and planning for future programmes;(2) in collaboration with the Division of Education and Training, studies the utilization and supervision of auxiliary andancillary personnel;(3) assists in organizing seminars and other meetings;(4) attends meetings convened by the United Nations and specialized agencies in the various fields of interest of the Organization,including social programmes, community development, etc.;(5) services expert advisory panels and expert committees, study groups and conferences, some of them in co- operation with otherspecialized agencies;(6) represents WHO at international congresses of non -governmental organizations and maintains liaison with such organizations;(7) co- ordinates relevant research; and(8) represents the Director -General on the Technical Advisory Committee of the International Children's Centre.
4.6.0 Office of the Director(See page 57)
PersonnelThe Office consists of the Director, an administrative assistant and a secretary.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regions in connexion with projects related to the work of the Division and for attendance at
international meetings.
4.6.1 Public Health Administration(See page 57)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide services which deal with the strengthening of national health administrations, and collaborate with the UnitedNations and other specialized agencies in this field;(2) to study country and regional projects in public health administration and annual national health reports;(3) to collect information on national long -term health planning and evaluate health demonstration area projects and localhealth service records;(4) to review health reports and periodical reports on the health situation of the trust and non -self -governing territories; and(5) to participate in broad programmes of concerted action in community development.
Personnel
The staff consists of three medical officers, a technical assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer. It is proposed in 1960 toadd a second clerk stenographer, in view of the increased work.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants :(a) to collect and exchange information and experience on both national and local health administrations in different parts
of the world which would be of interest to all public health administrations;
1 The Committee on International Quarantine, which has special functions defined by the World Health Assembly, is includedamong the expert committees for convenience of presentation.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 35
(b) to prepare the annual and special reports on health in non -self- governing territories;(c) to help with preparations for more effective assistance by initiating steps for collecting and analysing the relevant informa-
tion on experience in planning, implementing and evaluating the results of national health programmes.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to certain regions in connexion with field projects in public health administration.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Planning of Public Health Services. It is proposed to convene an expert committee of nine members to consider national long-
term health planning with a view to preparing a set of guiding principles. It will also cover the implementation, evaluationand reporting of such health programmes.
4.6.2 Organization of Medical Care(See page 57)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on policies of hospital planning and organization and of organization of medical -care services in general, includingmedical benefits under social insurance;
(2) to collect and disseminate technical information in these fields, serving as a clearing -house for the exchange of knowledge;
(3) to promote, co- ordinate, and where necessary carry out, field investigations on administrative, architectural, organizationaland financial problems of medical -care institutions;
(4) to co- operate with other units on the establishment of standards for the organization of medical care in health centres, ruralhealth services, etc.;
(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Organization of Medical Care and relevant expert committees, maintaining workingrelationships with outstanding specialists and competent non -governmental organizations in this field.
Personnel
The staff consists of a medical officer and a secretary.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants(a) to study costs and sources of financing medical care services by assembling, classifying and analysing all the information
collected during previous years in order to prepare a final document which may serve as a guide to national health administrations;(b) prepare a document giving principles 'and practical advice on the organization of a general hospital to serve as the centre
of a hospital system, and to draw the outline of what at a later stage would become a blueprint for the development of the hospitalsystem of a given country.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to regions and for attendance at international meetings.
4.6.3 Health Laboratory Services
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on the desirability of setting up national public health laboratory services, including blood banks;
(2) to advise on the organization of such services, taking into consideration the needs and facilities of the country and the numberand type of laboratories required, and keeping in mind the use that can be made of existing laboratories;
(3) to advise on the estimation of the type and number of examinations and other activities to be carried out in thevarious laboratories, both at the outset and at later stages of development of the service;
(4) to advise on the methods and techniques to be used for the required activities;
(5) to advise on problems concerning antibiotics.
(See page 58)
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, a secretary and a clerk stenographer. It is proposed to add a technical assistant (scientist)
to collect, analyse and disseminate scientific material of importance to the work.
ConsultantsConsultants will be needed in connexion with the preparation of recommended laboratory methods, including equipment of
health laboratories, and for assistance in the preparation of the Expert Committee on Antibiotics (see below).
Duty Travel
Provision is made for trips to two regions for studying laboratory facilities and antibiotics research, and for attendance atmeetings.
36 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)Assistance is proposed to the following centres :(a) International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, London. For typing rare blood groups, supplying necessary preparations
and co- ordinating research.(b) International Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Copenhagen. For identifying strains of these micro -organisms, supplying
strains and specific antisera to national centres, and co- ordinating research.(c) International Shigella Centre, Atlanta, Georgia. For identifying strains of these micro -organisms, supplying specific anti -
sera, promoting uniformity of classification, and co- ordinating research in this field.(d) International Shigella Centre, London. For identifying strains of these micro- organisms, supplying specific antisera,
promoting uniformity of classification, and co- ordinating research in this field.
Expert Committees (see page 72)
Antibiotics. It is proposed to convene an expert committee (seven members) to study the problems of the development ofhypersensitivity to antibiotics and to make recommendations.
4.6.4 Nursing(See page 58)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on training for and administration of nursing and midwifery services at both professional and auxiliary levels;(2) to give guidance in the development of legislation in these fields;(3) to maintain close co- operation with non -governmental nursing and midwifery organizations in order to stimulate the develop-ment of the profession to provide optimum nursing and midwifery services adapted to the changing needs;(4) to co- ordinate, with other units of the Organization, the nursing aspects of their programmes;(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Nursing and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a nurse, a public health nurse and two secretaries.
Consultants
Consultants will be required :(a) to prepare a " Guide for planning basic nursing education programmes " for publication;(b) to assist with the important aspect of nursing -service administration by developing guide lines on staffing requirements
for such services.
Duty TravelTravel is planned to regions to assist in programme planning and in special activities and to attend international meetings on
nursing.
4.6.5 Health Education of the Public(See page 58)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide guidance on the health education aspects of public health services and training programmes, the development ofeducational methods and materials, and the stimulation of sociological studies;(2) to assist the regional offices in organizing seminars and conferences on health education of the public;(3) to advise on the health education aspects of joint activities with the United Nations and other specialized agencies, particularlythose concerned with the preparation of teachers for health education in schools, with community development, and with funda-mental education;(4) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Health Education of the Public and relevant expert committees;(5) to maintain technical liaison with non -governmental organizations in official relationship with the Organization.
Personnel
The staff consists of two health educators, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
Consultants
Provision is made for consultants(a) to prepare, in collaboration with UNESCO, an annotated bibliography on preparation of teachers for health education
and on school health education. It is proposed that the same consultant assist in the development of a reference manual for the useof educational and health leaders concerned with the planning and developing of school and teacher -training curricula, syllabuses,and teaching units on health education;
(b) to assist, in collaboration with UNESCO and the International Union for Health Education of the Public, in developinga co- ordinated technical review and compilation of significant studies and research work in health education and closely alliedfields. This work is of particular relevance in determining the practical effectiveness of various health education methods, proceduresand media.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 37
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to consult with regional offices on field projects involving health education, to help organize
regional seminars on health education of the public, and to attend international meetings.
4.6.6 Maternal and Child Health(See page 58)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide technical advice on the administration and organization of maternal and child health services, including schoolhealth programmes;(2) to maintain liaison with the United Nations, UNICEF and the specialized agencies in fields of common interest, particularlythose concerned with long -range activities for children;(3) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Maternal and Child Health and relevant expert committees;(4) to co- operate with the International Children's Centre and appropriate non -governmental organizations for the improvementof maternal and child health services.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a technical assistant, a secretary, and a clerk stenographer.
Consultants
Consultants will be required(a) to analyse the data collected in 1959 from various regions on low- weight children, and to assist in preparations for the
expert committee meeting proposed for 1960 (see below);(b) to study diarrhoea) diseases of infancy and early childhood (this is a continuing study carried out in co- operation with the
Division of Communicable Diseases). The consultant will be a paediatrician, with experience in the study and control ofdiarrhoeal diseases in children, who will join the advisory team in visits to various countries.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regional offices and field projects as may be required, and to international meetings.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Maternal and Child Health. This expert committee, comprising eight members, will review the definition of prematurity which
was adopted by an expert group in 1950 and which, according to the experience gained since then, appears to be in need of revisionas a common standard for certain parts of the world, particularly from the point of view of setting up maternal and child healthprogrammes.
4.7 HEALTH PROTECTION AND PROMOTION(See page 59)
The Division will be required(1) to deal with a group of non -communicable diseases from the point of view of collecting and disseminating scientific informationconcerning their etiology, epidemiology, pathology and public health control;(2) to assist countries upon request in these fields, particularly in the organizing of services and planning of future programmes;(3) to study, in collaboration with the Division of Education and Training, the training of professional and non-professional personnel in these fields;(4) to assist in the organization of meetings;(5) to service relevant expert advisory panels and expert committees, study groups and conferences;(6) to co- ordinate research in the fields covered.
4.7.0 Office of the Director(See page 59)
PersonnelThe staff will consist of a director, an administrative assistant and a secretary.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regions in connexion with projects related to the work of the Division, and for attendance at
international meetings.
4.7.1 Social and Occupational Health(See page 59)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide technical guidance in the following fields : occupational health (including hygiene of seafarers, aviation medicine,sports medicine, accident prevention, and forensic medicine); medical rehabilitation of the physically handicapped; rheumaticdiseases and other chronic non -communicable diseases that are not otherwise covered; problems of social medicine connected with
38 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
migrants and aged persons; and matters pertaining to medico -social work;(2) to co- operate with other agencies, mainly the United Nations and ILO;(3) to service the Expert Advisory Panels on Occupational Health and on Rehabilitation, and the corresponding expert com-mittees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants :(a) to make a study, pursuant to resolution WHA11.49, of " ways and means by which health services could be provided in
major ports to seafarers of all nationalities on a wider scale than at present ";(b) to advise on the participation of local health centres or units in the provision of occupational health services to small plants
and agricultural enterprises which are not usually able to provide such services by themselves.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regions in connexion with social and occupational health projects, and for attendance at various
international meetings.
4.7.2 Mental Health(See page 59)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to assist in the development of knowledge on mental health to a point where it can be applied by public health administrations,and specifically in connexion with studies on the epidemiology of mental disorders; the organization and development of communitypsychiatric services; the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients; psychiatric hospital architecture; therapeutic methods, especiallyoccupational therapy; child guidance and other applications of child psychiatry; the effects of technological change and change ofcultural patterns on mental health; and the psychiatric aspects of alcoholism and drug addiction;(2) to stimulate and co- ordinate research relevant to these topics and to preventive psychiatry in general;(3) to provide guidance on the education and training of personnel in the field of mental health;(4) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Mental Health and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of two medical officers, a technical assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer.
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants to carry on work started in 1957 in the epidemiology of mental disorders. Apart from
advancing basic research in this field, they will help to provide epidemiological training for psychiatrists on the basis of a manualof epidemiological method at present being prepared and of the recommendations of the expert committee that is to be convenedin 1959.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regions, to provide assistance to regional offices in planning and to individual countries in
developing mental health activities, and for attendance at international meetings.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Programme Development in the Mental Health Field. It is proposed to convene an expert committee of nine members to review
present resources and plans with a view to establishing priorities for a sound programme of mental health which can be applied ona world -wide scale.
Teaching of Psychiatry and Mental Health Promotion. This expert committee, composed of seven members, will examine theprinciples, content and methods applicable to the teaching of psychiatry and mental health promotion.
4.7.3 Nutrition(See page 59)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide technical guidance on nutrition in relation to the maintenance of health and the prevention of diseases such askwarshiorkor, endemic goitre, pellagra, beri -beri, nutritional anaemias and nutritional diseases of the eye;(2) to take responsibilitity for the work undertaken by WHO, through the Protein Advisory Group, in connexion with the jointFAO /UNICEF /WHO programme for the development of protein -rich foods;(3) in co- operation with the Nutrition Division of FAO, study the public health problems of food additives, and collect, disseminateand appraise information on the physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of such additives; and to collect and disseminateinformation relating to laboratory facilities and research programmes on food additives;(4) to give technical guidance on education in nutrition.(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Nutrition and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of three medical officers, a scientist, two technical assistant, a secretary and two clerk stenographers. It is
proposed to add another secretary in 1960, to help with the increasing work.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 39
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants :(a) to continue studies on protein malnutrition which are essential for the functioning of the joint FAO /UNICEF /WHO
programme for the development of protein -rich foods;(b) to undertake field studies on anaemias. As a follow -up to the study group on nutritional anaemias that met in 1958, it is
proposed that a consultant visit field projects concerned with the prevention of this disease;(c) to study the use of antibiotics in food. For purposes of preservation, antibiotics are more and more added to various types
of food. Furthermore, antibiotics are sometimes found in food as a result of feeding of animals. These facts constitute a problemof importance to public health;
(d) to study the determination of possible carcinogenicity of chemicals added to food. In the second report of the JointFAO /WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives which met in 1958, it is recommended that FAO and WHO should " considerreferring the problem of the possible carcinogenic and mutagenic action of food additives to an appropriate group of experts ".Since it is not possible to do this in 1960, it is proposed to employ a consultant to prepare a report on this subject;
(e) to assist in preparing for the Joint FAO /WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (see below).
Duty TravelVisits are planned to certain regional offices and to UNRWA to advise on the development of programmes in the field of
nutrition.
Contractual Technical Serices (see page 66)Indian Council of Medical Research. Anaemia remains one of the most important health problems in India. It is proposed
to provide an amount in 1960 to the Indian Council of Medical Research for the study of this problem.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Nutrition (FAO /WHO). It is proposed to hold a meeting of this committee to advise on the types of programmes to be under-
taken and to recommend ways in which satisfactory collaboration can best be maintained with FAO in the field of nutrition. Provi-sion is made for five members.
Food Additives (FAO /WHO). A joint expert committee is proposed in order to give further recommendations and guidanceon certain public health aspects of the use of food additives. Provision is made for six members.
4.7.4 Dental Health(See page 60)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to give technical guidance on methods of preventing and controlling dental disease;(2) to conduct appropriate epidemiological studies;(3) to stimulate and co- ordinate research on this subject;(4) to maintain liaison with international organizations;(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Dental Health and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a dental health officer and a secretary.
ConsultantsA consultant will be required to collect and analyse information on the epidemiology of periodontal disease, which is responsible
for more chronic infection and for the loss of more teeth than any other cause.
Duty TravelTravel is planned to regions to assist in programme- planning and field projects in dental health, and for attendance at various
international meetings.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease. It is proposed that an expert committee of seven members should meet to appraise
present scientific information in regard to the prevention and control of the disease. Such a report might well focus more world -wideattention on a condition which is causing the loss of more teeth than is dental caries.
4.7.5 Cardiovascular Diseases(See page 60)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to collect and disseminate scientific information on cardiovascular diseases;(2) to stimulate and co- ordinate applied research oriented specially towards the development of control measures for cardiovasculardiseases;(3) to stimulate the adoption of standards and uniform nomenclature for the pathological and clinical diagnosis of cardiovasculardiseases;(4) to promote, co- ordinate and, where necessary, undertake epidemiological studies in this field;(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Chronic Degenerative Diseases and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer and a secretary.
40 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
ConsultantsProvision is made for a consultant to collect information and prepare a basic document as a prerequisite for the study of the
relationship of environmental factors to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Such a document would be an invaluablebasis of discussion for the expert committee on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, which is to meet during theyear (see below).
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to regions in response to requests for guidance and advice, and for attendance at international
meetings.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Cardiovascular Diseases and Hypertension. It is proposed to convene this committee to analyse all the material collected during
the preceding two years, since the first report on this subject (1958), and to establish the influences of environmental, occupational,dietary and geographical factors on the onset of cardiovascular diseases, as a basis for eventually developing a control programme.This is to be a multidisciplinary meeting, including cardiologists, epidemiologists, nutritionists and public health administrators,and therefore a membership of eight is proposed.
4.7.6 Cancer(See page 60)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to collect and disseminate scientific information on malignant neoplastic diseases;(2) to promote, foster and co- ordinate applied research oriented specially towards the etiology and pathology of neoplastic lesions;(3) to stimulate the adoption of standards and uniform nomenclature for the pathological and clinical diagnosis of malignantneoplastic diseases;(4)
(5)
(6)
to promote, co- ordinate and, where necessary, undertake epidemiological studies in this field;to assist countries upon request in developing cancer control programmes;to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Cancer and the relevant expert committees.
PersonnelProvision is made for a medical officer and a secretary.
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants to collect and co- ordinate information on available knowledge in this field as a basis
for developing future research and epidemiological studies.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to regions in response to requests for guidance and advice, and for attendance at international
meetings.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)International Centres for Histopathological Reference Preparations. It is proposed to continue the assistance to the International
Centre for Histopathological Reference Preparations (lung tumours) in Oslo and to the Centre for Soft -Tissue Tumours inWashington for the study, collection, custody and dissemination of typical reference preparations.
4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION(See poge 60)
The Division
(1) gives technical guidance on all aspects of sanitation services;(2) stimulates and promotes sanitation activities in countries, with particular emphasis at this time upon the building up ofan administrative organization, the improvement of urban and rural sanitation, the training of sanitation personnel, and thedissemination of information;(3) provides leadership and consultation on such matters as vector control, collaborative research on insect resistanceto insecticides, standards of water quality, food sanitation, atmospheric pollution, and the selection of materials and equipment;(4) maintains liaison with the United Nations, specialized agencies, non -governmental organizations, and professional bodies insuch fields as development of water resources, utilization and toxicity of pesticides, hygiene of air travel, and relation of sanitationto such social problems as urbanization and the development of arid lands.
4.8.0 Office of the Director(See page 60)
PersonnelThe staff consists of the Director, a technical assistant and a secretary.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regions in connexion with work related to the programme of the Division and for attendance at
international meetings.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 41
4.8.1 Urban Sanitation(See page 61)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to give technical guidance on urban water supply (together with the development and application of standards of drinking -water quality and laboratory methods for examination of drinking- water) ; urban sewerage; disposal of industrial wastes; control ofwater pollution; disposal of municipal refuse (including urban composting); control of atmospheric pollution; hygienic control ofmilk and food; the engineering aspects of occupational hygiene; and on other aspects of the control of the urban sanitary environ-ment.
(2) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Environmental Sanitation and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a sanitary engineer and a secretary.
ConsultantsConsultants are required(a) to assist in the stimulation of programmes for the improvement of urban water supplies, including the preparation of
texts for manuals on operation and management of waterworks;(b) to advise on special aspects of air- pollution control. One consultant will examine data on standard nomenclature and units
of measurement together with data on the standardization of instruments and methods of analysis. The second consultant will workin collaboration with other headquarters divisions on studies relating to morbidity associated with air pollution factors, as recom-mended by the Expert Committee on Environmental Sanitation in its fifth report.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to certain regions to advise on technical aspects of urban sanitation, and to observe practices which
might find application in other regions.
4.8.2 Rural Sanitation(See page 61)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to give technical guidance on rural water supply and excreta disposal; the environmental control of diarrhoeal diseases; theenvironmental control of bilharziasis; and the sanitation of transportation and tourism;(2) to collaborate with the United Nations in its broad programme on water resources, housing, building and planning, communitydevelopment, urbanization and industrialization;(3) to collaborate with UNESCO in its major programmes on the development of arid zones and humid tropical zones.
Personnel
The staff will consist of a sanitary engineer and a secretary.
Consultants
Consultants are required(a) to participate in the work of a diarrhoeal- disease survey team and assist in the preparation of a document on the environ-
mental aspects of diarrhoeal- disease control;
(b) to review the problems of water management in the control of vector -borne diseases following the results of the sanitaryengineering and water management studies undertaken by the bilharziasis advisory teams.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to certain regions and to take part in meetings convened by the United Nations on water resources
and by UNESCO on arid zone research.
4.8.3 Vector Control and Pesticides(See page 61)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to collect and disseminate information and co- ordinate research on vector control methods;(2) to co- ordinate research on pesticides and dispersing equipment and the evaluation of new products;
(3) to establish specifications for pesticides and dispersing equipment used in public health programmes;(4) to give guidance and information on the formulation, shipment and storage of pesticides, on the toxicity of pesticides to man,and on disinsectization of aircraft;(5) to service the Expert Advisory Panel on Insecticides and relevant expert committees.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a scientist and a secretary.
42 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
ConsultantsConsultants are required(a) to advise on the disinsectization of aircraft and assist in the preparation of an expert committee on that subject (see below);(b) to evaluate the Tokelau Islands biological experiment in the control of the filariasis vector Aëdes polynesiensis by the fungus
Coelomomyces stegomyia, the operational phase of which was undertaken during 1958 (the most suitable time for the evaluation isearly 1960- fifteen to eighteen months after the application of the fungus);
(c) to advise on vector control and assist in preparing for a revision of the " Recommended methods for vector control ".
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to certain regions to assist with regional programmes, to observe field activities and to study and
appraise the results of research in the field.
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)
Insecticide and Insect Resistance Studies. Provision is made for the preparation of test kits for determining the susceptibility toinsecticides of mosquitos (adult and larval forms of all species of public health importance), lice, fleas, flies, sandflies, bedbugsand Simulium larvae; for the continuation of studies on the development of new insecticides and formulations, and of spraying anddusting equipment, as well as on sorption, toxicity and the disinsectization of aircraft; and for equipment for the Tokelau Islandsproject evaluation.
It is also proposed to continue assistance to laboratories in planning and developing long -term programmes of research onresistance to insecticides.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Disinsectization of Aircraft. It is proposed to convene an expert committee of seven members to consider the disinsectization
methods to be applied to aircraft, as recommended by the Committee on International Quarantine in 1957. With the advent ofhigh -speed jet aircraft, the successful implementation of a number of eradication programmes, and an increase in the scope ofresistance to insecticides, this subject is an urgent one.
4.8.4 Environmental Biology(See page 61)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to give guidance on, co- ordinate and stimulate research on insect resistance;(2) to collect and disseminate information on resistance, and on the ecology of animal agents, vectors and alternate hosts ofdisease;(3) to stimulate, co- ordinate and review research or investigations leading towards improved control of biological elements in thehuman environment;(4) to- advise on biological aspects of water quality, the treatment of wafer, composting, the disposal of human wastes, and milkand food control.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a scientist and a secretary.
ConsultantsProvision is made for consultants to assist in the continuation of the programme for the co- ordination and stimulation of
research on insect resistance, which has been in operation since 1956. They will be required(a) to visit laboratories to advise on their suitability for research grants; this will affect not only grants made by WHO but
also those from the National Institutes of Health (United States Public Health Service), the Rockefeller Foundation, and otherfund -granting agencies;
(b) to co- ordinate research among laboratories working in the different fields by visits and consultations;(c) to advise the Organization on technical matters in the respective fields.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to certain regions to assist with regional programme, to observe field activities, to
study and appraise the results of research in the field, and to attend scientific meetings.
Contractual Technical ServicesInsect Resistance Studies. See under Vector Control and Pesticides above.
4.9 EDUCATION AND TRAINING(See page 62)
The Division(1) prepares and assists in implementing the education programmes of the Organization;(2) studies the trends and developments in medical (undergraduate and postgraduate), public health, auxiliary and other relatededucation;(3) assists in the technical planning, implementation and evaluation of projects in education;
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 43
(4) assists other units by participating in or advising on the educational aspects of programmes with which they are concerned;(5) co- operates with other agencies, organizations and institutions in this field;(6) promotes the advancement of educational concepts, standards and methods by collecting and transmitting information,organizing the exchange of experience by meetings, visits, studies, etc., and advising on individual problems;(7) services the Expert Advisory Panel on Professional and Technical Education of Medical and Auxiliary Personnel, and relevantexpert committees.
4.9.0 Office of the Director
PersonnelThe Office consists of the Director and a secretary.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to regional offices and for attendance at international meetings.
4.9.1 Fellowships
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to advise on and co- ordinate the policies and procedures that guide the Organization's fellowships programme;(2) to assist the regional offices in the implementation of their programmes, with particular reference to inter- regional fellowships,and co- operate with United Nations agencies and other bodies which also have fellowships programmes;(3) to conduct a continuing study on evaluation of fellowships, and maintain the directory and statistics of WHO fellows;(4) to study the reports of fellows, record the training facilities used by them, and review courses attended by WHO fellows witha view to meeting the fellows' requirements.
(See page 62)
(See page 62)
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, a technical assistant, a secretary and two clerk stenographers.
ConsultantsConsultant services are required for the preparation of an expert committee on recommended requirements for schools of
public health (see below).
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to certain regions in connexion with their fellowships programmes.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Recommended Requirements for Schools of Public Health. It is proposed that an expert committee of eight members be convened
in 1960 to prepare detailed standards of requirements for schools of public health, as recommended by the expert committee heldin 1958 on "The foreign student and the postgraduate public health course ". It would cover both academic intramuralpost -graduate education and supervised field training.
4.9.2 Education in Medicine and Allied Subjects
The staff dealing with education in medicine and allied subjects(1) is concerned with matters relevant to the surveying, appraising and planning of medical education,meet the needs of countries for more and /or better trained medical personnel;(2) collaborates with other units regarding the training of allied medical personnel;(3) prepares such publications as the World Directory of Medical Schools and the Annotated Bibliography(4) guides the recruitment of appropriate international personnel as " visiting professors " andmedical scientists ";(5) deals with matters relevant to the exchange of experience in teaching and medical research, throughcongresses and other forms of co- operation.
(See page 62)
as part of activities to
of Medical Education;organizes " teams of
international scientific
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, a technical assistant and a secretary.
Duty TravelField visits are planned to two regions in connexion with the surveying, appraisal and planning of medical education, and to
attend meetings.
Grants (see page 65)Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. A continuation of this grant is proposed for 1960.
44 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
Contractual Technical Services (see page 66)(a) Collection of Data on Medical and Veterinary Education. Provision is made for assistance to non -governmental organi-
zations in the further collection of information on institutions and teaching methods in medical and allied education.(b) Exchange of Research Workers. It is proposed to continue the scheme of exchange of research workers, as in previous
years.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Preventive Aspects in the Teaching of the Basic Medical Sciences. An expert committee of eight members is proposed, to discuss
the introduction of the preventive aspects into the teaching of the basic medical sciences. This is the third and concludingmeeting of a series dealing with the introduction of the preventive aspects into certain early subjects of the medical curriculum;the preceding meetings dealt with physiology and pathology respectively.
4.9.3 Public Health Education and Training(See page 62)
Functions and responsibilities are to survey, appraise and plan the education of medical and allied personnel in public healthand preventive medicine; post -graduate education in public health and its special fields, including radiation and health protection;and the training of auxiliary health personnel of all types, in co- operation with the relevant substantive units.
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, a technical assistant and a secretary.
ConsultantsA consultant is required to assist in the preparation of the expert committee on the training of auxiliary personnel (see below)
Duty TravelVisits are planned to two regions in connexion with assistance to schools of public health and training schemes for auxiliary
personnel.
Expert Committees (see page 72)Training of Auxiliary Personnel. It is proposed to convene an expert committee of eight members to review the information
gathered (through questionnaires and visits of staff and consultants) on training schemes for auxiliaries, and to agree on somealternative sample forms of curricula at the levels of " assistant " and " aide "- medical, nursing, midwifery and sanitation.
4.10 EDITORIAL AND REFERENCE SERVICES
(See page 63)The functions and responsibilities of this division include
(1) the editing, translation, production, distribution and sale of all WHO publications, including periodicals, monographs,technical reports, official records, and occasional publications;
(2) translation and distribution of documents for the Health Assembly and the Executive Board, and of working papers forexpert committees and other technical meetings;
(3) translation of official correspondence;
(4) preparation, editing, translation, and distribution of verbatim records and minutes of organizational meetings;
(5) provision of an international reference service;
(6) acquisition, registration or cataloguing, indexing and servicing of all books, periodicals, reports, and other documents requiredfor the Organization's work;(7) procurement of technical literature for Member countries.
4.10.0 Office of the Director(See page 63)
Under this office are included the following functions :Distribution and Sales - shaping sales and distribution policy; adapting that policy to the individual publications of WHO in
the different countries; determining a desirable ratio between free and paid distribution, and modifying factors (including linguisticand currency difficulties) in the different countries; determining the size of impressions of publications; preparing publicity material;selecting sales agents, corresponding with them, and appraising their performance; screening all requests for free distribution in thelight of policy decisions; transmitting to the United Nations distribution service instructions for distribution; establishing andmaintaining lists for internal distribution and mailing lists; periodically bringing such lists up to date; checking for conformity withstanding instructions documents submitted for internal reproduction; routing them to translation, reproduction, and distributionservices, and checking that they are delivered by the required dates.
Printing - preparing standard and special typographical presentations; planning layouts, including scale and placing ofillustrations; formulating specifications for paper and bindings; maintaining records necessary to control flow of incoming andoutgoing manuscripts and proofs, and checking progress of work; preparing cost estimates.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 45
Graphics - preparing maps, graphs, charts, and other graphic presentations for publications, working papers, epidemiologicalstudies, official documents, and public information.
Personnel
The staff consists of an administrative assistant and a secretary in the Office of the Director, three Professional and threeGeneral Service staff for Distribution and Sales, three Professional and one General Service staff for Printing, and four Professionalstaff for Graphics. Provision is made for two additional clerk stenographers, bringing the total General Service staff formingthe Stenographic Service and shown under the Office of the Director to twenty -four. As in previous years, provision is madefor temporary clerk stenographers.
Duty TravelProvision is made for occasional short visits within the European area which will be necessary, as in previous years, for holding
examinations for candidates for staff appointments; and for WHO representation at meetings of UNESCO and other organizationsconcerned with documentation.
Other Costs (see page 67)Contractual Editorial Services (including Commissioned Translations). A sum is provided for commissioning translations and
similar services outside the Organization as a means of dealing with work which is of a specialized character.Sales Promotion Material. Provision is made to cover the estimated cost of printing prospectuses to promote the sales of
publications.
4.10.1 Health Legislation(See page 63)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to search systematically official gazettes and other legislative material in many languages; select laws and regulations relatingto public health for inclusion of texts or summaries in the International Digest of Health Legislation; prepare comparative surveysof health legislation;(2) to edit this material for publication in the Digest, co- ordinating the editions in English and French;(3) to provide information service on health legislation.
Personnel
The existing staff -five Professional and one in the General Service category- includes one editor each for the English andFrench editions of the Digest, a multilingual editor, and a technical assistant.
4.10.2 Library and Reference Services(See page 63)
Functions and responsibilities are
(1) to provide an international reference service on health matters in support of WHO programme activities both at headquartersand in the regions, extending this service by close liaison with other international libraries in Geneva, by participation in the Swissinter- library loan system, and through contacts with other important medical libraries throughout the world;(2) to contribute to international discussion of bibliographical problems organized by other international organizations;(3) systematically to acquire and register or catalogue all books, periodicals, reports, and other documents, including documentsof the United Nations and its specialized agencies, required for reference; to organize, classify, and index this material so far as isnecessary to make its content accessible;(4) to prepare bibliographical guides and compile bibliographies for WHO publications and other purposes;(5) to provide on request information on public- health literature and on medical library organization and methods; procuretechnical literature for WHO regional offices, field projects and Member governments; provide training for WHO medical libraryfellows.
Personnel
The staff, consisting of ten Professional and nine General Service personnel, includes three librarians composing the ReferenceUnit, three librarians and a clerk typist composing the Catalogue Unit, one librarian composing the Documents Indexing Unit, twolibrarians and seven clerks composing the Acquisition and Service Unit, and a secretary. Provision is also made in 1960, as inprevious years, for a temporary librarian for six months in order to complete certain library projects.
Other Costs (see page 67)
Purchase of Books for Library. The sum provided for books, periodicals, binding, and photo- copying takes into account theneed to increase holdings of reference and other works in Slavonic languages.
4.10.3 Official Records(See page 64)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to edit volumes in the Official Records series, the Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions, Basic Documents, occasional public-ations, and the minutes of the Executive Board, co- ordinating editions in English, French and Spanish;(2) during organizational meetings, to prepare verbatim records and minutes.
A 3
46 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
PersonnelProvision is made in 1960 for an additional editor to deal with the increased workload, thus bringing the total staff to fourteen
Professional and two General Service personnel, including a group of five editors for one language, four each for the other two, andtwo editorial clerks. Provision is made for temporary editors for the production (in the three languages) of publications additionalto the normal annual workload, in particular the Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions.
4.10.4 Technical Publications
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to edit serial and non -serial publications, including the Bulletin, Chronicle, Monograph Series, Technical Report Series(consisting mainly of the reports of expert committees) and occasional publications -which report or complement the Organiz-ation's technical work; to co- ordinate editions in English, French, and Spanish;(2) in collaboration with the relevant technical sections, to plan symposia issued as special numbers of the Bulletin and monographs;critically to review and select material submitted for publication from within or outside the Organization; to write texts and preparesummaries for publication.
(See page 64)
'PersonnelThe staff, consisting of fourteen Professional and two General Service personnel, includes two groups of five editors for English
and French texts, three editors for the Spanish editions of the Chronicle, the Monograph Series, and the Technical Report Series,and a secretary and an editorial clerk. Provision is made, as in previous years, for temporary editors.
4.10.5 Translation(See page 64)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to translate into English, French, Russian, and Spanish as appropriate, and revise, material on technical, administrative, andfinancial subjects, including texts intended for publication, documents prepared for, or resulting from, meetings of the Assemblyand Executive Board, working papers and reports of expert committees, and incoming and outgoing correspondence; in specialcases, to commission translations from outside experts;(2) in consultation with WHO technical staff, members of expert advisory panels, and editorial sections, to establish acceptableand uniform technical and administrative terminology for publications and documents in the working languages and in Spanish.
PersonnelProvision has been made for two additional translators to deal with increased workload, thus bringing the total Professional
staff to twenty- three, including two translators into English, ten into French, one into Russian, one from Russian, and eight intoSpanish; in addition a supernumerary translator is charged to the Malaria Eradication Special Account. There is also one staffmember in the General Service category. As in previous years, provision has been made for the engagement of temporary translatorsduring peak periods of work.
Estimated Requirements for Públications(See page 68)
The costs of the Official Records and the Technical Report Series are charged respectively as part of the cost of sessions of theHealth Assembly and the Executive Board and of meetings of expert committees and study groups. Estimates for the printing ofother publications show an increase of $12 000 as compared with 1959.
4.11 PROGRAMME CO- ORDINATION(See page 64)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to provide staff assistance, as required, to the Assistant Directors -General and the divisional directors in co- ordinating thework of the divisions, including joint UNICEF /WHO activities;(2) to deal with technical matters concerning the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance and to provide technicalrepresentation at meetings of the Technical Assistance Board and the Technical Assistance Committee;(3) to develop and maintain an adequate reporting system in all fields and to maintain the Central Project Inventory;(4) to co- ordinate administrative arrangements regarding expert panels and committees and their membership.
PersonnelThe staff comprise two medical officers, a reports officer, a technical assistant, a secretary and two clerk stenographers.
4.12 PROGRAMME EVALUATION(See page 65)
Functions and responsibilities are(1) to develop and improve the methodology of evaluation;(2) to co- ordinate evaluation activities in the Organization;(3) to prepare reports on the evaluation of WHO activities.
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES 47
PersonnelThe staff consists of a medical officer, an evaluation officer and a secretary.
ConsultantsA consultant is required to help apply and test evaluation methodology for projects in which WHO is collaborating.
Duty TravelVisits to regions are planned in order to assist in establishing routine evaluation procedures and demonstrate the evaluation
of programmes.
4.13 SUPPLY(See page 65)
The Office of Supply has overall responsibility for all work connected with the purchasing, shipping and invoicing of bothmedical and administrative equipment and supplies. Certain functions are delegated to regions and to Conference and Office Servicesat headquarters. In addition, on request, certain services are provided to Member States and to other United Nations organizations;these are subject to a service charge on purchases, unless, in cases of emergency, the Director -General upon the request of thegovernment concerned has waived this charge.
PersonnelUnder the regular budget there are thirteen posts, of which four are Professional. In addition there are five posts, including one
Professional, under the Malaria Eradication Special Account.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to various countries in Europe to examine sources of supplies, negotiate purchases, and inspect
equipment.
4. PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES: SUMMARY
Regular Budget-
ProjectNo.
Malaria Eradication Special Account Other Extrabudgetery Funds
4 500 6 700 8 400 Recommended requirements for biologicalsubstances (see p. 25)
6 700 Pharmacopoeia) specifications forradioisotopes used in medicine
8 400 Quality control of new pharmaceuticalpreparations (see p. 26)
1 800 Brussels Agreement (report)
5 350 Recommended requirements for poliomyelitisvaccine
8 000 Recommended requirements for smallpox vaccine
4 500+ Viral, rickettsia) and other communicablediseases
5 800 Diarrhoea and enteritis in infants andchildren
10 800 Arthropod -borne viruses (see p. 32)
1 300 Mental health aspects of the peaceful uses ofatomic energy (report)
2 500 Ataraxie and hallucinogenic drugs inpsychiatry (report)
5 250 Nutritional anaemias10 350 Certain public health aspects of cancer7 000 Epidemiology of cancer9 280 Appraisal of fellowships
39 000 40 030 27 600 Sub -total
Other
30 000 Staff training (see p. 22)
10 000 10 000 10 000 Epidemiological telegrams and broadcasts
300 300 300 Biological standard supplies (see p. 25)
500 800 800 Special work in connexion with InternationalPharmacopoeia and non -proprietary names
(see p. 26)300 300 500 Purchase of pharmaceuticals (see p. 26)
7 500 7 500 10 000 Contractual editorial service. (includingcommissioned translations) (see p. 45)
180 000 153 000 165 000 Printing of publications (see p. 46)
19 000 ++ 19 000 ++ 19 000 ++ Printing of additional copies for sale1 000 900 900 Sales promotion material (see p. 45)
22 500 20 000 20 000 Purchase of books for library (see p. 45)
2 000 2 000 2 000 Special literature 2 000 2 000
243 100 213 800 258 500 Sub -total - 2 000 2 000
282 100 253 830 286 100 Total - OTHER COSTS 2 000 2 000
To be financed from OIHP transferred assets to the extent available++ Financed from the Publications Revolving Fund
68 PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATIONS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 1960
Title of publication Language,Number of
issues
Number of
pages
Number ofcopies per
issue
Approx. cost
per copyUS $
Annual
cost
US $
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
Bulletin of the World Health Organization Mixed 12 2 400 2 800 1,12 30 000
Chronicle of the World Health Organization English 12 480 5 300 0.14 8 700
French 12 480 2 300 0.21 5 900
Spanish 12 48o 1 400 0.3o 5 100
Russian 12 480 1 000 0.68 8 200
Chinese 12 480 1 000 0.20 2 400
Monographs and occasional publications English 6 1 400 2 000 1.37 16 400
French 6 1 400 1 OOC 2.08 12 500
Spanish 6 1 400 1 000 2.17 13 000
Sub -total 102 200
Technical Re.ort Series English 2 800 15 120
French 1 100
1
(u.) 5 940The cost of printing these reports is charged as
part of the cost of the respective expert com-mittees and other advisory bodies and is thereforenot included in the figure under "Total annualprinting coat ".
Spanish 1 100 5 940
Sub -total 27 000
HEALTH LEGISLATION
International Direst of Health Is:islation English 4 900 1 100 '1.73 7 600
French 4 900 600 2.71 6 500
Offprints of comparative surveys English 3 200 1 000 0.23 700
French 3 200 500 0.33 500
Sub -total 15 300
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS
Weekly Epidemiological Record and Supplements Bilingual 52 750 2 300 0.10 14 500
ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATIONS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 1960 (continued)
Title of publication LanguageNumber ofissues
Number ofpages
Number ofcopies per
issue
Approx. cost
per copyUS $
Annual
cost
US $
OFFICIAL RECORDS
The Official Records are shown below to indicatethe complete publioations programme, although pro-vision for their cost is included in the estimatesfor the Health Assembly and the Executive Board.
Annual Report of the Director -General English 1 290 2 600 1.96 5 100
French 1 290 1 300 3.15 4 100
Spanish 1 290 700 5.00 3 500
Proposed Programme and Budget Estimates English 1 440 1 900 2.63 5 000
French 1 440 1 000 4.30 4 300
_Spanish 1 440 600 6.50 3 goo
Annual Financial Statement and Report of theExternal Auditor English 1 70 1 600 0.69 1 100
French 1 70 800 1.02 820
Spanish 1 70 400 1.75 700
Proceedings of the Health Assembly English 1 580 1 400 4.14 5 800
French 1 580 700 7.14 5 000
Spanish 1 580 400 11.50 4 600
Health Assembly Resolutions (preprint) English 1 60 800 0.17 140
French 1 60 500 0.24 120
Spanish 1 60 200 0.60 120
Agenda for Health Assembly English 1_
8 1 200 0.08 100
French 1 8 800 0.10 80
Spanish 1 8 300 0.20 60
Report of the Executive Board (January session) English 2 310 1 600 3.12 5 000
French 2 310 800 5.50 4 400
Spanish 2 310 500 8.00 4 000
Report of the Executive Board (June session) English 1 40 1 500 0.40 600
French 1 40 700 0.71 500
Spanish 1 40 400 1.00 400
Basic Documents English 1 170 1 800 0.44 800
French 1 170 900 0.66 600
Spanish 1 170 600 1.00 600
Sub -total 5 904 -
61 440
TOTAL ANNUAL printing coat of publicationsexcluding Technical Report Series andOfficial Records 165 000
70 REGIONAL OFFICES
5. REGIONAL OFFICES
(See page 71)
COMPOSITE STATEMENT OF FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The general functions and responsibilities common to all regional offices are :(1) on behalf of the Director- General, to direct and co- ordinate international health work in the regions and to plan andexecute all WHO activities in the respective regions;(2) to advise regional committees on the expression in regional policy of general policy laid down by the World HealthAssembly, and act as the channel of liaison between the regional committees and the Director -General;(3) to maintain contact with governments and appropriate professional groups in the regions and with the local representa-tives of all agencies (international and other) with which WHO work should be co- ordinated;(4) to submit to the Director- General proposals for the annual programme and budget estimates for the regions and anyreports or other information requested by the Director -General.
These general functions of regional offices are carried out by their staffs under the supervision of the regional directors. Thedetailed functions and responsibilities of the regional office staff include :
(1) advising on the technical features of all health work in the region, planning and executing projects, health surveys, andthe fellowships programme; co- ordinating projects and fellowships with country health programmes;(2) at the request of governments, providing, directly or through consultants, advice and assistance on the planning andexecution of their health programmes, on the integration of those programmes into the health services of the country and onthe organization and strengthening of the national health services;(3) formulating regional annual programme and budget estimates for submission to the regional committee and, with theregional committee's recommendations, to the Director- General;(4) evaluating projects in the field;(5) handling the decentralized administrative, financial, legal, public information and related activities of the region necessaryfor the execution of the field programmes in accordance with the established policies, rules and procedures.
The detailed requirements of the-several regional offices are described in Information Annex 2.
ROTATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE STAFF(See page 71)
Personnel
Provision is made under the regular budget to continue the posts of administration and finance officer, budget and financeofficer, personnel officer, and general services officer, established in order to ensure rotation of the supervisory administrativestaff in regional offices in accordance with the accepted policy of the Organization. This provision allows such regional staff totake in turn periods of refresher training at headquarters and for the briefing and training of new region al administrative staffwhen there are vacancies to be filled.
Moreover, experience has shown that temporary assistance must be provided to cover extended absences of the regionalsupervisory administrative staff,on annual leave, home leave or sick leave, or for help in emergencies or during periods of unusuallyheavy workload. From a practical point of view, such temporary assistance can best be given by using experienced rotationalstaff : this is more economical than increasing the permanent establishment of the administration and finance units of regionaloffices, and it is not possible to spare the already overburdened headquarters staff for the purpose.
Duty Travel
The provision for duty travel, to enable individual staff members to undertake relief duties in the regions as and when required,is the same as for 1959.
5. REGIONAL OFFICES: SUMMARY
Regular Budget Malaria Eradication Special Account Other Extra- budgetary Funds
4 4 4 10 640 25 5o6 26 331 Total established posts
Travel
3 000 8 000 8 00o Duty
--- Total - ROTATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE4 4 4 13 640 33 506 34 331 STAFF
72 EXPERT COMMITTEES
6. EXPERT COMMITTEESRegular Budget
Estimated expenditure1958 1959 1960US$ US$ US$
Health Statistics (see page 24) 4 720 8 280Effect of Radiation on Human Heredity (see page 25) 6 650 9 040Radiochemical Methods of Analysis (FAO /WHO) 7 220 9 040Therapy of Radiation Injury and Radioactive Poisoning (see page 25) 9 040Atomic Energy in Relation to Health 9 040Biological Standardization (see page 26) 4 310 9 040 9 040Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations (see page 26) 8 110 9 040 9 040Sub -Committee on Non -Proprietary Names (see page 26) 3 800 5 240 5 240Addiction -Producing Drugs (see page 27) 6 430 7 520 7 520Malaria (see page 27) 9 610 9 040Tuberculosis 9 040Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses 8 280Zoonoses 8 820fRespiratory Virus Diseases 6 920Poliomyelitis (see page 32) 9 040Plague 7 430fBilharziasis (see page 33) 9 040fRabies 7 520fLeprosy 8 280fInternational Quarantine f f (see page 34) 6 120 8 280 8 280Planning of Public Health Services (see page 35) 9 040Local Health Services 8 280Milk Hygiene (FAO /WHO) 6 000Organization of Medical Care 8 280Antibiotics (see page 36) 7 520Health Laboratory Methods 6 430Public Health Nursing 8 900Medical Rehabilitation 6 320Teacher Preparation for Health Education in Schools 9 040Maternal and Child Health (see page 37) 8 280Social Psychiatry and Community Attitudes 8 120Epidemiology of Mental Disorders 9 040Programme Development in the Mental Health Field (seepage 38) 9 040Teaching of Psychiatry and Mental Health Promotion (see page 38) 7 520Nutrition (FAO /WHO) (see page 39) 6 000Food Additives (FAO /WHO) (see page 39) 4 830 6 820 6 760Auxiliary Dental Personnel 7 030Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases (see page 39) 7 520Cardiovascular Diseases and Hypertension (see page 40) 9 220 8 280Sub -Committee on Cancer Statistics 7 520Histopathology of Cancer 6 330 7 520Insecticides 6 010Hygiene and Sanitation in Aviation (ICAO /WHO) 4 920Disinsectization of Aircraft (see page 42) 7 520Vector Control 8 280Mental Health Problems of the Aging and Aged 7 030Professional and Technical Education 8 920Preventive Aspects in the Teaching of Pathology 8 300Recommended Requirements for Schools of Public Health (see page 43) 8 280Preventive Aspects in the Teaching of the Basic Medical Sciences (see page 44) 8 280Training of Auxiliary Personnel (see page 44) 8 280
f To be financed from OIHP transferred assets to the extent availableff The Committee on International Quarantine, which has special functions defined by the Health Assembly, is included
among the expert committees for convenience of presentation.
7. OTHER STATUTORY STAFF COSTS[See pages 77 and 84]
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES 73
PART IIl : ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
8.1 OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR- GENERAL(See page 79)
In addition to the Director -General and the Deputy Director -General there are six staff members, including two in theProfessional grades. The provision for duty travel is maintained at the same level as in 1959.
8.2 OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR- GENERAL(See page 79)
The Assistant Director -General, Administration and Finance :(1) supervises the formulation of policy for, and the functions and operation of, Internal Audit, Legal Office, AdministrativeManagement and Personnel, Supply Services, Conference and Office Services, Finance and Accounts, and Budget;(2) advises the Director -General on policies related to administration and finance, including relationships with governments andwith other international organizations, and relationships and co- ordination with the United Nations and its agencies; on theco- ordination of administration and finance with the activities of other headquarters departments and regional offices; and on thelegal and constitutional policies of the Organization;(3) is responsible for the planning and general administration of administrative, financial, legal and constitutional matters in theOrganization, including their technical direction and supervision in regional and field offices;(4) develops, within the availability of funds from all sources and on the basis of an analysis of proposed programmes, recom-mendations for a unified plan of action to meet priority needs.
PersonnelIn addition to the Assistant Director -General there are four staff members, including two in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelThe Assistant Director -General or his assistant will attend various United Nations meetings (e.g. the General Assembly, the
Economic and Social Council, the Technical Assistance Committee), the UNICEF Executive Board, and the Technical AssistanceBoard.
8.3 ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNEL(See page 79)
The Division of Administrative Management and Personnel(1) is responsible for the planning and conduct of the activities of the Organization with respect to :
(a) administrative management practices and services;(b) personnel policies and services;(c) conference and office services; and(d) supply services;
(2) provides advice and assistance to other divisions, and to regional offices, on administrative management and personnel mattersand co- ordinates the work of the Division with that of other parts of the Organization.
8.3.0 Office of the Director(See page 79)
PersonnelThe Office consists of the Director and a secretary.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to one of the regional offices to assist with administrative problems and for attendance at a meeting
of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions in New York.
8.3.1 Administrative Management(See page 79)
The staff is responsible for continuously reviewing the organization and methods of work in the Organization and for providinga consultative service on matters of administrative management to headquarters and regional staff with a view to insuring effectiveadministration and economical use of staff and other resources. This work includes making evaluations and recommendations inthe fields of organizational structure and of staffing patterns; planning and conducting management surveys both of organizationalunits (in consultation with their heads and at their request or that of their superiors) and of questions or problems common to
74 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
more than one unit (as decided by the Director, Division of Administrative Management and Personnel); assisting in the study ofinter -agency administrative procedures and services; the co- ordination and central control and issue of policy and proceduralstatements; clarifying internal organizational relationships; and advising on other matters related to administrative practice asrequired.
PersonnelThere are seven staff members under the regular budget, of whom five are in the Professional category. There is also a post of
clerk stenographer under the Malaria Eradication Special Account. In 1960 provision is made under the regular budget for anadditional post of management officer, to make it possible to meet the need for a full programme of management studies in regionaloffices and in relation to the planning and administrative servicing of projects.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits to three regional offices to carry out management studies and make management services available.
8.3.2 Personnel(See page 80)
Functions and responsibilities are to develop personnel policies, administer the Staff Regulations and Rules and providepersonnel services to the Organization. Among the services provided are : developing, analysing and making recommendationsfor improvements in the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules; maintaining the post classification plan and administering the salarysystem; recruiting, appointing and terminating staff; stimulating and servicing training programmes; developing and servicing thesystem of performance evaluation; stimulation and control of staff movements (reassignment, promotion, etc.); representing theAdministration in negotiations with the Staff Association on conditions of service; dealing with problems of staff relations; developingthe staff insurance plan; servicing the WHO Staff Pension Committee and administering the Pension Fund Regulations; representingthe Administration in appeals before the Board of Inquiry and Appeal.
PersonnelThere are eighteen staff members under the regular budget, including nine in the Professional grades. Under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account there are four staff members of whom two are in the Professional grades. In 1960 provision ismade under the regular budget for two additional posts of clerk stenographer. One is required to assist in the receipt, processing,classification and filing of applications for employment and the handling of correspondence with candidates; the other to assist indealing with correspondence relating to classifications and wage administration.
Duty TravelThe estimates include provision for visits to one of the regional offices to discuss personnel problems and organization.
8.3.3 Conference and Office Services(See page 80)
Functions and responsibilities include conference arrangements (provision of space, staff, records, documents and othermaterial requirements); allotting of office space and furniture at headquarters; provision of office services to the staff at head-quarters; design and control Of forms; maintenance of general services such as communications and records, stenographic andtyping services, chauffeur and car service; purchase of administrative supplies and supervision of their distribution.
PersonnelThere are thirty staff members under the regular budget, of whom four are in the Professional grades. Under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account there are six staff members comprising two clerks, two clerk stenographers and two messengers. In1960 provision is made uncle. the regular budget for two additional posts of which one, a clerk, is required to help with increasedwork in the current records part of the communications and records unit. The other is required to strengthen the stenographicpool which experience has shown is unable, as hitherto staffed, to meet adequately the demands upon it for stenographic assistanceto various parts of the Organization during periods of extended absences of clerk stenographers on sick leave or in times ofemergency.
Provision is also made for the engagement of temporary local staff for the necessary maintenance and servicing of the premisesoccupied by WHO outside the Palais des Nations (see under Common Services, page 77).
8.4 BUDGET AND FINANCE
(See page 80)The Division of Budget and Finance
(1) is responsible for the planning and conduct of the budgetary and financial aspects of the activities of the Organization withrespect to :
(a) the preparation and submission of budgets and other estimates of expenditure and the maintenance of budget controls;(b) the collection, disbursing and accounting of all funds;
(2) provides advice and assistance to other divisions and to regional offices on budgetary and financial matters and co- ordinatesthe work of the Division with that of other parts of the Organization.
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES 75
8.4.0 Office of the Director(See page 80)
PersonnelBesides the Director the staff consists of a secretary under the regular budget and a financial adviser under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account.
Duty TravelProvision is made for a visit to one regional office for consultation on budgetary and financial matters.
8.4.1 Budget(See page 81)
Functions and responsibilities include the development and maintenance of the budgetary processes of the Organization. Thestaff prepares instructions and forms for the compilation of the annual budget estimates; prepares the consolidated annual pro-gramme and budget estimates; exercises budgetary controls during the operating year (these controls include establishment ofallotments, maintenance of control records of approved allotments, periodic analyses of allotments and estimated future budgetaryrequirements, and issue of position lists in accordance with the approved budget); prepares such budgetary reports and statementsas are required by the Director -General, the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board, the United Nations or other bodies;periodically reviews the budgetary situation.
PersonnelThere are ten staff members under the regular budget, of whom seven are in the Professional grades. Under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account provision continues to be made for one post of budget officer. In 1960 it is proposed to establish anadditional post of clerk stenographer to assist in dealing with the increasing volume of work.
8.4.2 Finance and Accounts(See page 81)
The staff is responsible for developing the financial policies of the Organization and the procedures for carrying them out. Itadvises on financial relations with Member governments on the basis of decisions of the Health Assembly, initiates correspondenceregarding contributions,and maintains records of each Member's account; receives and disburses the funds of the Organization,makes investments and maintains records showing these receipts, disbursements and investments; develops and maintains a systemof reports to show adequately and accurately the financial position of the Organization and the status of the resources of the Organi-zation as required by the Financial Regulations and Rules, and prepares such other reports as may become necessary; developsand supervises the installation of accounting procedures in regional and field offices; is responsible for the financial administrationof all funds held by the Organization, including special funds and trust funds; reviews claims and authorizes payment, and advisesregional and field offices on such matters; maintains accounts and prepares the central payroll for all staff members of the Organi-zation; arranges for travel, transportation, removals and accommodation; administers the staff insurance plan.
PersonnelThere are thirty -two staff members under the regular budget, including thirteen in the Professional grades. Under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account provision continues to be made for one accounts clerk. In 1960 provision is made under the regularbudget for an additional post of accountant to assist with the increased work relating to the pre- auditing of claims and examinationof all types of vouchers.
Duty TravelProvision is made for travel to regional offices to give technical guidance to their finance and accounts units and to review
procedures.
8.5 PUBLIC INFORMATION(See page 81)
The functions of the Division of Public Information are to make the Organization and its work better known and understoodand to assist in informing public opinion in all countries on matters of health. The Division produces and distributes material inthe principal information media, keeps in touch with information work in regional offices, and supplies much of the materialneeded for regional distribution. It stimulates the production of information material on health subjects by independent authors,publishers, film producers, and radio and television networks.
PersonnelThe staff of the Division consists of the Director, seven information officers, a photo specialist, a photo technician, an
administrative assistant, two clerks, and five secretaries or stenographers. There are also an information officer and a secretary inthe Liaison Office with the United Nations. To assist in coping with increased routine work, and with the growth of distributionand sales of WHO films, provision is made in 1960 for one additional post of secretary.
ConsultantsThe Division has occasional need for consultants to advise on particular aspects of its work or to undertake special assignments.
The amount provided for this purpose in 1960 is the same as in 1959.
Duty TravelStaff members are frequently required to travel in order to attend consultative meetings on information matters
with representatives of the United Nations and other specialized agencies; to maintain liaison with regional information work;
76 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
to visit field projects of particular interest from the point of view of public information; and to stimulate the independent productionof information material. The amount budgeted for duty travel in 1960 shows an increase of $200 compared with 1959.
Other Costs (see page 83)
Public Information Supplies and Materials. The amount budgeted for public information supplies and materials in 1960 showsan increase of $27 900 compared with 1959. This will allow of the continued production of the information periodical WorldHealth in an improved format, in English, French and Russian. It will also allow of the production of an additional quantity offilm material suitable for use in television programmes, and the replacement of some items of photo laboratory equipment.
Copies ofFilm Prints for Resale. $8000 is included for 1960 to cover the purchase of copies of films for resale. It is proposedto finance these purchases from the Publications Revolving Fund, which will be reimbursed from the proceeds of the sales.
8.6 LEGAL ,OFFICE(See page 82)
The Legal. Office :(1) advises on all matters of a legal or constitutional nature, including conventions, regulations and agreements and their inter-pretation, and on legal questions arising out of the execution of programme or administrative decisions;(2) develops, drafts and negotiates agreements, regulations and rules, contracts, standards for plans of operation, and otherlegal documents;(3) acts as the legal representative of the Director -General and, as appropriate, of members of the Secretariat in disputes, legalproceedings, and arbitrations or transactions, and if necessary briefs counsel.
PersonnelIn addition to the Director, there are five staff members of whom two are in the Professional grades.
Duty Travel.
On the basis of experience, a small amount is provided for duty travel for consultations and negotiations.
8.7 INTERNAL AUDIT
The Office of Internal Audit :(1) is responsible for auditing the accounting and other administrative records of the Organization to ensure that policies,regulations, rules and established procedures are observed and for reporting thereon;(2) draws attention to such matters affecting the efficient and economical working of the Organization as are disclosed duringaudits;(3) consults with the External Auditor in determining the programme of the Office, so as to ensure co- ordination of the auditwork and hence economy in its execution.
(See page 82)
PersonnelThere are nine staff members under the regular budget, of whom eight are in the Professional grades. In 1960 provision is
made to establish one additional post of auditor to assist in coping with the increasing volume of work in this field. Under theMalaria Eradication Special Account provision continues to be made for one auditor. Of the Professional staff members six arerequired to be stationed in the regions.
Duty TravelProvision for travel covers the audit of field teams as well as travel between regions for audit purposes.
8.8 EXTERNAL RELATIONS(See page 82)
The Office of External Relations reports to the Office of the Director -General and is responsible for :(I) non -technical aspects of relations with governments and intergovernmental organizations, and when required, representationat meetings convened by these organizations;(2) non -technical aspects of co- ordination with the United Nations and the specialized agencies;(3) non -technical aspects of official relations with non -governmental organizations, and processing of new applications fromnon -governmental organizations for official relationship;(4) provision of staff assistance to the Director -General in his capacity as Secretary of the World Health Assembly and of theExecutive Board;(5) matters of protocol.
PersonnelThere are eight staff members, of whom five are in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelProvision is made for duty travel to represent the Organization at meetings convened by specialized agencies, intergovernmental
agencies or organizations, and, to a more limited extent, non- governmental organizations.
OTHER STATUTORY STAFF COSTS 77
8.9 LIAISON OFFICE WITH UNITED NATIONS(See page 82)
The Liaison Office with the United Nations, located at United Nations headquarters, reports to the Office of the Director -General and is responsible for :(1) overall liaison with the United Nations headquarters and its various departments and with the Secretariat of the AdministrativeCommittee on Co- ordination;(2) representation at United Nations and inter -agency meetings whenever required;(3) public information activities at United Nations headquarters in liaison with the United Nations public information services;(4) provision of administrative and staff services to WHO officials on mission at United Nations headquarters.
PersonnelThere are eight staff members, of whom two, in addition to the Director, are in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelProvision is made for short trips to attend United Nations meetings held away from United Nations headquarters and to the
Regional Office for the Americas for liaison purposes.
COMMON SERVICES AT HEADQUARTERS
The estimated expenditure for Common Services under the regular budget and the Malaria Eradication Special Account in1960 totals $542 154-or $43 927 more than in 1959. Of this increase some $12 900 relates to rental and contractual services, in-cluding provision for additional office space outside the Palais des Nations which it has been necessary to procure as from. May 1959in order to meet the shortage of accommodation for headquarters staff. The increase of some $6200 in the estimates for rental andmaintenance of equipment results from the inclusion of provision for mechanical equipment required by the Division of HealthStatistics. An increased provision of $3000 for hospitality is also made to cover more adequately the actual requirements. Theremaining increases, based on experience of actual expenditure, will cover the requirements of the staff at headquarters in 1960.
9. OTHER STATUTORY STAFF COSTS 1(See page 84)
Under Part II- Operating Programme- provision is made under the above heading in Appropriation Section 7 for statutorystaff costs, other than salaries, of the personnel covered by Appropriation Sections 4 (Programme Activities) and 5 (RegionalOffices). Similarly under Part III- Administrative Services -provision is made in Appropriation Section 9 for other statutorystaff costs of the personnel covered by Appropriation Section 8 (Administrative Services). The estimates under AppropriationSections 7 and 9 include provision for the payment of repatriation grants and service benefits, contributions to the United NationsJoint Staff Pension Fund in respect of participants and associate participants, the payment of staff insurance, representation allow-ance (Appropriation Section 9 only), and other allowances such as post adjustments assignment, allowances, dependants' allow-ances, education grants and related travel costs, the reimbursement of income tax, the costs of travel on initial recruitment and onrepatriation, travel of temporary staff, travel on home leave, and transportion of personal effects.
Wherever practicable the estimates are based on the actual entitlements of the holders of filled posts; in the case of vacant poststhey are based on experience. Where appropriate, adjustments have been applied to the estimates to take account of staff turn-over, lapses in effecting replacements, delays in filling new posts, and delays in implementing new projects.
The estimates for staff insurance in 1960 have been calculated at the rate of 2.25 per cent. of the salary costs of each estab-lished post, as compared with 1.5 per cent. in previous years. This, together with an equivalent contribution by staff members, isexpected to permit of the introduction as from 1960 of a more comprehensive and appropriate health insurance plan which wouldbring under one unified scheme the entire staff of the Organization and their dependants.
1 Text covers also Appropriation Section 7.
A 5
78 8. ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES: SUMMARY
RegNar Bridget Malaria Eradication Special Account
ofpis Estimated eapeadltare o osB Estimated Expenditure
PersonnelThe staff of the Regional Office under the regular budget comprises, in addition to the Regional Director, thirty -seven staff
members, of whom twelve are in the Professional category. Because of the increased work in public information, provision ismade in 1960 for two new posts : an information assistant and a clerk. Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, provisionis made to continue the posts of accounts clerk and general services assistant.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel is approximately the same as in 1959 and will enable :(a) the Regional Director or his representative to visit countries and territories in Africa to discuss questions of general
policy relating to advisory services to governments. (Visits will also be made to certain European countries for discussions withmetropolitan governments; these visits will when possible be combined with travel to the sessions of the Executive Board and theWorld Health Assembly);
(b) the administrative and finance officer to visit headquarters to discuss budgetary, financial and administrative problems.(c) the public information officer to visit projects and the information services of governments in various countries in Africa;
Other CostsThe provision for public information supplies and materials is the same as for 1959.
Common ServicesThe estimates for common services under the regular budget show a decrease of some $12 700 compared with 1959; in that
year provision was included for certain non -recurrent costs. The estimates also include an increased provision for hospitality, tocover more adequately the actual requirements. The provision under the Malaria Eradication Special Account is approximatelythe same as for 1959.
REGIONAL ADVISERS(See page 106)
PersonnelProvision is made under the regular budget to continue the ten posts of regional advisers (with clerk stenographers), in malaria,
public health administration (four), nursing, health education of the public, maternal and child health, environmental sanitation,and education and training. Provision is also made, as in 1959, for six consultant months to meet the need for a short -term adviserin nutrition. Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account there are six staff members, of whom five are in the Professionalcategory.
Duty TravelThe estimates for duty travel under the regular budget are approximately the same as in 1959. The provision under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account shows an increase of $1200 in 1960.The advisers will visit governments in the Region to discuss and advise on the planning and development of programmes.
Visits will also be made to projects in operation, to give advice and to review work in progress.
Common Services
The estimates for Common Services under the regular budget show a decrease of some $1000 as compared with 1959. Theestimates under the Malaria Eradication Special Account are approximately the same as for 1959.
AREA PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICERS(See page 107)
PersonnelProvision is made to continue three posts of area public health officer (with secretaries) to serve the eastern, western and
north -western parts of the Region. The central area is served by the Regional Office, and the southern area jointly by theRegional Office and the public health officer for the eastern area.
Duty TravelThe provision for 1960 is the same as for 1959. The area public health officers will travel in their assigned areas to report on
projects in operation, evaluate progress and assist health administrations with the development and planning of new programmes.Provision is also made for visits to the Regional Office for consultation.
1 For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
94 AFRICA
Common ServicesThe estimates for Common Services show a decrease of some $4400 as compared with 1959, in which year a new area office
was established in the north -western region.
ANGOLA, CAPE VERDE AND MOZAMBIQUE(See page 108)
Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Fellowships Port. Ter. 17Three fellowships are provided for in 1960, one in bilharziasis control and the other two in entomology (estimated cost, $4000).
BASUTOLAND
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (TA)
(See page 108)
Basutoland 2The tuberculosis survey team for Eastern Africa visited Basutoland in 1957 and a consultant subsequently discussed the results
of the survey with the Government. A two -year control programme is planned, and provision is made for two medical officersand two public health nurses (estimated cost in 1960, $34 801).
BECHUANALAND(See page 109)
1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Bechuanaland 3After the visit of the tuberculosis survey team for Eastern Africa, a consultant discussed the results and recommendations
of the survey with the Government. The scheme provides for a medical officer and two public -health nurses as from January 1959(estimated cost in 1960, $24 765). The Government intends to request assistance from UNICEF in providing transport, drugs andequipment.
2. Environmental Sanitation
Tsetse -Fly Control (TA) Bechuanaland 2The Government is developing a programme of tsetse -fly control with WHO advice. Assistance in 1955 and 1956 took the form
of a visit by a consultant scientist experienced in tsetse control and in 1957 the services of a plant ecologist were provided, to mapvegetation. Provision is made for a four -month visit by a consultant in 1960 (estimated cost, $3582).
BELGIAN CONGO AND RUANDA -URUNDI
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Fellowships
Provision is made for a fellowship for the study of endemo -epidemic diseases ($2700).
(See page 109)
Bel. Ter. 8
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Regular and TA) Bel. Ter. 8 and 9Five fellowships for the study of public health administration are provided for, two under the regular budget ($5400) and three
under Technical Assistance ($9000).
FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NYASALAND(See page 110)
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships FRN 7Provision is made in 1960 for two fellowships : one for a candidate from Northern Rhodesia to study public health admini-
stration in general, the other for a candidate from Southern Rhodesia to study the uses of radioactive substances and their controlfrom a public health standpoint (estimated cost, $6500).
2. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships
Provision is made for a fellowship in health education of the public for a candidate from Nyasaland ($2500).FRN 7
AFRICA 95
3. Nutrition
Fellowships
Provision is made for a fellowship in nutrition methods for a candidate from Southern Rhodesia ($2500).
GAMBIA
1. Tuberculosis
FRN 7
(See page 112)
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Gambia 5The tuberculosis survey team for Western Africa was due to visit Gambia in October 1958. Following its report and recommen-
dations, discussions on possible control activities will take place. In the meantime, provision is made for a medical officerand a public -health nurse to assist the Government in control operations and a possible BCG campaign (estimated cost, $17 874).Supplies to the amount of $2000 have been budgeted for in 1960.
2. Nursing
Training of Nursing and Auxiliary Personnel, Maternal and Child Health Services (TA) Gambia 3A senior sister tutor, as from 1959, will help the Government to organize a nurse -training programme and raise the standard
of nursing practice; a second sister tutor is provided for in 1960. One of these tutors will integrate the public -health aspects inthe teaching programme. WHO assistance has been requested for a period of three years in the first instance (estimated costin 1960, $15 911). UNICEF allocated a sum of $7000 for this project in 1958 and a further allocation is expected in 1959.
3. Nutrition
Nutrition Survey and Control of Deficiency Diseases (TA) Gambia 4Following visits by nutritionists from WHO and FAO to Gambia, technical approval was given to a UNICEF plan for the
distribution of dried skim milk and diet supplements to expectant and nursing mothers and pre -school and school -age children.In recent years, as a result of encouragement by the Government, there has been a considerable increase in the local production
of rice. The rice is, however, highly polished before consumption, and there have been reports of signs of deficienciesof the vitamin Bl complex, and of the appearance of beri -beri in rural areas. To investigate this matter, which cannot be done bylocal staff, provision is made for a nutritionist, an assistant nutritionist and a dietitian for two years as from 1960 (estimated cost infirst year, $23 745), and also for a small quantity of technical equipment ($500). UNICEF allocated a sum of $5500 for this projectfor 1958 and a further allocation is expected for 1960.
GHANA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 113)
(a) Tuberculosis Control (TA) Ghana 11The tuberculosis survey team for Western Africa visited Ghana during the first eight months of 1957 and their report is being
studied by the Government. Provision is made in 1959 and 1960 for the services of an adviser to assist with the setting up of atuberculosis service (estimated cost in latter year, $10 032) and for supplies and equipment ($200).
(b) Fellowships Ghana 8Provision is made for a medical officer from Ghana to take a post -graduate course in tuberculosis ($3000).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Control (TA) Ghana 5In late 1957 a WHO short -term consultant visited Ghana to make a preliminary investigation into the incidence and the
clinical and public -health importance of bilharziasis. Following his recommendations, provision is made for a specialist in 1959and 1960 to carry out more detailed investigations (estimated cost in 1960, $9625, with $100 for supplies and equipment).
(b) Onchocerciasis Control (TA) Ghana 12Provision is made for a medical officer to undertake a re- assessment of the public -health importance of onchocerciasis and
advise on the control of the disease. He will be required for at least two years (estimated cost in 1960, $10 032). Provision is alsomade for supplies to the value of $300 in 1960.
(c) Fellowships Ghana 8It is proposed to award one fellowship in malacology and one in entomology to permit graduate biologists to take post-
graduate training in the control of snails and insects of public health importance (estimated cost, $4000).
96 AFRICA
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Advisory Services Ghana 13A public -health administrator arrived in Ghana in April 1958. His duties are to advise the Government in matters of public
health administration, including the functioning of central, regional and local health authorities; relationship between the variousmedical services; recruitment of personnel; registration; the public health aspects of industrialization; and the redrafting of thePublic Health Bill. A statistician, due later in 1958, will give general assistance in evaluating the control schemes and surveys foryaws, leprosy, onchocerciasis, bilharziasis and tuberculosis, and in reorganizing statistical work in the various units of the medicalservices. Provision is made to continue the two posts through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $19 841). Provision is also made, asin the two previous years, for a fellowship in public health administration and another in port health administration ($4500), andfor supplies and equipment ($100).
(b) Fellowships (Tropical Medicine) Ghana 8It is proposed to award two fellowships in 1960 for medical officers to take the course leading to the Diploma in Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene (estimated cost, $6000).
4. Nursing
(a) Nursing Administration Ghana 16It is proposed to send an experienced nurse administrator for two years as from 1959 to advise on the reorganization of the
senior grades of the nursing services (estimated cost in 1960, $9750).
(b) Fellowships Ghana 8Provision is made for the award of four fellowships to graduate nurses : one in nursing administration, one for a course leading
to the diploma in paediatric nursing, one for a sister tutors' course, and one for a health tutors' course (estimated cost, $14 500).
5. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships Ghana 8Provision is made for a fellowship to enable a candidate to take a course in health education of the public ($3000).
. 6. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal and Child Health Services Ghana 3After receiving the recommendations of a short -term consultant the Government has requested the services of a sister tutor in
public health for two years from early 1960. She will help to plan the country's health visiting services and train and supervisesuperintendents for that service (estimated cost of post in 1960, $10 927). The Government has requested assistance from UNICEFin providing equipment for new rural health centres, midwifery kits, and whole and skimmed milk.
7. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Environmental Sanitation Survey (TA) Ghana 10A public health engineer arrived in Ghana in July 1958 to advise the Government on a number of sanitation problems relating
to sewerage and drainage systems in the towns and to water supplies. The project is planned for a two -year period (estimated costof the post in 1960, $12 357). An amount of $500 is budgeted for supplies in 1960.
(b) - Fellowships (Food Control) Ghana 8Provision is made in 1960 for a fellowship to allow a member of the staff of the Health Department to study methods of control
of meat and other foods ($1700).
8. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Pathology) Ghana 8Provision is made for a medical officer to take a post -graduate course in pathology in 1960 ($3000).
(b) Fellowships (Radiology) Ghana 8It is proposed to award a fellowship in 1959, continuing in 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $4000) for a candidate to follow
the two -year course leading to a diploma.
KENYA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 114)
(a) Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Pilot Project (TA) Kenya 4The Government of Kenya began this project in order to assess the tuberculosis problem in an urban area by a survey based
on case -finding and contact- tracing and to give chemotherapy to suitable cases and their contacts. In addition, the project includes :(i) a study of the effect of urbanization on the prevalence of tuberculosis, especially in the African population; (ii) a study of the
AFRICA 97
methods of carrying out domiciliary treatment by drugs in both urban and adjacent rural populations; (iii) the training of Africanmedical auxiliaries in domiciliary treatment and its follow -up (including prevention among contacts).
A team consisting of a medical officer, a medical bacteriologist, a public health nurse, a statistician and a laboratory technicianarrived in Kenya in April /May 1958, to start the survey (estimated cost of team in 1960, $51 891, with $100 for supplies). A fellow-ship for the study of tuberculosis will be awarded in 1959. UNICEF has allocated funds for supplies and equipment and will, itis expected, make a further allocation in 1960.(b) Fellowships Kenya 15
Provision is made for a fellowship for the study of tuberculosis ($2000).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal and Child Health Services Kenya 7UNICEF is providing supplies and equipment for the development of maternal and child health services (including controlled
and aided nutrition for under -nourished children), WHO assisting with technical advice as required. This assistance is expected tocontinue in 1960 in line with the Government's expanding health centre service. Provision is made in 1960 for a visit by a short -term consultant (estimated cost, $6460) and for a fellowship in paediatrics ($3000).
3. Nutrition
Nutrition Survey and Control of Deficiency Diseases Kenya 9Kenya has asked for the services of a team to make field nutritional surveys and instruct suitable local candidates in proper
techniques% The project is expected to last for three years and provision is made in 1960 for a medical nutritionist, an assistantnutritionist and a dietitian (estimated in 1960, $31 547). The dietitian, who will have experience of tropical foods and Africancooking, will investigate the reasons for dietetic deficiencies where malnutrition is found, and make recommendations for theiralleviation. Provision is also made for a fellowship ($3300) and for supplies and equipment to the amount of $500.
4. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships Kenya 15A fellowship is proposed for the study of a defined section of environmental sanitation, possibly including certain aspects of
sanitary engineering particularly concerned with the provision of safe water supplies (estimated cost, $2000).
LIBERIA(See page 115)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Liberia 3A yaws pilot project, with headquarters at Kpain, was started in August 1953 and an expanded programme has been in
operation since 1955. When the initial treatment surveys came to an end in October 1957 the figures showed 19.1 per cent. of thepopulation of Liberia as having yaws in one of its forms; however, in the resurveys which started in July 1957, up to the end ofApril 1958 only 3.26 per cent. of the population so far covered have shown evidence of yaws.
Provision is made in 1959 and 1960 to continue the team of a medical officer, a health educator, a nurse and an administrativeofficer (estimated cost in 1960, $46 954) and also for supplies and equipment to the value of $1200. UNICEF has supplied vehiclesand laboratory equipment, and is continuing to supply penicillin.
2. Environmental Sanitation
Fly Control Liberia 15In 1957 a short -term consultant made a preliminary study of the possible effects of the increase in density of flies in Liberia
which occurred concurrently with the use of dieldrin in malaria control, and the Government has requested WHO assistance in athree -year fly control project. An entomologist and a sanitarian arrived in Liberia in July 1958; provision is made for their servicesto continue through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $22 007). A sum of $2000 has been set aside in 1959 and 1960 for supplies,equipment and incidental services.
3. Education and Training
Fellowships Liberia 12Provision is made to continue fellowships already awarded in previous years to three undergraduate medical students ($7500).
98 AFRICA
MAURITIUS
Nursing
Training of Nursing Personnel
(See page 116)
Mauritius 6Following the construction of a residential school of nursing in Mauritius, a sister tutor took up her duties in 1957. A public
health nursing tutor arrived in Mauritius in May 1958 and is to be followed early in 1959 by a midwifery tutor. The project isexpected to last five years (estimated cost of the three posts in 1960, $24 727). Provision is made for supplies to a value of $100 ineach of the years 1959 and 1960.
NIGERIA
1. Tuberculosis
Chemotherapy Pilot Project, Ibadan Nigeria 14The tuberculosis survey team for Western Africa carried out a preliminary survey in Ibadan late in 1957 and a consultant
visited the federal and the western regional authorities in June 1958 to discuss the findings of the team and to plan future activities.His report is being studied by the Government and in the meantime, in accordance with his recommendations, provision is madefor a team consisting of a medical officer, two public health nurses, a radiographer and a laboratory technician in 1960 (estimatedcost $47 031, with $100 for supplies and equipment). It is hoped' that UNICEF will allocate a sum of $50 000 in 1960 for theprovision of equipment in connexion with this project.
(See page 116)
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Nigeria 1This project started in 1954 in the three, regions of the Federation of Nigeria and in 1955 in the southern British Cameroons.
The senior medical officer, who arrived in Nigeria in 1954, was stationed in Nsukka (Eastern Region). A second medical officerarrived in Nigeria in April 1957 and was posted to Bamenda (British Cameroons). A third medical officer, who will probably workin the Western Region, arrived in Nigeria in 1958. Since operations commenced in 1954 and up to the end of 1957, a total popu-lation of nearly 3 600 000 has been covered by the initial treatment surveys and a population of nearly 4 000 000 by the resurveys.
Provision is made in 1960 to continue the posts of the three medical officers (estimated cost, $39 311, with $200 for suppliesand equipment). UNICEF has made allocations for 1958 and 1959 for supplying vehicles, laboratory equipment and penicillin,and is expected to allocate a further sum for 1960.
3. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Leprosy Control Nigeria 3The leprosy control campaign, which started in 1954, covers the three Regions of the Federation of Nigeria. UNICEF has
in the past allocated sums for drugs and equipment and will allocate a further $108 000 in 1959 and also in 1960. WHO will continueto provide technical advice and guidance. Provision is also made in 1960 for a fellowship to be awarded to a candidate from theEastern Region ($1500).
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Rural Health Services, Eastern Region (TA) Nigeria 10WHO continues to assist the Government of the Eastern Region in its integrated plan for rural health services, with emphasis
on maternal and child health. The team consists of a public health administrator, a maternal and child health specialist, a healthvisitor tutor and a health inspector tutor. The Government has requested the addition of a medical officer in 1960 for the trainingof medical auxiliaries (estimated cost of the five posts in 1960, $46 370),
(b) Rural and Urban Health Services, Western Region (TA) Nigeria 21The Government has requested assistance from WHO in a scheme to consolidate rural health services and to train Nigerian
staff for urban health services in the Western Region. Provision is made in 1960 for two teams, each made up of a public healthadviser, a public health nurse and a sanitarian, one to cover the rural health work and the other to deal with the urban healthservices (estimated cost, $35 128), The scheme is expected to last for three years. Three fellowships annually are also requested,as from 1960 ($11 400 in that year).
5. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Schools of Hygiene (TA) Nigeria 9WHO has since January 1956 provided a medical officer whose first duties were to survey the problems of auxiliary health
training throughout Nigeria. He made recommendations on all aspects of training. The authorities of the Western Region requestedhis services for the period September 1957 to September 1958 in connexion with the new Health Auxiliaries' Training School,Ibadan. For this project, they have also requested the services of a public health nurse tutor and a male nurse tutor. Provisionis made for all three posts in 1960 (estimated cost, $26 192, with $100 for supplies and equipment). Provision is also made in thatyear for two fellowships, one for a medical officer and one for a sanitarian ($4600).
AFRICA 99
(b) Assistance to Department of Preventive Medicine, Ibadan University Nigeria 22Provision is made in 1960 for a public health engineer to be assigned, for one year in the first instance, to the Department
of Preventive Medicine at University College, Ibadan; he will assist with an advanced training course for health inspectors (estimatedcost, $11 827, with $200 for supplies and equipment).
SEYCHELLES
Environmental Sanitation(See page 118)
Public Health and Sanitation Seychelles 1
The work of a team which advised the Government on public health, rural health and environmental sanitation was completedin 1957, only the sanitary engineer being retained to help with a project for the construction of Aqua privies and to advise on theimprovement of water supplies. The continuation of his services through 1960 is proposed (estimated cost, $13 346, with $250 forsupplies and equipment).
SIERRA LEONE(See page 118)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Sierra Leone 1A team consisting of a medical officer, a serologist and a nurse was posted to Sierra Leone in September 1956 to help the
Government in a yaws control project, aiming at eradication and using PAM. The Government assigned to the project the trainedstaff of existing endemic -disease control units and new auxiliary personnel are being trained to form new teams. By the end ofApril 1958 a population of approximately 690 000 in the Northern and South -East Provinces had been covered by initial treatmentsurveys and resurveys. Provision is made for the medical officer and the nurse from the original team to stay through 1960 (estim-ated cost in that year, $19 503). UNICEF is providing transport, supplies and equipment.
2. Nursing
Nurse Training Sierra Leone 7As a government nurse is training as a sister tutor in the United Kingdom and is not expected to return until the end of 1959,
provision is made for a nurse educator to be assigned to Sierra Leone for a period of two years (estimated cost in 1960, $9953).The sum of $500 is budgeted for supplies and equipment.
3. Education and Training
(a) Technological Assistance to Laboratories Sierra Leone 11The Government has requested the services of a medical officer /serologist as from January 1959 to help to develop laboratory
services throughout the country, and in particular integrate the serological vork connected with the yaws project into a compre-hensive public health laboratory programme. It is expected that his services will be required for two years and provision is madeaccordingly (estimated cost in 1960, $11 797, with $100 for supplies and equipment).
(b) Ophthalmology Survey and Organization of Services Sierra Leone 12The Government wishes to improve its facilities for the treatment of eye diseases. Provision is therefore made for a short -
term consultant in ophthalmology to visit Sierra Leone in both 1959 and 1960 (estimated cost in each year, $4620) for a period offour months to investigate the prevalence of the various eye diseases in the country and help organize ophthalmological services.
SWAZILAND
Tuberculosis(See page 119)
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Swaziland 2The tuberculosis survey team for Eastern Africa visited Swaziland in 1957 and a consultant went to the Territory in May
1958 to discuss the results of the survey with the Government. Provision is now made for a control programme, starting in 1959,for a period of two years, and requiring a medical officer and a public health nurse (estimated cost in 1960, $16 475, with $200 forsupplies and equipment).
TANGANYIKA(See page 120)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Tanganyika 14The incidence of yaws in Tanganyika has not been determined but the disease is known to be prevalent in one district, Kasulu,
with a total population of 250 000; some 30 000 persons are either infected or are close contacts with infected cases. The regionaladviser in venereal diseases and treponematoses visited Tanganyika in 1957 to assess the problem and presented a plan for a yawseradication campaign in selected districts with a high incidence of the disease. The Government has asked for a team made up ofa medical officer, qualified to co- ordinate the mass treatment campaign and to assist in each province when necessary, a serologist,and a public health nurse. Provision is made accordingly from January 1960 (estimated cost, $26 003). It is hoped that UNICEFwill make an allocation for this project in 1959 and 1960.
loo AFRICA
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Eye Diseases (TA) Tanganyika 10A preliminary inquiry into the incidence of blindness in Tanganyika shows it in several provinces to be between 1.5 and 3.5 per
thousand. The figures, however, are based only on persons reporting to the administrative authorities, and certainly large numbersof persons, especially women, fail to report. Furthermore, it is suspected that, owing to neglect, a considerable number of blindinfants and children fail to reach maturity.
In 1953 a survey of eye diseases was recommended, to assess incidence and determine the precise nature of the diseases and themost effective methods of prevention and treatment, especially the prevention of blindness. Progress has been slow, and the Govern-ment has requested an ophthalmologist, a laboratory technician, a statistician and a public health nurse, initially to complete thesurvey and subsequently to assist in a pilot eradication campaign (estimated cost in 1960, $31 125).
UGANDA
Tuberculosis(See page 120),
Tuberculosis Control Uganda 13The tuberculosis survey team for East Africa completed its survey in Uganda in 1958. On the assumption that the survey will
point to the need for a BCG campaign to protect certain sections of the community, provision iS made for a medical officer and apublic health nurse in 1960 (estimated cost, $19 724).
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
1. Public Health Administration(See page 121)
Fellowships Union of South Africa 9Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for two fellowships for the study of public health administration ($5300).
2. Nursing
Fellowships Union of South Africa 9Provision is made for a fellowship in nursing in each of the years 1959 and 1960 ($2650 in each year).
3. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships Union of South Africa 9One fellowship will be awarded in 1960, as in 1959 ($2650).
4. Education and Training
Fellowships Union of South Africa 9Two fellowships for the 'study of the medical application of atomic energy will be awarded in 1960, as in 1959 ($5300).
ZANZIBAR
1. Public Health Administration(See page 121)
Training of Auxiliary Personnel (TA) Zanzibar 3
The Government has requested the continuation through 1960 of the services of the public health sanitarian who was postedto Zanzibar in May 1957 to help train sanitary inspectors and rural health workers (estimated cost in 1960, $11 849). UNICEFhas already allocated sums in 1957 and 1958 and a further allocation is expected.
2. Nursing
Training of Auxiliary Personnel (Midwifery) Zanzibar 7It is proposed as from 1959 to send a midwifery tutor to assist in training midwives for a domiciliary midwifery service which
the Government is to establish in the rural areas of Zanzibar and Pemba. There will initially be twelve trainees and in the firstinstance the services of the tutor will be provided for two years (estimated cost of post in 1960, $10 500).
AFRICA 101
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Tuberculosis(See page 122)
(a) Tuberculosis Survey Teams (TA) AFRO 1 and 2Requests for the services of the tuberculosis survey teams are outstanding from the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland,
Zanzibar and the Seychelles, which countries are to be visited by one or other of the two teams in the latter half of 1959 or early1960. The establishment of each team is at present a medical officer, two public health nurses, a statistician, a laboratory technicianand an x -ray technician, but as from January 1959 it is proposed to add a post of trainee public health nurse to each team. In1960 the estimated cost of the team for Eastern Africa is $39 451 and of that for Western Africa $63 788. Amounts of $4000 and$4500 respectively are proposed for supplies and equipment.
(b) Tuberculosis Seminar AFRO 17In recent years the public health services have been increasingly concerned with the social and economic aspects of tuberculosis.
The work of the tuberculosis survey teams, the various control projects, and the visits of consultants have contributed to thecollection of valuable information and statistical data. Various laboratory aspects of the disease, and an investigation of theeffectiveness of therapeutic drugs in mass campaigns, are also being studied. In order to sift the information already at hand, andto determine the most effective way of utilizing the means available, it is proposed to organize a seminar on tuberculosis in Africafor one week in 1960. A short -term consultant will collaborate in the preparation of this seminar. Provision is made by WHO fortwenty -three participants, and it is expected that CCTA will invite a further ten. Discussions will be led by three specialists ofinternational repute (estimated cost to WHO, $19 000).
(c) Advisory Services AFRO 50Once governments have received the results of the surveys undertaken in the various countries by the two tuberculosis survey
teams, it is expected that they will ask for visits by specialists, to discuss the various control measures needed in the future.Provision is made therefore for six consultant months in 1959 and three consultant months in 1960 (estimated cost in thatyear, $3850).
(d) Regional Tuberculosis Co- ordination Centre AFRO 53The two tuberculosis survey teams which have been working in various countries in the Region for the past three years can be
considered as the " field arm " of a pilot project for the development of standard methods for the epidemiological evaluation oftuberculosis. It would appear opportune to set up a regional tuberculosis co- ordination centre in the African Region as fromJanuary 1959. The staff proposed for the centre are a medical officer and a statistical officer, internationally recruited, togetherwith some locally recruited staff (a statistical clerk, a stenographer and a messenger) (estimated cost in 1960, $26 222). Supplies andequipment to an approximate value of $6000 will also be required.
2. Venereal Diseases and TreponematosesAdvisory Services AFRO 51
Provision is made in 1960 as in 1959 for three consultant months (estimated cost, $4000) to allow a short -term consultantto visit various countries within the Region should requests for WHO advice be received.
3. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Snail Identification and Research Centres AFRO 19A number of government and WHO field staff are co- operating with the three snail identification and research centres (in
Southern Rhodesia, Paris and Denmark) by collecting snails for their use. A sum of $1500 is provided in 1960, as in 1959, for thepurchase of kits containing material for the determination of the species of snail intermediate hosts of bilharziasis in the AfricanRegion.
(b) Leprosy, Advisory Services AFRO 46Provision has been made for six consultant- months in 1959 and three in 1960 (estimated cost of latter, $3000) to permit leprosy
consultants to visit countries in which leprosy control programmes are under way or under discussion.
(c) Conference on Onchocerciasis AFRO 56Provision is made for a one -week conference on onchocerciasis (estimated cost, $12 315), to discuss the latest developments
in the control and treatment of this disease.
(d) Conference on Bilharziasis AFRO 57Provision is made for a one -week conference on bilharziasis in 1960 (estimated cost, $13 900), to discuss the work being done
and the problems encountered in the control of this disease and to plan future activities in the Region.
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Conference on Primary Cancer in Africans AFRO 34Studies on the incidence of cancer, particularly primary cancer, in Africans haye revealed the importance of this factor in
mortality and the need for further etiological research. The possibility has been established of a correlation between the highlyprevalent parasitic diseases such as bilharziasis and the occurrence of malignant tumours. For several years studies on these
A 7
102 AFRICA
problems have been progressing, particularly in Dakar (French West Africa), Johannesburg (Union of South Africa) and LourençoMarques (Mozambique). WHO has been able to assist these laboratories by providing certain technical information and partialreimbursement of travelling expenses for their workers. It is proposed to hold a conference of these workers in 1960, to discusstheir findings and to define the exact programme for the coming year (estimated cost, $5000).
(b) Veterinary Public Health Seminar AFRO 36In conjunction with FAO and the Commission for Technical Co- operation in Africa South of the Sahara, it is proposed to
organize a seminar on veterinary public health for one week in 1960. The problems to be dealt with will include the ecology ofthe organisms responsible for the various zoonoses, the control of food and other products of animal origin, the importance ofthese products in the transmission of certain diseases, the practice of veterinary medicine in public health, the recent developmentsin the fight against certain zoonoses, such as tick fever, rabies, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, dermatophytosis and trypanosomiasis.Provision is made by WHO for participants (estimated cost, $10 430), and also for a consultant for four months tomake the necessary technical preparations ($4570).
5. Social and Occupational Health
Advisory Services AFRO 58Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for three consultant months to allow a specialist to visit countries within the Region to
advise on matters connected with social and occupational health (estimated cost, $3700).
6. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships AFRO 26As in previous years, provision is made in 1960 for eleven fellowships for attendance at courses organized by the International
Children's Centre, Paris (estimated cost, $12 000).
7. Other Projects
Medical Literature AFRO 35In previous years a small sum ($200) has been included in the budget for the purchase of technical literature for the use of
project staff or sometimes of governments requesting copies of certain publications. As the number of project staff has greatlyincreased, this sum has been increased to $300 for each of the years 1959 and 1960.
As in the past, the estimates for this region include detailed information on the public health activities administered by thePan American Sanitary Bureau and financed by the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization or from other sources.
REGIONAL OFFICE(See page 141)
Personnel
The staff proposed under the regular budget for 1960 comprises, in addition to the Regional Director, fifty -four staff members,of whom twenty -four are in the Professional category. One Professional staff member is provided for under the Malaria EradicationSpecial Account.
The staff to be financed from PAHO funds in 1960 comprises the Assistant Director, the Secretary -General, a consultant inthe Office of the Regional Director, a consultant in Health Services and one hundred and seventy -seven other staff members, ofwhom seventy -four are Professional staff.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the regular budget is approximately the same as for 1959 and will enable :
(a) the Regional Director or his representative to visit countries in Central and South America in order to confer withministers of health on various matters connected with the planning and execution of health programmes and to review progress ofcurrent activities;(b) senior administrative officers to visit headquarters, zone offices and the United Nations for the discussion of administrative,budgetary and personnel'problems.
Other CostsThe estimates for public information supplies and maternais show an increase in 1960 of some 54800 under the regular budget,
reflecting higher production and distribution costs.
Common ServicesThe estimates for Common Services show an overall increase of some $1300 compared with 1959. The estimates include an
increased provision for hospitality to cover more adequately the actual requirements.
REGIONAL ADVISERS(See page 147)
PersonnelThere is no change in the number of posts proposed for 1960. The eight regional advisers are concerned with the following
subjects : education and training (three advisers), nursing, maternal and child health, tuberculosis, endemo- epidemic diseases,and environmental sanitation.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel is approximately the same as in 1959. The various advisers will attend professional and technical
meetings in their respective fields, visit governments and other agencies participating in health work in Central and South Americato give advice, supervise and co- ordinate work in progress, evaluate results and assist in the detailed planning and execution ofactivities.
Common ServicesThe estimates for Common Services show a decrease of approximately $1000 compared with 1959.
ZONE OFFICES 2
PersonnelThe zone office personnel under the regular budget in 1960 will, as in 1959, be limited to a medical officer and a sanitary
engineer in the Mexico office (Zone II), a sanitary engineer in the Guatemala office (Zone III), and a medical officer in the Rio deJaneiro office (Zone V). All other staff in these offices, and all staff in the Caracas, Lima and Buenos Aires Zone Offices and inthe El Paso Field Office, will be financed from PAHO funds.
(See page 148)
For malaria projects, see Annex 4.z Zone I - Venezuela, West Indies Federation, and the non -self- governing territories with the exception of British Honduras;
Zone II - Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico; Zone III -- Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,Panama and British Honduras; Zone IV - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; Zone V - Brazil; Zone VI - Argentina,Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The El Paso Field Office is designated as an inter- country field programme for the stimulationof co- operative health work along the Mexico/United States border. Relations with Canada and the United States are underthe jurisdiction of the Regional Office.
THE AMERICAS 125
Duty TravelThere is an increase of $450 in the provision for duty travel as compared with 1959. As in previous years the WHO staff in
the zone offices will visit and supervise field activities, advise on their co- ordination and consult with governments on currentprogrammes.
Common ServicesThe provision for common services is the same for 1960 as for 1959. The estimates are based on experience; the proportion
chargeable to the regular budget relates to direct charges in respect of telephone, telegraph and postal expenses.
ARGENTINA(See page 153)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Rabies Control Argentina 11The health authorities have indicated that rabies control is one of the fields in which they would most like to receive inter-
national co- operation. There are at least three major foci of canine rabies in the country : (a) the provinces of Mendoza and SanJuan; (b) Greater Buenos Aires; and (c) Córdoba. In each of these regions the disease reached epidemic proportions in 1955. Rabiesalso exists in the sylvatic bat -transmitted form in the northern part of the country, causing large losses to the livestock industry.A short -term consultant in rabies laboratory techniques and vaccine production was provided for in 1958; advisory services inthe development and operation of field control measures are being given by the public health veterinarian of the Zone Office.In 1960 provision is made again for short -term consultants (estimated cost, $2600).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) National Institute of Microbiology Argentina 4The National Institute of Microbiology (formerly the Malbrán Institute) produces many of the biological and chemical products
used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of public health importance and serves as a centre for medical and epidemiologicalresearch. The Organization is co- operating with the Government of Argentina in increasing the efficiency and improving thescientific standards of the Institute. In 1956 a short -term consultant made a preliminary survey and presented a plan for its reorgani-zation. Provision is made in 1960 for three specialists to collaborate with the Institute in developing certain activities, particularlyin pharmacology, bacteriology, and virology (estimated cost, $30 198). Provision is also made for fellowships for the training ofspecialists in various aspects of public health laboratory work ($4300), and for some equipment and material difficult to obtainlocally ($1000).
(b) Public Health Services (TA) Argentina 7This long -term project was begun in 1957 for the purpose of organizing and developing integrated public health services in
a pilot project in Chaco Province, to serve as a demonstration for other areas of the country. The plan will cover all levels ofprovincial health administration and will study health problems, particularly in rural areas. A system of health centres and sub -centres will carry out programmes in maternal and child health, communicable disease control, environmental sanitation, nutrition,health education, public health laboratory services, and statistics. Training courses will be given for nursing and environmentalsanitation personnel to serve on the project. The medical -care side of the programme will consist of activities to strengthen hospitaladministration and co- ordinate it with the preventive services. A medical officer, a sanitary engineer, and a public health nursefrom the Organization started work in 1957. In 1960 provision is made for a medical officer, a health educator, a sanitary engineerand a public health nurse (estimated cost, $36 105) and for fellowships ($13 600). UNICEF has furnished supplies and equipment.
3. Nursing
Nursing Education, Córdoba and El Chaco (TA) Argentina 3The formation of a corps of nurses able to assume teaching, supervisory, and administrative positions, to begin the general
improvement of hospital nursing services, and to initiate work in public health nursing has become an urgent problem. It is plannedto assist several schools in various parts of the country (also Argentina 23). The universities of Córdoba, Resistencia (Chaco),Buenos Aires, and the Litoral have requested assistance in organizing new schools or strengthening existing schools of nursing.The project was started in February 1957 in Córdoba and in November 1957 in Chaco. Each of these projects will continue forabout five years. In 1960 provision is made under TA -I to retain the four nurse educators (estimated cost, $30 887) and fourfellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
4. Education and Training
(a) School of Public Health Argentina 17The shortage of trained personnel has been one of the most serious obstacles to the development of plans for local, provincial
and national health services in Argentina. The Ministry of Public Health and Welfare has requested the advice and co- operationof the Organization in planning and organizing the Higher School of Public Health in the University of the Litoral, as part of theSchool of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. A similar request has been made by the University of Buenos Aires. The Organizationtherefore appointed a consultant in 1958 to collaborate with the national authorities in organizing a centre for the training andspecialization of public health personnel. For 1960 provision is made for a professor of public health (estimated cost, $10 325),short -term consultants, ($3900) and fellowships for the teaching staff of the School ($4300).
126 THE AMERICAS
(b) Medical Education Argentina 18With the reorganization of medical education in Argentina the Government requested the Organization's assistance in various
aspects of the programme, particularly in connexion with the teaching of preventive medicine. The strengthening of teaching staffby special training locally and abroad, the reorganization of the curriculum, the modernization of teaching methods, and an increasein teaching equipment and supplies will all receive attention. The project is part of the general programme for strengthening medicaleducation in Latin America (a programme that includes AMRO 18 and the various other projects there mentioned). Provision ismade for short -term consultants ($3900) and fellowships ($8300).
BOLIVIA
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Joint Field Mission on Indigenous Populations (TA) Bolivia 11The purpose of this project is to accelerate the natural development of the peoples of the Andean Region living in the un-
productive, difficult highlands and separated from the economic and social life of the country. Few health or medical servicesare available and standards of environmental sanitation are precarious. Several agencies (ILO, FAO, UNESCO, and the Organi-zation) co- operate with the Government in the programme, which covers agriculture and livestock, rural engineering, public health,education, labour and training of manpower, and rural welfare.
Some twenty per cent. of the people of Bolivia inhabit the Andean Region and since February 1955 the Organization hasprovided a medical officer to advise on the public health aspects of the programme. Three health centres have been established inareas of high altitudes -in Pillapi (Department of La Paz), Plaza Verde (Department of Oruro), and Otavi (Department of Potosi)-which undertake communicable disease control, maternal and child health, environmental sanitation, nutrition, to improve thebasic health conditions in those localities. Another centre at Cotoca (Department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) has as theprimary objective of its public health programme the adaptation of inhabitants of the Andean Region to areas of low altitude andtheir protection from tropical diseases. It is proposed to continue the work of these four health centres; to extend the services ofthe Pillapi centre to four neighbouring communities; to expand the services of the Cotoca centre to include the other immigrantgroups joining the new settlement; and to continue the training of professional and auxiliary personnel. In 1960 provision is madefor a medical officer ($10 638) who will also give advisory services to project Peru 23.
(b) Fellowships (TA) Bolivia 13Provision is made ($11 600) for fellowships to train staff for the improvement and expansion of the health services (see also
Annex 3).
(See page 154)
2. Nursing
Nursing Education Bolivia 5The programme, started in 1953, for improving and developing nursing education in the country by reorganizing the National
School of Nursing, was redefined in 1957 : its present objective is to co- ordinate the efforts of all national agencies that requirenurses, for the better development of the National School of Nursing, and to increase the number and improve the training ofgraduate nurses. Assistance will be given to the other schools in the country; courses for nursing auxiliaries will be instituted; andstudies for draft laws on the operation of nursing schools and on the practice of nursing will be made in co- operation with theNational Association of Nurses. In 1960 provision is made for two nurse educators (estimated cost, $17 429) and for suppliesand equipment ($2000).
BRAZIL(See page 155)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Production of Biologicals (TA) Brazil 8The Oswaldo Cruz Institute has, been one of the main centres of laboratory research and vaccine production for the Govern-
ment of Brazil, and has served also as a diagnostic pathology laboratory. In order to produce newer and better vaccines and put theInstitute in a better position to train personnel, the Government has asked for an adviser to (i) assist the chiefs of the Departmentsof Immunology and Pathology in immunochemistry and histochemistry research; (ii) conduct courses for training specialists inthese subjects; and (iii) assist in research for the improvement of various antigens and vaccines. Provision is made under TA -Iin 1960 for such a post (estimated cost, $10 539) and supplies and equipment are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Services Brazil 3For the past six years, the Organization and UNICEF have been collaborating with the Government in developing a maternal
and child health programme in seven states in the north -eastern region of the country and two in the north central region. In 1955the Government asked for help in converting the project into an integrated health programme, to include rural sanitation, com-municable disease control, and health education. The work will be co- ordinated at ministerial level by the special public healthservice, through a multi- agency coúncil on which the state health authority, the Department of the Child, the Department ofEndemic Diseases, the Department of Health, the Organization, and UNICEF will be represented. The project will serve as a modelproject for other states and will be used extensively as a training area for various types of health personnel. To give technicalorientation in rural sanitation, provision is made in 1960 for a sanitary engineer (estimated cost, $11 745). Fellowships will also beprovided ($2000).
THE AMERICAS 127
(b) National Food and Drug Service Brazil 18In 1957 the Government of Brazil, with the technical collaboration of the Organization, established a national drug control
laboratory to control the chemical, bacteriological, and biological standards and proper labelling of drugs imported into or manu-factured in the country. With the laboratory facilities now available, the Government is in a position to develop a federal food anddrug control service for the entire country. Provision is made in 1960 for a specialist in food and drug control legislation andadministration (estimated cost, $12 245).
3. Social and Occupational HealthRehabilitation Training Centre (TA) Brazil 31
After a study made in 1953 by consultants of the Organization and the United Nations, it was recommended that a rehabilita-tion training centre should be established in the clinical hospital of the University of Sao Paulo, to serve in training nationalpersonnel and as an international training centre for other Latin American countries. The Government has already provided thebuilding, equipment, and funds for the operation and maintenance of the centre. The United Nations Technical Assistance Admin-istration provided consultants (an administrator and a social worker) to initiate the activities of the centre. To complete the inter-national team needed to develop an effective training unit, WHO and ILO have provided specialists to help the training work inthe first years. Provision is made in 1960 for a medical officer (estimated cost, $10 539).
4. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation Training Brazil 45The Organization has co- operated with the School of Public Health in Sao Paulo to strengthen the courses for sanitary engineers
and sanitarians, and to expand facilities for the training of environmental sanitation personnel from all countries of the Americas(for this training, fellowships are awarded under AMR() 1.) Assistance to the school has included fellowships and travel grants forprofessors of sanitary engineering, supplies and equipment, and personnel. Provision is made in 1960 for a junior sanitary engineer(estimated cost, $2164) and for fellowships ($2000).
5. Education and Training
(a) School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro Brazil 19The School of Hygiene and Public Health of the University of Sao Paulo cannot meet all the needs in public health training
of a country as large as Brazil. The Department of Health and the Department of the Child operate two courses in public healthto train their employees, and the Government wishes to combine these and other related courses into a national school for pro-fessional education in public health. WHO has provided a consultant to assist in planning the curriculum and in the organizationand administration of the new school. Provision is made in 1960 for a professor of public health (estimated cost, $12 365), for short -term consultants ($5200), and for fellowships ($6300).
(b) School of Public Health, Sao Paulo Brazil 35For a number of years, this school has served not only as a training centre for Brazil but as an educational centre of inter-
national character open to students of other countries. Visiting professors, travel grants to professors for observation of teachingmethods and curriculum planning in other institutions, and a limited amount of materials have been provided for the school.During the past two years it has added two new disciplines, dental and veterinary public health. Provision is made in 1960 tocontinue assistance by providing short -term consultants (estimated cost, $2600), certain supplies and equipment ($6000), andfellowships for faculty members ($3000).
BRITISH GUIANA AND WEST INDIES
1. Tuberculosis(See page 156)
Tuberculosis Survey (TA) British Guiana and West Indies 2Tuberculosis is a major health problem in the Bahamas, and in 1958 a short -term consultant was provided to make a preliminary
survey. In 1959 a second consultant will, on the basis of this survey, draw up plans for a programme of tuberculosis control andadvise the Government on its execution. Provision is made in 1960 for a medical officer (estimated cost, $11 064).
2. NursingPublic Health Nursing (TA) British Guiana and West Indies 3
The governments of the eastern Caribbean are giving much attention to public health nursing services. Surveys have beenmade and the stage of detailed advance planning has been reached. In Barbados three health centres have been established and areexpanding to cover general public health nursing services; in Trinidad a national nurse is responsible for public health nursingservices throughout the island, and plans have been made for expanding maternal and child health services in rural areas; and inBritish Guiana a network of health centres is being developed. Provision is made in 1960 for a public health nurse, stationed inTrinidad, who will act as consultant to the Governments of Trinidad, Barbados, and British Guiana (estimated cost, $7888).
128 THE AMERICAS
3. Environmental Sanitation(a) Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) British Guiana and West Indies 1
This project covers all British areas in the Caribbean except British Honduras, and its purpose is to eradicate the urban yellowfever vector, Aëdes aegypti, so that the area will no longer he receptive to yellow fever infection. By 1960 it is expected that everyterritory will either have achieved eradication or have a comprehensive service in full operation. Vigilance services operate whereeradication has already been achieved. Each territory has been divided into localities, and cycles of inspection and perifocal treat-ment of every actual and potential water container are carried out. In the Caribbean it has been found that the usual twelve -weekcycle is too long for effective work, and the interval between perifocal treatments has been shortened to four to six weeks, withgood results. Provision is made in 1960 for six sanitarian and an entomologist (estimated cost, $55 993).
(b) Environmental Sanitation (TA) British Guiana and West Indies 8A public health engineer assigned to the Caribbean area has been providing consultant services to British Guiana; but as the
programme develops, more attention is required for each area. A public health engineer is proposed in 1959, under TA -II, for ninemonths, to continue under TA -I in 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $10 881).
BRITISH HONDURAS
Public Health Administration(See page 157)
Public Health Services British Honduras 5The purpose of this project is to strengthen the health services of British Honduras and extend them throughout the rural areas,
where there is at present only a limited network of services to cope with the high infant mortality and the high prevalence of pre-ventable diseases. Emphasis will be given to the training of public health personnel, especially for work in maternal and child healthand environmental sanitation.
A series of new health units is planned, six of them (in rural areas) to be established or improved during the first two years ofthe programme. At the same time, a large training programme will be carried out : lay midwives will be trained locally and theirwork will be supervised by the public health and rural health nurses; and at national level, nursing personnel will be trained by theSchool of Nursing, whose facilities will be improved under this programme. The training will include fellowships abroad forprofessional personnel to fill key positions. Provision is made in 1960 for a sanitary engineer, and a public health nurse (estimatedcost, $22 502) and for fellowships ($4300). UNICEF has provided supplies and equipment.
CANADA
Public Health Administration(See page 157)
Fellowships Canada 1Provision is made for fellowships to help the Government train staff for its health services ($6500).
CHILE
1. Public Health Administration(See page 157)
(a) Food and Drug Control (TA) Chile 19
The National Health Service is responsible for administering the various regulations concerning food and drug control. Inorder to improve the standards of this work, the Organization has been requested to provide consultants in food and drug controlwho will make recommendations as to the type and extent of the services required and will also guide and train national personnel.Provision is made in 1960 for a consultant (estimated cost, $6125), a limited amount of supplies and equipment ($3850), and somefellowships ($5930).
(b) Fellowships (TA) Chile 18Provision is made ($8600) for fellowships to train staff for the improvement and expansion of the health services (see also
Annex 3).
2. Nursing
(a) Midwifery Education Chile 20Since 1956 WHO has been assisting the Government in establishing a centre in Concepción for midwifery training and the
project is expected to last until 1960. Its objects include the appraisal of present needs in maternal and child health, and a teachingprogramme for midwifery personnel of all grades. During 1959 the WHO adviser will co- operate in the supervision and trainingof lay midwives, the opening of new schools, and the review of work with instructors and supervisors in schools and in the field.In 1960 it is planned to assess the results, as a basis for planning future educational programmes. The provision made in that yearis for a nurse midwife (estimated cost, $9345) and for fellowships ($8600).
THE AMERICAS 129
(b) Advanced Nursing Education Chile 29The objectives of this project are : (i) to train nurses from Chile and other parts of Latin America in the analysis of nursing
problems and in the planning, development and evaluation of programmes of nursing instruction and supervision, in co- operationwith other members of the health team; and (ii) to improve the quality of nursing services in selected institutions in certainspecialties. in 1957 a nurse educator was assigned to the project, and in 1960 provision is made to continue the post (estimatedcost, $10 511). Supplies and equipment ($1000) and fellowships ($4300) are also proposed.
3. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation Training Chile 33The shortage of trained sanitary engineers and auxiliary environmental sanitation personnel limits the development of sound
public health programmes throughout Latin America. WHO has co- operated with the School of Public Health in Santiago instrengthening the course for sanitary engineers and sanitarians and expanding facilities for training personnel from all countriesof the Americas (for this training, fellowships are awarded under AMR() 1). Assistance to the School has included fellowshipsand travel grants for professors of sanitary engineering, supplies and equipment. In 1960 provision is made for short -term consul-tants (estimated cost, $2600) and for fellowships ($2000).
4. Education and Training
School of Public Health Chile 31The object of this project is to strengthen teaching in the School of Public Health of the University of Chile and to expand the
facilities for students from other countries of the Americas. Provision is made in 1960 for short -term consultants (estimated cost,$2600), supplies and equipment ($1000), and fellowships ($3000).
COLOMBIA(See page 158)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Leprosy Control (TA) Colombia 19It is estimated that there are some 12 000 leprosy patients in Colombia -about 1 per 1000 inhabitants for the country as
a whole; but the true extent of the problem is not known. In 1955, the Government requested the assistance of the Organizationin order to make a complete study of leprosy in Colombia and plan a control programme based on modern techniques and pro-cedures. In 1960, WHO will continue to provide the medical officer who began working on the project early in 1958 (estimatedcost, $11 188). It is expected that UNICEF will provide some supplies and equipment.
2. Public Health Administration
Public Health Services (TA) Colombia 4Since 1956, the Organization and UNICEF have been collaborating with the Government in this project, of which the objectives
are : (i) the gradual reorganization of the Ministry of Public Health and its departmental and local services throughout the country;(ii) the development of a programme for training professional and auxiliary public health personnel, by special courses in thecountry and fellowship studies abroad; (iii) the demonstration and development of modern local health services in a representativearea of the country, with emphasis on maternal and child health, communicable disease control, and environmental sanitation.The project, first in two departments and then extended to three others, will serve as a demonstration and will be utilized for thegradual extension of the reorganized services to the remainder of the country.
During 1959 and 1960 the plans of work will be implemented in each of the pilot municipalities of the departments of Nortede Santander and Boyacá; and the training of personnel and the organization of field work will be successively carried out in thedepartments of Valle, Narino, and Cundinamarca. The Organization will continue in 1960 to provide, under TA -I, a team composedof an adviser, a medical officer, a sanitary engineer, and three public health nurses (estimated cost, $58 551). Three fellowshipsare proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) Colombia 22Yellow fever is endemic in the jungle areas of Colombia and periodically epidemic in many cultivated regions. Aëdes aegypti
is widely prevalent in many parts of the country; there is therefore a constant risk of outbreaks of the urban type of the disease.Eradication operations were started in 1952 in the Caribbean area, and the results obtained have been very satisfactory. Provisionis made in 1960 to continue the posts of medical officer and of sanitarian (estimated cost, $24 483).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1. Nursing
Nursing Education
(See page 160)
Dominican Republic 3Hospital and other public health services are being rapidly extended and the main objective of this project is to establish a
programme of nursing studies and supervised practical work to prepare graduate nurses to fill administrative, supervisory, andteaching positions. The curriculum will throughout embody public health aspects, and a realistic programme for the trainingof auxiliary nurses will also be developed. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the posts of two nurse educators specialized inthe organization and administration of nursing schools (estimated cost, $21 590) and for fellowships ($3600).
130 THE AMERICAS
2. Environmental Sanitation
Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) Dominican Republic 8The purpose of this project is to eradicate the urban yellow fever vector so that the country will no longer be receptive to
yellow fever infection. When the programme was started in 1952, Aëdes aegypti infestation in the country was considerable,particularly in Ciudad Trujillo, and fully organized operations will therefore be necessary in those urban localities until eradicationhas been achieved. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the posts of medical officer and sanitarian (estimated cost, $23 966).
ECUADOR(See page 160)
1. Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Ecuador 4The objects of this project are to organize a maternal and child health division within the Department of Health; to set up a
system of rural maternal and child health centres; and to train professional and auxiliary personnel for those centres. The divisionhas now been set up and is in operation; ten health centres are also operating, although they still lack adequate equipment andtrained personnel. A survey has been made of the country's health problems and resources. Projects for reorganizing the healthservices, setting up a technical corps of public health workers, and establishing epidemiology and sanitary engineering divisionsare in operation or being considered. It is expected that three regional health departments will be created in 1959, and in 1960the provincial health offices are to be set up. Provision is made in 1960 for a country adviser, a public health veterinarian and apublic health nurse (estimated cost, $36 308) and for fellowships ($8600).
2. Nursing
Nursing Education Ecuador 16The purpose of this project is to train professional nurses in the School of Nursing in the University of Guayaquil, and to
reorganize the School for that purpose- raising the entrance requirements, modifying the curriculum to include experience inpaediatric, obstetric, psychiatric, and public health nursing; increasing the teaching staff; expanding the practice rooms and library;and applying effective methods of theoretical and practical teaching. Provision is made in 1960 for two nurse educators (estimatedcost, $16 094), supplies and equipment ($2000), and fellowships ($8600).
3. Nutrition
National Institute of Nutrition (TA) Ecuador 53The purposes of this project are to develop further the Institute's scientific studies on nutrition; to improve the training and
technical quality of its staff; and to co- ordinate its work with that of other public health organizations. The Organization hasco- operated with the Institute since 1950, and the Kellogg Foundation has provided certain items of equipment. In the first phaseof this project the work of the bromatological laboratory and the training of its staff were organized. The second phase was con-centrated on clinical nutrition : dietary surveys were made and nutrition education given for school populations. Bromatological,clinical, and dietetic work will be continued, the clinical laboratory and the " field unit " will be organized, special attention willbe given to the problem of endemic goitre, and the programme for education of the public will be expanded. Provision is made in1960 to retain the medical nutritionist (estimated cost, $15 841) and to provide a certain amount of supplies and equipment ($3300).
EL SALVADOR(See page 161)
Public Health Administration
Health Demonstration Area (TA) El Salvador 5The purpose of this project in its first stages, 1951 -57, was to organize and develop an integrated public health service (which
would serve as a demonstration) in a representative rural area of El Salvador, and to co- ordinate it with educational, economic, andsocial services. The present objectives are to evaluate the work done in the first stage of the project and to extend the programmeto other areas of the country, training staff for this purpose.
A health and training centre has been established in Quezaltepeque and a series of health units and posts have been placedso as to furnish basic health services to the largest number of inhabitants. Since 1954 the health and training centre has beentraining personnel for the health services in other regions of El Salvador, and it has been used also for training personnel fromother countries. The Organization has provided six consultants, a medical officer, a sanitary engineer, a sanitarian and two publichealth nurses; it has also furnished supplies and equipment. In 1959 and 1960, advisory personnel will be reduced to one sanitaryengineer and one public health nurse (under TA -I) to continue the training (estimated cost in 1960, $18 764). Two fellowshipsare proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
FRENCH ANTILLES AND GUIANA(See page 162)
Environmental Sanitation
Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) French Antilles and Guiana 2The purpose of this project is to eradicate the vector of urban yellow fever, so that the Antilles- Guiana area will no longer be
receptive to the disease. The project was formerly combined with malaria eradication, but from 1958 the two programmes are
THE AMERICAS 131
separate. Aëdes aegypti eradication has been achieved in French Guiana but not in Guadeloupe, Martinique, or the islands in thisgroup. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the post of sanitarian (estimated cost, $7195). A chief medical officer will be availableas consultant from the central unit for the Caribbean area (AMRO 8).
GUATEMALA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 162)
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Guatemala 11The Government of Guatemala wishes to assess the tuberculosis problem in the country and to undertake an energetic national
programme on modern lines, to consolidate and extend the results of the mass BCG vaccination campaign. There will be specialemphasis on case detection, domiciliary and out -patient chemotherapy, and chemoprophylaxis of contacts. The project was tobe initiated in 1958 as an extension of the vaccination campaign and will last until 1965. Provision is made in 1960 to retain themedical officer (estimated cost, $11 537).
2. Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Guatemala 8This project is designed to reorganize and expand the health services in rural areas, to train professional and auxiliary personnel
for these services, and to establish a central organizational unit responsible for the co- ordination and integration of the activitiesof the Ministry of Health. Since the initial survey in mid -1954, a division of rural services has been established, a model healthunit and training centres established, and personnel trained to staff them. An environmental sanitation programme is also beingdeveloped. Plans for the future include further extension of services and improvement of laboratory facilities. Training will continueand will include courses for nursing auxiliaries. UNICEF is expected to provide supplies and 'equipment.
Provision is made in 1960 to retain the team consisting of a country adviser, a sanitary engineer, two public health nurses, anda sanitarian (estimated cost, $53 064). Fellowships will also be provided ($8600).
3. Nursing
Training of Nursing Auxiliaries Guatemala 6This project has two main objectives : (i) to prepare nurse instructors to organize and conduct national training courses for
auxiliary nursing staff; and to train nursing auxiliaries for specific functions, establishing in- service training courses for nursesand auxiliaries in hospital and health centres; (ii) to collaborate with the national School of Nursing in improving its curriculumand organizing courses to prepare nurses for teaching positions in the school. Courses have been held since 1956. In 1959 theywill be under the complete responsibility of national nurses who have been trained for this purpose, and the first stage of the pro-gramme will then have been completed. In 1960, provision is made for fellowships to complete the training of national personnel($8600).
HAITI(See page 163)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws and Smallpox Eradication Haiti 1The yaws eradication programme has been carried on since 1950 by the Government of Haiti in collaboration with the Organi-
zation and UNICEF and the campaign is nearing an end. There are no cases of yaws in the north of the country and almost nonein the south. The urgent need to complete the final phase of the programme, and to maintain close epidemiological surveillanceto avoid the reintroduction of the disease to the areas cleaned, led to' the reorganization of the responsible agency and the exten-sion of the work to the domiciliary control of other rural public health problems. During 1958 and 1959 the work will be concen-trated on three main objectives : (i) surveys to confirm that eradication of yaws has been achieved; (ii) surveillance to protectthe eradication areas and to discover any new cases; (iii) vaccination against smallpox. Provision is made in 1960 to retain asanitarian (estimated cost, $12 159). Two medical officers, a sanitarian, and supplies and equipment are being provided fromPAHO funds.
2. Environmental Sanitation
Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) Haiti 14The purpose of this project is to eradicate the urban yellow fever vector, which is highly prevalent, so that the country will
no longer be receptive to yellow fever infection. It is expected that the malaria eradication campaign will have a direct effect inreducing Aëdes aegypti in the rural areas. For this reason this project will be concentrated in the urban areas not covered by themalaria eradication work. Special teams will check the eradication of A. aegypti in the areas treated by the malaria campaign.Provision is made in 1960 to retain a medical officer and a sanitarian (estimated cost, $22 553).
3. Education and Training
Medical Education (TA) Haiti 19The Government of Haiti has asked for assistance in reorganizing the curriculum of its medical school, modernizing the
methods of teaching, and strengthening the teaching staff. In 1956 a consultant visited the School, and his recommendations wereconsidered by representatives of the School and of several international agencies interested in medical education. In 1960, it isproposed to provide supplies and equipment to the value of $9000. Two visiting professors, one in microbiology and one inphysiology, are being provided from PAHO funds.
132 THE AMERICAS
HONDURAS
Public Health Administration(See page 163)
Public Health Services (TA) Honduras 4This project began late in 1955, when a plan was drawn up for a modern health centre that would provide training for the
public health personnel needed for the extension of services to other rural areas. The plan proposed also the gradual organizationof a number of rural health units at strategic points, whose services would include maternal and child health, environmental sani-tation, and communicable disease control; the central public health services would at the same time be reorganized. After aninitial survey the first health unit was opened in the community of Comayagüela at the end of 1957; and the first courses weregiven for nursing auxiliaries and auxiliary sanitation personnel.
In 1959 and 1960 it is expected to implement and consolidate the work of the Comayagüela health unit and continue thegradual organization of other health units. Personnel training, both within the country and abroad, will be continued, aid thestudy on reorganization of the national health services will be continued and completed. Provision is made in 1960 for a medicalofficer, a sanitary engineer and two public health nurses under TA -I (estimated cost, $42 581), and for a sanitarian under PAHOfunds. Two fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
MEXICO
1. Public Health Administration(See page 164)
Integrated Health Services, Guanajuato Mexico 22The purpose of this project, which began in 1956, is the reorganization of the state health administration, the integration of
the state and national health services, and their extension throughout the state. A district has been selected in the State of Guana-juato comprising nine municipalities with a population of 304 080 inhabitants (1950 census). Along with the proposed integrationof services, there will be increased appropriations for health work, improved medical and hospital services, and more direct par-ticipation of the community. It is planned to improve and expand the water supply and sewage disposal systems, to improvehousing, and to promote health education. Professional and auxiliary public health nursing personnel are being trained and themain health units, auxiliary centres, and rural services are being organized.
Provision is made in 1960 to continue the posts of the country adviser, sanitary engineer, health educator, public healthnurse, and sanitarian (estimated cost, $65 367). Fellowships for national personnel working in the district ($4300) and a smallsum for texbooks and technical publications ($100) will also be provided. UNICEF has provided financial assistance.
2. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation Training Mexico 35The Organization has co- operated with the School of Public Health and with the School of Sanitary Engineering in strengthen-
ing the courses for sanitary engineers and sanitarian and in expanding facilities for the training of environmental sanitation per-sonnel from all countries of the Americas (for this training, fellowships are awarded under AMRO 1). Assistance to the Schoolhas included fellowships and travel grants for professors of sanitary engineering, supplies and equipment, and personnel. Pro-vision is made in 1960 for short -term consultants ($2600) and for supplies and equipment ($1000).
3. Education and Training
(a) School of Public Health Mexico 30The objective of this project is to strengthen teaching in the School of Public Health of the University of Mexico. Under
project AMRO 18, faculty members of the School have had the opportunity of visiting the countries from which their studentscome so that they may adapt their teaching to the health organization and general conditions in those countries. Visiting pro-fessors, travel grants to professors for observation of teaching methods and of curriculum planning in other institutions, and alimited amount of materials have been provided, and collaboration will be continued along these lines. In 1958, a consultant wasassigned to work with the faculty of the School in strengthening the curriculum and the field training programmes in public healthnursing. Provision is made in 1960 for a nurse educator (estimated cost, $9732), short -term consultants ($2600), supplies andequipment ($1000), and fellowships ($3000).
(b) Medical Education Mexico 32Medical education in Mexico is being rapidly developed. Teaching is being greatly improved in the medical schools, the curri-
culum is being reorganized, teaching methods modernized, and the teaching staff strengthened. Improvement in the teaching ofpreventive medicine has received special attention. To assist this programme, it is proposed to provide facilities for training teachingstaff in universities abroad, for the observation of medical education in other countries by deans and senior faculty members, andfor visiting professors and consultants. Fellowships for this purpose are provided for in 1960 ($12 000).
(c) Veterinary Medicine Education Mexico 34Under the regional project for veterinary medicine education (AMRO 67) a consultant visited the School of Veterinary Medi-
cine in 1956 and made detailed recommendations for improving the teaching. The Organization will co- operate in the develop-ment of the teaching programme to emphasize preventive medicine and public health, and in training key faculty members neededfor this purpose. Provision is made in 1960 for short -term consultants ($2600) and for fellowships ($4300).
(d) Health Aspects of Nuclear Energy (TA) Mexico 36Provision is made for fellowships for study of the medical use of radioisotôpes ($6000).
THE AMERICAS 133
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES AND SURINAM
1. Public Health Administration(See page 165)
Fellowships (TA) Netherlands Antilles and Surinam 3Provision is made under TA -I for fellowships to assist the Government in training staff for the improvement and expansion
of its health services ($3000). A further fellowship is proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
2. Environmental Sanitation
Aëdes aegypti Eradication (TA) Netherlands Antilles and Surinam 1The purpose of this project is to eradicate the urban yellow fever vector, Aëdes aegypti, so that the area will no longer be
receptive to yellow fever infection; it was formerly part of AMRO 8 (Aëdes aegypti eradication, Caribbean Area). Eradicationhas been achieved in Aruba, in Curaçao the programme is far advanced, and in Bonaire it is in operation. The anti -aegypti workhas not yet been started in Surinam and in the Netherlands Lesser Antilles. Provision is made in 1960 under TA -I for a sanitarian(estimated cost, $6261) and for supplies and equipment ($720). A medical officer will be available as consultant from the centralunit for the Caribbean Area (AMRO 8). Further supplies and equipment are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
NICARAGUA
Nursing
Nursing Education Nicaragua 5The purposes of this project, which began in 1955, are to establish a permanent programme of nursing education in the National
School of Nursing; to broaden and improve the curriculum of the School; to integrate social and preventive ideas of health intothe training; to prepare nurses in teaching posts; and to improve the facilities of the School itself. The teaching staff was reor-ganized and expanded to include selected nurses, with eight supervisors (five of them trained abroad under fellowships), and a nursedirector was appointed in July 1957. There was close collaboration with the Ministry of Public Education, which appointed apermanent representative to the study committees of the School's teaching staff. The School's premises were enlarged and offices,classrooms, a demonstration room, a small laboratory, and a library were equipped.
In September 1957, however, the School lost almost all its trained teaching staff, including the director.. This personnel hasnot been replaced, owing to the scarcity of nurses trained for teaching. Great efforts are being made to prepare instructors throughan intensive course at the School, so as to ensure the continuation of the programme. Provision is made in 1960 for three nurseeducators (estimated cost, $28 177), supplies and equipment ($1150), and fellowships for training instructors abroad ($8600).
(See page 165)
PANAMA
Public Health Administration(See page 166)
Public Health Services (TA) Panama 1Since 1953 the Government of Panama, with the assistance of the Organization and UNICEF, has been conducting a broad
programme to improve its public health services, locally and centrally, following a complete evaluation of the country's publichealth needs and resources. The work was supported from the start by a programme for training professional, technical, andauxiliary personnel for the various branches of public health work. During 1957 the plan was put into action and activities in therural areas were intensified, principally in environmental sanitation. The demonstration programme started in 1954 in the Chor-rera district has been extended to other areas, where the experience acquired in Chorrera is being applied and the local servicesin rural communities are being improved. Fellowships were awarded to professional and technical health workers for studies abroadand the central public health laboratory in Panama City was reorganized and equipped and three regional laboratories are beinginstalled.
In 1959 and 1960 the training of public health personnel will be continued, particularly that of physicians, nurses, sanitaryinspectors, and auxiliary personnel. Special attention will be given to improving urban services in Panama City and Colón, aspart of the programme for the eastern region. It is expected that the tuberculosis control programme can be intensified by agradual expansion of existing services: the environmental sanitation programme will also be extended. In 1960 provision is madeunder TA -I for a team consisting of a chief country adviser, a medical officer, a sanitary engineer, and two public health nurses(estimated cost, $56 489). Two fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
PARAGUAY(See page 166)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Leprosy Control Paraguay 9The plan for leprosy control now in operation was based on a survey made in 1955 and 1956, which covered 150 000 persons.
The objective of the project is to reduce the incidence of leprosy to a minimum, by out -patient treatment with the sulfone drugs,discarding compulsory isolation. A thorough survey will be made to detect new cases and give immediate out -patient treatment,with surveillance of contacts. This phase of the campaign will be strengthened by the gradual establishment of permanent servicesfor known or detected foci, in dispensaries, health centres, or hospitals. Work will be intensified during 1959 and 1960 and it isexpected that the project operations will have been consolidated by the end of that period. UNICEF is furnishing supplies andequipment. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the post of leprologist (estimated cost, $11 085).
A 9
134 THE AMERICAS
2. Public Health Administration
Public Health Services (TA) Paraguay 10The Organization has collaborated with the Government since 1950 to strengthen public health services, by (i) promotion
of basic public health activities; (ii) development of demonstration and training programmes, especially in the rural areas; (iii) pro-motion of the public health career service by providing facilities for training personnel; and (iv) consolidation of the system offull -time work, with selection by merit, adequate remuneration, and guaranteed tenúre.
The influence of this work on the national health organization is already evident. Priority will continue to be given to training,the development of basic health services, control of communicable diseases, environmental sanitation services, and vital statistics.Direct technical advisory services will be increased at the centre level. Provision is made in 1960 under TA -I for a chief countryadviser, an epidemiologist, a sanitary engineer, a public health nurse, and a bacteriologist (estimated cost, $64 557). Three fellow-ships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing supplies and equipment.
PERU
Public Health Administration(See page 167)
(a) Public Health Services (TA) Peru 22This project began in 1956 and is expected to continue until 1960. Its purpose is to assist the Government of Peru in estab-
lishing an office of planning, evaluation, and co- ordination which will study the public health needs and resources of the countryand draw up recommendations for strengthening and expanding the services: Advice is given on the organization of autonomousregional health areas, to decentralize the functions of the Ministry and to strengthen the local services; in planning a survey ofneeds and resources; and in the study of various programmes with a view to their improvement. During 1957 the nursing staff ofthe Ministry of Public Health was reorganized and strengthened, and assistance was given in a study of the nursing needs and howthey might be met. Fellowships were provided for the specialized training of national personnel who will work on the project;in 1958 collaboration is being given in organizing the health areas and in the improvement of the maternal and child health pro-gramme. Provision is made in 1960 under TA -I for a chief country adviser, a sanitary engineer, and a public health nurse (estimatedcost, $31 926). Fellowships ($4300) will also be provided for national personnel to study abroad. Further fellowships are proposedunder TA -II (see Annex 3). It is hoped that UNICEF will provide some supplies and equipment.
(b) Joint Field Mission on Indigenous Populations (TA) Peru 23This project, which also serves Bolivia, is described under that country (Bolivia 11). In Peru during 1956 and 1957 two small
health centres were organized in the Indian communities of Camicachi and Chucuito (Department of Puno) and centres for publichealth and medical care have been established in Sucano, Coto, Taraco, and Vilquechico. From 1958, the Organization's assist-ance is being given by the medical officer assigned to the mission in Bolivia; provision ($1000) is here made for his duty travel.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Public Health Administration
(a) Consultants in Specialized Fields of Public Health United States 10It is proposed to provide, as in previous years, short -term specialists in selected fields such as mental health, chronic diseases,
rehabilitation, tropical medicine, or others, as the Government may request (estimated cost, $11 700).
(b) Fellowships United States 7Provision is made for fellowships to assist the Government in training staff for its health services ($10 000).
(See page 167)
URUGUAY(See page 168)
1. Public Health Administration
Public Health Services (TA) Uruguay 5The object of this project, which began in 1956, is to bring preventive and curative services to the largest possible number of
persons in the interior of the country by (i) strengthening and expanding the present public health services; (ii) co- ordinating,under the direction of the Ministry of Public Health, these services with those of other public health institutions; (iii) training alllevels of personnel required for local health programmes; and (iv) providing health education to ensure informed communityparticipation.
In four selected departments there will be developed, as a minimum, maternal and child care, communicable disease control,and environmental sanitation. Several other national agencies are co- operating with the Ministry of Public Health. Courses havebeen provided for nursing auxiliaries and for training vaccinators; and numerous fellowships have been awarded to physicians,nurses, engineers, veterinarians, statisticians, and health inspectors. Special attention will be given to the strengthening of hospitaladministration. When the model health services have been established in the selected areas, they will be extended to the rest of thecountry (the project is expected to last for five years). Provision is made in 1960 under TA -I fora chief country adviser, a sanitaryengineer, and a public health nurse (estimated cost, $36 234). A hospital administrator and two fellowships are proposed underTA -II (see Annex 3).
2. Environmental Sanitation
Waterworks Operators' School Uruguay 15The purpose of this project is to train waterworks operators in methods for improving the operation of installations, improving
the quality of water, and in the maintenance of installations and equipment. The School of Engineering of the University willorganize a permanent school for operators of waterworks and of sewage treatment plants. The Organization will furnish, as a
THE AMERICAS 135
consultant, a specialist in plant design and operation (estimated cost, $5200) to give technical advice on the organization of thecourse, visit students at their plants, and prepare some teaching material. Provision is also made ($1500) to complete the equipmentof the present chemistry laboratory of the School of Engineering, so that it may carry out accurate bacteriological and chemicalanalyses and give instruction in the subject.
VENEZUELA
Public Health Administration(See page 168)
Local Health Services (TA). Venezuela 1
The main objective of this project, a health demonstration area in the Túy Valley (where conditions are typical of those inthe interior of Venezuela), is to demonstrate a unit of well -balanced rural health services, including medical care, in a selected areaof the country. The unit also serves as a national training centre for public health personnel, and the area will be used for thetrial application of new technical and administrative methods and procedures in public health work.
The present plan is to complete the integration of all health services in the Valley, to strengthen the services in all urbanlocalities of the area, and to extend them gradually to the surrounding rural areas; personnel training will also be continued.Provision is made in 1960 for a public health administrator and a sanitary engineer (estimated cost, $29 218).
WEST INDIES FEDERATION(See page 169)
Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Trinidad (TA) West Indies Federation 6A public health engineer assigned to the Caribbean area has been providing consultant services to Trinidad, but as the pro-
gramme develops more attention is required for each area. A public health engineer is therefore proposed in 1959, under TA -II,for a period of nine months, to continue under TA -I in 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $10 317).
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Eradication and Public Health Laboratories (TA) AMRO 47The health administrations of the Caribbean area have asked for assistance in campaigns, on the lines of that in Haiti, to
eradicate the treponematoses, which are a serious public health and economic problem in the area. The long -term objectives ofthis project are : (i) provision of public health laboratory consultant services; (ii) eradication of yaws; (iii) reduction of syphilisand gonorrhoea; (iv) strengthening of venereal disease services; (v) education of the public; and (vi) training of local professional,auxiliary and technical personnel.
In 1958 the results already obtained in the British Virgin Islands, St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, St Vincent and Grenada wereconsolidated. The mass campaigns continued in Dominica, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago. Surveys to determine preva-lence were due to be made in Montserrat, the French Antilles and the Guianas. In 1959 and 1960 the follow -up will continue andthe situation in Jamaica will be reviewed to determine the extent of the problem and to plan the programme. Provision is made in1960 to retain the laboratory adviser, stationed in Trinidad, to assist in the development of public health laboratories, with serologysections (estimated cost, $12 170).
(See page 170)
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Brucellosis Control AMRO 26The diagnosis of brucellosis in man and animals has now reached the point at which laboratories can assist physicians to
diagnose human brucellosis. At the same time, improved antigen production and diagnostic tests have measured the extent ofbrucellosis in cattle and goats. These two developments have led to a joint approach to the brucellosis problem. The trainingcourses in 1952, 1954 and 1957 dealt with antigen production and diagnostic tests, measures to be taken against human brucellosis,and control of animal brucellosis. Because vaccine is the key weapon in fighting brucellosis, a course in vaccine production andtesting is planned for 1960, the last in this series of training courses. The 1960 course will be held at a national laboratory inwhich these vaccines are produced. Provision is made for short -term consultants ($2600), supplies and equipment ($2500), andparticipants ($11 960).
(b) Rabies Control AMRO 61Rabies is a problem in practically all countries of the hemisphere. A regional rabies training course conducted early in 1957
provided in most countries, and for the first time in some, a nucleus of persons trained in all techniques of rabies diagnosis, pre-vention, and control. Requests to the Organization for technical assistance have increased, and it is planned that in 1959 a con-sultant will assist in the development of antirabies programmes in the Mexico /United States border area. Provision is made in1960, as in 1959, for special consultants to assist with the production and testing of rabies biologicals, such as human and animalvaccines and hyperimmune serum (estimated cost, $2600) and for supplies ($500).
(c) Veterinary Medicine Education AMRO 67Increasing interest in the zoonoses and food hygiene has led to the extension of the veterinary public health work of the Organiza-
tion and the establishment of such services in national ministries of health. But there are few properly trained personnel for this
136 THE AMERICAS
work and inadequate attention is given to preventive aspects in most schools of veterinary medicine. This project is designed tostrengthen the teaching of epidemo -epizootiology, veterinary.hygiene, and comparative medicine in the schools of the Americas,by providing short -term consultants (estimated cost, $5200) and fellowships ($4300).
(d) Vaccine Testing AMRO 76
Some projects in which the Organization co- operates are concerned with the manufacture of vaccines to be used in currentvaccination campaigns. To assist the new vaccine -producing laboratories to maintain the high standards of potency and safetythat the vaccines require, testing services have been obtained from PASB /WHO reference laboratories. Assistance (includingsupplies and equipment) is provided to one of these laboratories where most of the testing is done ($5248 in 1960).
(e) Pan American Zoonoses Centre (TA) AMRO 81
The Pan American Zoonoses Centre, located in Azul, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, was established at the end of1956. It is a regional project, for which the Government of Argentina acts as host and provides buildings, facilities, and personnel.It is expected that other organizations, national and international, will eventually participate technically and financially in theproject. The Centre serves the countries of the Americas in training technical and auxiliary personnel in techniques and methodsto be used against the zoonoses; conducts research to improve diagnosis and control, promoting and co- ordinating such researchin governmental and private institutions throughout the Americas; works toward the standardization of diagnostic methods andprocedures for making and testing vaccines, sera, and other biological products used against the zoonoses; and collects and disse-minates information on those diseases.
The Centre's international staff of four was completed with the arrival of the zoonoses specialist in July and the administrativeofficer in December 1957. Local staff is provided from the special fund contributed annually by the Government of Argentinaand should number twenty -seven by 1960. In 1958 the laboratory facilities were developed for training in diagnosis and research,and the advisory services in field and laboratory work were expanded; bibliography, visual media, and publications services weredeveloped. It is expected that training work in 1959 will include a special advanced course in zoonoses and a course in tuberculinproduction and tuberculosis. control and diagnosis methods: During the year three fellows in specialized studies will be receivedfor training. The 1960 programme will include a course in diagnosis and control methods for leptospirosis. Other training activities,consultation, advisory and special laboratory services, field studies and investigations, and related activities will be carried out.Provision is made in 1960, under TA -I, for a chief of laboratory, a zoonoses specialist, and an administrative officer (estimatedcost, $35 634).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Inter- American Programme for Education in Biostatistics (TA) 'AMRO 10
This project was established to improve vital and health statistics in all the Latin American countries by training technicalpersonnel of the various statistical services. The principal objective is to develop a training centre at the School of Publie Healthof the University of Chile, with teaching in Spanish, and at the same time to work with the government offices in Chile concernedwith the collection, production, or analysis of vital and health statistics, so that they may serve as model offices for demonstration.The annual training course consists of four months of basic academic studies and five months of more advanced training and fieldwork. The staff provided by the Organization act both as professors in the academic side of the programme and as consultantsto the Government of Chile for the improvement of statistical services.
Since 1956 the project has been under the sponsorship of the Government of Chile and the Organization, the School of PublicHealth in Chile assuming major responsibility. Fellowships are awarded by the Organization, the United Nations, and otheragencies for the nine -month course in vital and health statistics. Provision is made under TA -I for a short -term consultant ($7800)and for fellowships ($11 456). It is also planned to give financial assistance to the School of Public Health in expanding its staffand facilities ($15 000).
(b) Laboratory Services AMRO 45
The quality and quantity of existing laboratory services vary from country to country. In some cases the international assist-ance required is only the provision of specialized short -term consultants for specific phases of laboratory work; in others acomplete revision of the national service may be needed. A highly qualified short-term consultant may survey the laboratoryneeds of a country, report on the status of its laboratory service, and recommend improvements. These surveys and reports maybe followed by special consultants to assist in the improvement of specific departments, usually the departments responsible forvirology, laboratory- animal colonies, and testing of biologicals. This type of service will be continued through 1959 and 1960.Assistance will also be given to laboratories providing cultures, strains, antigens and other laboratory items vital to diagnostictests or the production of biologicals and of breeding -stock of laboratory animals. Provision is made for short -term consultants($7800), supplies and equipment ($1000), and fellowships ($8600).
(c) Latin -American Centre for Classification of Diseases AMRO 85
The expansion of this Centre will permit a more effective approach to improving the comparability of basic data on causes: ofdeath in the Americas, and will lay the groundwork for future editions of the International Statistical Classification. The Centrewill also be able to render more valuable service by sending staff members to the countries to give short courses on coding; the needfor this type of training has become more pressing with the introduction of the new edition of the Classification in 1958. Assistance,including a post of statistician, is provided to enable the Centre to develop a training programme (estimated cost in 1960, $15 000).Provision is also made for fellowships ($7000).
THE AMERICAS 137
(d) Health Statistics, Zone III AMRO 86The Organization has provided statistical consultants to assist countries in improving the collection, analysis, and utilization
of these data. Their functions are : (i) to advise on the improvement of vital and health statistics and their use in short -term andlong -range public health planning; (ii) to co- operate in the organization of courses in statistics, seminars, working groups, and othertraining activities in statistics; (iii) to advise on statistical phases of projects in which the Organization is collaborating and (iv)to assist in the compilation and analysis of information for use in public health planning. In 1957 a full -time health statisticianwas assigned to Zone III. The experience obtained during that year emphasizes the need for continuing the post (estimated costin 1960, $15 993).
(e) Health Statistics, Zone IV AMRO 143The functions of the statistical consultants provided by the Organization are described under AMRO 86 above. Two con-
sultants were originally provided to serve the countries of four zones, but to meet the growing need for these services it is nowproposed to assign at least one consultant to each of the six zones. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the services of ahealth statistician for the countries of Zone IV (estimated cost, $13 616).
(f) Health Statistics, Zone II AMRO 144At present health statistics in Zone II are far from the desired level. It is necessary to promote their development by increasing
the number of trained personnel and by expanding and improving the systems for the collection and use of data, regionally, natio-nally and internationally. Since from 1958 onwards a full -time statistical consultant for each zone will replace the two consultantshitherto serving the four zones, provision is made in 1960 to continue the post of health statistician for Zone II (estimated cost,$20 503) and to furnish a small amount of supplies and equipment ($100).
(g) Veterinary Public Health, Zone III AMRO 188The development of veterinary public health as an integral part of the national health services gives the opportunity for colla-
boration with governments in problems connected with the zoonoses and in food control. For this reason, it is proposed to assigna public health veterinarian to Zone III. His functions will be : (i) to give technical advice on health problems and the develop-ment of microbiology and preventive medicine, with special attention to food control and the prevention and control of the zoo-noses; (ii) to provide technical support and guidance to national and international personnel in planning and implementing vete-rinary public health work as part of general public health programmes, and other programmes for the use of veterinary publichealth services; (iii) to assist in the selection and training of national personnel; (iv) to assist educational institutions for the trainingof public health veterinarians and other public health personnel. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the post (estimatedcost, $14 863).
(h) Veterinary Public Health, Zone V AMRO 189Veterinary public health services in the Zone Office serving Brazil began early in 1957 with the assignment of a public health
veterinarian to that office. His functions are similar to those of the adviser described under AMRO 188, above. Provision ismade to continue the post in 1960 (estimated cost, $15 153).
4. Nursing
(a) Advanced Nursing Education AMRO 28The purpose of this project, which started in 1955, is to assist governments in training graduate nurses for supervisory, teaching,
and administrative positions in schools of nursing,, hospitals, and public health services by providing fellowships for attendanceat the course conducted in Santiago, Chile (see also Chile 29). Ten places in this course are reserved annually for nurses from coun-tries other than Chile, and to date thirty nurses from thirteen Latin American countries have been awarded fellowships for it.Provision is made in 1960 for fellowships for attendance at the course in Chile and in one or two other countries where similarprogrammes are planned ($27 990).
(b) Seminar on Nursing Education AMRO 46Many countries in Latin America are conducting surveys to determine their nursing resources and needs, and the organiza-
tion of seminars or nursing education affords an opportunity for nurse educators from various countries to pool their experienceand make suggestions for a more realistic orientation of the nursing curriculum in keeping with the graduate nurse's role as super-visor. The one -week seminar planned for 1960 will be attended by some twenty directors of schools of nursing from countries inSouth America, with five nursing education advisers from the staff of the Organization. (It is expected that a similar seminar willbe held in 1961 for the countries in Central American and the Caribbean.) Provision is made for participants ($7468), travel of staff($990), and for supplies and equipment ($750).
(c) Assistance to Schools of Nursing AMRO 63Several countries are assisted in individual projects for schools of nursing; others are aided in nursing education only by
fellowships. It is planned under this project to extend to countries that have no individual projects various forms of professionalassistance, e.g. short -term consultants; travel grants to senior members of nursing faculties to observe teaching methods, demon-stration programmes, and new trends in curriculum planning; and opportunities for senior members of nursing faculties in theUnited States and Canada to visit countries in Latin America from which their students come, so that they may adapt the teachingand field programmes arranged for the fellow to the health problems and general conditions of those countries. Provision is madefor short -term consultants ($3900) and for fellowships ($2940).
(d) Courses on Nursing Supervision and Administration AMRO 100Many nurses in Latin America are placed immediately on graduation in teaching and supervisory posts, although they have
been prepared only to give direct care to the patient. Such nurses are not really trained for their principal functions of training andsupervising auxiliary nursing personnel. In none of the countries will there be for several decades enough graduate nurses for the
138 THE AMERICAS
care of the patient and the family; public health nurses must therefore be prepared to train auxiliary nursing personnel and tosupervise and administer their work. To meet this need, it is proposed to establish four -month courses in nursing Supervision andadministration, beginning in 1959. Approximately twenty graduate nurses from several countries will be invited to attend. Pro-vision is made for short -term consultants (estimated cost in 1960, $5200), for fellowships ($16 495), and for some supplies andequipment ($1000).
5. Health Education of the Public
(a) Health Education, Zone II AMRO 93A health education adviser has been assigned to the Zone II Office since October 1955. His services to national health depart-
ments include : (i) assistance in determining national and local health education needs and in planning activities to meet them;(ii) guidance in selecting and training candidates for health education posts in national administrations; (iii) participation in theplanning and execution of in- service training programmes in Health education for public health workers and personnel of otheragencies; (iv) participation in planning general training programmes for public health workers; (v) technical guidance for nationaland international personnel in planning health education work as part of general public health programmes; (vi) specific healtheducation guidance for national and international personnel of malaria eradication campaigns; (vii) participation in the workof institutions that train public health workers; (viii) assistance in the systematic evaluation of educational methods and materials.Provision is made to continue the post in 1960 (estimated cost, $17 792) and for supplies and equipment ($100).
(b) Health Education, Zone III AMRO 141Consultant services in health education were formerly made available to the Central American countries and Panama under
project AMRO 93. In view of the growing need for this type of international assistance in these countries, provision is made from1959 for a full -time health educator for Zone III. He will assist national health departments in determining and meeting theirhealth education needs and also serve as consultant to the Organization's staff and to personnel of the national health agencies inplanning and carrying out the educational aspects of their work. Advice and assistance will in particular be given to the integratedpublic health services and the malaria eradication programmes. Provision is made to continue the post in 1960 (estimated cost,$15 020).
6. Maternal and Child Health
Assistance to Paediatric Education AMRO 102In 1955, under project AMRO 68, a survey of paediatric education was made in Latin America on the lines of previous surveys
in other parts of the world. The results showed great disparity among the schools. The report on the survey, showing the positionof each school, has been sent confidentially to the schools. Recommendations for improvement are implicit in the self -examinationthat each school has been led to make.
After a three -year interval, it is proposed to bring together representatives of the schools that have been implementing thefindings of the survey, so that they may exchange views on effective methods of improvement. Those meetings are to be held inthe larger countries and for small groups of neighbouring countries. It is expected that a professor and a member of the staff fromeach paediatric department will attend, with a few deans and professors of the basic sciences and in the clinical fields. Consultantswill be provided to discuss teaching and to prepare plans for the meetings. It is also planned, in connexion with the UNICEFproject in paediatric education, to provide as from 1959 visiting professors to advise on the organization of teaching and researchin paediatrics and to participate in the teaching. - Provision is made in 1960 for a short -term consultant ($2600), for partici-pants ($10 000), and for some supplies and equipment ($1000).
7. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Environmental Sanitation Training AMRO 1This project provides fellowships for sanitary engineers and auxiliary personnel who will form a nucleus of workers to strengthen
national and local health departments. Ninety -five awards have been made to sanitary inspectors and sanitary engineers underthis project up to 1958. The fellowships will be awarded for training largely in the Schools of Public Health in Brazil (Brazil 45),Chile (Chile 33), and Mexico (Mexico 35), as well as the School of Sanitary Engineering in the latter country (estimated cost in1960, $47 525).
(b) Aëdes aegypti Eradication, Caribbean Area (TA) AMRO 8This regional project provides a medical officer who advises the health authorities of Venezuela and of the British, French
and Netherlands areas on eradication of Aëdes aegypti, and gives technical guidance and supervision to international sanitariansworking on certain country projects (estimated cost in 1960, $17 682).
(c) Environmental Sanitation, Caribbean Area (TA) AMRO 95Almost all the health departments of the Caribbean area wish for help from the Organization and UNICEF in the expansion
of programmes to survey the status of environmental sanitation in the area, and to improve water supply, excreta disposal, andhealth education. Later such programmes will include urban sewage disposal, garbage and refuse disposal, rodent control, foodsanitation, and housing. Special attention will be given to health education of the public by in- service training, community organi-zation, and better techniques of school and adult health education. Provision is made under TA -I in 1960 to retain the sanitaryengineer and the sanitarian (estimated cost, $23 471); a second sanitarian is shown under PAHO funds.
THE AMERICAS 139
8. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Schools of Public Health AMRO 16Since 1953, many professors of schools of public health have been given the opportunity of visiting the countries from which
their students come, so that they may adapt their teaching to the health problems and general conditions in those countries. Facultymembers of Latin American schools have visited other countries and schools of public health to observe teaching procedures andto discuss curriculum planning. Visiting professors have dealt with such subjects as epidemiology, health education, biostatistics,and nutrition. Short -term consultants, a number of fellowships and a limited amount of materials have been provided. Provisionis again made in 1960 for short -term consultants ($2600) and for fellowships ($10 000).
(b) Medical Education AMRO 18Since this project began, assistance has been given to a number of medical schools by means of fellowships and travel grants
for faculty members. Such assistance is now provided or proposed through country projects in Argentina,. Haiti, and Mexico.For other countries assistance will be given by short -term consultants; the provision of visiting professors; fellowships to teachingpersonnel for further training; travel grants to deans and senior faculty members to observe teaching methods and discuss curri-culum planning; demonstration programmes; and provision of teaching equipment and supplies. This project is co- ordinatedwith the work of a number of non -governmental and bilateral agencies in the development of professional education. The MedicalEducation Information Centre, operated by the Organization, has been specially set up by agencies interested in medical educationfor the exchange of information and the co- ordination of such work. Provision is made for short -term consultants ($7800), fellow-ships ($16 000), and supplies and equipment ($1000).
THE AMERICAS: SUMMARY OF FIELD ACTIVITIES
Regular Budget Technical Assistance Other Extra-budgetary Funds (including PAHO)
Numberof posts Estimated expenditure Number
of posts Estimated expenditure Numberof posts Estimated expenditure
1The cost of personnel in this unit is included under Organizational Meetings in the PARO budget estimates, but in order to follow the pattern of the WHO budget is here shown under the Regional .0ffioeo
THE AMERICAS: REGIONAL OFFICE (continued)
Regular Budget Malaria Eradication Special Account Other Extra- budgetary Funds (including PARO)
Numberof posts Estimated expenditure Number
of posts Estimated expenditure Numberof posts Estimated expenditure
1 The cost of personnel in this unit is included under Organizational Meetings in the PAHO budget estimates, but in order to follow the pattern of the WHO budget is here shown under the Regional Office.
THE AMERICAS: REGIONAL OFFICE (continued)
Regular Budget Malaria Eradication Special Account Other Extra -budgetary Funds (including PAHO)
Numberof posts
Estimated expenditureNumberof posts Estimated expenditure Number
1 These poets are included under Regional Advisers in order-to provide a basis for comparing the number of posts in the various regional in this instance the incumbents carry other responsibilities.
THE AMERICAS : ZONE OFFICES(For text, see page 124)
Regular Budget Malaria Eradication Special Account Other Extra -budgetary Funds (including PAHO)
PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION - -1 1 1 8 885 10 683 13 745 Public health services 3 99 000
1 1 12 184 14 983 12 245 National food and drug service 18Training in vital and health statistics 32 1 12 895Training for laboratory technicians 33 1 13 653Health statistics 36 1 1 12 895 13 654Dental health education 37 5 600 2 600
19 287 22 000 22 000 Latin American Centre for Classification of 85
Diseases1 1 1 18 068 14 779 15 993 Health statistics, Zone III 86
Working group on medical certification 98 10 7501 1 1 9 355 12 803 13 616 Health statistics, Zone IV 143
1 1 1 16 698 15 579 20 603 Health statistics, Zone II 144
Laboratory for production of biologicals,Zone III
148 1 1 22 996 25 253
Conference of directors of schools of publichealth
152 10 210
Latin American training programme in hospitalstatistics
156 11 708
Health statistics; Zone I 157 1 1 1 6 222 13 413 14 668Health statistics, Zone VI 159 1 1 12 394 13 113Epidemiology, Zone II 162 1 14 896Epidemiology, Zone VI 163 1 1 1 13 548 16 061 14 144
THE AMERICAS : COUNTRY SCHEDULES
Regular Budget
ProjectNo.
Technical Assistance Other Extra -budgetary Funds (including PAHO)
Numberof pests
Estimated expenditure Numberof posts Estimated expenditure Number
Total Estimated Government Contributions (1 333 000) (1 338 000) (1 383 000)
Allocated by the UNICEF Executive Hoard
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 173
SOUTH -EAST ASIA
REGIONAL OFFICE(See page 189)
PersonnelBesides the Regional Director, provision is made under the. regular budget for seventy -three staff members of whom eleven
are in the Professional grades. Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account provision is made for fifteen staff members of whomthree are in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the regular budget is the same as for 1959. The Regional Director and senior officers will
visit the countries of the Region to assist and advise on the development of health programmes, to discuss questions of policy andadministrative problems with governments, and to maintain liaison with field staff.
Common Services
The estimates for Common Services chargeable to the Regional Office show an increase of some $5300 under the regularbudget, and a decrease of some $1200 under the Malaria Eradication Special Account. The estimates include an increased provisionfor hospitality, to cover more adequately the actual requirements.
REGIONAL ADVISERS(See page 191)
PersonnelNo change is proposed in the number of regional advisers : there are six in public health administration, two each in maternal
and child health and nursing, and one each in malaria, tuberculosis, communicable diseases, health education of the public, nutrition,environmental sanitation and education and training. The number of clerk stenographers also remains the same.
Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account the number of staff is also unchanged : it consists of a malariologist, anentomologist, an administrative assistant and two clerk stenographers.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel in 1960 is the same as in 1959 under both the regular budget and the Malaria Eradication Special
Account and will enable the regional advisers to visit various countries to give advice in their individual fields, to supervise fieldprojects, and to assist in the development of projects.
Common ServicesThe provision for common services in 1960 shows, compared with that for 1959, a reduction of some $3300 under the regular
budget and $400 under the Malaria Eradication Special Account.
AREA REPRESENTATIVES(See page 192)
PersonnelNo change is proposed in the number of area representatives. The arrangements have proved successful and are essential for
the satisfactory discharge of the Organization's responsibilities in the Region (including those relating to co- ordination with bilateraland multilateral agencies); provision is again included for the five area representatives, stationed in Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesiaand Thailand.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel is the same as in 1959 and will enable the area representatives to carry out their functions of
liaison with governments, other specialized agencies and bilateral agencies, and to achieve effective co- ordination of all field activitiesin the area.
Common Services
The provision for Common Services is the same as for 1959.
AFGHANISTAN(See page 193)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Vaccine Production, Kabul (TA) Afghanistan 20The purpose of this project is to enable the country to meet its own needs in vaccines and sera. Since 1955 WHO has provided
technical guidance and assistance, and supplies and equipment have been forthcoming from extra -budgetary funds. The
1 For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
174 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
project is expected to continue until 1963. In 1960 it is proposed to continue the post of bacteriologist, under TA -I (estimated cost,$10 389), with a small amount of supplies and equipment ($100). Two regional fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(b) Assistance to Public Health Laboratory, Kabul (TA) Afghanistan 25To assist the Government in the expansion of diagnostic facilities, for which it must have adequately trained national staff, a
laboratory technician was assigned to the public health laboratory in May 1956, to help with the training of laboratory techniciansand assistants. Provision is made under TA -I to continue the post throughout 1959 and for the first six months of 1960 (estimatedcost in that year, $3951). A small amount ($100) is included for supplies and equipment. Under TA -II are shown a twelve -monthfellowship for a medical officer to study for a diploma in clinical pathology, and two regional fellowships for the specialized trainingof laboratory technicians (see Annex 3).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Adviser Afghanistan 6An adviser was provided from November 1951 to September 1956, and again in February 1958. He has assisted the Govern-
ment in expanding the public health services, co- ordinating the work of the public health administration, and appraising the resultsof the five -year plan. An administrative assistant has also been provided since January 1955 (formerly shown under Afghanistan 39).It is proposed to continue the two posts throughout 1960 (estimated cost $21 896), with $400 for supplies and equipment. WHOpersonnel is expected to be required until the end of 1961.
(b) Rural Health and Training Unit, Gulzar 1 (TA) Afghanistan 26This project was originally a part of the United Nations assisted pilot project which started in 1954, and for which WHO
provided a sanitarian from April 1956. Towards the end of 1956, the scheme was revised to include the developmentof a rural health and training unit as part of the community development scheme for Afghanistan. The health centre will be inGulzar, and will provide the main activities of a comprehensive rural health service covering the Gulzar, Shewaki and Chaurassiaareas. In 1957 WHO provided a sanitarian and a public health nurse. In 1958, a medical officer and a sanitary engineer (transferredfrom project Afghanistan 22) were added to the project, and a statistician and a sanitarian are to be added in 1959. Provision ismade in 1960 under TA -I to continue the team of six (estimated cost $52 022), with supplies and equipment to the amount of$500. One international fellowship and three regional fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providingsupplies and equipment. The project is expected to continue until the end of 1961.
(c) Institute of Public Health, Kabul (TA) Afghanistan 31It is proposed under TA -I to continue the post of public health specialist at the Institute of Public Health in Kabul until the
end of 1960 (estimated cost, $10 456), with $100 for supplies and equipment. Two fellowships are shown under TA -II(see Annex 3).
3. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Afghanistan 35The aim of this project is to assist in the planning and development of nursing education and nursing services in the country,
particularly the nursing and midwifery training programmes in Kabul. In 1960 it is proposed under TA -I to continue the fivenurses' posts (estimated cost, $37 088) and to provide a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. Three twelve -monthfellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). The project is expected to continue until the end of 1962.
4. Health Education of the Public
Health Education Adviser (TA) Afghanistan 24Late in 1958 a health educator was provided to develop a national programme of health education and to assist in the health
education side of community development projects and in training programmes. It is proposed to continue the post until the endof 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $8943), a small amount of supplies and equipment ($100) being provided.
5. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Environmental Sanitation, Kabul Municipality (TA) Afghanistan 22After a preliminary survey by a consultant, a sanitary engineer was stationed in Kabul in 1956 and 1957 to help the Municipality
to organize and develop a sanitation section. In 1958 a sanitarian was appointed to continue some of the work started by thesanitary engineer. Provision is made to retain his services through 1960 (estimated cost, $7095), and $100 is proposed forsupplies and equipment under TA -I. A twelve -month international fellowship and a regional fellowship are shown under TA -II(see Annex 3). This project is now expected to run until the end of 1961.
(b) School for Sanitarians, Kabul (TA) Afghanistan 28This project was formerly part of Afghanistan 4 (School for Male Nurses), which was started in July 1955. Since the beginning
of 1956 it has been a separate project, and a sanitarian has been provided to help in the organization and running of the school.In 1959 it is proposed to add a second sanitarian. In 1960 provision is made to continue the two posts (estimated cost, $14 119)under TA -I, with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. A twelve -month international and a regional fellowship areshown under TA -II (see Annex 3). It is expected that assistance will be required until the end of 1961.
1 Formerly " Rural Health Unit, Chaurassia ".
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 175
6. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Faculty of Medicine, Kabul University Afghanistan 13This project, which started in 1952, is designed to strengthen selected departments in the Faculty of Medicine, to improve
undergraduate teaching, and to build up a permanent teaching corps by assigning professors to the Faculty. In 1960 provision ismade to retain the professors of preventive and social medicine, of internal medicine, and of paediatrics (estimated cost, $32 796)and to provide supplies and equipment ($100). This project is expected to last for some years more.
(b) Refresher Course for Medical Officers Afghanistan 23Refresher courses for training medical officers in various aspects of public health have been held in Kabul annually since
1956, for six provincial medical officers and three or four local participants. Provision is made in 1959 for assistance to a fourthcourse to last three months and a fifth is proposed for 1960. Teaching assistance will be given by local WHO staff and WHOwill provide stipends for six participants for three months, secretarial assistance, and supplies and equipment (estimated cost,$1300).
BURMA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 194)
Country Adviser (TA) Burma 10This project was started in 1955. The first holder of the post of adviser left Burma in June 1957 on completion of his contract.
He had recommended that the Government should be assisted in planning and carrying out a national tuberculosis prevalence survey.Provision is made in 1959 for a tuberculosis adviser and a statistician who will continue until the end of 1960 under TA -I (estimatedcost in that year, $18 371). The services of the inter -country bacteriologist will be provided for one month ($1158), and also asmall amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. Under TA -II a twelve -month fellowship for training in the public healthaspects of tuberculosis control is shown (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing further supplies and equipment.
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Communicable- Disease Control, Rangoon (TA) Burma 44To assist in instituting and organizing appropriate control measures for endemic communicable disease, a public health adviser
(epidemiologist) is being assigned in 1959. Tt is proposed to continue the post until the end of 1960 (estimated cost in that year,$10 914), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment, under TA -I. A twelve -month fellowship is shown underTA -II (see Annex 3).
(b) Strengthening of Laboratory Services (TA) Burma 45The purpose of this project, which was started in January 1955, is to build up general health laboratories to serve the health
units. The first phase was completed and the microbiologist withdrawn at the end of 1956. A bacteriologist and a laboratorytechnician are provided for in 1959, to train national personnel for the expanding laboratory services, and will continue for ninemonths of 1960 (estimated cost, $13 536); their posts, with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment, are provided forunder TA -I. Two fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(c) Fellowships (Leprosy) (TA) Burma 55Provision is made for a fellowship in leprosy control ($2400).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics Burma 22WHO. assistance to this programme, which started in December 1955, has two aspects : (i) the provision of a statistician, who
is an expert in registration techniques, to advise the Government on methods for securing more complete and more accurateregistration of births and deaths, and (ii) the provision of a public health statistician to develop health statistics of all types neededfor public health planning. The expert in registration techniques was appointed when the project began, and it is proposed tocontinue his services through 1960 (estimated cost, $15 232), with supplies and equipment to the amount of $1000.
(b) Public Health Administration, Rangoon (TA) Burma 36To assist the Directorate of Health Services in surveying the medical problems of the country and in the operation of its services,
a public health adviser is being provided in 1958. Provision is made under TA -I for him to continue to the end of 1960 (estimatedcost, $14 579), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. Under TA -II three twelve -month regional fellowshipsare shown (see Annex 3).
4. Nursing
(a) Post- graduate School of Nursing, Rangoon (TA) Burma 25The purpose of this project is to expand the post -graduate training programmes and develop the course for nurse educators.
In July 1957 a WHO nurse educator was assigned to the project and a midwife tutor will be appointed from mid -1959. It is proposedunder TA -I to retain both nurses to the end of 1960 ($12 270), and to provide a small amount ($200) for supplies and equipment.A twelve -month fellowship is shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
176 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(b) Nursing Refresher Course Burma 40This project was formerly called " Paediatric Nursing, General Hospital, Rangoon (Refresher Course) ". In 1959 it
will be redefined and expanded to cover assistance to refresher courses in various aspects of nursing and midwifery. In 1959 and1960 it is proposed to provide refresher courses of three months with eighteen participants each year (estimated cost in 1960,$910).
(c) Nursing Advisory Services (TA) Burma 56The aim of this project is to assist the Division of Nursing in the Health Directorate in upgrading nursing and midwifery
training schools, particularly the schools in the district hospitals. In 1960, it is proposed under TA -I to continue the post of nurseeducator provided for in 1959 (estimated cost, $6957). Supplies and equipment to the value of $100 will also be furnished. Asecond nurse educator and two twelve -month fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). The project is expected to continuethrough 1961.
5. Health Education of the Public
(a) Strengthening of Health Education Bureau, Rangoon Burma 21This project began in August 1955. WHO has supplied health educators since the beginning pf the project and it is proposed
to continue the present post in 1960 until the new project " Health Education in Schools " (see below) is started in the middle ofthat year. The estimated cost for 1960 is $8879 for personnel and $ 100 for supplies and equipment.
(b) National Training Course in Health Education Burma 53In 1958 and 1959 provision is made to assist in organizing a one -month training course for fifteen to twenty participants
from responsible posts in health education. In 1960 it is planned to provide another such course for different categories of personnel,such as teachers, health personnel, mass education workers, etc. (estimated cost, $1150).
(c) Health Education in Schools Burma 60In 1960 a new project is proposed, in co- operation with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, in which WHO
will provide a health educator for two years to assist in developing health education in teacher -training institutions and schools(estimated cost in 1960, $11 884). It is also proposed to provide supplies and equipment (including a vehicle) to the value of$1900. This project will be a successor to Burma 21 (see above).
6. Mental Health
Mental Health, Rangoon Burma 37The Government has asked for help in training medical and nursing staff in psychiatry. As from 1960 it is proposed to provide
a specialist psychiatrist and a psychiatric nursing tutor for two years (estimated cost, $21 055); and supplies and equipment tothe value of $500.
7. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Strengthening of Environmental Sanitation (TA) Burma 30The purpose of this project (formerly combined with Burma 34) is to develop the division of public health engineering in the
Ministry of Health and to organize environmental sanitation work throughout the country. A sanitary engineer was appointed tothis project in 1957 and is being retained until the end of 1960 (estimated cost, $15 652). Provision is made for supplies and equip-ment to the value of $1000. Under TA -II an international and a regional fellowship are shown (see Annex 3).
(b) Rural Sanitation (TA) Burma 34The purpose of this project (formerly combined with Burma 30) is to develop rural work in environmental sanitation and to
improve the training of sanitation workers. WHO has provided a sanitarian since March 1956 and UNICEF has provided suppliesand equipment. In 1960 it is proposed under TA -I to continue the post of sanitarian (estimated cost, $7069), and to provide asmall amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. Under TA -II an international and a regional fellowship are shown (see Annex 3).Assistance is not expected to continue beyond 1960.
8. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Medical College, Rangoon (TA) Burma 28Since 1955 WHO has assisted in upgrading some of the departments of the University Medical College and in strengthening
its teaching by sending professors and awarding fellowships. It is proposed under TA -I to continue the three posts of professorthrough 1960 (estimated cost, $32 325), to send a visiting professor in radiology for another three months ($3474) and to providesupplies and equipment to the value of $200. Under TA -II are shown two twelve -month fellowships for the further training ofteachers in pre -clinical subjects (see Annex 3).
(b) Assistance to Medical College, Mandalay Burma 59This project is designed to assist in developing the Department of Anatomy. Provision is made in 1959 for a visiting professor
of anatomy and it is proposed to continue his services in 1960 (estimated cost, $12 209), and to provide one twelve -month fellowship($3600) and supplies and equipment ($100).
(c) National Medical Education Conference Burma 61To assist the Government in holding a national conference on medical education, it is proposed to provide a consultant for
three months in 1960 (estimated cost, $3900).
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 177
CEYLON
1. Tuberculosis(See page 196)
Control and Training Centre, Colombo (TA) Ceylon 25This project started in 1953. Most of the team completed their work at the end of 1956; but the statistician is being retained
and short-term consultants have been and will be provided. The provision made in 1960 is for the post of statistician for ninemonths (estimated cost, $9847), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. A visit by the inter -country bacteriologistfor one month is also proposed ($1201), and a twelve -month fellowship ($3600).
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Fellowships (TA) Ceylon 51The venereal- disease control programme in Ceylon is carried on by national staff. In 1960 it is proposed to provide a twelve-
month fellowship ($3600) for study to obtain a post -graduate qualification in public health with special reference to treponematosiscontrol.
3. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Leprosy Control Ceylon 26The leprosy control programme in Ceylon started in July 1954 and the leprologist completed his assignment in June 1957.
It is proposed to provide a short -term consultant for three months in 1960 (estimated cost, $3900), to make a technical assessmentand to advise the Government on the further development of the programme.
(b) Assistance in Epidemiology to Health Directorate (TA) Ceylon 38Since 1956 a WHO epidemiologist has assisted the Government in setting up an epidemiological unit at the Health Directorate
in order that the pattern of disease in the country may be determined in collaboration with public health laboratories and thestatistics department. Provision is made for his post to continue in 1960. The estimated cost for 1960 is $10 838, with a smallamount ($100) for supplies and equipment.
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Rural Health Development, Kalutara (TA) Ceylon 4This project was started in September 1955, its object being to develop the Children's Department in the Kalutara Health
Unit Hospital, to combine preventive and curative child care in this hospital and in the field, and to provide a training programmefor all types of health workers at the Kalutara Health Centre: WHO has supplied a team of a paediatrician and a public healthnurse, which posts will be continued until the end of 1959. In 1960 it is proposed to assign a public health administrator for theyear (estimated cost, $7840), to advise how the centre should be developed in relation to the country's health services generally.A small amount ($100) will be provided for supplies and equipment. Two fellowships are also proposed ($6200). UNICEF isproviding other supplies and equipment.
(b) Health Statistics (TA) Ceylon 45The aims of this project are to revise the system of records and reports in the health services, to train national personnel in
the design of documents, conduct of surveys and other statistical techniques, and to assist the Government to set up a permanentstatistical service in the Ministry of Health. A statistician has been at work since April 1957, and another was added in the lastquarter of 1958. Supplies and equipment have also been provided. In 1960 it is proposed under TA -I to retain the two statisticiansto the end of the year (estimated cost, $20 944) with supplies and equipment ($500). A twelve -month international and tworegional fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(c) Public Health Legislation (TA) Ceylon 46In 1958 WHO provided a short -term consultant in public health legislation to assist the Government in drafting the public
health law. In 1960 it is proposed again to provide a consultant for two months (estimated cost, $2402).
(d) Cancer Institute, Maharagama Ceylon 49Since 1956 a short -term consultant has paid advisory visits to the Cancer Institute, Maharagama. Provision is made in 1960
for two regional fellowships ($5800).
(e) Fellowships (Dental Health) (TA) Ceylon 51To strengthen the preventive and public health aspects of dentistry, it is proposed in 1960 to award one twelve -month fellow-
ship for the study of public health dentistry (estimated cost, $3600).
5. Nursing
(a) Assistance to Health Directorate Ceylon 39A nurse was assigned to this project in July 1957, to advise and assist the Government in co- ordinated planning and in
strengthening all aspects of nursing administration. It is proposed to continue the post through 1960 (estimated cost in that year,$9462), with supplies and equipment to the value of $100 each year.
178 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(b) School of Public Health Nursing Ceylon 53Ceylon's rapidly expanding public health programmes have increased the demand for public health nurses. There is a shortage
of qualified nurses in the country, but there is a good supply of qualified midwives. It is therefore proposed to give qualifiedmidwives training in nursing and public health. A nurse educator is proposed for two years from 1959, to assist with the trainingprogramme (estimated cost in 1960, $7522), and a small amount for supplies and equipment will be provided ($200). A twelve-month fellowship is also proposed ($3600).
(c) Fellowships (TA) Ceylon 51In 1960 it is proposed to provide two fellowships of twelve months each, in hospital nursing administration and nursing
education respectively (estimated cost, $7200).
6. Social and Occupational Health
School of Physiotherapy Ceylon 55Work in physical medicine and rehabilitation is expanding and the Government wishes to increase the number of trained
physiotherapists. In 1958 WHO provided two tutors for a physiotherapy course, and they will be continued until the end of 1960(estimated cost in that year, $14 914), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment.
7. Maternal and Child Health
Organization of Paediatric Teaching and Services Ceylon 52This project is intended to develop the department of paediatrics of Colombo Medical College and to include in the under-
graduate and post -graduate teaching of paediatrics information about the local preventive and curative services in the country.In 1959 provision is made for a short -term consultant for three months. In 1960 it is proposed to provide a paediatrician and apublic health nurse (paediatrics) for two years (estimated cost, $18 596) and a short -term consultant for three months ($3900).A small amount ($100) is proposed for supplies and equipment.
8. Mental Health
Mental Health, Colombo Ceylon 37To help the Government to implement the recommendations of a consultant who visited the country in 1955 -56, provision is
made in 1959 for another consultant for four months and for a psychiatric nursing tutor. The latter post will be continued untilthe end of 1960 (estimated cost, $7522), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment and a twelve -month regionalfellowship ($2900).
9. NutritionNutrition (TA) Ceylon 18
In 1957 WHO provided a short -term consultant who helped to assess the nutrition programme in Ceylon and made recom-mendations for its development. It is proposed, under TA -I, to provide another consultant for six months in 1960 (estimated cost,$7205) to help plan and conduct field trials to test foods processed from local raw materials. Under TA -II a twelve -month fellow-ship is shown (see Annex 3).
10. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Kurunegata (TA) Ceylon 35This programme started in March 1955 with the assignment of a sanitary engineer. Its aims are to devise simple sanitary
improvements in water supply and excreta disposal, to test them on a pilot scale and develop a rural programme in environmentalsanitation, and to train national sanitation workers. In 1957 a sanitarian was added to the project, and it is proposed under TA -Íto continue the two posts in 1960 (estimated cost $22 139) and to provide supplies and equipment to the value of $1000. A twelve-month international and two regional fellowships are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing further supplies.The project is expected to continue until the end of 1960.
11. Education and Training
Training of Laboratory Technicians (TA) Ceylon 54This project is designed to assist the Government in developing a national programme for training technicians to staff the
laboratories required by the medical and health services. A laboratory technician was assigned in 1958 and it is proposed to continuehis services, under TA -I, until the end of 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $6665), supplies and equipment also being provided($100). Under TA -II two twelve -month fellowships, one international and one regional, are shown (see Annex 3).
INDIA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 197)
(a) Control and Training Centre, Hyderabad (TA) India 43This project, which started in the first half of 1958, is intended to train national personnel in diagnosis, prevention and control
of tuberculosis, including the organization of domiciliary chemotherapy, and to provide a model tuberculosis service for the peoplein the area. ' The team comprises a senior medical officer, a public health nurse, an x -ray technician and a laboratory technician, and
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 179
is to be provided through 1959; in that year the inter -country bacteriologist will visit the project for three months. In 1960 it isproposed to continue the first three members of the team for three months (estimated cost, $9676) and to provide also a short -termconsultant (bacteriologist) for the same period ($3546), and supplies and equipment to the value of $1000.
(b) Control and Training Centre (Chemotherapy), Madras (TA) India 53In this project WHO is collaborating with the British Medical Research Council and the Indian Council of Medical Research
in investigating simple, effective and inexpensive methods of tuberculosis control by chemotherapy for ambulant and domiciliarypatients. In January 1959 the chemotherapy project (India 102) will be terminated as a separate project and merged with India 53.When the two projects are merged, it is proposed to retain four posts from India 102 (bacteriologist, administrative officer, publichealth nurse and locally recruited secretary) and, from India 53, to retain the radiographer for six months only, and the seniormedical officer and laboratory technician throughout the year; making a total of eight posts for the first six months and seven postsfor the second six months of 1959 in the new project. Three visits to the project, each of approximately three weeks, will be madeduring the year by a representative of the British Medical Research Council from London. Supplies and equipment will also befurnished. It is proposed to continue the team of seven through 1960 under TA -I (estimated cost $64 579). Provision is also madefor a further three visits by a representative of the British Medical Research Council ($6000) and supplies and equipment to thevalue of $2000. Further supplies and equipment are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(c) National Tuberculosis Control Programme (TA) India 103This project is to help the Government of India set up a national training centre for tuberculosis control, including three
mobile case -finding and treatment units, an epidemiological unit and associated model tuberculosis centres, three at state and sixat district level. The project will provide uniform training for the medical and ancillary personnel to be employed in the extendedprogramme for tuberculosis control under the second five -year plan. The centre will also be concerned with the organization ofresearch into practical problems of tuberculosis control in rural areas. Short -term consultants from headquarters were provided in1957. Provision is made in 1960 for a senior medical officer, four medical officers, a statistician, a bacteriologist, an expertin sociology and public health administration, an x -ray engineer, four public health nurses (estimated cost, $106 222) and for ashort -term consultant for five months ($5910). Supplies and equipment will be furnished to the value of $1000. UNICEF isproviding other supplies and equipment for the project, which is expected to run for three to five years.
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Trachoma Pilot Project 1 India 101A pilot project has been in operation in Uttar Pradesh since 1956, with assistance from WHO and UNICEF. Its purpose is
to study the factors that favour the transmission of trachoma and to determine the most practical method of treatment under localconditions. Two further programmes of survey and treatment of active cases of trachoma among children were to be initiated atthe end of 1958, in co- operation with primary health centres in Rajasthan and Punjab. In addition, a sampling field survey willbe undertaken in all states (except Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh), to prepare a topographical map of trachoma in India.A comprehensive assessment of the pilot projects will be made towards the end of 1959, and early in 1960 recommendations for theinitial phases of a national campaign may be formulated. Provision is made to retain the trachoma specialist until the end of March1960 (estimated cost in that year, $4869) and to provide a small amount of supplies and equipment ($100). UNICEF isproviding other supplies and equipment.
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics, Nagpur (TA) India 90A demonstration and training unit in health statistics was set up in Nagpur to demonstrate the functions of a modern statistical
unit, and WHO provided a statistician in March 1956. The estimated duration of the project is five years and it will eventually beextended to a rural area. It is proposed to retain the statistician through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $10 772), and to providesupplies and equipment to the value of $1000.
(b) Dental Health India 100Following the provision of a professor of dentistry in 1959, it is proposed in 1960 to provide a professor of public health
dentistry for one year to strengthen both post -graduate and undergraduate teaching of public health dentistry (estimated cost,$11 160). It is further proposed to provide two consultants for three months -one to assess the progress in improving undergraduatedental education and the other to advise on dental research -($7800), and supplies and equipment ($100).
(c) Public Health Programme, Madras (TA) India 105This project will be developed as part of the assistance to be given to health services in community development areas. In
1960 provision is made for a public health officer and a public health nurse under TA -I (estimated cost, $16 451), with a smallamount for supplies and equipment ($100). It is proposed to add a sanitarian under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF will provideother supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(d) Public Health Programme, Rajasthan (TA) India 106This project is designed to develop health services, including the training of personnel, in community development areas; and to
integrate those services into the community development programme of the second five -year plan. In 1958 provision was made fora public health officer and a public health nurse. In 1959 it is planned to add a sanitarian to the team, and in 1960 to continue the
1 Formerly " Trachoma Pilot Project, Uttar Pradesh "
180 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
three posts under TA -I (estimated cost, $23 270), with a small amount ($100) for supplies. A second public health nurse for theproject is shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(e) Public Health Programme, Punjab India 107The purpose of this project is the same as for India 106 (above). In 1959 provision is made for a public health officer and two
public health nurses; in 1960 it is proposed to continue the three posts and to add a sanitarian (estimated cost, $34 561). It is alsoproposed to award a twelve -month fellowship ($5700) and furnish supplies ($100). UNICEF is providing further supplies andequipment (under India 125).
(f) Public Health Programme, Jammu and Kashmir India 126This project is designed to assist the Government in developing a suitable training programme to provide personnel for the
public health services, which will be expanded and upgraded in community development areas. In 1960 it is proposed to providea public health officer and a public health nurse (estimated cost, $19 188), with a small amount for supplies ($100). UNICEFis providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(g) Public Health Programme, Bihar India 145This project started as a maternal and child health project and was modified in January 1958 into a public health programme to
assist health services in community development areas. In 1958 a public health officer and two public health nurses were at work;provision is made to retain all three through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $26 183), with a small amount for supplies (100).UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(h) Public Health Programme, Uttar Pradesh India 146This project is similar in intent to India 106 (see above). Provision is made for a public health officer and a public health nurse
in 1959, and it is proposed to continue those two posts in 1960 (estimated cost, $18 932), and to provide a twelve -month fellowship($3600) and supplies to the value of $100. UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(i) Public Health Programme, Kerala India 147This was originally a maternal and child health project and, like India 145, was modified in January 1958 into a public health
programme. Provision was made for a public health officer and public health nurse in 1958. It is proposed to continue these poststhrough 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $18 974), with supplies to the amount of $100. UNICEF is providing other suppliesand equipment (under India 125).
(j) Public Health Programme, Mysore (TA) India 148This project started as a maternal and child health project and was modified in January 1958 into a public health programme
to assist health services in community development areas. In 1958 a public health officer and a public health nurse were at work;provision is made to retain both these posts through 1960 (estimated cost in that year $19 236), with supplies to the value of $100under TA -I. A second public health nurse and a sanitarian are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing othersupplies and equipment (under India 125).
(k) Public Health Programme, Madhya Pradesh India 149This project is similar in purpose to India 106 (see above). Provision was made in 1958 for a public health officer, two public
health nurses and a sanitarian. It is proposed to continue the posts through 1960 (estimated cost in that year $32 582), and to providesupplies to the value of $100. UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(I) Public Health Programme, Bombay (TA) India 150This project began as a maternal and child health project and was modified in January 1958 into a public health programme, to
assist health services in community development areas. In 1958 a public health officer and three public health nurses were employed.Provision is made under TA -I to retain the public health officer and two public health nurses through 1960 (estimated cost of thethree posts in that year, $24 386), with supplies to the value of $100. Under TA -II it is proposed to add a sanitarian to the team(see Annex 3). UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
(m) Public Health Programme, Andhra Pradesh India 151This project was originally a public health and nursing training project, and was modified in January 1958 into a public health
programme to assist health services in community development areas. In 1958 a public health officer, two midwifery tutors, a publichealth nurse and paediatric nurse were employed. Provision is made to continue all except the last post through 1960 (estimatedcost in that year, $35 741), with a small amount ($100) for supplies. UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (underIndia 125).
(n) Public Health Programme, Assam India 152This project started as a public health and nursing education project and was modified in January 1958 into a public health
programme to assist health services in community development areas. In 1958 a public health officer, two public health nurses anda sanitarian were employed; provision is made to retain all four through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $39 459), with a smallamount for supplies ($100). UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment (under India 125).
4. Nursing
(a) Short Refresher Courses for Nurses India 98 _In most institutions and centres the nursing staff greatly need an opportunity to review and improve their knowledge and
techniques in the light of modern progress. It is therefore proposed to use international staff already engaged on other projects toassist in planning and conducting refresher courses in special nursing subjects. Courses of this kind were held from 1955 to 1958
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 181
in different states. In 1960 it is proposed to provide two similar courses for thirty participants (estimated cost, $4100). TheGovernment will share the expenditure on these courses in accordance with the graded scale approved by the World HealthAssembly.
(b) Nursing Education (Public Health Integration) (TA) India 99The aim of this project is to intensify the public health side of the undergraduate training of nurses. It started in October 1957
with the assignment of a public health nurse to Madras. In 1958 three more public health nurses were appointed (to Bombay andOrissa). In 1960 it is proposed to retain three nurses (estimated cost, $20 657) and to provide a small amount ($150) for suppliesand equipment. The project is expected to continue until the end of 1962.
(c) Nursing Adviser to States (Madras, Madhya Pradesh and State Undesignated) (TA) India 110During the last five years India has made considerable progress in nursing. To maintain these developments and utilize them
to the full, state nursing superintendents are needed on the staff of the Directorates of Health Services. Several have already beenappointed. To assist the Government, provision was made in 1958 for nursing advisers to two states. In 1959 provision is made toadd a third adviser. In 1960 it is proposed under TA -I to continue the three posts (estimated cost, $25 455), with supplies andequipment to the value of $150. A twelve -month fellowship is shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). The project is expected tocontinue until the end of 1962.
5. Social and Occupational Health
Rehabilitation Centre, Bombay (TA) India 112Short -term consultants in physical medicine and rehabilitation were provided in 1958, and for 1959 provision is made for a
specialist in the same subject. It is proposed to continue this post until the end of 1960 (estimated cost, $10 244), with a smallamount ($100) for supplies and equipment.
6. Health Education of the Public
(a) Health Education (Ministry of Health in co- operation with Ministry of Education) (TA) India 85Through this project it is planned to develop health education in one or more teacher training institutions in the Delhi area.
In 1958 provision was made for a health educator and it is proposed under TA -I to continue the post until mid -1960 (estimated costin that year, $4986). Provision is also made for supplies and equipment to the value of $500. Under TA -II, a twelve -monthfellowship is shown (see Annex 3).
(b) Assistance to Nutrition Research Institute India 89In 1959 provision is made for a specialist in health education in nutrition for two years, to explore ways of developing
educational work in nutrition. It is proposed to continue this post in 1960 (estimated cost, $9643), with a small amount ($100) forsupplies and equipment.
(c) Health Education, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (TA) India 108Bombay. A health educator was provided for two years from March 1958 to assist in developing the work of the health educa-
tion bureau in the State Directorate of Public Health. Provision is made for the post in 1960 until the month of March(estimated cost, $4591), with a small amount ($500) for supplies and equipment.
Uttar Pradesh. To assist the State Directorate of Health in developing the work of its health education bureau, provisionwas made for a health educator for two years, to start late in 1958. It is proposed to continue the post through 1960 (estimatedcost in that year, $8536), with supplies and equipment to the value of $1000.
Bihar. It is próposed to start this project in 1959, under TA -II, by providing a health educator for two years, to assist indeveloping the work of the health education bureau of the Directorate of Health Services; and to furnish supplies and equipment(including a vehicle). In 1960 the post is again shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(d) Health Education Certificate Course India 120In 1960, as in 1958 and 1959, provision is made for ten participants to attend the post -graduate (certificate) course in health
education offered at the All -India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (estimated cost, $3970). The Government will meetfifty per cent. of the maintenance and travel costs in accordance with the resolution of the World Health Assembly.
7. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Paediatric Education India 114To improve the training of undergraduate medical students and to help to develop and strengthen departments of paediatrics,
provision was made for a specialist paediatrician for Trivandrum Medical College, from the third quarter of 1958 up to July 1959.In that year provision is made for two paediatricians for two additional medical colleges. It is proposed to continue these two postsin 1960 (estimated cost, $22 006), to provide a small amotint ($100) for supplies and equipment, and to award two twelve -monthfellowships ($9300). UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment. The project is expected to continue until 1961.
(b) Assistance to the Upgraded Department of Paediatrics, Madras Medical College India 134Within the Central Government's scheme for upgrading paediatric departments, there is to be built up a teaching and research
centre in paediatrics which will cover individual and community health and the physical and mental aspects of preventive andcurative child care. To reach all sections of the population, outlying child health units will be set up under the general guidance of
A 12
182 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
a professor of paediatrics. WHO provided a paediatrician in 1957 and 1958, and in 1958 two paediatric nurses and a short-termconsultant (bacteriologist) for six months. Supplies were provided by UNICEF. It is proposed to continue the paediatrician andthe two paediatric nurses through the first six months of 1960 (estimated cost, $19 799), with $100 for supplies and equipment.
(c) Assistance to the Upgraded Department of Paediatrics of Three Medical Colleges, Bombay India 135The project follows the same lines as India 134. It is envisaged that all three medical colleges of Bombay City and many of
the maternal and child health centres of the Municipal Corporation of Bombay will participate in the scheme. A paediatrician isbeing provided during the third quarter of 1958, and in 1959 two paediatric nurses will be added. It is proposed to continue thethree posts until the end of 1960 (estimated cost, $27 097) and to provide a small amount for supplies and equipment ($100).UNICEF is providing other supplies and equipment.
8. Mental Health
All -India Institute of Mental Health, Bangalore India 71This institute provides training for doctors, psychiatric nurses and psychologists from India and from other countries in the
Region. It also carries out research in mental health. Since 19$5 WHO has provided a neuropsychiatrist and two psychiatric nurses.A short -term consultant reviewed the position in 1957, and a second neuropsychiatrist was appointed in 1958. In 1959 the twopsychiatrists and two psychiatric nurses will be retained, and a psychiatric social worker will be added to the team. It is proposedto continue the post of the psychiatrists and the social worker in 1960 (estimated cost, $30 403), with a small amount ($100) forsupplies and equipment. Assistance to this project will be reduced after 1960, but some will no doubt be needed for some years.
9. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Public Health Engineering, University of Madras (TA) India 77This project started in August 1955 with the assignment of a professor of public health engineering. Its aims are to establish
and develop a Department of Public Health Engineering at Guindy College, University of Madras. It was expected that by theend of 1958 the Department would be well established and the national staff adequately trained to take over the work, but it is nowfelt that some more assistance is necessary to strengthen and stabilize the results already achieved. In 1959 provision is made tocontinue the professor of sanitary engineering and to add a second professor of sanitary engineer (chemistry). Provision is madeunder TA -I in 1960 to continue the two posts (estimated cost, $20 662). Supplies and equipment to the value of $500 are alsoproposed. Under TA -II are shown two fellowships (see Annex 3). The project is planned to continue until the end of 1961.
(b) Environmental Sanitation, Uttar Pradesh (TA) India 84This project is designed to assist the State Government of Uttar Pradesh in organizing a pilot environmental sanitation area and
in training sanitation personnel. In 1958 a sanitary engineer and a sanitarian were assigned to the project; it is proposed to continuetheir services through 1960 (estimated cost, $25 047) and to provide supplies and equipment to the amount of $1000. The projectis planned to continue until the end of 1961.
(c) Environmental Sanitation, Kerala (TA) India 95The aims of this project are similar to those of India 84 (above). The project started in 1957 with the assignment of a sanitary
engineer and a sanitarian, whom it is proposed to retain through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $27 149). Provision isalso made for supplies and equipment to the value of $1000. The project is not expected to continue beyond the end of 1960.
(d) Conference on Auxiliary Personnel in Sanitation India 159This conference is to discuss the qualifications, training and utilization of auxiliary personnel in sanitation. In 1960 it is
proposed to provide a consultant for three months (estimated cost, $3900) for the organization of the conference, which thirtyparticipants from different parts of India are expected to attend ($1260); it will last about a week.
10. Education and Training
(a) Professors of Preventive and Social Medicine (TA) India 91This project, which started in 1956, is designed to assist in developing departments of preventive and social medicine in selected
medical colleges. In 1959 provision is made for three posts of professor, some supplies and equipment, and fellowships. It isproposed under TA -I to continue to the end of 1960 the three posts (estimated cost, $29 816) with a small amount for supplies andequipment ($100). Under TA -II are shown two further posts of professor and three twenty- four -month fellowships (see Annex 3).UNICEF is expected to furnish supplies and equipment.
(b) Teaching of Psychiatry in Medical Colleges India 158In view of the lack of trained psychiatrists and the need to encourage undergraduate interest in this subject, it is proposed in
1960 to provide a consultant for four months to visit selected medical colleges, to study the present undergraduate teachingof psychiatry, and to make recommendations on curricula content and teaching methods (estimated cost, $5200).
(c) Course on Radiation Protection India 160In 1960 it is proposed to arrange a three weeks' course in radiation protection for fifteen public health administrators, in
co- operation with the Department of Atomic Energy (estimated cost, $1260).
(d) Seminar on Teaching Methods in Medical Training India 161Many medical educationists believe that instruction in the art of teaching is urgently required, especially where there is a great
demand for new teachers, as there is in the expanding medical colleges of India. In 1960 it is proposed to hold a seminar of generaland medical educationists to consider how the art of teaching can be best inculcated in Indian medical colleges. A two -weekseminar is proposed, of not more than twenty medical educationists (estimated cost, $1470).
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 183
INDONESIA(See page 200)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Indonesia 1The yaws -control programme in Indonesia started in May 1950 with WHO and UNICEF assistance. Since 1953 the campaign
has been carried on by national workers and is proceeding satisfactorily, the population having been well covered. UNICEFassistance has continued throughout. To assist the Government in analysing the epidemiological information collected since1950, provision is made in 1959 for a public health officer (epidemiology), for supplies and equipment and for fellowships. In1960, it is proposed to continue the post up to the end of June (estimated cost, $5635) and to provide further supplies and equip-ment to the value of $300.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Leprosy Control Indonesia 9A preliminary survey for a long -term control programme against leprosy was made from July to September 1955, and WHO
has provided a leprologist since September 1956. Further surveys and treatment have been undertaken with the help of UNICEFand WHO. Provision is made to continue the leprologist through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $19 380), with supplies andequipment ($100). UNICEF is providing supplies and equipment.
(b) Strengthening of Health Services (Epidemiology) (TA) Indonesia 29
To assist the Government in establishing an epidemiological unit at the Ministry of Health, provision was made to assignan epidemiologist in 1958, and to continue his services through 1959. In 1960, it is proposed under TA -I to continue the post upto 30 June (estimated cost, $5635), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. Under TA -II a twelve -monthfellowship is shown (see Annex 3).
(c) Trachoma Control (TA) Indonesia 31
On recommendations made by WHO consultants in 1954, the first pilot project was started in mid -July 1955, with WHO andUNICEF assistance, and was completed in February 1957; much practical experience was gained in methods of field surveys andtreatment. A second, larger, pilot project lasted from May 1957 to April 1958, in which much valuable information was collectedon the epidemiology of trachoma and the optimal minimum antibiotic treatment schedule. Recommendations for an expansionof the campaign are expected to follow the assessment of these studies. In 1960, as in 1959, it is proposed to retain the trachoma -tologist (estimated cost, $13 029), and to provide a small amount of supplies and equipment ($100). UNICEF has providedsupplies and equipment.
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics (TA) Indonesia 25Since August 1955, a statistician has been assigned to the Ministry of Health to assist in developing the health statististics
organization and establishing training programmes. In 1960, it is proposed under TA -I to continue the post until the end of theyear (estimated cost, $10 440), with supplies and equipment to the amount of $500. Under TA -II a twelve -month fellowship isshown (see Annex 3).
(b) Dental Health Indonesia 30A consultant was provided in April 1955 to study dental education and to make recommendations. In 1959, provision is
made for a professor in dentistry to assist in strengthening dental education, and it is proposed to continue the post until the endof 1960 (estimated cost, $11 049), with supplies and equipment to the value of $500.
4. Nursing
Nursing Adviser (TA) Indonesia 41Since October 1957 a nursing adviser has been provided to assist the Government in setting up nursing services for the country
and in co- ordinating all aspects of nursing. It is proposed under TA -I to retain her services through 1960 and to add a nurse tutorin that year (estimated cost of the two posts, $15 467), with supplies and equipment to the value of $300. A twelve -month fellow-ship is shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). The project is expected to continue through 1961.
5. Health Education of the Public
(a) Strengthening of Health Services (TA) Indonesia 27This project was started in 1957 with the provision of a short-term consultant in health educatión to assess needs and to
make recommendations and a health educator to assist in developing the programme nationally; it has also included fellowships,and supplies and equipment. It is proposed to retain the health educator through 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $8990).Supplies and equipment to the amount of $100 are also budgeted for. The project is expected to be moved to one of the provinces inthe course of 1960 and to continue until 1962.
(b) Short Course in Health Education Indonesia 42In 1959 provision is made for the maintenance and travel costs of ten participants, and for teaching equipment, to assist
the Government in organizing a training course in health education for leaders in public health, education and community develop-ment; the Government will meet sixty per cent. of the total expenditure. In 1960 it is proposed to conduct a similar course
184 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(estimated cost : participants, $720; supplies and teaching equipment, $500). The Government will bear seventy per cent. ofthe total costs, in accordance with the resolution of the World Health Assembly.
6. Nutrition
Nutrition Institute, Djakarta (TA) Indonesia 5A medical nutritionist was appointed from 1952 to 1955, a short -term consultant from headquarters visited the country in
1957, and provision was again made for a medical nutritionist in 1958. It is proposed under TA -I to continue the post in 1960(estimated cost, $10 418), with supplies and equipment to the value of $500. Under TA -II a biochemist is shown, and alsd atwelve -month fellowship (see Annex 3). The project is expected to continue through 1961.
7. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Djakarta (TA) Indonesia 20This project was started in 1956 to assist the Government in developing a national plan for improving environmental sanitation,
with special attention to rural sanitation and the training of sanitation workers. A sanitary engineer and a sanitarian were assignedto the Ministry of Health, and a second sanitarian has been provided to assist the Government in introducing adequate sanitationpractices in and around ports, and in training port sanitation staff. In 1960 provision is made under TA -I to continue the samethree posts and to add a third sanitarian, who will develop the training of sanitary inspectors and other health workers (estimatedcost, $39 694). Supplies and equipment to the amount of $1000 are also proposed. Under TA -II three international and tworegional fellowships are shown (see Annex 3). WHO assistance is expected to terminate at the end of 1960.
8. Education and Training
(a) Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University Indonesia 13To help to meet the shortage of teachers of medical subjects WHO has assigned a number of professors to this Faculty since
1953. In 1959 provision is made to continue the professor of pharmacy and pharmaceutical chemistry. It is proposed to continuethis post through 1960 (estimated cost, $11 033) and to provide some supplies and equipment ($100).
(b) Medan Medical School Indonesia 34This project was started in September 1956, to strengthen various departments of the Medical School. In 1959 provision is
made to continue the professors of anatomy and physiology, and to provide a professor of pathology. It is proposed to continuethe three posts in 1960 (estimated cost, $33 154) and to furnish supplies and equipment to the value of $1000. This medical schoolwill probably need assistance for several years.
(c) Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya Indonesia 45To assist the teaching is to the professor of pharmacology until the end of 1959. In
1960 it is proposed to provide a professor in another subject, to be specified in consultation with the Government (estimated cost,$11 312); and a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. The project is expected to continue until the end of 1961.
MALDIVE ISLANDS(See page 202)
1. Public Health Administration
Public Health Administration Maldive Islands 5Provision is made in 1958 and 1959 for a team of a medical officer, a laboratory technician and a sanitarian to survey health
conditions and facilities, to plan a health programme and to assist in training staff. It is proposed to continue this team in 1960(estimated cost, $18 051), with $100 for supplies and equipment. The project is expected to last for three years.
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (Undergraduate Medical Training) (TA) Maldive Islands 4
Provision is made in 1959 to award a twenty- four -month regional fellowship, to be renewed in 1961, for undergraduate studyat a medical college. In 1960 it is proposed to renew a similar fellowship which was awarded for two years in 1958 (estimatedcost in 1960, $5200).
NEPAL
1. Public Health Administration
Assistance to Central Health Directorate (TA)A public health adviser was appointed in the latter part of 1957 to advise
service administration. An administrative assistant was added in April 1958.TA -I (estimated cost, $17 141), and provision is also made for supplies andregional fellowship is shown (see Annex 3).
(See page 202)
Nepal 4and assist the Government in organizing the healthBoth posts will be continued through 1960 underequipment ($100). Under TA -II a twelve -month
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 185
2. Nursing
Training of Nurses, Kathmandu (TA) Nepal 2This project started in November 1954 when two nurse tutors were assigned to advise and assist the Government
in establishing and developing Nepal's first training programme for nurses, to prepare them for nursing and midwifery duties ininstitutions and for domiciliary and public health work. A third nurse tutor was added in July 1956. Provision is made underTA -I to continue the three posts through 1960 (estimated cost, $25 254) and to furnish supplies and equipment to the amount of$500. Under TA -II are shown two twelve -month regional fellowships in nursing education (see Annex 3). The project is expectedto continue until the end of 1961.
3. Education and Training
Training of Health Á ;sistants, Kathmandu (TA) Nepal 3This project was designed to assist the Government in establishing a school and a training programme for health assistants.
WHO has provided international personnel since June 1955. Since 1956 a public health specialist and a sanitarian have beenworking in the project and it is proposed to continue both these posts through 1960 (estimated cost, $19 457), with supplies andequipment to the amount of $200.
PORTUGUESE INDIA(See page 203)
1. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Portuguese India 7This project is assisting the Government to upgrade and expand the training of nurses for institutional and public health
nursing services. Provision is made in 1959 for a nurse educator, for supplies and equipment and for a fellowship. In 1960 it isproposed to continue the nurse educator (estimated cost, $5509), and to provide supplies and equipment to the amount of $500. Theproject is expected to continue for five years.
2. Mental HealthFellowships Portuguese India 5
Provision is made in 1959 for a twelve -month fellowship for a medical officer to study mental health, and in 1960 for a furthertwelve -month fellowship ($3500) to allow the same medical officer to continue his studies.
3. Environmental SanitationDevelopment of Environmental Sanitation (TA) Portuguese India 8
The aim of this project is to assist in developing sanitary facilities for water supply and excreta or sewage disposal in ruraland urban areas, and to train ancillary personnel. Provision is made in 1959 for a sanitarian, and it is proposed to continue thepost in 1960 (estimated cost, $5509), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. The project is expected tocontinue for three years.
THAILAND(See page 203)
1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Survey and Control (TA) Thailand 42The aim of this project is to make a statistically planned survey of tuberculosis prevalence and to set up pilot control services
based on the results of the survey. Provision is made in 1959 for a team of a senior medical officer, a statistician, a public healthnurse, an administrative officer, an x -ray technician and a laboratory technician to be assigned for two years, and for the servicesof an inter -country bacteriologist for a month. In 1960 it is proposed under TA -I to continue the team (estimated cost, $47 113),with supplies and equipment to the value of $500, and to provide the services of the inter -country bacteriologist for one month($1165). Under TA -II a twelve -month fellowship is shown (see Annex 3).
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control (TA) Thailand 2A yaws control programme has been in operation since May 1950 with UNICEF /WHO assistance. The field teams of the
treponematosis control programme were redeployed in 1957 -58 so as to concentrate on those provinces known to have still thehighest prevalence of active yaws and those along the borders of the country. The integration of yaws control into the local healthservices is being carefully considered. A senior medical officer has been assisting with the project since 1955. Provision is madeunder TA -I to retain the adviser in 1959 and to add a statistician. In 1960, a second medical officer and a statistical assistant willbe added (estimated cost of the four posts, $45 617), and $200 provided for supplies and equipment. The project is expected tocontinue until the end of 1962. UNICEF will continue to provide other supplies and equipment.
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Leprosy Control Thailand 30An initial survey was made in 1953, and assistance has been given to a leprosy control programme in the country since October
1955. A pilot project was organized in Khon Kaen province, to demonstrate modern methods of leprosy control, train local
186 SOUTH -EAST ASIA
personnel and extend the control programme to other parts of the country, and for this project a leprologist was provided. It isproposed to continue the post in 1960, to add a second leprologist (estimated cost, $27 316) and to provide a small amount ($100)for supplies and equipment. UNICEF also is assisting this project.
(b) Trachoma Control Thailand 43Provision was made for a short -term consultant on trachoma to visit Thailand in 1958 to study the epidemiology of trachoma
there and to make recommendations for control. To help the Government to follow up his recommendations, a trachomatologistis provided for in 1959, and also another short-term consultant to assist in starting the trachoma project. In 1960 it is proposedto continue the post of trachomatologist (estimated cost, $13 303) and to provide a short-term consultant for three months toreview the progress of the project ($3900). It is also proposed to furnish supplies and equipment amounting to $500 andaward a fellowship ($2400). The project is expected to continue until the end of 1962.
(c) Training Course in Trachoma Thailand 53To assist the Government in expanding its trachoma programme, which will be based on recommendations resulting from
project Thailand 43 (see above), it is proposed to organize a one -month training course for twenty national medical officers in1960 ($900). The Government will bear fifty per cent. of the total expenditure, in accordance with the decision of the WorldHealth Assembly.
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics Thailand 37The aims of this project are to assist the Division of Vital Statistics to develop its Health Statistics Section and to train national
personnel. A statistician, who was assigned in August 1957, will be continued through 1959 and for the first half of 1960 (estimatedcost in that year, $7975). Provision is made for supplies and equipment to the amount of $500, and for an international and aregional fellowship ($5300).
(b) School of Public Health, Bangkok Thailand 38From December 1955 to March 1956, and again from December 1956 to March 1957, WHO helped to strengthen the depart-
ments of this school by providing consultants on various aspects of public health. In 1959 provision is made to provide a sanitaryengineer to strengthen the Department of Environmental Sanitation. It is proposed to continue the post until the end of 1960(estimated cost, $13 124) and to provide two short -term consultants for three months -one in public health and one in healtheducation ($7800), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment. An international fellowship for a sanitary engineerand two regional fellowships (one for a sanitary engineer and one for a sanitarian) are also proposed ($6200).
(c) Hospital Statistics (TA) Thailand 44The aims of this project are to improve the collection of hospital statistics and to assist training programmes for medical
records officers and statistical clerks. In 1958 a twelve -month fellowship was provided. In 1960 provision is made under TA -Ifor a statistician (estimated cost, $11 051), with supplies and equipment to the amount of $500. Under TA -II two regionalfellowships are shown (see Annex 3). The project is expected to continue until the end of 1961.
(d) Dental Health Thailand 45In 1957 -58 a short -term consultant visited the country to advise on dental services and dental education. In 1960 it is proposed
to provide a consultant for three months to assess the progress made since this visit and to assist in planning further development;and a second consultant, also for three months, to assist in promoting research on the preventive and public health aspects ofdentistry (estimated cost, $7800).
5. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Thailand 21The project for a post -graduate school of nursing, which started in April 1954, was in January 1958 redefined and expanded
to include assistance in all aspects of nursing education. In 1959 provision is made to continue the two posts of nurse educator,and in 1960 to add a third (estimated cost of the three posts, $23 189); a small amount ($200) is also proposed for suppliesand equipment. The project is expected to continue through 1961.
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES(See page 205)
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Inter -country Conference on Trachoma (TA) SEARO 14-This conference, to discuss the experience gained in the mass campaigns for trachoma control, was originally scheduled for
1958, but has been postponed until 1960. Provision is made for a consultant for two months (estimated cost, $2600), for twelveparticipants from South -East Asia ($4650) and for supplies and equipment ($250). The conference will last two weeks.
(b) Smallpox Control SEARO 30To investigate the persistent high prevalence of smallpox in the Region and to advise governments on problems of legislation,
administration, techniques and the vaccine to be used in campaigns, provision is made for a short -term consultant for three monthsin 1959. In 1960 it is proposed to appoint a medical officer to work with the national personnel in a selected area in the Region,to organize and establish an efficient smallpox control service (estimated cost $13 786); supplies and equipment amounting to$500 are also proposed.
SOUTH -EAST ASIA 187
2. Public Health Administration
South -East Asia Centre for the Classification of Diseases SEARO 44The increasing use in the Region of the International Classification of Diseases has brought to light many local problems in
the coding and classification of diseases and also the need for training programmes. To follow up the regional seminar on statisticsheld at New Delhi in 1958, it is proposed to establish in 1960 a South -East Asia Centre for the Classification of Diseases. TheCentre will at first be a pilot project, and its main functions will be to assist countries with their coding and classification problems,and to sponsor the training of medical coders. From mid -1960 it is proposed to provide a specialist, a technical assistant and asecretary (estimated cost, $1.1 413) and office supplies to the value of $3500.
3. Education and Training
(a) Medical Education Study Tour (TA) SEARO 28In 1958 a group of teachers of physiology from various countries in the South -East Asia Region undertook a study tour of
three weeks under the guidance of a senior Indian physiologist. In 1959 provision is made for a similar tour of four weeks inIndia for eight senior teachers, and for a short -term consultant in anatomy. In 1960 it is proposed to provide for a further tour forteachers in medical biochemistry (estimated cost : $1300 for cpnsultants, $8200 for participants, and $500 for supplies and equip-ment).
(b) Training of X -ray Technicians (TA) SEARO 41This project is designed to meet the needs of countries in the Region for training x -ray technicians in radiographic techniques
and in the maintenance of x -ray equipment. In 1959 it is proposed to help with the establishment of a school, or to assist analready- established school, by sending a radiographer and furnishing some supplies and equipment. In 1960 provision is madeto continue the post of radiographer (estimated cost, $7515) and for supplies and equipment ($1000). Provision for fellowshipsfor training national personnel at this centre is made under the various countries.
4. Other Projects
a) Medical Literature and Equipment SEARO 25In 1959 provision is made to cover minor requests for medical literature and teaching equipment, and for the exchange of
technical information. In 1960 it is proposed again to provide $2000 for this purpose.
Professors of preventive and social medicineTeaching of psychiatry in medical collegesCourse on radiation protectionSeminar on teaching methods in medical
trainingAll -India Institute of Hygiene and Public
Health, Calcutta (reorganization of DPHand other courses)
Medical education study tourTrnining of x -ray technicians
Radiation protection
OTHER PROJECTS
Regional seminar on certification and
classification of causes of mortality andmorbidity
Medical literature and equipment
Total - INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
SEARO
2841
42
17
25
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
6
US USS
10 00011 201
USS
10 000
8 515
USS USS US9
7 800 21 201 18 515
12 310
3 350 2 000 2 000
800 60 928
15 660 2 000 2 000
80 290 66 791 16 286
i
EUROPE 207
REGIONAL OFFICE(See page 222)
PersonnelBesides the Regional Director there are under regular funds sixty staff members, including twenty -one in the Professional
grades. There is also one clerk paid from the Malaria Eradication Special Account.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel is the same as for 1959. The Regional Director and his deputy plan to visit several countries in
Europe to confer with national health administrations on general policy and programme matters and to attend official meetings.Provison is also made for visits to various countries by the public information officer (to attend conferences and seminars), theadministration and finance officer and other senior officers, in the exercise of their responsibilities.
Other CostsThe provision for public information supplies and materials is the same as in 1959.
Common ServicesThe estimates are approximately the same as in 1959. They include an increased provision for hospitality, to cover more
adequately the actual requirements.
REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICERS(See page 224)
PersonnelProvision is made under the regular budget to continue the posts of regional health officers in malaria, maternal and child
health, mental health, environmental sanitation and education and training (one each); nursing and social and occupational health(two each); and public health administration (five). Two of the regional health officers in public health administration, with twoclerk stenographers, are normally stationed away from the Regional Office to assist individual countries in the development oftheir health programmes as required from time to time. Provision is made in 1960 for a new post of regional health officer instatistics, with a clerk stenographer. Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account provision is made to continue a post of clerkstenographer.
Duty TravelThe estimates show an increase of $4000 compared with 1959. The amount provided will enable the health officers to visit
various countries in the Region, to discuss technical problems and assist in the planning and implementation of health activities.Common Services
The total estimates are approximately the same as in 1959.
ALBANIA
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in 1959, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($6000).
AUSTRIA
(See page 225)
Albania . 1
(See page 225)1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Sera and Vaccine Production Austria 4.10For some years the Government has been strengthening its diphtheria control programme. Campaigns for increasing im-
munization have been organized and an improved toxoid, giving fewer reactions, has been introduced. Diphtheria mortality hasfallen sharply, morbidity more slowly. Provision is made for the visit of a consultant in the production of sera and vaccine ($1300)and for fellowships ($1550).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Care of Premature Infants Austria 12The Government, assisted by UNICEF and with the technical advice and approval of WHO, intends to develop a co- ordinated
programme for the care of premature infants. It will establish three training centres -at Vienna, Graz and Linz -and will arrangefor personnel from all over Austria to attend these centres for training. The Government and UNICEF will between them supply
1 For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
1o.
208 EUROPE
incubators to some twelve centres. The project began with the visit of a WHO consultant in 1957, and in 1958 and 1959 fellowshipsfor study abroad are being provided for doctors and head nurses of the training centres. It is proposed in 1960 to send a consultantfor one month to evaluate results (estimated cost, $1300).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Development of Environmental Sanitation Services Austria 14To assist in developing environmental sanitation services, a consultant will visit the country in 1959; provision is made in
1960 for a fellowship for one academic year in a training schOol abroad ($3500).
4. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($7300).
BELGIUM
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in varions fields ($9500).
BULGARIA
Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutes
Austria 11
(See page 225)
Belgium 9
(See page 226)
Bulgaria 8To assist the Government further in the development of national institutes for training in medicine and public health, provision
is made for consultants .($1300), fellowships ($1400) and a limited amount of supplies and equipment ($300).
(b) Fellowships (various) Bulgaria 7As in 1959 provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($10 000).
CZECHOSLOVAKIA(See page 226)
Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutes Czechoslovakia 9To assist the Government further in the development of national institutes for training in medicine and public health, provision
is made for consultants ($3900), fellowships ($3200) and a limited amount of supplies and equipment ($900).
(b) Fellowships (various) Czechoslovakia 8As in 1959, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($10 000).
DENMARK
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)
As in p`revious years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($9500).
FINLAND
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($11 000).
(See page 226)
Denmark 11
(See page 227)
Finland 12
EUROPE 209
FRANCE(See page 227)
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Communicable Eye Diseases, Algeria (TA) Algeria 1In continuation of the assistance given in previous years, provision is made in 1960 for a trachomatologist and a statistician
as consultants (estimated cost, $4772) and for fellowships ($700). UNICEF is assisting the programme with equipment andsupplies.
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($12 550).
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC
France 28
(See page 227)1. Social and Occupational Health
Assistance to Training Institutes Germany 17In 1957 a national study group met in Cologne to discuss the development of occupational health services in the Federal
Republic; WHO provided a number of international advisers. It is proposed to follow up this meeting in 1960 by providing twoshort -term lecturers (estimated cost, $1300).
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($12 550).
GREECE
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Greece 16In 1958 a short -term consultant trachomatologist was provided. In 1960 provision is made for follow -up consultant services
($2320) and for fellowships ($1000).
Germany 16
(See page 228)
2. Public Health Administration
Health Statistical Services (TA) Greece 19To continue assistance in developing health statistical services, provision is made under TA -I in 1960, as in 1959, for a consul-
tant ($1160). Fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
3. Social and Occupational Health
Rehabilitation of the Physically Handicapped (TA) Greece 23A WHO consultant is assisting in the development of this project, which is intended to strengthen the facilities for the physically
handicapped, and fellowships for training of national staff have been awarded. Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for furtherconsultant services ($1160) and fellowships ($1100).
4. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Rehabilitation of Handicapped Children Greece 3The Government intends to establish a rehabilitation programme with training centres in Athens and later in or near Salonika.
WHO has sent consultants and provided fellowships, and UNICEF has provided equipment. The project started in 1954 and isexpected to continue at least through 1960. In that year it is proposed to arrange for a visit of one month by a consultant, to assessprogress and advise what further assistance should be given (estimated cost, $1300).
(b) Health Demonstration Area (TA) Greece 25The purpose of this project is the establishment of a health demonstration area in the district of Chryssopoulis,, Eastern
Macedonia, in co- operation with the existing community development project. All aspects of public health will be developed inthis area so far as local resources permit. It is intended to combine project Greece 13 (Rural sanitation in maternal and child healthprojects) with this new project. Provision is made in 1960 as in 1959 for consultant services in public health administration andenvironmental sanitation ($6960) and for fellowships ($3400).
210 EUROPE
5. Mental Health
Mental Health Services Greece 20The purpose of this project is to assist the Government in the development of mental hospital practice and in projected legisla-
tion on mental health. A consultant visited Greece in 1956 and in 1957. Provision is made for further consultant services during1959 and 1960 ($1300 in latter year) and for fellowships ($3500).
6. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($7500).
ICELAND
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($5400).
IRELAND
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($10 000).
ITALY
Greece 21
(See page 228)
Iceland 7
(See page 229)
Ireland 13
(See page 229)1. Nursing
Nursing Education Italy 23The purpose of this project is to assist in preparing nursing personnel for senior positions in nursing education and administra-
tion. Provision is made for a twelve -month fellowship for study abroad ($4500).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Care of Premature Infants Italy 7There is a growing network of premature infant units, each of which provides facilities for training in the care of premature
infants. The project started in 1954 and eleven centres were set up with UNICEF as istance. Ten more centres are now proposed.Provision is made in 1960 for a consultant for one month, to assess progress ($1300J.
3. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($12 000).
LUXEMBOURG
Italy 21
(See page 229)1. Mental Health
Mental Health Services Luxembourg 3In 1958 a consultant visited the country to advise on mental hospital practice and the organization of mental health services.
For 1960 provision is made for a fellowship ($1500).
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)Provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($3900).
MALTA
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)Provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($2000).
Luxembourg 4
(See page 230)
Malta 3
EUROPE 211
MOROCCO(See page 230)
1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Morocco 7To continue assistance to the tuberculosis control programme, provision is made under TA -I for consultant services ($2330)
and fellowships ($400). Further fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
2. Venereal Diseases and TreponematosesSyphilis Control (TA) Morocco 2
The aim of this project is to bring syphilis under complete control and to build up a permanent service to keep it under controlafter the end of the campaign in 1960 -1961. Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for a statistician (estimated cost, $4609), aconsultant to evaluate results ($1166) and fellowships ($1150). UNICEF aid will continue.
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA -I) Morocco lThe campaign started in 1952, and since 1953 has been assisted by WHO and UNICEF. The aim is to extend throughout the
country practical measures to reduce the extent and intensity of trachoma and epidemic conjunctivitis. The programme will receiveinternational assistance in 1959 and 1960. Provision is made in 1960 to continue the post of statistician (estimated cost, $4609)and consultant services in trachomatology and health education ($6996) and for fellowships ($500).
4. Public Health Administration
Training of Public -Health Personnel (TA) Morocco 9Facilities are being developed for training various categories of health staff, principally professional and auxiliary nursing
staff. For six months in 1957 a consultant helped in the planning, organization and operation of intensive short courses to preparenurses for teaching and administrative posts. In 1959 and 1960 provision is made for fellowships for Moroccan staff ($4000 in1960).
5. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Morocco 19To assist the nursing education programme, provision is made for a twelve -month fellowship for study abroad of nursing
education and nursing administration (estimated cost, $4500).
6. Social and Occupational HealthOccupational Health Services (TA) Morocco 16
In view of the increasing importance of occupational health services, provision is made for consultants ($2330) and forfellowships ($4000).
7. Environmental Sanitation
Sanitary Engineering (TA) Morocco 12The aim of this project is to assist a national programme of environmental sanitation. Auxiliary health personnel are being
trained in sanitation under a full -time sanitary engineer who took up his duties at the end of 1958. Provision is made to continuethe post in 1960 (estimated cost, $9178) and for fellowships ($3500).
8. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($10 500).
NETHERLANDS
Education and TrainingFellowships (various)
As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($11 550).
NORWAY
Morocco 15
(See page 231)
Netherlands 15
(See page 231)1. Mental HealthAssistance to Training Institutes Norway 11
A child mental health institute associated with the Norwegian Child Psychiatric Association organizes in Oslo an annualseminar to which health workers from the other Scandinavian countries are invited. WHO has supplied lecturers for this seminar,and in 1960 $750 is again provided for this purpose.
212 EUROPE
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($9250).
POLAND
1. Maternal and Child Health
Norway 10
(See page 231)
Maternal and Child Health Services Poland 12The purpose of this project is to establish centres for the training of maternal and child health personnel, and to improve the
practice of maternal and child health in rural areas. UNICEF will provide supplies and equipment, including vehicles, in 1958and 1959. Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for a consultant for one month to assess progress (estimated cost, $1300), andfor fellowships for medical, nursing and midwifery staff working in training centres ($3500).
2. Nutrition
Nutrition Adviser Poland 14Provision is made for a consultant to advise on studies in nutrition and on improvement of nutrition services (estimated cost,
$2600).
3. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutes Poland 15To assist national institutes for training in medicine and public health, provision is made for lecturers and consultants ($1300),
fellowships ($3000), and for a limited amount of supplies and equipment ($700). Special attention will be given to post -graduatetraining in public health, including public health nursing and public health engineering.
(b) Fellowships (various) Poland 13As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($14 000).
PORTUGAL
1. Maternal and Child Health(See page 232)
Maternal and Child Health Services Portugal 4To further assist maternal and child health services, provision is made for fellowships for maternal and child health personnel
to study abroad (estimated cost, $3600).
2. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutes Portugal 6The Government intends to develop training facilities in the Ricardo Jorge Institute of Hygiene, to provide regular training
in public health, including public health nursing and public health engineering. Provision has therefore been made for a consultant($2600), fellowships ($3000), and supplies ($1000).
(b) Fellowships (various) Portugal 17As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($9000).
ROMANIA(See page 232)
Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutes Romania 2To give further assistance to national training institutes in medicine and public health, provision is made for lecturers and
consultants ($1300), fellowships ($4000) and a limited amount of supplies and equipment ($700). Special attention will be given topost -graduate training in public health, including public health nursing and public health engineering.
(b) Fellowships (various) Romania 1As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($10 000).
EUROPE 213
SPAIN(See page 232)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Brucellosis Control (TA) Spain 1.2The brucellosis control programme started in 1957, WHO providing consultant services, fellowships and laboratory equipment.
The laboratory in Córdoba was equipped and production of vaccine started. It is proposed to provide a consultant for a monthin 1959 and again in 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $1222) to evaluate the programme.
(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Spain 11The project started in 1955, its object being to study the local epidemiology of trachoma and associated infections, and to
develop control measures suited to local conditions, practicable on a large scale, and within the national resources; and to developa training programme for physicians and auxiliaries. WHO has provided consultant services in trachomatology, health education,and statistics; UNICEF has provided transport, medical supplies and equipment. Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for visits ofa trachomatologist and a health educator as consultants (estimated cost, $4890) and for fellowships ($2000).
2. Public Health Administration
Health Statistics (TA) Spain 22To assist the Government's statistical services, provision is made for a consultant ($2445) and for fellowships ($2500).
3. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Rehabilitation of Handicapped Children Spain 3To strengthen the project for rehabilitation of handicapped children (see Spain 23 below), provision is again made for fellow-
ships for key members of the school staff to study abroad ($3100).
(b) Handicapped Children (Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy) Spain 23The Government intends to establish a national rehabilitation programme, with centres for training rehabilitation personnel.
WHO, the United Nations and UNICEF are interested in this project and consultant visits were made in 1956 and 1957. It isproposed to help in establishing a school of occupational therapy and physiotherapy, and provision is made for a physiotherapistand an occupational therapist for an initial period of one year, starting late in 1959 (estimated cost in 1960, $17 112).
(c) Care of Premature Infants (TA) Spain 10The Government intends, with assistance from WHO and UNICEF, to establish in the principal cities of Spain premature
infant units which would also give training in the care of such infants. The project began in 1956 with four centres, and six morecentres were scheduled for 1958 and 1959. Consultant services and fellowships have been provided by WHO and supplies andequipment by UNICEF. Provision is accordingly made in 1959 for fellowships and in 1960 for the visit of a consultant to assessprogress ($1222), and for fellowships ($3500).
4. Mental Health
Advisory ServicesProvision is made for a short -term consultant ($1300) to advise on the development of mental health services.
5. Environmental Sanitation
Spain 21
Water Supplies and Sewage Disposal Spain 20The purpose of this project is to provide training in sanitary engineering for municipal and district engineers responsible for
the design, operation and supervision of water supply systems and sewage disposal works. A training course is being set up for -
municipal engineers. Provision is made for lecturers ($1300) and for fellowships ($2500).
6. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($7500).
SWEDEN
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($9000).
Spain 17
(See page 233)
Sweden 12
214 EUROPE
SWITZERLAND
Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training InstitutesProvision is made for short -term lecturers ($3000) and fellowships ($5000) to assist the development
public health and social and preventive medicine at the University of Geneva (School of Medicine), in viewof this institution as an international centre for medical training.
(b) Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($7000).
TURKEY
(See page 233)
Switzerland 2of the teaching ofof the importance
Switzerland 15
(See page 234)1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Turkey 13
A prevalence survey and a pilot project in tuberculosis control are under consideration. Provision is made in 1960 for a consul-tant ($3675) and for fellowships ($1550).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Trachoma Control (TA) Turkey 31This project was started in 1956 to study the local epidemiology of trachoma and to develop the collective treatment of trachoma
in schools and the control of family contacts by domiciliary visits and health education. It is proposed to provide consultantservices under TA -I in 1960, as in 1959 (estimated cost, $3675). Fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3). UNICEFis contributing supplies and equipment.
(b) Sera and Vaccine Production (TA) Turkey 33In 1956 a consultant advised the Government on the establishment of a department for the production of sera and vaccines.
A fellowship was awarded in 1957. It is now proposed for 1960 to provide two consultant months (estimated cost, $2650).
(c) Epidemiology (TA) Turkey 38Provision is made in 1960 for the services of a consultant to assist the central and local services for the control of communicable
diseases (estimated cost, $1225) and for fellowships for training public health officers in endemo -epidemiology ($1550).
3. Public Health Administration
Strengthening of Public Health Administration Turkey 40To strengthen the project to develop full academic training in the School of Public Health in Ankara, provision is made for
consultant services ($7800) and fellowships ($4500).
4. Nursing
Nursing Education and Advisory Programme (TA) Turkey 29This project was started in 1956 to expand and strengthen the basic and post -basic education of nurses and the training of
auxiliary nursing personnel, and to develop the nursing services in general. WHO has contributed nursing advisers and fellowships.It is proposed to continue this assistance during 1959 and 1960, and provision is made in 1960 for two nursing advisers ($18 257)and for fellowships ($4300).
5. Social and Occupational Health
Occupational Health (TA) Turkey 5To follow up the assistance given in previous years (consultant visits in 1952 and 1956), provision is made in 1960 for the
visit of a consultant for one month ($1225) and for a fellowship ($1550).
6. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centres (TA) Turkey 6This programme started in 1954 with the establishment of a teaching and demonstration centre in Ankara. A team, consisting
of a social paediatrician, a nurse and a midwife, helped the national staff to organize this centre and has given refresher courses todoctors and nursing personnel. An expanded programme, to provide preventive maternal and child health services throughoutthe public health centres, has been drawn up, which UNICEF will assist with equipment and supplies. The first step will be theestablishment of a demonstration and teaching centre in a rural area; training of local personnel is being continued. Provisionis made in 1960 to continue a post of nurse midwife (estimated cost, $9426) and to provide a consultant ($1225) to assist in thetraining courses in social paediatrics which are arranged annually in Ankara.
EUROPE 215
7. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($7000).
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($21 000).
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($11 200).
YUGOSLAVIA
1. Tuberculosis
Turkey 36
(See page 235)
USSR 1
(See page 235)
United Kingdom 13
(See page 235)
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Yugoslavia 16.4A tuberculosis control project began in Yugoslavia in 1953. A consultant visited the country in 1955 and fellowships were
provided for the duration of the project. Provision is made under TA -I in 1960, as in 1959, for a consultant ($1202), for fellowships($4500) and for a limited amount of supplies ($500). Further fellowships are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Sera and Vaccine Production (TA) Yugoslavia 16.1To assist further in sera and vaccine production, especially the production of poliomyelitis vaccine, provision is made in 1960,
as in 1959, for a consultant ($2403), fellowships ($3000) and supplies ($1000).
(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Yugoslavia 16.5A large -scale national campaign for trachoma control started shortly after the war, with case -finding surveys, treatment and
health education. Since 1952 this campaign has been assisted by technical advice and fellowships from WHO; UNICEF has providedtransport, medical supplies and laboratory equipment. It is proposed under TA -I to continue assistance to the programme in1960 by further consultant services ($2403), fellowships ($1500), and supplies ($1000). Further supplies are proposed under TA -II(see Annex 3).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Institutes of Hygiene (TA) Yugoslavia 16.7.Institutes of hygiene in each republic play a major part in the public health programme of the country. Fellowships for staff
members have been provided since 1953, including a study tour abroad of a group of senior public health workers from theseinstitutes. It is proposed in 1960 to continue this assistance with further fellowships (estimated cost, $6750) and some supplies($2500).
(b) Vital and Health Statistics (TA) Yugoslavia 16.11This project started in 1954 with the award of two fellowships for academic training abroad. In 1955 a consultant visited the
country and a further fellowship was granted. The provision of fellowships continued in 1956 and 1957; 'electric calculators were .also supplied. In 1960, as in 1959, provision is made for further fellowships ($3000).
(c) Public Health Services (TA) Yugoslavia 20Provision is made for fellowships in public health administration ($4500).
4. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Yugoslavia 25The aim of this project is to prepare nurses for senior positions in nursing education and administration. It is proposed to
provide in 1959 fellowships for advanced study abroad; similar assistance is planned for 1960 (estimated cost, $4500).
216 EUROPE
5. Social and Occupational Health
(a) Rehabilitation of the Physically Handicapped (TA)To continue the assistance given in previous years, provision is made in 1959 for fellowships
provision is made for fellowships ($3000).
(b) Occupational Health (TA)A consultant visited the country in 1952, fellowships in occupational health were granted, and
equipment for the Institute of Occupational Health in Zagreb). To continue this assistance, provisiona consultant (estimated cost in 1960, $1202), and for fellowships ($3500).
6. Maternal and Child Health
Yugoslavia 11and some supplies; in 1960
Yugoslavia 16.12supplies provided (includingis made in 1959 and 1960 for
(a) Rehabilitation of Handicapped Children (TA) Yugoslavia 7This project aims at a national programme of rehabilitation, with a training centre in each of the constituent republics of Yugo-
slavia. The project started in 1956 with the visit of a WHO consultant, and assistance by WHO and UNICEF is continuing.Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for further consultant services (estimated cost, $1202) and for fellowships ($3650).
(b) Maternal and Child Health Services (TA) Yugoslavia 16.9The purpose of this project is to raise the standard of mother and child care throughout Yugoslavia. It started in 1952 with the
visit of a WHO consultant. In 1953, a five -year programme of assistance was instituted, and during those five years consultantsvisited the country and fellowships were granted; WHO also regularly sent lecturers to the annual Social Paediatrics Week in Bel-grade. UNICEF provided supplies and equipment. In 1958 progress was due to be assessed by a WHO consultant. It is proposedto provide in 1960 for further consultant services (estimated cost $1202) and for fellowships ($4500).
(c) Care of Premature Infants (TA) Yugoslavia 6This project started in 1952 with the award of fellowships to two doctors and two nurses. In 1956 a WHO consultant recom-
mended a detailed plan of assistance, including the establishment of a number of premature infant units; UNICEF provided suppliesand equipment. WHO will provide fellowships for three doctors and three nurses in 1959 and in 1960 (estimated cost, $3500 ineach year) and in 1960 provision is made for a consultant visit of one month ($1202) to assess progress.
7. Mental Health
Mental Health Services Yugoslavia 28Consultants in previous years have discussed the reorganization of fnental health services in the country, and practical ways
of co- operating in the extension of these services. A programme of fellowships is under way, and again in 1960 provision is madefor a number of short -term fellowships (estimated cost, $4500).
8. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)As in previous years, provision is made for individual fellowships in various fields ($9000).
9. Other Projects
Radiation Protection and Medical Use of Isotopes (TA)Provision is made for fellowships in radiation protection and the use of isotopes ($1550).
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Tuberculosis
Yugoslavia 23
Yugoslavia 27
(See page 237)
(a) Tuberculosis Training Course, Istanbul (TA) EURO 56The tuberculosis training courses in Istanbul have since 1952 been providing post -graduate training for physicians and nurses,
especially on the preventive and social aspects of the disease. Fellows from the European and Eastern Mediterranean Regionshave attended. WHO has assisted regularly by sending foreign lecturers and by awarding fellowships. In later years most of thestudents have come from countries outside the European Region. International courses will continue in 1959 and 1960 and theprovision made in the latter year is $15 000 for fellowships and $2600 for consultants /lecturers.
(b) Tuberculosis Control EURO 154In accordance with the recommendations of the Advisory Group on Tuberculosis Control which met in Luxembourg in 1955,
it is proposed to continue to advise governments on prevalence surveys to establish reliable statistics of tuberculosis morbidity.Work to increase the comparability of tuberculosis morbidity statistics within the Region will be continued. Provision is made fora statistician (estimated cost in 196e, $9904) and consultants ($5200).
EUROPE 217
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Training Courses in Virus and Rickettsial Diseases EURO 127.5At the Seminar on the Public Health Aspects of Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, Madrid 1956, much interest was shown in the
expansion of health laboratory work in European countries. The need for wider training facilities was recognized by the RegionalCommittee. To train junior virologists in the modern laboratory techniques used in the diagnosis of virus and rickettsial diseases,training courses were organized in 1957 and 1958 by the Institut Pasteur in Paris and the Public Health Laboratories in London.WHO assisted by awarding fellowships and providing some lecturers. Provision is made to continue this assistance in 1960. Theestimated cost is $7900 for fellowships and $2600 for consultants and visiting lecturers.
(b) Assistance to Public Health Laboratories EURO 128.3As a sequel to the meeting of the Advisory Group on Public Health Laboratory Services in Moscow (1957) and that of the
Advisory Group on the Collaboration of Public Health Laboratories in Europe in Stockholm (1958), it is proposed to assist centralpublic health laboratories by providing a lecturer (estimated cost in 1960, $500) fellowships ($2500) and some supplies ($500).
(c) Training Course on Veterinary Public Health EURO 160Closer collaboration is called for between public health and veterinary public health services. Several European countries
have still no post -graduate training facilities for veterinary public health personnel. It is proposed to organize a course in a schoolof public health (Zagreb), which will bring together medical and veterinary public health officers. Provision is made for consultants/lecturers ($2600), fellowships ($9000), and supplies and equipment ($400).
(d) Training Course on Pest and Insect Control (TA) EURO 177It is proposed to organize training courses on pest and insect control, and the use, control, and production of pesticides and
insecticides. Provision is made in 1959 and in 1960 for lecturers ($3000 in 1960) and for fellowships ($7500 in 1960).
(e) Symposium on Epidemiological Surveys and Studies of Infectious and Chronic Diseases EURO 187In the past few years much progress has been made in methods of epidemiological study, both theoretical and practical. To
spread this knowledge would help the co- ordination of various investigations, particularly comparative studies of Europeanproblems. It is proposed to organize a symposium for this purpose, and provision is made for a consultant ($3900), participants($3900), temporary staff ($1495), and some supplies ($600).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Rural Public Health Training Courses EURO 61The Soissons rural health centre has for some years organized one -month training courses in rural health, for French and
foreign health personnel. WHO has assisted by providing lecturers and also fellowships, and it is proposed to continue assistanceto courses of this type either at Soissons or in another rural health centre. Provision is accordingly made for lecturers ($600),fellowships ($5800), and statistical and documentary services ($2600).
(b) European Schools and Training Centres of Public Health EURO 110In the past six years WHO has assisted schools of public health and similar training centres in European countries. The purpose
of this project is to strengthen training in individual countries, and to encourage closer relations between public health trainingcentres by the exchange of teaching personnel and study visits. Provision has been made for lecturers ($3500), fellowships($13 500), and supplies and equipment ($5000).
(c) Training Course on Hospital Administration EURO 138The purpose of this project is to improve the training of medical and lay personnel in hospital administration, including
hospital planning and construction. There are few courses of this kind in Europe and it is proposed to encourage this typeof training. Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for consultants /lecturers ($5000) and for fellowships ($10 000).
4. Nursing
(a) Assistance to Post -Basic Nursing Educational Institutions EURO 77This project, started in 1954, is to assist post -basic nursing education by training nurses for leading posts in nursing education
and administration. WHO has granted fellowships for members of the teaching staff of training institutions. It is proposed tocontinue this project and extend it by sending short -term consultants and visiting lecturers to selected schools of nursing that wishto revise their curricula. Provision has been made for consultants /lecturers ($1300) and for three fellowships of twelve monthseach ($12 235)
(b) Study of Nursing Curricula EURO 161The purpose of this project is to study nursing curricula, as regards the teaching particularly of biology and the social sciences,
and to prepare a guide for the use of countries that wish to undertake further studies. This project is based on the discussions inthe Study Group on the Basic Nursing Curriculum in Europe and the Conference on Post -Basic Nursing Education in Europe.It will start in 1959 and will be completed in 1960, when a report will be prepared. The provision made is for $3900.
218 EUROPE
(c) Seminar on Nursing Education for Child Care EURO 188The purpose of this seminar is to discuss the basic and advanced educational programmes necessary to prepare nurses to take
their part in all aspects of child care. The seminar will be one of the series of regional meetings started in 1955 to study thefunctionsof nurses and modern developments in nursing education. Provision is made for a consultant and lecturers ($7 920), participants($13 480), temporary staff ($3150), and supplies ($450).
(d) Training Course on Nursing Administration EURO 189Tlie purpose of this course is to prepare nurses for leading positions in nursing administration through study of the principles
of administration and their practical application to nursing, and particularly how the best use can be made of nursing skills. Thecourse is to follow up two regional meetings : the Advisory Group on Nursing Administration in 1957, and a conference on organi-zation and administration of nursing services planned for 1959. It is intended to last for four weeks, and provision is made for adirector of the course ($2600) and for fellowships ($6150).
5. Social and Occupational Health
(a) Travelling Seminar on Occupational Health EURO 136.2In this seminar medical officers dealing with occupational health will visit factory medical services in two highly industrialized
European countries. There will be introductory lectures, visits to suitable industrial concerns, demonstrations and discussions. Thiswill he the second such seminar in Europe, the first having been held in France and the United Kingdom in 1958. Training coursesin occupational health have also been held at Manchester (1953), Paris (1955) and Milan (1957) and Zagreb (1958). Provision ismade for consultants and temporary advisers ($5930), participants ($15 900), temporary staff ($5400), and supplies and equipment($700).
(b) Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases EURO 179.2A conference is proposed in 1960, based on the recommendations of the 1958 Advisory Group on Cardiovascular Diseases.
There is need to exchange views on the public health problems of those diseases and, at the conference, scientists and public healthofficers from countries in the Region will meet to discuss the work done in their countries and the solutions found for particularproblems. Provision is made for a consultant and temporary advisers ($5600), participants ($10 000), temporary staff ($4000),and supplies and equipment ($500).
(c) Conference on the Utilization of Industrial Medical Services for Community Health Programmes EURO 190The aim of this project is to consider examples of collaboration between factory medical services and public health services,
and to discuss ways of promoting it. Provision is made for a consultant and temporary advisers ($5870), participants ($3920),temporary staff ($4100), and supplies and equipment ($650).
6. Health Education of the Public
Training in Health Education EURO 140This project is intended to assist in training staff for health education, particularly those who will have leading posts in national
or provincial health administrations. The programme offers fellowships of one academic year for study in institutesabroad (estimated cost in 1960, $9500). A small provision is also made for lecturers to take part in the teaching ($1000).
7. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Co- ordination of Perinatal Studies in Europe EURO 39.2A meeting on the hazards to children during the perinatal period was sponsored by WHO in 1953 in Brussels. After this
meeting detailed studies of the causes of perinatal mortality were undertaken in some European countries and co- ordinated bythe Regional Office. A small group of paediatricians, obstetricians and pathologists has met annually. Provision is madeto evaluate the results of this work and to advise on its extension to other European countries, The estimated cost is $2210 fortemporary advisers and $150 for some supplies.
(b) Seminar on School Health Services EURO 40.3In 1953 the Regional Office organized a study tour in Denmark and the Netherlands for senior school health officers from
eighteen countries. This was followed in 1954 by a conference on school health at Grenoble (France). It is proposed to organizea seminar in 1960, specializing on topics either not already sufficiently covered or affected by new developments, e.g. mental healthin schools, dental services, and school feeding. Provision is made for a consultant ($3900), participants ($7380), temporarystaff ($3170), and supplies and equipment ($600).
(e) Seminar on Dental Health Services for Children EURO 151.2The purpose of this programme is to encourage preventive dentistry for children and dental health education. In 1958 a study
group was held on dental health services for children; it is proposed to follow it up in 1960 with a seminar to which all Europeancountries will send participants, to exchange information on their present services and discuss how they can be strengthened.Provision is made for a consultant ($3900), participants ($16 500), temporary staff ($5060), and supplies and equipment ($500).
EUROPE 219
(d) International Children's Centre Training Courses EURO 194For the last few years WHO has assisted the International Children's Centre in its educational work on preventive and social
paediatrics and on child health by arranging fellowships for its courses. It is proposed to continue this assistance, the provisionmade in 1960 being $14 000.
8. Mental Health
(a) Seminar on Child Guidance EURO 103.2The Regional Office has a continuous programme for the development of mental health services for children; it has included
studies and seminars on child guidance and on the mental health of subnormal children. It is proposed to hold another seminaron child guidance, to spread modern knowledge of the subject, and demonstrate its close connexion with public health practice.Provision is made for a consultant and temporary advisers ($4910), participants ($15 230), temporary staff ($3210), and suppliesand equipment ($750).
(b) Training in Child Psychotherapy EURO 144This programme, begun in 1957, provides fellowships for child psychiatrists from countries where training is not available,
who will after their return continue to teach and do new work on child guidance (estimated cost in 1960, $7500).
(c) Epidemiology of Mental Disorders EURO 192Guided by studies made at headquarters, the Regional Office proposes to collect and distribute information on the occurrence
and natural history of mental disorder in different European countries. Provision is made for a consultant ($2600), temporaryadvisers ($3540), temporary staff ($610) and some supplies ($300).
9. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Conference of Sanitary Engineers EURO 9.7Seminars for sanitary engineers have been sponsored by the Regional Office and various European centres for the last few
years to study and discuss common problems in environmental hygiene and to solve them by international collaboration. Theyhave stimulated much national work and many meetings on sanitary engineering. A conference on the subject is proposed for1960. Public health administrators, visiting engineers and other specialists will be invited to take part. Provision is made for tempo-rary advisers ($1300), participants ($3810), temporary staff ($1525), and some supplies ($150).
(b) Training Course for Municipal Engineers EURO 93Since 1956 training courses have been organized for municipal engineers from northern European countries, in connexion
with the public health training courses given in GSteborg, as a step to developing full post -graduate training facilities for publichealth, including public health nursing and public health engineering. It is proposed to give this special form of assistance for thelast time in 1960; provision is made for visiting lecturers ($1300) and for fellowships ($6000).
(c) Courses on Radiation Protection EURO 100.7There is a continuing demand in the Region for training in radiation protection for public health officers, sanitary engineers
and other health personnel. Courses were held at Stockholm in 1955 and Mol (Belgium) in 1957 for health physicists, and at Saclay(France) and Oxford /Harwell (United Kingdom) in 1956 and 1958 for public health officers, industrial medical officers and publichealth engineers. There are plans for similar courses in 1959 and 1960. The estimated cost in 1960 is $900 for lecturers, $14 000for fellowships, and $200 for supplies.
(d) Assistance to Training Institutes for Sanitary Engineers EURO 115During 1954 a survey was made of the institutions in Europe that offer training in sanitary engineering. The survey was
discussed at a symposium sponsored by WHO in 1955 on trends and developments in sanitary engineering training: Requests havenow been received for assistance in developing new training centres and organizing training courses. In the past few years variouscourses have been assisted and fellowships have been granted to members of teaching staffs for study abroad. It is proposed tocontinue this assistance in 1960 by providing consultants ($2600) and fellowships ($6500).
(e) Joint WHO /ECE Conference on Water Pollution EURO 159The problem of water pollution has been discussed at the European seminars for sanitary engineers, particularly at the fifth
seminar in Helsinki in 1956. Later studies have been made in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Europe, to findout what are the problems of water pollution in Europe and to suggest what might usefully be done by international agencies. Itis proposed to continue this work, and provision is made for a consultant ($1300), temporary advisers ($1800), temporary staff($850), and son.e supplies ($150).
10. Education and Training
(a) Anaesthesiology Training Course, Copenhagen (TA) EURO 52To continue assistance to the anaesthesiology training course in Copenhagen, provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for
lecturers ($5000) and for fellowships ($35 000).
(b) Meeting of Fellowships Placement Officers EURO 193Former meetings of placement officers in countries that receive a large number of fellows have proved very useful, and greatly
help the running of the growing fellowships programme. Provision is made for another meeting in 1960 (estimated cost, $2000),
220 EUROPE
11. Other Projects
(a) Medical Literature EURO 181Provision is again made for medical literature and teaching supplies for seminars and conferences associated with the inter -
country programmes ($1200).
(b) Reproduction of Reports EURO 182Provision is made for reports on inter -country activities which cannot be issued in the same financial year ($5500 for temporary
staff and $2000 for supplies).
(c) Participation in Seminars and Conferences of the United Nations and other Agencies EURO 183The Regional Office is frequently invited to participate in the planning and organization of seminars and conferences conducted
by the United Nations, by specialized agencies and by other agencies in the medico -social field. Past activities have included thesending of experts to United Nations seminars on social case -work, juvenile delinquency, neglected children, rehabilitation of thephysically handicapped, and social problems of the aged. To continue this collaboration, provision is made for lecturers ($2500)and consultants ($5200).
(d) Follow -up of Inter -country Activities on a National Basis EURO 185Several countries are organizing national seminars, conferences, etc. to follow up the inter -country programmes sponsored
by the Regional Office. To assist this development, provision has been made for consultants /lecturers ($1300) and for fellowships($4700).
Personnel (See page 256)The staff of the Regional Office under the regular budget, apart from the Regional Director, consists of sixty -two staff members,
of whom twenty -one are in the Professional grades. In 1960 provision is made for an extra post of clerk stenographer in theHealth Services, under Fellowships. There are also eleven staff members under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, of whomtwo are in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel is approximately the same as for 1959, and will enable the Regional Director, his Deputy, and
the Director of the Health Services to visit various countries in the Region to confer with the health administrations on generalpolicy and programme matters. Provision is also made for the public information officer to visit certain countries to gathermaterial. Other senior staff will visit a number of countries to assist in the implementation of programmes.
Other CostsThese costs remain at the same level as in 1959.
Common Services
The estimates show an increase under the regular budget of approximately $2500 compared with 1959 and a decrease of some$800 under the Malaria Eradication Special Account. An increased provision for hospitality is included to cover more adequatelythe actual requirements.
REGIONAL ADVISERS
Personnel (See page 258)Provision is again made for fifteen posts of regional adviser in malaria, tuberculosis, endemo -epidemic diseases (two), public
health administration (three), nursing (two), maternal and child health, mental health, nutrition, environmental sanitation, educa-tion and training, and statistics.
The regional adviser in malaria is assisted by a public health engineer, a technician and a draughtsman (under the regular bud-get) and a malariologist, an entomologist, an administrative assistant, a secretary and a clerk stenographer (under the MalariaEradication Special Account).
Duty TravelThe estimates show an increase of $3000 compared with 1959. The amount provided will enable the regional advisers to visit
various countries to assist in the detailed planning and implementation of field projects, evaluate progress, and assist in the plan-ning of new programmes.
Common ServicesThe estimates under the regular budget and the Malaria Eradication Special Account show a decrease of some $1000 and
$350 respectively.
AREA REPRESENTATIVES
Personnel (See page 259)Provision is made to continue the posts of the area representative (stationed in Baghdad, to serve Iraq and countries in the
Gulf area) and of one clerk stenographer.
Duty TravelThe estimates are maintained at the same level as in 1959 and will enable the area representative to visit the various countries
in the area in the exercise of his responsibilities.
ADEN(See page 260)
Nursing
Nurse Training and Maternal and Child Health Services Aden 1It is proposed to provide a consultant for Aden Protectorate for three months in 1960, to survey and advise on various aspects
of the health of mothers and children, with special emphasis' on UNICEF- assisted activities (estimated cost, $3900). UNICEFis furnishing teaching equipment for the centres that train auxiliary personnel, equipment for the maternal and paediatric servicesin these centres, transport for supervision of sixty rural health units, and basic supplies.
' For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
11
242 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
CYPRUS(See page 260)
Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships Cyprus 3Provision is made for a post -graduate fellowship of about one year in some branch of public health ($3000).
(b) Fellowships (TA) Cyprus 4Provision is made for two fellowships in public health for about one year ($3000) (see also Annex 3).
ETHIOPIA
I. Tuberculosis(See page 260)
Demonstration and Training Centre and Control Programme (TA) Ethiopia 6This project, scheduled to start late in 1958, will be continued through 1960. In that year the full advisory team, consisting
of a senior adviser, a public health nurse, and an x -ray technician, will be retained under TA -I (estimated cost, $24 413). Provisionis also made for supplies and equipment ($5000). Under TA -II it is proposed to add a laboratory .technician (see Annex 3).The team will be responsible for the operation of the training and demonstration centre in Addis Ababa, for the reorganizationof the BCG vaccination programme, and for advising the Government on the extension of tuberculosis control in the country.
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Venereal Disease Control (TA) Ethiopia 4Assistance to the demonstration and training centre established in Addis Ababa in 1952 is planned to continue through 1960.
The mass campaign for the control of syphilis in the three ,.real of Dessie, Lekempti and Gondar was started with UNICEF assist-ance in the first quarter of 1957, and will continue through 1960. Provision is made to retain the senior adviser and public healthnurse (estimated cost, $21 746). Supplies and equipment have been provided by UNICEF.
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Leprosy Control (TA) Ethiopia 2A WHO consultant has already visited Ethiopia to advise on the development of the UNICEF -assisted leprosy control work
of the, Government. A three -month follow -up visit is planned for 1960 (estimated cost, $3560).(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Ethiopia 16
This is a continuation of a project due to begin late in 1958 with the provision of an ophthalmologist to make a survey of tra-choma in Ethiopia. The project will continue as a limited mass campaign intended mainly to protect schoolchildren in certainareas of Ethiopia. In 1960 provision is made for a bacteriologist to join the ophthalmologist (estimated cost of the two posts,$23 985). In connexion with this programme UNICEF has assisted a mass campaign in Eritrea conducted by national staff trainedat the Haile Selassie Ophthalmological Institute in Asmara.
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Administration (TA) Ethiopia 3This project started in October 1954 and will continue throughout 1960, a public health adviser being provided by the Organiza-
tion (estimated cost, $12 293). This adviser is a member of several committees and boards where all aspects of the developmentof national health programmes are considered, both assessment and follow -up of projects in operation, and planning for the future.In addition to his duties with the Government, one of his functions is to co- ordinate the assistance provided by the Organizationwith the various government departments, international agencies, and bilateral organizations interested in public health programmes.
(b) Public Health College and Training Centre, Gondar Ethiopia 9This project, started in 1954 in collaboration with the United States International Co- operation Administration and UNICEF
and which is to continue until 1960, has as its main objective the training of three categories of auxiliary public health personnelto staff the static and mobile health units established by the Government : health assistants (three -year course), community nurses(two years), and sanitarians (one year). The WHO team in 1960 will consist of an epidemiologist, a sanitary engineer, a juniormedical officer and a senior public health nurse (estimated cost, $50 256). Provision is also made for a small amount of suppliesand equipment ($500), most of the supplies being provided by UNICEF.
(c) Fellowships (various) Ethiopia 18This provision ($15 000) is to cover various long -term fellowships for undergraduate studies.
(d) Fellowships (Long -term) (TA) Ethiopia 19Provision ($10 000) is made for fellowships for undergraduate studies in medical and related fields (see also Annex 3).
(e) Fellowships (Public Health Administration) (TA) Ethiopia 19An amount of $3000 is provided for a fellowship in some branch of public health administration (see also Annex 3).
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 243
5. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal and Child Health Training, Eritrea (TA) Ethiopia 23This is a continuation of a project scheduled to start in 1959, its object being to strengthen the public health services in Eri-
trea by training nursing personnel more fully to assume responsibilities in connexion with maternal and child care, particularlyin the rural areas of the country. WHO is providing an instructor in public health nursing and midwifery (estimated cost in 1960,$6789). Provision is also made for a fellowship ($5 000) and for supplies and equipment ($500). Additional supplies andequipment have been provided by UNICEF.
6. Education and Training
Medical Education Ethiopia 17Provision is made for a short -term consultant to follow up and assist further the Government's plan for the establishment of
basic medical education facilities in Ethiopia (estimated cost, $2600).
IRAN(See page 261)
I. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Iran 25It is proposed that a programme for the control of communicable eye diseases should start in Iran in 1959. Supplies and
equipment amounting to $5000 are proposed in 1960 under TA -I. Under TA -II, a post of virologist is shown (see Annex 3).
(b) Bilharziasis Control (TA) Iran 38The Government has asked for help in developing a programme for the control of bilharziasis. The services of an epidemio-
logist and an ecologist will be provided for nine months in 1959 and throughout 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $18 652). In addi-tion, a small amount of supplies and equipment will be provided ($500).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Laboratory Iran 26This project, begun in 1955 and whose purpose is to establish a central public health laboratory with a bacteriological and
chemical (food and drug analysis) section, will continue through 1960. In that year only the laboratory director and the druganalyst will be retained (estimated cost, $21 585). A small amount of supplies and equipment will be provided ($600).
(b) Higher Institute of Public Health, Teheran Iran 40This project will start in 1959 with the sending of a professor to advise on the organization of post -graduate training. It will
be continued through 1960 with provision for a professor of public health and a public health engineer (estimated cost, $22 321).Provision is also made for supplies and equipment ($2000).
(c) Fellowships (various) Iran 35'The provision made is to cover fellowships for post -graduate studies in public health ($10 000).
(d) Fellowships (various) (TA) Iran 36Provision is made for fellowships for studies and observations in various fields of public health ($7500).
3. Nursing
(a) Midwifery Education Iran 21This is the continuation and completion of a project which began in 1954, with assistance from WHO and UNICEF, the object
of which is to establish a professional school of midwifery in the country which will allow graduate nurses from qualified schoolsof nursing in Iran to pursue midwifery studies and assume leading positions in the maternal and child health services of the country.Provision is made to continue the services of a tutor in nursing and midwifery throughout 1960 (estimated cost, $7677).
(b) Red Lion and Sun School of Nursing, Rey (TA) Iran 37WHO assistance to this school of nursing began in 1956, the object being to prepare young women for professional nursing
careers in the country's expanding curative and preventive health services. Provision is made in 1960 under TA -I for the retentionof the six nurse educators (estimated cost, $40 217). They wiill help to reorganize and implement the programme of studies,including the important aspect of selecting and preparing clinical practice areas for students. Teaching and reference materialsrequired for curriculum development will be supplied ($500). Under TA -II an additional nurse educator is shown (see Annex 3).
4. Mental Health
Mental Health Services Iran 28This is a continuation of a project started in 1957 to assist the Government in developing and improving mental health ser-
vices, including both preventive and curative aspects, the training of personnel, and the co- ordination of related health andeducational activities. The services of a consultant were provided in 1958. In 1959 provision is made for a nurse tutor who willcontinue throughout 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $7577).
244 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
5. Nutrition
Nutrition Institute (TA) Iran 7On the recommendation of a consultant who made a survey of the problem in 1952, the establishment of a Nutrition Institute
in Iran was scheduled to begin in 1957. The detailed plan was prepared by a consultant in 1956, after a further survey of nutri-tional conditions in the country. Provision is made for the services of a nutritionist and a dietitian for twelve months in 1960(estimated cost in that year, $15 351). FAO is providing a school feeding specialist who has been working in co- operation withthe Nutrition Institute staff.
IRAQ(See page 263)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Bilharziasís Control (TA) Iraq 15This project, which started in 1956, is being continued through 1960, WHO providing an epidemiologist, a malacologist and
a public health engineer (estimated cost, $30 535) and a small amount of supplies ($500). The object of the project is to strengthenthe Government's bilharziasis control programme by appropriate pilot studies and by demonstrating methods of control of thesnail hosts.
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Provincial Health Administration (TA) Iraq 6Since January 1957 a team has been assisting in the development and co- ordination of health and medical care services in the
province of Diyala. A health department, with a branch public health laboratory, has been established in Baquba. The in- servicetraining of local public health personnel, and the organization of dispensaries attached to the health centres (which do both pre-ventive and curative work) has begun. The project will continue through 1960, giving special attention to setting up permanentfield training facilities for health personnel who will be assigned to other provinces of Iraq. It is designed to further the socialand economic development- of the rural areas of Iraq, and the co- operation of all agencies interested in community developmenthas been enlisted. In 1960 WHO will provide under TA -I a senior adviser (public health administrator), a sanitary engineer, apublic health nurse and a statistician (estimated cost, $46 335). Supplies and equipment ($1000) are included. Under TA -II ahealth educator is shown (see Annex 3).
(b) Fellowships (various) Iraq 28Provision is made for post -graduate studies and observations in various fields of public health ($6000).
3. Education and Training
College of Medicine, Baghdad Iraq 33This project began in 1958 with the provision of a visiting professor of public health and a lecturer in parasitology (short -
term consultant). It is expected that the professor of public health will continue his services throughout 1959 and 1960 (estimatedcost in 1960, $11 029) and that the consultant will be required for three months in 1959 and three months in 1960 ($3900 in 1960).Supplies and equipment amounting to $500 are included.
ISRAEL(See page 263)
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Dental Health (TA) Israel 22The Government of Israel is attaching increasing importance to the development of adequate dental health services in the
country. It is proposed that a dental health expert should spend four months in Israel in 1960 to help the Government to planthe extension and improvement of such services in the country (estimated cost, $4762).
(b) Hospital Administration (TA) Israel 26The Government of Israel has asked WHO for a hospital administrator to train key personnel in governmental and non-
governmental institutions and to conduct courses and seminars for lay administrators. He will start his work in 1959 and com-plete his year's assignment in 1960 (estimated cost in that year, $3442). ,
(c) Fellowships (various) Israel 27Provision is made for post -graduate fellowships in public health and also for observational studies ($12 000).
(d) Fellowships (TA) Israel 28Provision ($8000) is made for two post -graduate fellowships in public health (see also Annex 3).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Diarrhoea! Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (TA) Israel 30The Government has asked for help in controlling the diarrhoeal diseases of infancy which are still a major public health prob-
lem in spite of the systematic child health work carried out in Israel. It is proposed that WHO should provide the services of anexpert for four months in 1960 (estimated cost, $4762).
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 245
3. Education and Training
Hadassah Medical School (Preventive and Social Medicine) Israel 29This project, started in 1958, is designed primarily to extend and improve undergraduate training in preventive and social
medicine. Attention will also be given to the establishment of field training areas, the in- service training of various types of healthworkers, and the development of research in preventive and social medicine. One of the three visiting professors started his assign-ment in 1958, another will start in 1959, and a third in 1960 (estimated cost of three posts in 1960, $34 164).
JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM(See page 264)
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Jordan 11A consultant who carried out a survey in 1955 recommended that a trachoma control demonstration centre should be set up
in a pilot area. Its object will be the prophylactic treatment and control of epidemic conjuctivitis, case- finding and treatment oftrachoma, and the promotion of health education of the public and of an intensive sanitation programme. An ophthalmologistand a public health nurse will help in the establishment of this centre from 1959 and will continue through 1960 (estimated cost,$17 242). Provision is made for supplies and equipment ($1000). UNICEF also is expected to provide supplies and equipment.
(b) School Health (Favus) Jordan 15A short -term consultant is to make a survey of school health and favus in Jordan in 1959. He is expected to recommend that
a medical officer should be provided in 1960 (estimated cost, $11 356). In 1959 provision is made for supplies for this project.
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships (various) Jordan 18Provision is made for fellowships covering post -graduate and observational studies ($8000).
(b) Fellowships (Long -term) (TA) Jordan 19Provision is made for long -term fellowships in various fields of public health administration ($15 000).
(c) Fellowships (TA) Jordan 19As in previous years, provision is made for fellowships in various branches of public health ($4000) (see also Annex 3).
3. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre, Amman (TA) Jordan 3It is proposed that a paediatric nurse should be provided in 1960 to supervise the nursing staff in the Children's Hospital and
train nursing and auxiliary personnel (estimated cost, $6962), with supplies and equipment to the value of $5000. UNICEFis providing equipment and supplies for this hospital, and further supplies are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
LEBANON
1. Public Health Administration(See page 265)
(a) Rural Health Unit (TA) Lebanon 4This is the continuation of a project which started in 1957. Its purpose is to help the Government develop and organize rural
health services and later establish a province -wide service and a provincial health department. A team consisting of a publichealth adviser, a public health engineer, and a public health nurse -was scheduled to arrive late in 1958 and to continue through1960 (estimated cost, $26 570). Supplies and equipment are also to be provided ($500). The project is designed to further thesocial and economic development of the rural areas in Lebanon, and the co- operation of all agencies interested in communitydevelopment has been enlisted.
(b) Fellowships (various) Lebanon 26Provision is made for post -graduate and observational studies in specialized branches of public health ($9000).
2. Social and Occupational Health
Social and Occupational Health (TA) Lebanon 25On the recommendations of a WHO consultant, it is proposed to provide assistance in developing a programme of industrial
hygiene services. For this purpose, an industrial health chemist will be assigned in 1959 and provision is made to continue hisservices in 1960 (estimated cost, $9571).
246 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
3. Maternal and Child Health
Midwifery School (TA) Lebanon 33This a continuation of a project planned to start in 1959 with assistance from WHO and, it is hoped, UNICEF. Its object
is to establish a school of midwifery which Will prepare nursing and auxiliary personnel to assume fuller responsibilities for maternaland child health care in the public health services. Provision is made to continue the public health nurse /midwife in 1960 (estimatedcost, $6023).
4. Education and Training
(a) French University of Beirut Lebanon 12This is the continuation of a project which was scheduled to begin in late 1958. WHO is providing the Faculty of Medicine
of the French University of Beirut with a lecturer in virology, public health and preventive medicine for two months each year.The Faculty of Medicine plans to use his services both for the undergraduate teaching and for the post -graduate training of practi-tioners, in order to stimulate their interest in public health and the preventive aspects of medical work (estimated cost in 1960,$2600).
(b) Public Health Training, American University of Beirut Lebanon 39This is the continuation of a project due to start in late 1958. WHO, in agreement with the Government and the American
University, Beirut, proposes to strengthen and further develop undergraduate training in sanitary engineering and graduate train-ing in sanitary and public health engineering at the American University. The newly established sanitary engineering laboratorywill provide facilities for conducting and promoting research. The School of Engineering will co- operate closely with the Schoolof Public Health in this project to strengthen the teaching programmes of both schools. Provision is made for a public healthengineer throughout 1959 and for eight months in 1960 (estimated cost in latter year, $10 847).
LIBYA
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships (various)Provision is made for fellowships, including a long -term one for undergraduate medical studies ($15 000).
(b) Fellowships (Undergraduate Medicine) (TA)Provision is made for an undergraduate fellowship for medical studies ($4000).
(See page 266)
Libya 14
Libya 15
2. Nursing
(a) Nursing Education, Tripoli (TA) Libya 3This project was started in 1956 with the help of WHO, its object being to develop the first basic school of nursing in the
country. Provision is made in 1960 to retain one senior and two junior nurse educators (estimated cost, $23 900). The teamwill assist in drawing up and implementing a plan of studies to prepare qualified nurses for work in the preventive and curativehealth services of the country; they will also select and prepare clinical practice areas of different types. Teaching equipment($500) is also provided for.
(b) Nurses' School, Cyrenaica Libya 18The Government has asked for help in developing a second basic school of nursing in the province of Cyrenaica (the other
one is in Tripoli). Local customs make it difficult for young girls to attend schools outside their province. The regional staffwill in 1959 make a preliminary study and prepare plans for the school in Cyrenaica. Provision is made in 1960 for a senior nurseeducator (estimated cost, $7598).
3. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Demonstration and Training Centre, Tripolitania Libya 2The objectives of this project, which began in 1954, are to demonstrate modern methods of maternal and child care and to
train auxiliary personnel in prenatal and postnatal care and midwifery methods, and in the care of infants and children. Provisionis made to retain through 1960 a public health nurse and a nurse -midwife (estimated cost $15 220). Supplies and equipmentprovided by UNICEF are shown under Extra -budgetary Funds.
(b) Demonstration and Training Centre, Cyrenaica (TA) Libya 12This project was started in 1956 to demonstrate modern methods of maternal and child care, and to train auxiliary personnel
in prenatal and postnatal care and midwifery methods, and in the care of infants and children. Provision is made to retain through-out 1960 a public health nurse and a nurse -midwife (estimated cost, $14 911).
4. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships (Sanitary Engineering) Libya 14The sum of $4800 is provided in 1960 to cover fellowships in sanitary engineering.
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 247
5. Other Projects
Health Assistants' and Sanitarians' Institute, Benghazi (TA) Libya 7An institute for training health assistants and sanitarians from the three provinces of Libya was set up in 1956 with the assist-
ance of WHO, UNICEF providing supplies and equipment. The first course of training began in March 1957. A team consistingof a public health adviser, a sanitarian and a medical officer is to continue in 1959 and 1960 (estimated cost for 1960, $31 015).A small amount of supplies and equipment will be provided ($200).
PAKISTAN
1. Tuberculosis
(See page 267)
Tuberculosis Survey Pakistan 32It is expected that the national tuberculosis survey team will be organized by the Pakistan Government in 1958 -59, and the
international staff (a senior medical adviser, a statistician, and a public health nurse) will be maintained in 1960 (estimated cost,$32 337). The team will assist the national authorities in all stages of the survey, in the assessment of the BCG campaign and inplanning the future expanded tuberculosis control programme. Supplies and equipment will be provided ($1000). It is expectedthat other equipment for the project will be supplied by UNICEF.
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Institute, East Pakistan (TA) Pakistan 33A consultant visited East Pakistan in 1958 to advise the Government on the improvement of public health laboratory services.
He recommended a long -range programme of general teaching, with emphasis on epidemiological and laboratory services. TheGovernment requested assistance in setting up a public health institute in the existing laboratories and public health school inEast Pakistan. In the first phase, assistance will be concentrated on developing an epidemiological department; in 1959, WHOwill provide an epidemiologist and a bacteriologist whose services will be continued through 1960 (estimated cost, $19 898).Supplies and equipment will also be provided ($500). It is expected that bilateral agencies will assist the Pakistan Governmentwith other departments of this institute.
(b) Fellowships (various) Pakistan 27Provision is made for fellowships in various fields of public health, for post -graduate and observational studies ($12 000).
(c) Fellowships (TA) Pakistan 28Provision ($15 000) is made for post- graduate studies in various specialized branches of public health (see also Annex 3).
3. Nursing
Nursing Education, East Pakistan Pakistan 30This project was started in 1958 to assist the Government in strengthening the provincial nursing services and nursing education
in East Pakistan, and in up- grading the three schools for assistant nurses to professional status. The WHO nurses will also assistin establishing clinical practice areas for students, and will act as advisers to the superintendent of nurses in the provincial Ministryof Health and Nursing Council. Provision is made in 1960 to retain the nurse adviser and the general nursing educator (estimatedcost, $19 058).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Children's Hospital, Karachi Pakistan 23This project is to assist the Government in establishing and operating a children's hospital with facilities for paediatric teaching
in medicine and nursing. The project began in 1956 and the hospital should be fully established as a 125 -bed unit at the end of1958. WHO has provided a senior adviser (paediatrician), a paediatric nurse, and a laboratory technician. This team, except for thelaboratory technician, will continue for six months in 1960 (estimated cost, $16 492). The project includes a surgical unit to trainstaff for which WHO has provided fellowships. UNICEF has provided most of the supplies and equipment.
5. Environmental Sanitation
Sanitary Engineering, West Pakistan (TA) Pakistan 22A sanitary engineer was provided in 1957 to assist the Government in co- ordinating and reorganizing sanitary engineering
services in Lahore state. It is proposed to continue this post through 1960 (estimated cost, $13 627), and to provide a small amountof supplies and equipment ($500).
6. Education and Training
School of Physiotherapy, Karachi Pakistan 25To meet the need for trained physiotherapists, WHO has been assisting the Government since January 1956 in the establish-
ment and operation of a School of Physiotherapy in Karachi, the first students of which graduated in 1958. Assistance will con-tinue until the latter part of 1960. During that year a physiotherapist (estimated cost, $8 059) and a short -term consultant($7 800) are provided for.
248 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
SAUDI ARABIA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 268)
Tuberculosis Control (including BCG) Saudi Arabia 13This project was scheduled to start in 1958 and continue through 1960, in which year WHO will provide an advisory team
consisting of a tuberculosis adviser, a medical officer, an x -ray technician, and a public health nurse (estimated cost, $50 629).Expendable supplies will also be furnished ($1000). The team will assist in the reorganization of the tuberculosis control pro-gramme, particular attention being given to BCG vaccination, to a tuberculin prevalence survey, and to the reorganization ofcontrol centres in the chief towns.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Saudi Arabia 20
The Government has asked WHO to assist in surveying the incidence of trachoma, especially in the western part of the country.It is planned that an ophthalmologist should begin with a survey in 1960 and continue with a pilot project in places indicated bythe survey. Provision is made for the ophthalmologist for nine months in 1960 (estimated cost, $9621) and for supplies to thevalue of $500.
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Laboratory Saudi Arabia 7It is proposed to assist the Government to set up a public health laboratory in Riad in order to improve laboratory services
in the hospitals and health centres of the country. Provision is made in 1960 for a medical officer (estimated cost, $14 356) andsupplies and equipment to the amount of $500.
(b) Fellowships Saudi Arabia 17Provision is made for a post -graduate fellowship for observational studies in various fields of public health ($1000).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) Saudi Arabia 11The Government has asked for help in establishing a centre to demonstrate modern methods of maternal and child care and
to train auxiliaries in prenatal and postnatal care, midwifery, and the care of infants and children. The project is scheduled tostart in 1960; WHO will provide under TA -I a team consisting of a senior adviser (social paediatrician), a public health nurse anda nurse midwife (estimated cost, $9543). Supplies and equipment to the value of $1000 will also be provided. (See also Annex 3.)
5. Environmental Sanitation
Sanitary Engineering Adviser (TA) Saudi Arabia 5In 1955 -56 a WHO consultant prepared recommendations for a long -term programme of environmental sanitation. Assist-
ance to the Government in carrying it out was planned to start in 1958. It is proposed to retain the sanitary engineering adviserin 1959 and 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $13 268), and to provide supplies and equipment ($500).
6. Education and Training
Health Assistants' and Sanitarians' Institute, Riad Saudi Arabia 15This project was scheduled to start in 1958, and to continue for five years. Its purpose is to help establish a school for training
health assistants and sanitarians to staff the rural health centres and mobile health units. Provision is made in 1960 to retain theteam, consisting of a medical officer as senior adviser, a sanitarian tutor and a health assistant (estimated cost, $32 232) and forsupplies and equipment ($1000).
7. Other Projects
Blood Bank, Riad (TA) Saudi Arabia 22In 1955 -56 WHO assisted the Government to set up a blood bank in Jeddah. The Government has asked for help in estab-
lishing a similar blood bank in Riad. The project is to begin in 1959 and to continue for six months in 1960. Provision is madefor a medical officer (estimated cost in 1960, $6406).
SOMALIA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 269)
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Somalia 11Under this programme, which is to begin in 1959 and continue through 1960, provision is made under TA -I for a senior medi-
cal adviser, a public health nurse and a statistician (estimated cost in 1960, $24 202) and for supplies ($1500). An x -ray techni-cian is shown under TA -II and also further supplies (see Annex 3). The team, in co- operation with the national health authorities,
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 249
will study in a pilot area the practical application of tuberculosis control measures to rural and to semi- nomadic populations.They will also assist in organizing a tuberculosis control centre in Mogadiscio, and in a training programme for health personnel.Substantial assistance will be given by UNICEF for the first two years of this programme.
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Training of Health Personnel Somalia 8The objective of this project, which is to start in 1958 and to continue through 1960, is to consolidate and orient the training
of auxiliary personnel for medical and health services in the territory. After the visit of a short -term consultant in 1958, a teamconsisting of a public health adviser, a nurse educator and a sanitarian tutor will begin the project and will remain through 1959and 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $27 489). A small amount of supplies and equipment is also included ($500).
(b) Fellowships (various) Somalia 9Provision is made for post -graduate studies and observations in various branches of public health ($5000).
SUDAN
1. Tuberculosis(See page 269)
Demonstration and Training Centre, Wadi 'Medani (TA) Sudan 9This programme started in October 1956 : it will be continued in 1960 with reduced assistance. Provision is made for a senior
medical adviser and a public health nurse throughout the year (estimated cost, $16 757) to carry out and assess a pilot study onthe practical use of preventive and domiciliary treatment methods in a rural area.
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Venereal Disease Control Sudan 16Preliminary surveys made by the regional adviser in October 1956 and November 1957 showed that treponemal infections are
a major public health problem in certain parts of Sudan, particularly in the south. It was planned that late in 1958 a venereolo-gist would help the Government to set up a demonstration and training centre and organize a mass campaign against endemicsyphilis in the provinces where the prevalence is high. It is proposed to retain the venereologist throughout 1960 (estimated cost,$10 987). Equipment and supplies will also be provided, to the value of $3000.
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Trypanosomiasis Control Sudan 8Sleeping sickness is endemic in south -east Sudan : a consultant surveyed the area in 1955 and assisted the Government to
set up a prophylactic service for its control. The Government has continued control since that time and WHO provided suppliesand equipment in 1955, 1956 and 1957. It is planned in 1960 to provide further equipment and supplies ($1000).
(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Sudan 15The regional adviser on trachoma will make a short survey, scheduled for late 1959, of the extent of trachoma in Sudan.
Control work based in this survey is to be undertaken for two years, beginning in 1960, by an ophthalmologist and a public healthnurse (estimated cost in 1960, $13 419). Provision is also made for supplies and equipment to the value of $1000.
(c) Onchocerciasis Control Sudan 26Onchocerciasis is highly prevalent in some areas of south Sudan, where the incidence of infection may be as high as eighty
per cent. and blindness is very common. Provision is made for a consultant ophthalmologist for four months in 1959; and forboth an ophthalmologist and an entomologist as consultants for three months in 1960 (estimated cost $7800).
4. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Sudan 24Provision is made for fellowships for post -graduate and observational studies in various fields of public health ($15 000).
5. Nursing
Nursing Education, Khartoum Sudan 7The College of Nursing in Khartoum is the first school of its kind in the country; it prepares young women for professional
nursing careers and for leading posts in nursing. WHO assistance began in 1955, and a team of five nurse educators is helping toorganize a three -year basic school of preventive and curative nursing. Clinical areas of different types are selected and used forpractical training. It is proposed to continue the team in 1960 (estimated cost, $39 551). Supplies and equipment ($1000) arealso budgeted for.
After the first group of students graduate in 1959, it is proposed to assess the programme, but WHO assistance will probablycontinue in certain teaching areas beyond 1962. It is expected that by 1960 a new building will be completed by the GovernementThe Government each year sends two young women to the Higher Institute of Nursing at the University of Alexandria, Egypt.They will in due course be appointed to junior teaching or administrative posts in the Nursing College or associated teachingareas.
250 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
6. Education and Training
School of Physiotherapy (TA) Sudan 29The Government is starting a school of physiotherapy in Khartoum which is scheduled to open in 1959. WHO is providing
in 1959 a physiotherapy tutor, whom it is proposed to retain through 1960 (estimated cost, $6032). Equipment and supplieswill be provided to the value of $500.
7. Other Projects
School Health Services (TA) Sudan 13Provision is made for a social paediatrician to advise on the development of a school medical and health service (estimated
cost, $10 126) and for equipment and supplies ($4000).
TUNISIA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 270)
(a) Chemotherapy Pilot Project Tunisia 9This domiciliary chemotherapy pilot project was started in the Djebel Ahmar area in January 1958 to study the efficacy of
home treatment with INH and the drug's prophylactic value when given to contacts of tuberculous cases. Provision is made toretain throughout 1960 a senior medical adviser, a statistician and a public health nurse (estimated cost, $30 419). Supplies andequipment will also be provided ($1000). UNICEF assistance to this programme is shown under Other Extra -budgetary Funds.
(b) Tuberculosis Control (TA) Tunisia 24The Government has asked for assistance in expanding its tuberculosis control programme. Provision is therefore made in
1960 for a senior medical officer, a public health nurse, a laboratory technician and an x -ray technician (estimated cost, $25 716).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases (TA) Tunisia 3A consultant will be provided for three months in 1960 (estimated cost, $3493) to supervise and advise on the progressive
extension of this project throughout the country. UNICEF has provided vehicles and will supply antibiotic ointments.
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Laboratory Tunisia 20The Government requested assistance in 1957 in organizing and expanding its public health laboratory services. It is planned
to establish a public health laboratory section in the Ministry of Health, and, with the help of the existing central laboratoryservices, to provide various parts of the country with more adequate and improved hospital and public health laboratory facilities.It is planned that WHO should provide an expert in public health laboratory administration in 1959, and in 1960 a laboratorytechnician will be added (estimated cost of two posts in 1960, $19 163). Supplies and equipment to the value of $2000 will befurnished in 1960.
(b) Fellowships Tunisia 14Provision is made for graduate, post -graduate and observational studies in various fields of public health ($15 000).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) Tunisia 6A demonstration and training centre will be established during 1959 to assist the Government in expanding its maternal and
child health services throughout the country and in training professional and auxiliary personnel. The team for 1960 will includea senior medical officer, a public health nurse, and a nurse midwife (estimated cost, $21 852). Provision is also made for suppliesto the value of $500.
5. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation (TA) Tunisia 18A national programme of environmental sanitation is to begin in 1959 and will include a pilot project of rural sanitation in a
limited area. A sanitary engineer made a background survey and other studies during 1957. It is proposed again to provide asanitary engineer in 1959 and 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $9671) and in 1960 to provide some supplies and equipment ($500).
6. Other Projects
Blood Bank Tunisia 21The Government wishes to establish a blood bank service to meet the rapid expansion of hospital facilities, and it is proposed
to appoint a consultant in 1960 for three months (estimated cost, $3900). Supplies and equipment will be provided to the valueof $5000.
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 251.
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
Province of Egypt(See page 271)
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Control (TA) Egypt 10This project started in 1952 and is now planned to continue with WHO assistance through 1960. Its object is to study methods
of bilharziasis control, particularly the ecology of snail vectors, the efficacy of molluscicides and of improvements in environmentalsanitation, and to test the efficacy of health education and of medical treatment. Special attention is given to preventing bilharz-iasis transmission by suitable design and maintenance of irrigation systems. Provision is made under TA -I for short -term con-sultants in 1960 (estimated cost, $7177). Supplies and equipment will also be provided ($10 000). Under TA -II fellowshipsare shown (see Annex 3).
(b) Virology Research Laboratory Egypt 37This is a continuation of a project due to start in 1958 and intended to assist the Government in further developing its viro-
logical laboratory services. It is proposed to retain the virologist throughout 1960 (estimated cost, $13 299). Equipment andsupplies will also be provided ($3000).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Hospital Administration (TA) Egypt 15It is proposed that an expert in hospital administration should visit Egypt for six months in 1960 to assist in the teaching of
hospital administration and to advise on the reorganization of the administrative services in several important hospitals (estimatedcost, $7177).
(b) High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria Egypt 27The Government is reorganizing the training of professional health workers and this Institute has been established to provide
post -graduate training in all branches of public health; it awards Master's and Doctor's degrees. WHO has been asked to assistin developing certain functions of the Institute in order to strengthen its teaching, research and services. Training in the Institutewill also be open to students from other countries of the Region. In 1960 provision is made to continue the posts of professor ofsanitary engineering and professor of social paediatrics (estimated cost, $20 006). A number of short -term consultants ($11 700)and supplies and equipment ($500) are also proposed.
(c) Fellowships (various) Egypt 39Provision is made for two fellowships for post -graduate studies in public health ($16 000).
(d) Fellowships (various) (TA) Egypt 40Provision ($5000) is made for fellowships for post -graduate studies and observations in various fields of public health (see
also Annex 3).
3. Social and Occupational Health
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria Egypt 27The work of this institute is described under paragraph 2 (b) above. In addition to the staff there mentioned, provision is
made to retain the industrial health engineer who started work in 1958 and is expected to serve for two academic years (estimatedcost in 1960, $15 591). Further consultant months ($7800) and supplies and equipment ($500) are also proposed.
4. Nutrition
Nutrition Institute (TA) Egypt 35This project was scheduled to start in 1958, WHO providing short -term consultants, fellowships and equipment, FAO also
providing advisory services. The Nutrition Institute established by the Government pf Egypt will undertake research on thenutritional value of local foods and make recommendations on diets; It will investigate the nutritional diseases prevalent in Egyptand their possible connexion with other diseases, to find methods of prevention and treatment. In 1960 it is proposed, underTA -I, to send a biochemist for two months to- assist in the microchemical laboratory attached to the Institute. (estimated cost,$2392). Supplies and equipment will also be provided ($2000). Under TA -II are shown fellowships, and also supplies andequipment (see Annex 3).
5. Environmental Sanitation
Centre for Sanitary Engineering Research, University of Alexandria (TA) Egypt 38Since 1954 WHO has helped to strengthen the teaching of sanitary engineering in the School of Engineering at the University
of Alexandria. The Government has decided to organize a laboratory and centre for sanitary engineering research in connexionwith this teaching programme. It is proposed to provide in 1960 short -time consultants (estimated cost, $7177), supplies andequipment ($1000), and fellowships ($6000).
252 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
6. Other Projects
Concentrated Sera and Vaccine Production (TA) Egypt 44An Egyptian expert has visited the Soviet Union on a WHO fellowship to study the production of concentrated sera and
vaccines and find out what equipment was available. Provision is made in 1960 for a consultant for three months to advise thestaff of the Agouza Institute on problems of sera production (estimated cost, $3588); supplies to the value of $25 000 will befurnished.
Province of Syria
1. Public Health Administration(See page 272)
(a) Vital and Health Statistics Syria 15Provision was made in the programme for 1958 and 1959 for an expert to help the Government set up an efficient system of
vital and health statistics. It is proposed that his services should continue until the end of the first quarter of 1960 (estimated costin 1960, $3847).
(b) Rural Health Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) Syria 16This project started in 1958 and will continue through 1960, its object being to help the Government to provide health services
in the populated rural area near Damascus. The team in 1960, under TA -I, will consist of a public health adviser, a sanitarian,and a public health nurse (estimated cost, $22 742); a health educator is shown under TA -II (see Annex 3). This team will beavailable for any assistance and guidance required by other rural health centres which the Government plans to set up in similarareas. Supplies and equipment will also be furnished ($6000).
(c) Public Health and Endemic Diseases Laboratory Syria 30The purpose of this project, due to begin in 1958, is to assist the Government with its public health laboratory services and
to strengthen the central public health laboratory in Damascus so as to provide full bacteriological and bromatological services.The laboratory staff will make epidemiological studies and provide vaccine for the country. It is intended to add a section ofparasitology and protozoology in order to study the main endemic diseases of the country. In 1960 provision is made for a labor-atory director for twelve months (estimated cost, $11 356). Equipment and supplies to the value of $500 will also be provided.
(d) Fellowships (various) Syria 28Provision is made for fellowships for post -graduate and observational studies in various fields of public health ($10 000).
(e) Fellowships (TA) Syria 29An amount of $4000 is provided for post -graduate studies in various specialized fields of public health (see also Annex 3),
2. Nursing
Nursing Education Syria 37This project, to start in 1959, is to reorganize and strengthen a basic school of nursing in the country. The work will be based
on previous studies, and areas have been prepared for the students' clinical and field practice. Provision is made in 1960 for twonurse educators (estimated cost, $15 154) and for supplies and equipment ($1000).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Rural Sanitation Syria 34A project to assist the Government in organizing a national sanitation programme is scheduled to start in 1958. Emphasis
will be given to improvement of drinking -water supplies, hygienic methods of excreta disposal, and insect control. It is proposedto retain the sanitary engineer to give technical guidance to the project in 1960 (estimated cost, $11 072). Supplies and equipment($1000) are included.
YEMEN
Public Health Administration(See page 273)
(a) Health Centre and Training School, Sana'a (TA) Yemen 8The health centre at Sana'a was established to cover all aspects of preventive and curative public health and as a training
school for health auxiliaries, including nurses and sanitarians. The project began in 1956 and will continue throughout 1959 and1960, provision being made for a public health adviser, a medical officer, two public health nurses and two sanitarians (estimatedcost in 1960, $41 970). A small amount of supplies and equipment will be provided ($500).
(b) Fellowships (various)Provision is made for undergraduate studies in medical and related health fields ($10 000).
Yemen 11
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 253
(c) Fellowships (Undergraduate Medical Studies) (TA) Yemen 12Since 1953 WHO has been assisting the Yemenite Government to build up a corps of national physicians by helping secondary
school graduates to take undergraduate studies in medicine in medical schools in Egypt. On completion of their studies theywill be the first Yemenite physicians and they will take over some of the health services now directed by foreign physicians. Thisprogramme of fellowships will continue in 1960 and $9000 is provided for the purpose (see also Annex 3).
INTER- COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Tuberculosis(See page 274)
Regional Tuberculosis Survey Team EMRO 41Tuberculosis is a serious problem in some countries of the Region. To assist governments to assess the public health facilities
for its control it is proposed that a regional tuberculosis survey team should start visiting those countries in 1959. In 1960 provi-sion is made for the team to consist of a senior medical officer, an epidemiologist, a statistician, a public health nurse, an x -raytechnician and a laboratory technician (estimated cost, $75 325). The sum of $1000 is provided for supplies and equipment.UNICEF is providing supplies and equipment, as shown under Other Extra -budgetary Funds.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Smallpox Survey Team EMRO 16Smallpox is still a public health problem is the Region. To control the disease, countries must build up programmes of small-
pox vaccination and revaccination, aiming ultimately at eradication. To assist such action, a team composed of an epidemiologistand a laboratory expert will carry out a survey in the countries of the Region. The epidemiologist will survey the smallpox controlservices, the delivery, transportation and storage of vaccine, vaccination techniques, registration, legislation, training of vaccina-tors, and similar matters. After the survey any assistance required will be given to countries that already have lymph -producinginstitutes, and advice given on establishing such institutes in others. When the institutes are working properly, governments, ifthey so desire, will be assisted in the production of dried smallpox vaccine. The project is scheduled to start in 1958 and continuethrough 1960, when provision is made to retain the epidemiologist and the technician (estimated cost, $27 436), and for suppliesand equipment ($500).
(b) Smallpox Seminar EMRO 48When the smallpox survey (see under EMRO 16 above) is finished it is proposed to hold a regional seminar on smallpox in
1960. Provision is made for consultants and temporary staff (estimated cost, $3600), participants ($11 700), and supplies andequipment ($3000).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) School Health and Health Education EMRO 22An adviser in health education was appointed in 1958 and will be retained throughout 1959 and 1960 (estimated cost in 1960,
$14 713). He will spend a great part of his time visiting the countries of the Region and advising governments on their healtheducation services, with special attention to health education in schools, which is an increasing problem in the area.
(b) Advisory Services EMRO 43Countries in the Region often ask the advice of the Organization on subjects for which no regional adviser is available and
on which it may be impracticable to obtain assistance from members of the headquarters staff. For such cases, short -term consul-tants have been recruited to advise on mental health services, on long -term plans of health services, on the progress of former WHOprojects, and many similar subjects. Provision is made for twenty consultant months to cover requirements of this kind as theymay arise ($26 000).
4. Nursing
(a) Higher Institute of Nursing, Alexandria (TA) EMRO 5This is an inter -country project, started in 1953, for a collegiate school of basic nursing at the University of Alexandria,
Egypt. The Institute provides for young women in the Region who have completed secondary education an opportunity to studynursing; it prepares the student professionally to give comprehensive nursing care in hospitals, health centres, homes, schools andindustries, and to take teaching and supervisory posts. The project will also enable graduate nurses in certain fields to supplementtheir basic nursing training. The WHO nurse educators are helping to develop a four -year educational programme, leading to aBachelor's degree in basic nursing. They also assist in selecting and preparing areas of different types for clinical practice, bothpreventive and curative. Provision is continued in 1960 for the eight nurse educators and the administrative assistant (estimatedcost, $68 128). Teaching and visual aid materials will also be provided ($2500).
The first group of students will graduate in June 1959 and the degree programme will then be assessed; it is likely that theproject will require WHO assistance beyond 1965. But WHO staff will be withdrawn in certain sectors as rapidly as nationalnurse educators and administrators are trained.
(b) Nursing Seminar EMRO 15Many requests have been received from governments for assistance in developing or reorganizing basic schools of nursing.
In 1958 several countries were visited by regional staff for a preliminary discussion with nursing leaders about subjects for seminardiscussions. Their findings will be considered in 1959, and a seminar is planned for 1960. ' Provision is made in that year forconsultants and temporary staff ($3600), participants ($14 625) and supplies and equipment ($2400).
A 17
254 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
5. Health Education of the Public
Arab States Fundamental Education Centre, Sirs -el- Layyan (TA) EMRO 7The public health administrator assigned to this project will be retained in 1960 (estimated cost, $10 359). He will be assisted
by national staff, for whose services $5000 is provided.
6. Environmental Sanitation
Sanitary Engineering Field Training EMRO 34Opportunities for acquiring practical experience in sanitary engineering, particularly in connexion with public health projects,
are at present limited. A field training programme for relatively inexperienced sanitary engineers will begin in 1958 and continuethrough 1960. These engineers will be trained for about two years in regional environmental sanitation projects. The provisionmade in 1960 is for two sanitary engineers (estimated cost,$13 397).
7. Education and Training
Medical Education Meeting EMRO 42Detailed information on the present facilities for medical education in the Region would be of great value and it is proposed
that a survey should be made to collect and analyse the necessary data. In 1960 it is proposed to hold a meeting to discuss prob-lems of medical education in general, the findings of the survey in particular, and the conclusions to be drawn. Provision is madefor a consultant (estimated cost, $1300), participants ($11 700), and supplies and equipment ($2000).
8. Other Projects
(a) Seminar on Food Hygiene and Zoonosis Control (Planning Meeting) EMRO 38Surveys by the regional veterinary public health adviser during 1956 -57 showed the importance of food -hygiene problems in
the Region. It is therefore proposed to hold a seminar in food hygiene and zoonoses. Provision is made in 1960 for a meetingto plan this course (estimated cost, $4300).
(b) Medical Literature EMRO 44To meet minor requests for medical literature the sum of $2000 is provided for 1960.
(c) Participation in Educational Meetings EMRO 45The Regional Office is often invited to take part in the planning and organizing of seminars and conferences conducted by
other agencies : the International Children's Centre, for example, has asked it to participate in a -ourse of social paediatrics thatis being planned. In view of the need for closer co- operation between the several agencies and the Region on medico -social ques-tions, and the difficulty of knowing in advance for what projects the Regional Office will be requested, provision is made for $10 000.
(d) Participation in Training Courses (TA) EMRO 49A provision is made for participation in training courses, similar to that described under (c) above for educational meetings
($10 000).
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: SUMMARY OF FIELD ACTIVITIES
3 500 Medical use of radioisotopes4 300 Seminar on food hygiene and zoonosis control
(planning meeting)
1 120 2 000 2 000 Medical literature4 000 10 000 Participation in educational meetings
Participation in training courses
4 620 6 000 16 300
124 720 191 113 228 596 Total - INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
3238
44
45
49
USE
10 11 10 82 270
USS USS
10 000
10 000
82 552 95 987
USf USS use
44 000
276 WESTERN PACIFIC
WESTERN PACIFIC'
REGIONAL OFFICE(See page 290)
Personnel
The staff of the Regional Office under the regular budget comprises, besides the Regional Director, forty -seven staff members,including thirteen in the Professional category. In addition, there are nine staff members, including one Professional, stationed atthe Epidemiological Intelligence Station, Singapore.
Under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, there are eight staff members, including two in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the regular budget shows an increase of $2000 compared with 1959. Under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account, the provision is maintained at the same level as in 1959.The Regional Director and the Director of Health Services plan to visit various countries to confer with government officials
on matters relating to policy and programme activities and to advise on programme implementation. The medical officer at theEpidemiological Intelligence Station, Singapore, will also he required to attend meetings of the Committee on InternationalQuarantine, and the public information officer will visit countries to gather material on WHO- assisted projects. Other senioradministrative officers will visit countries to attend to administrative, financial and personnel aspects of implementing fieldactivities.
Other CostsThe estimates for public information supplies and materials and for epidemiological intelligence services are maintained at
the same level as for 1959.
Common Services
The estimates under the regular budget show a decrease of some $3000 compared with 1959, but include an increased provisionfor hospitality to cover more adequa.-_:y the actual requirements. The estimates under the Malaria Eradication Special Accountshow an increase of some $900 compared with 1c)59.
REGIONAL ADVISERS(See page 292)
PersonnelProvision is made under the regular budget to continue eleven posts of regional advisers (with a stenographic pool of nine),
in malaria, tuberculosis, venereal diseases and treponematoses, public health administration (two), nursing, health education of thepublic, maternal and child health, environmental sanitation, education and training, and statistics. Provision is also made in1960 for six consultant months to meet the need for a short -term adviser in nutrition. Under the Malaria Eradication SpecialAccount there are six staff members, of whom four are in the Professional grades.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under both the regular budget and the Malaria Eradication Special Account is the same as in
1959 and will enable the regional advisers to visit various countries in the Region to discuss and advise on the planning and imple-mentation of projects in their several fields.
Common Services
The estimates for Common Services show an increase of,$1750 under the regular budget and some $600 under the MalariaEradication Special Account as compared with 1959.
AREA REPRESENTATIVES. (See page 293)
Personnel
Provision is made to continue the posts of three area representatives, with three clerk stenographers and one clerk typist.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel ,s the same as in 1959, and will enable the area representatives to visit countries in order to
maintain liaison with government officials and with multilateral and bilateral agencies operating in their areas.
Common Services
The estimates for common services are the same as in 1959.
For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
WESTERN PACIFIC 277
AUSTRALIA
Public Health Administration(See page 294)
Fellowships Australia 1Provision has been made for two fellowships for Australian public health personnel to take post -graduate study courses abroad
and to return to the public health service in Australia ($11 000). The fellowships will be for the academic year beginning Sep-tember 1960, and the Government will pay the fellows' salaries during their absence.
BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PROTECTORATE(See page 294)
Nursing
Nursing Education British Solomon Islands Protectorate 3An important part of the development of the Protectorate's central health services is the training of nursing staff. A three -
year course for medical assistants (district dressers) was started in 1953 and a school of nursing was opened in 1957. WHO hasbeen asked to provide a nurse educator from early in 1959 (estimated cost in 1960, $7458) to assist the programme for two orthree years while Government staff are trained to continue the work. Provision is also made for some supplies and equipment($750).
CAMBODIA(See page 294)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Treponematosis Control Cambodia 8The Government is undertaking in 1958 a treponematosis control project, limited in the first instance to the provinces bordering
on Laos and Thailand, where yaws control projects are already in operation. This project is part of the co- ordinated effort toeradicate yaws from the whole area of Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. It is proposed to retain a medical officer to help the Govern-ment consolidate the work and integrate it into the routine health services (estimated cost in 1960, $17296). It is expected thatsupplies and equipment will be obtained under bilateral agreements.
2. Public Health Administration
Rural Health Training Centre (TA) Cambodia 9The project will provide a training area for medical undergraduates and auxiliary medical personnel, and a pattern for the
provincial health service in Cambodia and the future community development in the province of Kandal. The rural health trainingcentre building, in Takhmau, is nearly completed. A medical officer has been working with the project since January 1957 (assist-ing the Ministry of Public Health and teaching public health at the Royal School of Medicine) and a public -health nurse wasassigned to it late in 1957. A nurse midwife will be needed in 1959, to assist in integrating the project with midwifery services inKandal, and a sanitarian is also required. In 1960 provision is made for the four posts (estimated cost, $53 675).
3. Nursing
Nursing Education Cambodia 3The aim of the project, which began in 1951, is to improve the quality and increase the number of nurses and midwives. WHO
is providing a team (consisting of a senior nurse educator, three nurse educators in general nursing and one in midwifery) untillocal counterparts are qualified to take over greater responsibility. The team is continuing to guide and develop the programme oftheoretical and practical instruction for (a) student nurses, (b) student midwives, (c) rural midwives; more advanced courses fornurses and midwives will also be established. The senior nurse is primarily responsible for advising the Government on the co-ordinated planning and strengthening of all aspects of the national nursing and midwifery services and education. Provision ismade to continue the team in 1960 (estimated cost, $58 434) and also for two fellowships of twelve months each ($9000). Assist-ance has been received from UNICEF and the United States International Co- operation Administration (ICA) in equipping anursing school, demonstration wards, and a health centre. ICA has also provided fellowships.
4. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) Cambodia 4Since this project for developing maternal and child health services started in 1952, a paediatric unit at the Preah Ket Melea
Hospital and maternal and child health services in three centres at Phnom -Penh have been established. The paediatric ward andone of the centres have also served as training and demonstration centres for medical and nursing personnel and students in thearea. In 1956, the Government assumed responsibility for these services and WHO's assistance was limited to a medical officerand a public health nurse to continue the development of the school health programme. It is proposed to continue the two postsin 1960 (estimated cost, $29 394).
12
278 WESTERN PACIFIC
5. Education and Training
Royal School of Medicine (TA) Cambodia 5From the beginning of 1956, WHO has provided two lecturers for the Royal School of Medicine, one in clinical medicine,
with emphasis on phthisiology, and the other in ophthalmology. In the latter part of 1956 a lecturer in radiology, and in 1958 alecturer in physiology, were added. A study grant for ten undergraduates was also made. To strengthen the teaching of basicsciences, it is proposed in 1960 to provide under TA -I four consultants as lecturers in ophthalmology, anatomy, physiology andbiochemistry (estimated cost, $56 812) and to award fellowships ($4000). An additional lecturer -in histopathology -is shownunder TA -II (see Annex 3).
CHINA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 295)
Tuberculosis Control China 17Under this programme, by the end of 1957, over five million children had been tuberculin- tested and 3 200 000 non -reactors
had been vaccinated with BCG vaccine. Local tuberculosis clinics are being organized and also a case registry, particular attentionbeing given to the case -finding programme. Free isoniazid is provided by the Government for all sputum -positive cases for atleast one year and lay home visitors are being trained to supervise domiciliary chemotherapy. A prevalence survey of the wholeisland of Taiwan is in progress. A short -term consultant will be provided for six months in 1960 (estimated cost, $7800); afellowship in statistics is also proposed ($3500).
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Venereal -Disease Control China 1This project has been carried on by the Government since the end of 1953, with the technical assistance of WHO and other
assistance from UNICEF and bilateral agencies; it has been expanded to cover the whole island and has now 22 health centres,368 stations and 36 hospitals. It is proposed to provide a short-term consultant for six months in 1960 (estimated cost, $7800)to assist the Government in consolidating the work of the project, and particularly in intensifying the control of venereal diseasesamong mothers and pregnant women and groups specially exposed to infection. He will also continue to advise the Governmenton leprosy control. Provision is made for supplies and equipment ($250). The assistance of UNICEF and bilateral agenciescontinues.
3. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Trachoma Control (TA) China 13For the trachoma campaign in Taiwan, one of the largest in the world, 365 teams of health- station physicians and nurses and
83 teams of school physicians and nurses have been trained. By June 1956, all schoolchildren, numbering over two million, hadbeen examined and treated. Since that date the trachoma campaign in schools has been concentrated on : (i) children enteringschool for the first time; and (ii) children about to leave school.
Antibiotics in various forms and under different schedules are being tried on selected groups of schoolchildren. Trials arebeing made with pre -school children only in some selected areas, with all family contacts in some others, and with the entire popula-tions in some areas. These trials were due to be evaluated at the end of 1958. Provision is made in 1960 for a short -term consul-tant to advise on and assist in the planning and continuation of the campaign (estimated cost, $2381), and for two fellowships($9000).
(b) Arthropod -borne Diseases (TA) China 32The Taiwan Malaria Research Institute has been making surveys and studies of arthropod -borne diseases, and particularly
of filariasis which is endemic on the Pescadores Islands. In July 1958, a filariasis control and eradication campaign was startedthere and is to continue for four years. Provision is made in 1960 for a short -term consultant for six months to assess the progressof the campaign (estimated cost, $7143); for two fellowships ($3000); and for equipment and supplies to the value of $10 000.
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships China 28Two fellowships are proposed, one for a post -graduate academic course in public health and the other for observing public
health practice abroad (estimated cost, $12 000).
(b) Fellowships (TA) China 29In Taiwan, various activities for the promotion of health or the prevention of diseases are being demonstrated by WHO,
often in co- operation with bilateral aid agencies and with the assistance of UNICEF; a few of these are pilot projects, some are fordemonstration and training, and others are mass campaigns. It is necessary to co- ordinate the projects and to integrate them intothe regular public health programmes. For this purpose provision is made in 1960 for three fellowships in public health adminis-tration (estimated cost, $10 700).
5. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) China 6This project, which began in 1952, was originally intended to last five years but the Government has now requested WHO
assistance to the end of 1960. Its object is to improve standards of nursing education and nursing services by establishing a colle-giate school of nursing at the National Taiwan University, and organizing an in- service training programme in the nursing services.
WESTERN PACIFIC 279
It is proposed in 1960 or 1961 to evaluate the syllabus with a view to (a) the recognition of the B.Sc. degree by overseas universities,and (b) its improvement in the light of the records and results of the first classes. It is proposed in 1959 to retain the senior nurseeducator and the other three nurse educators (one in general nursing, one in mental health, and one in obstetrics and paediatrics).The four posts will be continued in 1960, the nurse educator in obstetrics and paediatrics being retained for six months only andthe other three team members throughout the year (estimated cost, $30 073); a consultant will be provided for six months toevaluate the programme ($7 143). Two fellowships, each of two years, are shown under TA -II (see Annex 3).
6. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) China 3
In Taiwan, increasing numbers of health -centre and health -station physicians, nurses and midwives have received post-graduate refresher training in maternal and child health at the maternal and child health demonstration and training centre.An institute of maternal and child health is being established. It is proposed in 1960 to retain the nurse midwife provided byWHO (estimated cost, $8852). Under TA -II four fellowships are shown (see Annex 3). UNICEF will continue to provide suppliesand equipment.
7. Mental Health
Mental Health Programme China 20
The provision of short -term consultants, several fellowships and some medical literature has already assisted the Governmentto strengthen the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of the National Taiwan University; the Provincial Shikou MentalHospital, and the Taipeh Children's Mental Health Centre. These institutions co- operate closely and plans are under way for acentre for training different categories of mental health workers. Provision is made in 1960 for a twelve -month fellowship in neuro-logy ($5000) and for some medical literature ($500).
8. Environmental Sanitation
Demonstration and Training Project (TA) China 14
This project was begun in 1954, to assist the Government in improving environmental sanitation throughout Taiwan, WHOproviding a public health engineering consultant to make studies, surveys and recommendations. In October 1955 the TaiwanInstitute of Environmental Sanitation was established as the official organization to carry out this programme. A sanitary engineerhas acted as adviser to this institute since January 1956. Its work so far has been on rural environmental sanitation, disposalof organic wastes, food sanitation, school sanitation, and the training of sanitarians. A sanitary engineer was assigned in March1957 to assist Taipeh City to develop its sewerage system, which will require over two years. It is proposed to retain him in 1960(estimated cost; $17 381), to guide the early construction work; and to provide equipment and supplies, including technical litera-ture and journals ($5000). The advanced training required by the technical staff is not available in Taiwan and must be ob-tained abroad; provision is therefore made under TA -II for two fellowships in 1960 (see Annex 3).
9. Education and Training
(a) Institute of Public Health China 27
In the three years ending March 1958, the Institute of Public Health of the National Taiwan University College of Medicineheld seventeen courses, each of two months, for health workers in local health agencies. The Institute has made plans, in collabo-ration with the provincial health administration, and with the financial assistance of the Joint Committee on Rural Reconstructionand of the United States International Co- operation Administration, for a one -year post -graduate public health course. A trainingarea for post -graduate and undergraduate students is being planned and is expected to be in effective operation before the post-graduate course is started. WHO has in the past assisted the Institute with fellowships, and in 1959 is to send a consultant inepidemiology.
Provision is made in 1960 for a professor qualified in public health practice; he will go as consultant on a six -month assign-ment (estimated cost, $7800). Two twelve -month fellowships are also proposed for full-time staff members in charge of fieldtraining -one in public health practice, the other in social and preventive medicine ($13 000).
(b) Social Paediatrics (TA) China 33
It is proposed to send a social paediatrician to the National Taiwan University, to strengthen undergraduate training in theCollege of Medicine and post -graduate training in the Institute of Public Health (estimated cost, $8725). He will work closelywith the maternal and child health project (China 3).
(c) Fellowships (Health Physics) China 28
The Government has established an institute for research, teaching and clinical service in atomic medicine, and set aside alarge sum for buildings, equipment and staff. The main buildings have been completed. A twelve -month fellowship in healthphysics for a physician was provided for in the 1958 programme. Two further fellowships in the same subject, one for a physicianand the other for a hospital physicist, are proposed for 1960 (estimated cost, $9000).
280 WfiSTERN PACIFIC
FIJI(See page 296)
1. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships Fiji 4The Fiji Government in mid -1957 sent two trainees to the WHO /South -Pacific- Commission health education training course
at Noumea. It now wishes to train one of them as a professionally qualified health educator to strengthen the Department ofHealth Services. A twelve -month fellowship in health education, at a school of public health overseas, is provided for in 1960(estimated cost, $4500). The Government will contribute the salary of the fellow.
2. Material and Child Health
Fellowships Fiji 4As part of the Government's plan for strengthening maternal and child health services it is proposed to give specialized training
to selected local staff. Provision is made for two fellowships of twelve months each to give two women assistant medical officers(graduates of the Central Medical School, Fiji) further training in the public health aspects of maternal and child health and inpaediatrics ($6000).
3. Education and Training
Central Medical School Fiji 2The Central Medical School at Suva trains assistant medical and dental practitioners for government service in Fiji and the
adjacent territories in the South Pacific. Two lecturers have been provided for from 1955 to 1959 -one in physiology and bioche-mistry and the other in biology -to strengthen teaching in the basic sciences and to train local staff to replace the international.Fellowships have also been provided to train junior Fijian lecturers in physiology and biology at the University of Otago. TheGovernment has asked for an extension of this project to the end of 1960 and it is therefore proposed to retain the two lecturersthroughout that year (estimated cost, $25 341). It is proposed to award a further fellowship in physiology, for a medical graduateof the school, and a fellowship in teaching methods for the chief instructor at the Health Inspectors' School; the biology fellow-ship will also continue through 1960 (total cost of fellowships, $12 000). In addition, provision is made for supplies for the Depart-ment of Physiology and Biology ($750).
FRENCH POLYNESIA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 297)
BCG and Leprosy Control French Polynesia 2The Government has requested assistance in providing mass BCG vaccination for the population below twenty years of age.
It is intended to combine BCG vaccination with the study of immunological relation between tuberculosis and leprosy and, later,with the development of tuberculosis control for the country, to include institutional treatment and ambulatory chemotherapy.Provision is made in 1960 for a consultant for six months who will survey the situation and make recommendations for a futureprogramme (estimated cost, $7800). The Government will provide staff, premises and the facilities of the Institute for MedicalResearch at Papeete.
2. Nutrition
Nutrition Survey French Polynesia 4Malnutrition and deficiency diseases are important public health problems in French Polynesia and the Government plans
a survey as a first step to a long -term nutrition programme. Provision is therefore made in 1960 for a medical consultant in cli-nical nutrition to assist in the survey (estimated cost $11 700). FAO and UNICEF will also be asked to participate in this project.
HONG KONG
Public Health Administration(See page 297)
Fellowships (Dental Health) Hong Kong 13Early in 1956, a short -term consultant visited Hong Kong to assist the Government in assessing dental health problems and
needs and the resources available. His report recommends the wider use of school dental nurses. The Government accepted thisrecommendation and asked for five fellowships, each for two years, to train such nurses. Provision has been made for two in1959 and two (estimated cost, $11 000) in 1960.
JAPAN(See page 297)
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Hospital Administration (TA) Japan 17In an increasing number of hospitals clinical and pathological examinations are made in special laboratories and not in the
clinical departments; but progress in the control of acute communicable diseases is now increasing the work in connexion with
WESTERN PACIFIC 281
chronic diseases done in the clinical departments and laboratories. Provision is made in 1959 for a fellowship in the United Statesof America to study the establishment, operation and supervision of hospital laboratories and in 1960 for another in hospitalnursing ($2900). Medical literature is proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).
(b) Fellowships (Medical Social Work) Japan 18A short -term consultant has already visited hospitals and health centres and lectured at the Institute of Public Health and
at other centres where short -term training for the medical social services is given. To strengthen this training, and to help inexpanding such services, a fellowship in medical social work is provided for ($3500).
(c) Fellowships Japan 18With the steady maintenance of progress in public health, attention has been drawn to the chronic diseases which are increasing
causes of morbidity and mortality. Following a fellowship in 1959 for the observation of programmes for the prevention andtreatment of cardiovascular diseases, a further fellowship is provided for in 1960, for the observation of the cancercontrol programme in the United States of America, and particularly the system of registering cancer patients (estimated cost,$3500).
2. Maternal and Child HealthFellowships Japan 18
The Government considers that a study of the administration of maternal and child health se rvicesin other countries will beof value to medical officers working in Japan, and a fellowship was awarded for this purpose in 1958. Provision is made in1960 for a further fellowship for study in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia ($2800).
3. Mental Health
National Institute of Mental Health Japan 4The National Institute of Mental Health has been assisted by WHO for several years in strengthening its departments. Pro-
vision is made in 1960 for one fellowship in psychometry and psychotherapy and another in the care of mentally retarded children,including those who are blind or deaf and dumb ($9000).
4. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships (TA) Japan 19Provision is made for two fellowships, one in sewage disposal and the other in the pasteurization and testing of milk and milk
products ($6700).
5. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Food and Drug Control) (TA) Japan 19A few Japanese candidates have been awarded short -term fellowships to study the methods of testing and analysis used in the
standardization and control of food, drugs, biologicals and cosmetics. In 1960 it is proposed to award a further three fellowships-in drug testing methods, in the management of biological production laboratories, and in the field testing of biological products(estimated cost, $10 500).
(b) Fellowships (Food Enrichment) Japan 18Japan, an island country and very thickly populated, is studying ways of increasing food production and of improving the
nutritive value of food produced. Provision is made for a fellowship for the study of food enrichment ($3500).
KOREA(See page 299)
J. Public Health Administration
(a) National Training and Demonstration Centre Korea 15The WHO /UNKRA Health Planning Mission recommended that the public health dispensaries should be reorganized so
that in due course they could function as health centres. The plan now is to have about 180 such centres. Training is being givenat the national urban health centre and the Government is also planning new demonstration centres for urban and rural health.Provision is made in 1960 for a public health administrator to work with the national training and demonstration centre (esti-mated cost, $11 237), and for some equipment and supplies ($1000). The project is to last for two years in the first instance.
(b) Fellowships (Epidemiology) Korea 10Provision is made for a twelve -month fellowship in public health, with emphasis on epidemiology, to strengthen the
epidemiological services ($5500).
(e) Fellowships (Public Health Laboratory) Korea 10Provision is made for a twelve -month fellowship in public health laboratory work ($5500).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships Korea 10The Government wishes to strengthen public health and medical care services to meet the special needs of mothers and children
in Korea, but progress is limited by the shortage of trained staff. Two medical officers were awarded fellowships in maternal andchild health in 1957 and 1958 and provision is now made for a further twelve -month fellowship in 1960 (estimated cost, $5500).
282 WESTERN PACIFIC
LAOS(See page 300)
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Treponematosis Control and Rural Health (TA) Laos 2A mass campaign against yaws was begun in 1953 in the four southern provinces of Laos. During 1955, premilinary surveys
were made on the venereal diseases and it was agreed with the Government to expand the project to include venereal- diseasecontrol. In June 1957 a laboratory scientist joined the WHO medical officer to organize the laboratory service, beginning withlaboratories at Vientiane and Paksé. Re- surveys have shown the prevalence of yaws in the area of operations to be very muchreduced. To follow up this work, to secure the final eradication of yaws, and to build up an effective rural health service, theobjectives of the project have been re- defined and broadened and a pilot rural health project has been set up, based on mobilehealth teams. It is proposed in 1960 to retain the medical officer, the laboratory scientist and to add a public health nurse (esti-mated cost, $43 822). Assistance with supplies and local costs is expected from other agencies.
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Undergraduate Medical Study) (TA) Laos 8Provision is made in 1960 for two fellowships ($3500) at the Royal School of Medicine in Phnom -Penh. Upon completion
of their studies, the fellows will be assigned to posts in the national health administration.
3. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centres Laos 6The Government plans to develop the hospital and medical care facilities to provide preventive health services for mothers
and children and to train the various categories of personnel required. The team provided consists of a medical officer, a seniornurse educator, a nurse educator (general) and a nurse educator (public health /midwifery); it is proposed to retain it throughout1960 (estimated cost, $47 765). Supplies and equipment ($1000) are also provided for.
MACAO
Environmental Sanitation(See page 300)
Fellowships Macao 1The business quarter in Macao is very densely populated and there are problems of housing, water supply, food sanitation
and waste disposal; provision is made for two fellowships in sanitation ($7000).
MALAYA
1. Public Health Administration(See page 300)
Hospital Records (TA) Malaya 15The purpose of this project, which was initiated in 1956, is to advise and assist the Government in revising the hospital records
system of the medical service in the Federation. A hospital records officer is stationed at the General Hospital in Penang, and itis proposed to continue his post through 1960 (estimated cost, $9497).
2. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to Training Institutions: Clinical Pathology Malaya 21Training in clinical pathology for student pathologists and for laboratory technicians is at present given solely at the Institute
for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur. The training has mainly been on the apprentice system, because the staff is too small toallow of proper systematic training, which should include lectures and demonstrations to the new recruits before they enter thelaboratories. Provision is made for a tutor in clinical pathology for one year to assist in raising the standard of training (estimatedcost, $11 237).
(b) Assistance to Training Institutions: Pharmacy Malaya 22The course for pharmacists in Malaya is one year's academic training under a pharmaceutical chemist at the Penang Training
School, followed by two years' practical training in a hospital. Provision is made for a tutor in pharmacy who would assist thedevelopment of the pharmaceutical services by training personnel (estimated cost, $11 237).
NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA(See page 301)
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Fellowships (Leprosy) Netherlands New Guinea 7The Government is planning to intensify its work for leprosy control. A fellowship in leprosy -control methods is proposed
for a member of the health administration (estimated cost, $2000).
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2. Nursing
Fellowships Netherlands New Guinea 7It is proposed to award a fellowship for study and observation of methods of nursing education (estimated cost, $3200)
3. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships Netherlands New Guinea 7To strengthen and co- ordinate health education and its planning by the Department of Health, Education, Agriculture, etc.
in the Territory, the Government wishes for WHO assistance in training a professionally qualified territorial health educationofficer. Provision is therefore made for a twelve -month fellowship in health education at a school of public health in the UnitedStates or the Philippines. The fellowship is scheduled to start about September 1960 ($5500). The Government will contributethe fellow's salary and the usual allowances.
NEW ZEALAND(See page 302)
Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships (Public Health Engineering) New Zealand 1There are at present no opportunities in New Zealand for advanced study in public health engineering. To prepare a senior
professional engineer of the Ministry of Works to assume fuller responsibilitiy for water supplies, sewerage, water pollution prob-lems, industrial waste disposal, atmospheric pollution, etc., it is proposed to award a fellowship for twelve months study abroad($5500). The fellowship will include one academic year of post -graduate study and three months of travel and observation ineither the United States of America or the United Kingdom.
PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA
1. Tuberculosis(See page 303)
Fellowships Papua and New Guinea 6Provision is made for a fellowship in tuberculosis control for a member of the territorial health administration (estimated
cost, $3000). He will tour areas of the Western Pacific and South -East Asia in order to acquaint himself with the ways in whicheffective tuberculosis control is carried on. The Government considers that the exchange of ideas in such a tour will be of greatbenefit to the Territory.
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Tropical Medicine -Administration) Papua and New Guinea 6It is proposed to award a travelling fellowship for a senior officer of the health administration to visit the Far East, India and
Africa (estimated cost, $3000). The purpose of the fellowship is to give the holder experience of modern epidemiological work,organization, studies and research in tropical medicine. On his return, the officer will be better able to implement methods forcontrolling the tropical diseases in the Territory.
3. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Medical Education) Papua and New Guinea 6The training of local medical personnel to meet the staff needs of the many large and small hospitals which, within the next
few years, will be spread over the Territory is rapidly becoming of paramount importance to the Department of Public HealthOf particular importance is the creation of a nursing staff (female) and of what in other territories is known as a " dresser " staff(male). Attention is also being paid to the training required by those who render first -aid in the field, as well as the more spe-cialized groups who man the auxiliary branches of the medical service, e.g. x -ray, pathological and dental technicians.
Provision is therefore made ($3000) for a fellowship for a senior officer who will be concerned with the training of local staff.He will study the current methods of teaching in countries such as the Philippines, Borneo and Malaya, and East AfricanTerritories.
(b) Fellowships (Tropical Medicine -Research) Papua and New Guinea 6Provision is made ($3000) for a travelling fellowship to enable the Director of Research to visit tropical disease research
centres in the Far East, India and Africa in order to establish top -level contacts and study research programmes that could beusefully followed in the Territory.
PHILIPPINES(See page 304)
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Pilot Project (TA) Philippines 9A survey team which visited the Philippines in 1952 recommended that a six -year project for the control of bilharziasis should
be undertaken. WHO provided an epidemiologist, a zoologist and a public health engineer who, with their national counterparts,have been at work since 1954, collecting data and studying the epidemiology of the disease, the habits of the snail host and theparasite. Control measures based on these studies have been tested on an expanding scale, and it now considered practicable to
284 WESTERN PACIFIC
try them on a larger scale in order to measure results and calculate costs. One objective of this trial, which will cover some 15 000people in the Palo area in Leyte, will be to develop a comprehensive public health programme for the area, combining bilharziasiscontrol with the control of other diseases arising from faulty environment. The community has taken an increasing part in theproject and a committee has been set up to co- ordinate the help given by various government departments. It is proposed tocontinue the project through 1960, the staff being the senior project adviser, a sanitary engineer and a medical zoologist (estimatedcost, $48 779.
The Government has asked FAO for an expert in agricultural science who will carry out an initial survey to study the agri-cultural aspects of the project and organize practical experiments to discover techniques that will assist bilharziasis control and at thesame time improve and possibly diversify agricultural production.
(b) Virplogy Centre (TA) Philippines 50The Government has asked for assistance in setting up a virology centre which will operate under the Public Health Research
Laboratories of the Department of Health. The centre will consolidate the work of the present virology units, provide diagnosticlaboratory services, particularly for the Disease Intelligence Centre, and conduct research to identify and classify the etiologicalfactors of the virus diseases of the country. In the initial phases (1960) a virologist will advise on the organization and planningof the centre (estimated cost, $3619).
2. Public Health Administration
Hospital Architecture (TA) Philippines 58Provision is made for a medical officer for three months to advise the Department of Health on the preparation of designs
and standards for hospital architecture and to assist the Department's Building Committee in matters pertaining to the Govern-ment's programme of hospital construction (estimated cost in 1960, $3619).
3. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships (Paediatrics and Obstetrics) (TA) Philippines 55Provision ($5500) is made for a fellowship for the study of the administration and supervision of specialized services in pae-
diatrics and obstetrics (see also Annex 3).
4. Mental Health
Advisory Services Philippines 4The establishment of the Division of Mental Hygiene under the reorganized Department of Health requires the retention
through 1959 of the expert who is helping to co- ordinate the institutional and public health aspects of the programme and to developa long -term mental health programme. Two fellowships originally proposed for 1959 will therefore be deferred until 1960. Oneis of two years, for a senior government medical officer who will study the public health aspects of mental health in the UnitedKingdom and the United States of America; the other is for twelve months' study of psychiatric nursing in the same two countries(estimated cost, $11 500).
5. Environmental Sanitation
(a)- Advisory Services Philippines 43The reorganization of the Department of Health has given increased responsibility to the Division of Environmental Sanita-
tion, and it is proposed to retain the sanitary engineer who has been advising the Department of Health and the Institute of Hygiene(estimated cost in 1960, $15 056). Three fellowships are also provided for in 1960 to enable a team of three sanitary engineers tovisit countries of South -East Asia and the Western Pacific to observe methods and practices in environmental sanitation ($4500).An amount of $1000 is included for equipment and supplies.
(b) Environmental Sanitation Training Philippines 51The Government's regional public health training centres provide six weeks' basic training for sanitary inspectors, of whom
there are approximately 2100 in the country (the number required for an efficient service is estimated at over 3000); to increasetheir technical competence, it is proposed to institute a course of advanced training. A sanitarian was assigned to the project in1958 and provision is made for a second sanitarian in 1960 who will assist in planning, organizing and co- ordinating the proposedtraining programme (estimated cost of the two posts, $33 986). This will be carried out in two centres which include pilot demon-stration areas for the construction and operation of sanitary facilities in rural and semi -urban areas.
SINGAPORE(See page 306)
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Urban Health Centre Singapore 4This centre co- operates with the Department of Social Medicine of the University of Malaya in Singapore and serves as a
training centre for medical students, public health nurses, health inspectors and other ancillary personnel. The Government andthe University are providing the cost of the health centre, staff and equipment. Provision is made to continue the post of nurseeducator in public health in 1960 (estimated cost, $9344).
(b) Domiciliary Midwifery Singapore 14A programme has been established which provides a domiciliary after -care service and a domiciliary midwifery
service in the urban area of Singapore. The Government is now planning an island -wide domiciliary midwifery service, to beginin 1959, and has requested WHO assistance. Provision is therefore made for a nurse educator in midwifery (estimated cost in1960, $9434).
WESTERN PACIFIC 285
(c) Medical Statistics (TA) Singapore 9The purpose of this project was to reorganize the hospital records system of the medical service in Singapore, establish a
programme for training local officers in the keeping of hospital records, and initiate these officers into their new posts. As thereorganization of the hospital records system is practically complete, the Government is now setting up a statistical research divi-sion in the Ministry of Health to co- ordinate and supervise the collection of health statistics, including hospital statistics, through-out Singapore and to compile and the analyse statistical data collected. Provision is made to retain the services of the medicalstatistician in 1959 and for one month of 1960 (estimated cost in latter year, $1701).
2. Nursing
Nursing Education (TA) Singapore 8In the early stages of this project, which has been in operation since 1952, a domiciliary after -care service was organized in
the urban area of Singapore, a full domiciliary midwifery service later being set up; this was completed by 1956. The present aimof the programme is to improve the quality of nursing service by raising the standard of basic and post -basic nursing education.By 1956, three nurse educators were working on the project, and in 1957 a nurse educator was assigned to develop a trainingcourse for fully qualified psychiatric nurses. After a study by two consultants in 1957, WHO helped to organize a programme ofclinical instruction for student nurses; in- service training, with special courses in administration and special fields, for qualifiednurses; and the strengthening of nursing administration. Provision is made for the project to continue through 1960, the fournurse educators being retained (estimated cost, $30 179). The Government's contribution includes fellowships for the trainingof counterparts.
TONGA (See page 306)Environmental Sanitation
Pilot Projet (TA) Tonga 1The purpose of this project is to assist in strengthening environmental sanitation services. A social anthropologist arrived
in Tonga in March 1958 and a sanitary engineer joined the project in the second half of that year. They will study the culturalfactors that affect acceptance of modern sanitary methods, study and design sanitary facilities in urban and rural areas of the country,assist in establishing pilot sanitation programmes, train local personnel in techniques of environmental sanitation, and help toplan a programme of environmental control for the whole country. It is proposed to retain the sanitary engineer and social anthro-pologist through 1960 (estimated cost, $18 432).
TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Public Health Administration(See page 307)
Fellowships Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 4The Trust Territory has a Director of Public Health for the entire territory and district directors of public health in the field.
Each district hospital has one or two American personnel. Other employees at the hospitals and on all outlying islands are Micro-nesians; there is a programme of pre -service, in- service and post -graduate training for them. A fellowship is provided for in 1960to allow a Micronesian medical practitioner to observe and study public health administration in selected countries in the Region(estimated cost, $3500).
VIET NAM (See page 307)3. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (TA) Viet Nam 7This is a continuation ¿f the project which began in 1958. In 1959 provision is made for a medical officer and a nurse and
in 1960 a thoracic surgeon will be added with a view to the expansion of the project (estimated cost of the three posts, $33 499).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Fellowships (Epidemiology) (TA) Viet Nam 13Provision is made for a fellowship to allow a medical officer to study and observe quarantine and internal health services in
Canada or Europe and, upon his return, apply the knowledge gained to disease control in his country (estimated cost, $3500).
3. Public Health Administration(a) Vital and Health Statistics Viet Nam 11
Provision is made for a health statistician to assist in the development of the Statistics Office of the Secretary of State forHealth (estimated cost, $12 037) and for the supplies essential to the project ($1000). He will also be expected to lecture at theMedical Faculty, University of Saigon, and at the Health Technicians' School (Viet Nam 10).
(b) Preventive Medicine Viet Nam 14The Government is developing a service for preventive medicine and will require the assistance of an epidemiologist for at
least two years. This officer will assist in planning and programming and in developing disease control, particularly of commu-nicable diseases. He will also organize the staff of the service, train personnel, and take part in planning the Central Laboratoryof the Department (estimated cost of the post, $12 037).
A 19
286 WESTERN PACIFIC
(c) Hospital Administration Viet Nam 15The Government is gradually developing its hospital network and improving the administration of hospitals, but it has few
medical officers with experience in hospital administration. It is proposed to send a consultant for about six months to adviseon the administration of hospitals, uniformity of medical records, and system of reporting (estimated cost, $7800). Provision isalso made for the printing of forms, of suggested records and of a simple manual ($500).
(d) Fellowships (TA) Viet Nam 13It is proposed to award a twelve -month fellowship for a medical officer to study public health administration (estimated
cost, $5500). Upon his return he will be able to assist in the co- ordination and integration of the work of the national healthadministration.
4. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships (TA) Viet Nam 13Provision is made for a twelve -month fellowship to allow a government medical officer to study health education abroad
($5500). On his return he will take part in planning and implementing a programme in that field for the country.
5. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre (TA) Viet Nam 3The Government's programme of public health and medical services is expanding steadily. There is already a maternal and
child health section at the Ministry of Health and there are medical services for mothers and children at Saigon, Dalat and Hué.It is planned to use these services as training centres for medical and nursing students and to co- ordinate them with the ruralhealth programme which is being developed with the help of the United States International Co- operation Administration.
The project started in 1954; two medical officers and three nurses were provided in 1958; and four fellowships were awardedduring the period. The Government is requesting that the team should be continued through 1960, a nurse educator in paedia-trics being added in that year (estimated cost of the six posts in 1960, $66 880). A twelve -month fellowship in paediatrics is pro-posed under TA -II (see Annex 3), as part of the plan for training counterparts to take over the services when international assist-ance is terminated.
6. Education and Training
Medical Faculty (University of Saigon) and Health Technicians' School (TA) Viet Nam 10In order to provide health services in the rural areas, the Government has requested assistance in a project for training health
technicians to take the place of physicians, of whom there is a shortage. Substantial bilateral assistance is now being provided forthe University of Saigon, and facilities for medical undergraduates are being greatly increased. Provision is therefore made fora professor of preventive medicine in the Medical Faculty of the University, to teach also at the Health Technicians' School (esti-mated cost in 1960, $3559).
WESTERN SAMOA
Tuberculosis(See page 308)
Tuberculosis Control Western Samoa 3Western Samoa has already the nucleus of a tuberculosis control programme which it desires to expand on modern lines.
Provision is made in 1960 to retain the adviser on tuberculosis (estimated cost, $11 539).
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Tuberculosis(See page 308)
Tuberculosis Seminar WPRO 67The Government of Australia has asked for assistance with the seminar on tuberculosis to be held in connexion with the Asian -
Pacific Tuberculosis Congress at Sydney in May 1960. The seminar should include participants from the Western Pacific andAsian countries, and is expected to discuss the latest progress in tuberculosis work and assess the progress made in various coun-tries. The Australian Government and the National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis will be hosts to this seminarand will contribute A£4 000 for internal conference expenses. Provision is made for three short -term consultants (estimatedcost, $3900) and for forty participants ($18 400).
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Control WPRO 22This project, which began towards the end of 1954, was undertaken to help governments carry out mass campaigns for the
control, and perhaps eradication, of yaws in the Pacific Island Territories. The team (a medical officer, a serologist and a nurse/administrative officer) has helped with the control projects, including re- surveys, in Fiji, Western Samoa, the British SolomonIslands Protectorate and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and, in 1958 -59, was to help organize the project in the Condominium
WESTERN PACIFIC 287
of the New Hebrides and the Kingdom of Tonga. It is proposed to retain the team in 1960 (estimated cost, $44 137) so that itmay revisit the territories to assess the results of the projects and advise the governments on the consolidation of the work andits integration into the routine rural health services. Provision is also made for some supplies ($250). UNICEF has been providingthe bulk of the supplies and equipment.
3. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Poliomyelitis Centres WPRO 37By the end of 1959, most of the northern part of the Region will have been surveyed by the director of one of the two WHO -
designated centres. Virology workers in several countries and territories have been trained at one or the other centre so that accu-rate epidemiological information can be exchanged. A centre has not yet been designated to serve the South Pacific; it is hopedto do this in 1959 or 1960. Provision is made for travel of the centre directors (estimated cost, $1500), for equipment and suppliesto strengthen the designated centres ($500), and for fellowships ($1500).
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Conference and Study Tour (TA) WPRO 45It is proposed to invite senior health administrators from Member States represented on the Regional Committee, and from
their territories, to participate in a public health conference and study tour in 1960, covering two countries and lasting aboutfourteen days. Such a conference and study tour should encourage local health workers to evaluate their progress and stimulateinterest in health among local officials and the general population.
Provision is made for the per diem and travel costs of eighteen participants ($8500), a consultant for two months, includingtravel ($2600), and for supplies, air freight charges, and travel and allowances of other staff ($1750). The host governmentsare expected to arrange for secretarial assistance, local transportation, etc. and to meet their cost.
(b) Seminar on Vital and Health Statistics WPRO 66It is planned to conduct a regional seminar on vital and health statistics in 1960 with technical assistance from headquarters,
and with the possible participation of the United Nations. The purpose of the seminar is to improve vital and health statisticsservices in the Region, and to make them uniform and internationally comparable, by giving additional training to workers selectedby Member governments from their national services. The seminar will include lectures, demonstrations and practical experiencein vital and health statistics; and an exchange of information on methods of improving both statistical services and comparability,and on discrepancies in the present methods of collecting and compiling statistics. The seminar, which will be held in Manila,is expected to last for six weeks. It is hoped that other international agencies will co- operate. Provision is made for three short -term consultants (estimated cost, $3900), for participants ($19 617), for equipment and supplies ($3054) and for travel of head-quarters staff ($3529).
(c) Seminar on Public Health Laboratory Services (TA) WPRO 69A seminar is planned for 1960 to promote a better appreciation of the vital part that public health laboratory services can play
in the health prdgramme, and to encourage a review of administrative policies, better co- ordination between laboratories, hospitalsand health agencies, and a re- examination of laboratory practices and methods with a view to modernizing, simplifying, and expand-ing them. The participants will be laboratory directors, public health administrators, epidemiologists and sanitarians of theRegion. Consultant services will be required (estimated cost, $3900), and thirty -three participants will be invited ($21 850).
(d) Conference on Rural Health Services (TA) WPRO 70The past decade has seen the development of health services in the rural areas in which most people in the Region live. These
rural health services have varying types of staff, but almost all provide the elements of medical care and preventive services, includ-ing environmental hygiene. They are financed from local or national funds, many of them from both.
To encourage the development of these fundamental services it is proposed to organize a conference at which the participantscan share experiences and exchange information. Discussion, comparison, and appraisal of the work done in the countries andterritories represented will provide a basis for future planning. Consultant services in public health administration (with experiencein rural health work) and in community development, will be made available (estimated cost, $2600). There will be aboutthirty participants from the Region, probably public health administrators, supervisory personnel concerned with rural healthwork, and rural health workers ($20 660).
(e) Fellowships (Undergraduate Medical Studies) WPRO 50To increase the number of assistant medical officers in the health services of the South Pacific Island territories, it is proposed
to provide five -year undergraduate fellowships for study at the Central Medical School, Fiji. Candidates will be nominated by thegovernments concerned, after a competitive examination, from the areas where such officers are most needed. This project wasdue to start in 1958 and will continue in 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $5000).
5. Social and Occupational Health
Seminar on Occupational Health WPRO 52With the increasing industrialization of countries in the Region, it is considered timely to hold a seminar on occupational
health. It will last two weeks and its main topics will be " Organization of services for occupational health " and " Research andtraining ". Lectures and group discussions are planned, and visits will be paid to industrial plants. It is hoped that anotherUnited Nations specialized agency will join in sponsoring the seminar. Provision is made for two consultants (estimated cost,
288 WESTERN PACIFIC
$5200) ; for participants, among whom will be officials of ministries of health, lecturers in medical schools and institutes of publichealth, medical officers of health of industrial cities, and physicians in large industrial plants ($10 500); and for equipment andsupplies ($500).
6. Health Education of the Public
Seminar on Health Education Training WPRO 57It is proposed that a seminar should be held at the Regional Office in Manila for health workers and health education specia-
lists, to exchange ideas on the problems and practices of health education training; it will bring together thirty -five participantsand last about three weeks. The staff will include consultants in health education, general education and public health training;the rest will come from among the advisers and field staff working in the Region and from participating countries.
Provision is made for three consultants and temporary advisers (estimated cost, $9300), for thirty -five participants ($19 550)and for selected supplies, materials and equipment ($1500).
1. Other Projects
Medical Literature and Teaching Equipment WPRO 64This item, not connected with any specific project, is for the supply of small quantities of essential literature, equipment and
supplies to Member governments for work on demonstration and training projects and for pilot studies. The provision madeis $1000.
Treponematosis Advisory Team Inter- regional 51A team of a medical officer, a laboratory technician and a male public health nurse (estimated cost in 1960, $41 876) will
continue to assist health administrations in several countries of one region in the ultimate eradication of yaws, as part of theirpublic health programmes. The team will be provided with transport and equipment ($5000).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Advisory Team Inter -regional 52As irrigation programmes extend in various regions, bilharziasis is likely to spread and to retard socio- economic develop-
ment. An epidemiologist and an irrigation engineer are to continue to study what methods of constructing canals and irriga-tion systems are best calculated to prevent the extension of the disease (estimated cost of posts in 1960, $31 620). They will beprovided with transport and equipment ($3000).
(b) Leprosy Advisory Team Inter -regional 54Statistical and epidemiological investigations are necessary to assess the progress of leprosy control work or to determine
when the methods in use should be modified, but at present the information about field projects is insufficient for this purposeand is not always uniform. Provision is therefore made ($33 757) for an adequately equipped team (a leprologist and a statistician)to visit different control projects.
(c) Leprosy Training Course (TA) Inter -regional 55The staffing of leprosy- control services is a particularly serious problem in several countries of the South -East Asia, Eastern
Mediterranean and Western Pacific Regions; it is therefore proposed to hold a course to train medical officers from those regions(estimated cost, $32 700).
(d) Trachoma Training Course (TA) Inter- regional 56National ophthalmologists with adequate experience of trachoma are scarce and few know the techniques of epidemiological
research or how best to organize schemes for trachoma control. This training course is experimental and is intended to be thefirst of an inter -regional series open to specialists of all regions (estimated cost, $27 800).
(e) Onchocerciasis Training Course (TA) Inter- regional 57Too few ophthalmologists are available who have the specialized knowledge of onchocercal eye lesions which is required for
surveying selected areas in order to decide on measures of control. It is proposed to make provision for a training course inonchocerciasis to serve the African and Eastern Mediterranean Regions (estimated cost, $18 400).
(f) Diarrhoeal Diseases (TA) Inter -regional 58Although it is recognized that diarrhoeal diseases 'are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children, responsible
health administrations in many countries do not know enough about the specific causative agents to enable them to evaluate theimportance of this group of diseases. It is proposed to continue to employ an epidemiologist and a laboratory technician for oneyear (estimated cost, $29 060) to make known the newer epidemiological methods and measures for the prevention and controlof these diseases. They will be provided with transport and equipment ($5500).
(g) Training Course on Dried Smallpox Vaccine Production Inter -regional 73It is proposed to organize a training course on the production of dried smallpox vaccine in order to help countries to improve
their methods of production. Provision is made for consultants (estimated cost, $2600), participants ($13 000), temporary staff($2000), and the necessary supplies ($2400).
(h) Smallpox Conference Inter- regional 74It is proposed to hold a conference for the improvement and co- ordination of smallpox control programmes in South -East
Asia, in those parts of the Eastern Mediterranean Region where the epidemiological situation is similar and in those areas of theWestern Pacific Region which lie in the Indochinese and Malayan peninsulas. Provision is made for two consultants (estimatedcost, $2600), for participants ($10 000), for supplies and equipment ($2500) and for temporary staff ($3300).
3. Mental Health
Conference on Technique of Surveys on Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Inter- regional 75It is proposed to convene a conference on the techniques of sample surveys of the epidemiology of mental disorders, in collabo-
ration with national governments and national and international non -governmental organizations. Provision is made for consul-tants (estimated cost, $2600), participants ($13 000), temporary staff ($1400) and equipment and supplies ($1000).
1 For malaria projects, see Annex 4.
INTER -REGIONAL AND OTHER ACTIVITIES 311
4. Education and Training
Seminar on Medical Use of Radioisotopes Inter -regional 76It is planned to hold in 1960 a seminar on some aspect of the medical use of radioisotopes, or on radiation protection. It
is too early to decide on the exact subject, but it might be, for example : radioisotopes in cardiovascular diagnosis, the treatmentof malignancy with radioactive colloids, or some aspect of radiation health. The seminar may be jointly sponsored by the Inter-national Atomic Energy Agency. It is expected that there would be from thirty to forty participants, sixteen of whom would beinvited by the sponsoring organizations, and the rest sent by the countries concerned. Provision is made for WHO to invite eightparticipants (estimated cost, $8000) and for supplies and other services ($1500).
COLLABORATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
Public Health Administration(See page 314)
(a) Liaison with UNICEFIt is proposed to continue the services of the medical advisers stationed in Bangkok, New York and Paris, who are responsible
for liaison with UNICEF regional offices and headquarters (estimated cost, $78 251). Provision is made for secretarial assistance($18 355) and for duty travel for Bangkok, New York and Paris (a total of $20 000) to enable the medical advisers to visit, asrequired, the headquarters of WHO and UNICEF, the regional offices, and projects jointly assisted by UNICEF and WHO.
(b) UNRWA (Public Health Personnel)Provision is made to continue the services of the personnel (a public health administrator and a public health nurse) respon-
sible for the general technical direction of the health programme administered by the United Nations Relief and Works Agencyfor Palestine Refugees (estimated cost, $28 239).
(c) Broad Programmes of the United Nations and Specialized Agencies in the Social and Economic FieldsThese programmes -community development, industrialization, urbanization, housing, etc. -are being developed in consulta-
tion with the United Nations and the specialized agencies concerned pursuant to resolutions of the Economic and Social Council,particularly 496 (XVI) of July 1953 and 627 (XXII) of August 1956, on concerted practical action in the social field, and 618(XXII) of August 1956, on industrialization; resolution 1042 (XI) of the eleventh session of the United Nations General Assemblyon the long -range programme for community development; and resolution WHA10.39 on broad programmes. Provision is madefor consultants to assist in studies, to attend meetings, to take part in survey missions, etc. (estimated cost, $14 300); and forsupplies ($700).
Fellowships Bel. Ter. 9Four fellowships are proposed ($9000) for the study of
various endemo- epidemic diseases.
FRENCH AFRICA (VARIOUS TERRITORIES)
1. Tuberculosis
Fellowships French Africa 8Two fellowships in tuberculosis control are proposed
($1800).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Fellowships French Africa 8Two fellowships for the study of endemo- epidemic diseases
are proposed ($6000).
ARGENTINA
(For cost estimates, see following table)
3. Public Health Administration
Fellowships French Africa 8A fellowship is proposed for the study of public health
administration ($2250).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships French Africa 8Four fellowships are proposed for the study of maternal
and child health ($3200).
5. Nutrition
Fellowships French Africa 8A fellowship is proposed ($1800).
6. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships French Africa 8A fellowship is proposed ($3000).
THE AMERICAS
Nursing
Nursing Education, Córdoba and El Chaco Argentina 3Four fellowships are proposed ($17 200) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
BOLIVIA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Bolivia 13Three fellowships are proposed ($12 000) to supplement
the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
BRAZIL
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Eradication Brazil 20Yaws is an important public health problem in eleven
north -eastern and coastal states of Brazil, the prevalence ratebeing estimated at from six to seven per cent. In mid -1956
the Government began to convert its control programme intcone of eradication in the States of Ceari, Pernambuco andMinas Gerais, and the programme activities were advancedin 1957. The disease, however, shows a tendency to increasein incidence in some of the affected areas, and also to spreadto other areas as a result of the southward migration of popula-tion. The Government wishes to convert the entire programmeas soon as possible to one of eradication, following in generalthe methods successfully used in Haiti. It is proposed toprovide short -term consultants in 1960 (estimated cost,$3665).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Production of Biologicals Brazil 8Supplies and equipment are proposed ($4700) to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Trachoma Control Brazil 21There are four distinct endemic foci of trachoma in Bra-
zil -the interior of the states of Ceará, Minas Gerais, SàoPaulo, and Rio Grande do Sul and adjoining regions. Thenumber of cases is estimated at 750 000 and the problemhas serious economic consequences for the affected regions.The Government in 1957 initiated a pilot demonstrationproject designed to develop an economical and effectivemethod of control in region -wide programmes. An ophthal-mologist experienced in trachoma control is proposed for1960 (estimated cost, $10 241) and also a fellowship ($3000).
- 317 -
14
318 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
3. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Brazil 16To collaborate with the Government in training staff for
the improvement and expansion of its health services, fivefellowships are proposed ($21 500).
BRITISH GUIANA AND WEST INDIES
Public Health Administration
Fellowships British Guiana and West Indies 9Five fellowships are proposed ($21 500) to assist the Govern-
ment in training staff for the improvement and expansionof its health services.
BRITISH HONDURAS
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services British Honduras 3A fellowship is proposed ($4300) to assist the Government
in strengthening its public health services.
CHILE
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Chile 18Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to supplement the
provision made under TA -I (see Annex 2).
COLOMBIA
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Colombia 4Three fellowships are proposed ($12 900) to supplement
the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
COSTA RICA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Costa Rica 16Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to assist the Govern-
ment in training staff for the improvement and expansionof its health services.
CUBA
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Cuba 3The purpose of this project is to extend the public health
services of the country, which will be divided into districts,each with a health unit which will provide the basic publichealth services. The central services of the National Depart-ment of Public Health will also be strengthened. The firststep will be to select a representative zone of the country,including urban and rural areas, and to employ professionaland auxiliary staff, with special training in public health, tobuild up there a co- ordinated public health service. The
experience so gained will be used in extending the servicesto other parts of the country. The Organization has givenadvice on the planning of this project and proposes in 1960to provide a medical officer to assist in the project (estimatedcost, $8685).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Dominican Republic 7Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to assist the Government
in training staff for the improvement and expansion of itshealth services.
ECUADOR
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Ecuador 17Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to assist the Govern-
ment in improving its health services.
EL SALVADOR
Public Health Administration
Health Demonstration Area El Salvador 5Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
FRENCH ANTILLES AND GUIANA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships French Antilles and Guiana 1Provision is made for five fellowships to assist the Govern-
ment in training staff for the health service ($14 895).
GUATEMALA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Guatemala 7Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to assist the Govern-
ment in training staff for the improvement and expansionof its health services.
HAITI
Public Health Administration
Local Health Services Haiti 2The Organization has assisted the Government in a number
of specialized programmes, but it is now desired to set up abasic organization of national, state and local health servicesto cover the whole country. A region of the country (PetitGoave) has been surveyed and the establishment there of ahealth demonstration area recommended. In 1959 an inter-national team will make a thorough survey of the healthorganizations of the country and will make recommendations.Under this project it is proposed in 1960 to provide fellowshipsfor the training of national personnel (estimated cost, $8600).
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 319
HONDURAS
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Honduras 4Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
MEXICO1. Malaria
Eradication Mexico 53Consultant services for six months are proposed ($6990)
to supplement the provision shown in Annex 4.
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Mexico 24Three fellowships are proposed ($12 900) to assist the
Government in training staff for the improvement and ex-pansion of its health services.
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES AND SURINAM
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Netherlands Antilles and Surinam 3A fellowship is proposed ($2500) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Environmental Sanitation
Aèdes aegypti Eradication Netherlands Antilles and Surinam 1Supplies and equipment are proposed ($1500) to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
NICARAGUA
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Nicaragua 3It is proposed to provide two fellowships in 1960 (estimated
cost, $8600) in continuation of assistance previously givenwith this project.
AFGHANISTAN
PANAMA
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Panama 1Two fellowships are proposed ($8600) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
PARAGUAY
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Paraguay 10Three fellowships are proposed ($12 900) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
PERU
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Peru 22Three fellowships are proposed ($12 900) to supplement
the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
URUGUAY
Public Health Administration
Public Health Services Uruguay 5A hospital administrator is proposed (estimated cost,
$10 072) and also two fellowships ($8600), to supplement theprovision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
VENEZUELA
Public Health Administration
Local Health Services Venezuela 1A fellowship is proposed ($3948) to supplement the pro-
vision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
SOUTH -EAST ASIA
1. Tuberculosis
Country Adviser Afghanistan 33To continue assistance to the tuberculosis control scheme
already operating in Kabul and to advise the Governmenthow the scheme may best be expanded to fit in with thegeneral development of public health services in Afghanistan,provision was made for a short -term consultant in 1958 andin 1959. As recommended by this consultant, it is proposedto provide in 1960 a public health nurse to help to strengthenthe domiciliary service (estimated cost, $5404), and suppliesand equipment to the value of $100. As in 1959, the servicesof an inter -country bacteriologist for one month ($1235) arealso proposed.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Vaccine Production, Kabul Afghanistan 20Two regional fellowships are proposed ($3400) to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Assistance to Public Health Laboratory,Kabul Afghanistan 25
A twelve -month fellowship for a medical officer to studyfor a diploma in clinical pathology, and two regional fellow-ships for the specialized training of laboratory technicians($7000) are proposed to supplement the provision under TA -I(see Annex 2).
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Rural Health and Training Unit, Gulzar 1 Afghanistan 26
A twelve -month fellowship and three regional fellowships(estimated cost, $8300) are proposed, to supplement theprovision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
1 Formerly " Rural Health Unit, Chaurassia ".
320 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
(b) Institute of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan 31Two fellowships are proposed ($4800), to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
4. Nursing
Nursing Education Afghanistan 35Three twelve -month fellowships are proposed ($10 800), to
supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
5.
(a)
Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Kabul MunicipalityAfghanistan 22
regional fellowship areprovision under TA -I
A twelve -month international and aproposed ($7000), to supplement the(see Annex 2).
(b) School for Sanitarians, KabulA twelve -month international and a
proposed ($7000), to supplement the(see Annex 2).
Afghanistan 28regional fellowship areprovision under TA -I
6. Education and Training
(a) Assistance to X -ray Department, Facultyof Medicine, Kabul Afghanistan 30
To help the Government to instal and maintain x -rayapparatus and equipment already supplied by WHO and totrain national staff, an x -ray engineer and a radiographerare proposed (estimated cost, $16 711), and also a smallquantity of supplies and equipment ($100).
(b) Training of X -ray Technicians Afghanistan 37To train personnel for the operation and maintenance of
government x -ray installations, two twelve -month regionalfellowships are proposed ($5800) for a special course in aregional centre (SEARO 41).
(c) Medical Training Afghanistan 37Two twelve -month fellowships are proposed ($7200) for the
further training of teachers.
(d) Training in Pharmacy Afghanistan 46On the recommendation of the short -term consultant who
was assigned to Afghanistan in late 1957 (under Afghanistan 40)to advise on the management of medical stores, it is proposedin 1959 to assign a teacher of pharmacy to the Ministry ofPublic Health Compounders' School, Kabul, and to continuethe post until the end of 1960 (estimated cost, $8691), witha small amount for supplies and equipment ($100).
BURMA1. Malaria
Assistance to Eradication Burma 31Three regional fellowships are proposed ($4700), to supple-
ment the provision shown in Annex 4.
2. Tuberculosis
Country Adviser Burma 10A twelve -month fellowship for training in the public health
aspects of tuberculosis control ($3600) is proposed, to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
3. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Fellowships Burma 55A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600) for a medical
officer to take post -graduate training in public health, withparticular reference to treponematosis control.
4. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Communicable- Disease Control, Rangoon Burma 44A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($2900), to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Strengthening of Laboratory Services Burma 45Three fellowships are proposed ($7000), to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
5. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Administration, Rangoon Burma 36Three twelve -month regional fellowships are proposed
($8700), to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Fellowships (Vital and Health Statistics) Burma 55One international and two regional fellowships are pro-
posed for training in health statistics ($7000).
6. Nursing
(a) Post -graduate School of Nursing, Rangoon Burma 25A twelve -month fellowship ($3600) is proposed, to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Nursing Advisory Services Burma 56A nurse tutor (estimated cost, $5310) and two twelve -month
fellowships ($7200) are proposed, to supplement the provi-sion under TA -I (see Annex 2).
7. Mental Health
Fellowships Burma 55It is proposed to award a twenty- four -month regional
fellowship for a doctor, and two twelve -month regionalfellowships for nurses ($11 200).
8. Nutrition
Nutrition, Rangoon Burma 26For more than two years WHO provided a nutritionist and
a biochemist for a nutrition project which finished at the endof 1957. In 1959 a public health nutritionist will follow upthis first part of the project, and in 1960 three fellowships oftwelve months each are proposed ($9400).
9. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Strengthening of Environmental Sanitation Burma 30One international and one regional fellowship are proposed
($7000), to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Rural Sanitation Burma 34One international and one regional fellowship are proposed
($7000), to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
10. Education and Training
(a) School for Health Assistants, Rangoon Burma 20In 1955 WHO assigned a medical education specialist to
this school, and has also awarded fellowships. After the visitof u consultant for three months in 1959 to advise on theteaching of environmental sanitation, it is proposed in 1960
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 321
to provide a public health officer for one year, who willreview and upgrade the teaching of public health (estimatedcost, $8661); a small amount ($100) is proposed for suppliesand equipment.
(h) Assistance to Medical College, Rangoon Burma 28To supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2), two
twelve -month fellowships are proposed for the further trainingof teachers in pre -clinical subjects ($11 400).
(c) Fellowships (Training of X -ray Technicians) Burma 55To provide trained personnel for the operation and mainten-
ance of government x -ray installations, two regional fellowshipsare proposed ($5800) for a special course in a regional centre(SEARO 41).
CEYLON
1. Public Health Administration
Health Statistics Ceylon 45It is proposed to award one international and two regional
fellowships ($9100), to supplement the provision under TA -I(see Annex 2).
2. Social and Occupational Health
Fellowships Ceylon 51In preparation for the expected increase in industrial health
work, a twelve -month fellowship in industrial and occupa-tional health is proposed ($3600).
3. Nutrition
Nutrition Ceylon 18It is proposed to award a twelve -month fellowship ($3600),
to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
4. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Kurunegala Ceylon 35One international and two regional fellowships are proposed
($8300) to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
5. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Medical Education) Ceylon 51Four twelve -month fellowships in clinical post -graduate and
pre -clinical teaching are proposed ($14 400).
(b) Training of Laboratory Technicians Ceylon 54It is proposed to award two twelve -month fellowships, one
international and one regional ($6500), to supplement theprovision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
INDIA1. Malaria
Malaria Institute of India India 117The Malaria Institute of India is carrying out research on
various aspects of insect resistance to insecticides. WHO hasprovided a consultant and fellowships. In 1960 two consul-tants for two months each are proposed ($4728), also twointernational fellowships ($4200), and supplies and equipmentto the value of $1000.
2. Tuberculosis
Control and Training Centre (Chemotherapy), Madras India 53Further supplies and equipment ($18 000) are proposed, to
supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Fellowships India 116A fellowship in epidemiology is proposed for 1960 ($3000).
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Programme, Madras India 105
A sanitarian is proposed ($5037), to supplement the pro-vision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Public Health Programme, Rajasthan India 106
A second public health nurse is proposed ($5037), to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(c) Public Health Programme, Orissa India 133
This project will be developed as part of the assistance tobe given to health services in community development areas.In 1959 a public health officer and two public health nursesare proposed, with a sanitarian to be added in 1960 (estimatedcost of the four posts, $28 023), and a small amount of supplies($100).
(d) Public Health Programme, West Bengal India 144
This programme started as a maternal and child healthproject, and was modified in January 1958 into a public healthprogramme to assist health services in community develop-ment areas. In 1958 a public health nurse was at work, andit is proposed to continue this post in 1959. In 1960 theproject will be redefined, but will still require the public healthnurse (estimated cost, $5107), and a small amount for suppliesand equipment ($100).
(e) Public Health Programme, Mysore India 148
A second public health nurse and a sanitarian are pro-posed (estimated cost, $10 074), to supplement the provisionunder TA -I (see Annex 2).
(f) Public Health Programme, Bombay India 150
A sanitarian is proposed (estimated cost, $5137), to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(g) Vital and Health Statistics, West Bengal India 131
This project is to assist the Government in upgrading thestatistical services in the Directorate of Health Services byimproving the completeness and accuracy of health statistics,by instituting a centralized system of machine processing,and by training statistical personnel of all grades. WHOassistance is expected to last for two years. A specialist inhealth statistics, supplies and equipment, and a twelve -monthfellowship are proposed for 1959. In 1960 the specialist wouldbe retained (estimated cost, $10 316) and supplies and equip-ment to the value of $1000 provided.
(h) Hospital Statistics, Bombay India 132
The aims of this project are : (i) to introduce a model systemin selected hospitals, (ii) to assist the Government to set up acentral hospital statistics service, and (iii) to train a nationalcounterpart and medical records officers. Provision of aspecialist in hospital statistics for two years is proposed,starting in 1959 (estimated cost in 1960, $10 316). Suppliesand equipment to the value of $1000, and two regional fellow-ships ($3400) are also proposed for 1960.
(i) Fellowships (Public Health Aspects of AtonicEnergy) India 116Two fellowships are proposed for the study of special
aspects of radiation protection ($4800).
322 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
5. Nursing
Nursing Advisers to States (Madras,Madhya Pradesh and State Undesignated) India 110
A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600), to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
6. Health Education of the Public
(a) Health Education, Ministry of Health inco- operation with Ministry of Education India 85
A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($5700), to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Health Education,Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar India 108
In Bihar it is proposed to -start this project by providing ahealth educator for two years, to assist in developing thework of the health education bureau of the Directorate ofHealth Services; and to furnish supplies and equipment(including a vehicle). In 1960 it is proposed to continue thepost (estimated cost, $8402) and to provide supplies andequipment to the value of $1000.
(c) Fellowships India 116To assist the Government in obtaining qualified persons
for key positions in health education in the national healthservices, WHO awarded fellowships in 1957 and 1958. In1960 two twelve -month fellowships are proposed (estimatedcost, $11 400).
(d) Health Education, Andhra Pradesh India 162It is proposed in 1960 to provide a health educator for two
years to assist the Government in developing the work ofthe health education bureau of the Directorate of HealthServices (estimated cost, $6833) and to provide supplies andequipment (including a vehicle) to the amount of $3000.
(e) Health Education, State Undesignated India 163A health educator is proposed for 1960 (he will be required
for two years) to assist the Government in developing, thework of the health education bureau of the Directorate ofHealth Services (estimated cost, $6833), for equipment andsupplies (including a vehicle) to the value of $3000, and forone twelve -month fellowship ($5700).
7. Maternal and Child Health
(a) Fellowships (Paediatrics) India 116In connexion with project India 135 it is proposed to award
four fellowships in 1960 ($12 000), to enable younger paedia-tric specialists to prepare themselves for teaching posts inthe expanded paediatric departments. A further fellowshipin preventive paediatrics ($3000) is also proposed.
(b) Fellowships India 116This project is to enable maternal and child health officers
to receive training in general public health so that they mayassume wider responsibilities. It is proposed to award sixtwelve -month fellowships in 1960 ($21 600).
8. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Public Health Engineering, Universityof Madras India 77
It is proposed to award two fellowships ($9600), to sup-plement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Environmental Sanitation, Two StatesUndesignated India 113
To strengthen the national programme for improvingsanitation in rural and urban areas, it is proposed to providein 1959 two sanitary engineers to assist two states in theirprogrammes. In 1960 it is proposed to continue the posts(estimated cost, $19 832) and to provide supplies and equip-ment to the value of $2000, and two twelve -month fellowships($11 400). The project is expected to last for three years inall.
(c) Fellowships India 116Two international fellowships are proposed for sanitary
engineers; and four for sanitary engineers and sanitarians($16 600).
(d) Assistance to University Departmentsof Sanitary Engineering India 165
It is proposed in 1960 to send a professor of sanitaryengineering to teach in and help develop the Sanitary Engineer-ing Department of the University of Roorkee for two years(estimated cost in 1960, $7831). Supplies and equipment tothe value of $2000 would also be provided. A visiting pro-fessor would be assigned for three months, to lecture onenvironmental- sanitation subjects in different institutions inIndia ($3546).
9. Education and Training
(a) Professors of Preventive and Social Medicine India 91
To supplement the assistance under TA -I (see Annex 2),it is proposed to continue two other posts to the end of 1960(estimated cost, $19 518), and to award three twenty -four-month fellowships ($29 100).
(b) Medical Education in Non -clinical Subjects India 111
Two professors in non -clinical subjects are proposed fordesignated medical schools in 1959, to be retained in 1960 anda third added (estimated cost, $27 787); supplies and equip-ment ($3000), two twenty- four -month and two twelve -monthfellowships ($19 600) are also proposed.
INDONESIA1. Malaria
Assistance to Eradication Indonesia 32Three fellowships are proposed ($5100), to supplement the
provision shown in Annex 4.
2. Tuberculosis
Control and Training Centre,Area Undesignated Indonesia 50To assist the Government when it is ready to expand its
tuberculosis services, it is proposed to provide a team fortwo years from 1959; it would consist of a medical officer, apublic health nurse and a laboratory technician; and itscost in 1960 would be $24 108. Supplies and equipment tothe value of $1000 would also be provided.
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Plague Control Indonesia 12
WHO consultants early in 1956 and again in 1957 investi-gated the epidemiology of plague in Indonesia. To assist theGovernment in implementing the consultants' recommenda-tions for the eradication of the disease, a specialist in plagueis proposed for 1959, to be retained until the end of 1960(estimated cost in that year, $9592); a small amount of suppliesand equipment ($100) would also be provided.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 323
b) Strengthening of Health Services(Epidemiology) Indonesia 29
A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600) to supple-ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(c)' Vaccine Production Indonesia 40This project is designed to assist the Government with
advice and training facilities for modern methods and tech-niques of producing sera and vaccines. In 1958 a short -termconsultant was provided and in 1959 travel fellowships areproposed for the heads of the vaccine, chemical and serologicaldepartments. From 1960, it is proposed to provide a consul-tant bacteriologist for two years (estimated cost in 1960,$8309), a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment,and a twelve -month fellowship ($3600).
(d) Fellowships (Filariasis Control) r Indonesia 49To help the Government obtain trained personnel to assess
the extent of the filariasis problem in Indonesia and torecommend measures for research and control, it is proposedto provide a fellowship in 1960 ($2400).
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics Indonesia 25A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600), to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Fellowships (Dental Health) Indonesia 49To strengthen the preventive and public health aspects of
dentistry, a twelve -month fellowship is proposed in 1960($5700).
(c) Fellowships (Health Aspectsof Atomic Energy) Indonesia 49
A twelve -month fellowship for the study of radiationprotection is proposed ($3600).
(d) Strengthening of Health Services Indonesia 55It is proposed to provide in 1959 a short -term consultant
who would assist the Ministry of Health in planning anintegrated and co- ordinated public health programme; hewould help to evaluate the health work and to train personnel;would study the organization of the staff and formulateadministrative procedures. To help the Government toimplement any recommendations he may make, it is proposedto provide, for two years from 1960, a public health adminis-trator and a public health officer (estimated cost in 1960,$16 618), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equip-ment.
(e) Public Health Legislation Indonesia 56To assist the national authorities in drafting public health
legislation, a specialist is proposed for 1960 (estimated cost,$8209), with a small amount ($100) for supplies and equipment.
5. Nursing
Nursing Adviser Indonesia 41A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600), to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
6. Soéial and Occupational Health
Fellowships Indonesia 49In preparation for the expected increased activities in
industrial health, it is proposed in 1960 to award a twelve-month fellowship in industrial health ($3600).
7.1 Mental Health
Fellowships Indonesia 49A twelve -month fellowship in psychiatric nursing is pro-
posed ($3600).
8. Nutrition
Nutrition Institute, Djakarta Indonesia 5To supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2),
a biochemist and a field investigator are proposed for 1959and 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $17 198), and also a twelve-month fellowship in 1960 ($7200).
9. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation, Djakarta Indonesia 20
To supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2), itis proposed to award three international and two regionalfellowships ($15 500).
10. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Medical Education) Indonesia 49
Four fellowships are proposed at an estimated total costof $16 500, as follows :
(i) Gadjah Mada University - one twelve -month fellow-ship for special training in biochemistry, pharmaceuticalchemistry, pharmacy, or paediatrics;
(ii) Medan Medical School - two twelve -month fellow-ships for teachers in non -clinical subjects;
(iii) Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya - one twelve -monthfellowship to afford further post -graduate training to a memberof the staff.
(b) Fellowships (Training of X -rayTechnicians) Indonesia 49
To provide trained personnel for the operation and mainten-ance of government x -ray installations, three twelve -monthfellowships are proposed ($8700) for a special course in aregional centre (SEARO 41).
MALDIVE ISLANDS
Education and Training
Fellowships ('various) Maldive Islands 4In view of the lack of trained nurses and other health per-
sonnel, it is proposed in 1960 to provide two twelve -monthregional fellowships for nurse midwives ($5800).
NEPAL
1. Public Health Administration
Assistance to Central Health Directorate Nepal 4A twelve -month regional fellowship is proposed ($2900),
to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Nursing
Training of Nurses, Kathmandu Nepal 2Two twelve -month regional fellowships are proposed
($5800), to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
324 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
3. Education and Training
Fellowships (Training of X -ray Technicians) Nepal 6To provide trained personnel for the operation and mainten-
ance of government x -ray installations, a twelve -monthfellowship is proposed ($2900) for a special course at a regionalcentre (SEARO 41).
PORTUGUESE INDIA
Education and Training
Fellowships (various) Portuguese India 6It is proposed to award a twelve -month fellowship ($3500).
THAILAND
1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Survey and Control Thailand 42A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600), to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Hospital Statistics Thailand 44To supplement the assistance under TA -I (see Annex 2),
it is proposed to provide two fellowships in 1960 ($3400).(b) Fellowships (Public Health Aspects
of Atomic Energy) Thailand 47A twelve -month fellowship is proposed for the study of
radiation protection and hospital physics (estimated cost,$5700).
(c) Rural Health Thailand 48The Government wishes to strengthen and expand rural
health services by providing in each district of the countryat least one first -class health centre, with a staff capable ofsupervising a number of second -class centres. A public healthofficer is proposed for two years from 1960 (estimated cost forthat year, $9402), with a small amount ($100) for suppliesand equipment.
(d) Hospital Administration Thailand 51The Government wishes to improve the administration of
hospitals in Bangkok and in the provinces. An adviser isproposed for six months in 1960, to assist in developing anational programme for hospital administration (estimatedcost, $6987).
FRANCE
(e), Hospital Records Thailand 52To help the system of records in Siriraj Hospital, a consul-
tant for six months is proposed (estimated cost, $6987) anda twelve -month fellowship ($2900).
3. Nursing
Nursing Adviser, Department of Health Thailand 55This project is to assist the Government in developing the
new Division of Public Health Nursing in the Department ofHealth. A nursing adviser is proposed for two years (estimatedcost in 1960, $8132), with a small amount ($100) for suppliesand equipment.
4. Social and Occupational Health
Fellowships Thailand 47A twelve -month fellowship is proposed ($3600), for the
study of industrial and occupational health.
5. Maternal and Child Health
Strengthening of Central Health Organization Thailand 34
When this project was started in June 1956, a maternal andchild health officer was appointed to assist the Government inthe development of its maternal and child health services;he completed his assignment in May 1958. It is proposed toprovide a short -term consultant for four months in 1960(estimated cost, $4658) to study the developments and makerecommendations.
6. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Training of X -ray Technicians) Thailand 47To provide trained personnel for the operation and mainten-
ance of government x -ray installations, two twelve -monthfellowships are proposed ($5800) for a special course at aregional centre (SEARO 41).
(b) Chulalongkorn Medical School Thailand 50
In 1960 it is proposed to provide a visiting professor forone year to the Chulalongkorn Medical School, to assist withthe reorganization, upgrading and teaching of pathology(estimated cost, $9302); this project may be shared with thethe Siriraj Medical School. A small amount ($100) is proposedfor supplies and equipment.
EUROPE
Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Communicable Eye Diseases, Algeria Algeria 1Fellowships ($3500) are proposed, in addition to the pro-
vision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
GREECE
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Control of Infectious Diseases Greece 22For some years the Government has been assisted in pro-
grammes for the control of various endemo- epidemic diseasesand in the development of public health laboratory services.
It is proposed in 1960 to provide consultant services ($3480)and fellowships ($2680).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Hospital Administration and Management Greece 18
To assist the Government in expanding the hospital admin-istration services, fellowships are proposed in 1959 and in1960 a visit by a consultant ($1160) and further fellowships($3100).
(b) Health Statistical Services Greece 19
Provision is made for fellowships ($3100), to supplementthe provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 325
3. Nursing
Training of Nursing Instructors Greece 17
The purpose of this project is to prepare nurses for teachingand administrative posts, with a view to the establishment ofa post -basic school of nursing and the organization of publichealth nursing services. The project started in 1956 andprovides fellowships for nurses for advanced studies in nursingeducation. A twelve -month fellowship in nursing admin-istration is proposed for 1960 (estimated cost, $4500).
MALTATuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control Malta 1In 1956 a consultant visited Malta to advise on tuberculosis
control services. For 1960 a fellowship is proposed ($5000).
MOROCCO1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control Morocco 7Supplies ($500) and fellowships ($2500) are proposed,
to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Control of Infectious Diseases Morocco 13It is proposed to provide a consultant ($2330) and some
supplies ($1000).
CYPRUS
Public Health Administration
3. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal and Child Health Services Morocco 14
To assist the training of public health personnel for thematernal and child services, fellowships are proposed, forstudy abroad ($5000).
TURKEY
Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Trachoma ControlFellowships are proposed ($1500),
assistance under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Deratting of Ships
Turkey 31to supplement the
Turkey 37Fellowships ($1600) and supplies and equipment ($500) are
proposed.
YUGOSLAVIA1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control Yugoslavia 16.4It is proposed to provide fellowships ($3500), to supplement
the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Yugoslavia 16.5Supplies are proposed ($1000), to supplement the provision
under TA -I (see Annex 2).
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Fellowships Cyprus 4Two fellowships are proposed ($7800), in addition to those
shown in Annex 2.
ETHIOPIA1. Tuberculosis
Demonstration and Training Centre Ethiopia 6and Control ProgrammeA laboratory technician is proposed ($6743) to supplement
the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships Ethiopia 19Fellowships are proposed for undergraduate medical
studies and in various branches of public health ($10 500).
(b) Public Health Adviser, Eritrea Ethiopia 22It is proposed to assign a public health adviser to the Federal
Government of Ethiopia, to be attached to the government,departments in Eritrea (estimated cost in 1960, $10 569). Hisduties would be to advise on all health matters, to co- ordinatethe assistance provided by the Organization with the variousgovernment departments in Eritrea, the international agenciesand the bilateral organizations interested in public healthprogrammes, and to assess and follow up projects in operationand assist in planning for the future.
IRAN
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Iran 25A virologist is proposed (estimated cost, $9306) to supple-
ment the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Nursing
Red Lion and Sun School of Nursing, Rey Iran 37Another nurse educator is proposed (estimated cost, $6025),
in addition to those shown under TA -I (see Annex 2).
3. Social and Occupational Health
Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases Iran 30A consultant visited Iran in 1952 and made recommendations
for the development of a programme in industrial hygiene,and his plans have been partially carried out by the Govern-ment. It is proposed to provide a medical officer during 1959and to continue his services through 1960 (estimated cost in1960, $9326). In addition supplies and equipment would beprovided ($5000).
IRAQ
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Iraq 18A consultant visited Iraq in 1955 and made a preliminary
survey of the epidemiology of communicable eye diseases inthe country. On the basis of his recommendations, and the
326 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
experience obtained from pilot studies in other parts of theRegion, it is proposed that a control project should start in1959. An ophthalmologist and a public health nurse will berequired throughout 1960 (estimated cost, $13 851).
2. Public Health Administration
Provincial Health Administration Iraq 6A health educator ($7969) is proposed, in addition to the
team shown under TA -I (see Annex 2).
ISRAEL
Public Health Administration
Fellowships Israel 28Another post -graduate fellowship in public health is pro-
posed ($5000), in addition to the two shown under TA -I(see Annex 2).
JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships
Further fellowshipspublic health ($5000).
Jordan 19are proposed in various branches of
2. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre, Amman Jordan 3Further supplies and equipment are proposed ($10 000),
to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
LEBANON
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Lebanon 18The Government has asked for assistance in its campaign
against communicable eye diseases. It is proposed that a teamconsisting of an ophthalmologist and a public health nurseshould start work in the latter part of 1959 and continuethrough 1960 (estimated cost in 1960, $14 183).
(b) Leprosy Control Lebanon 32It is proposed that a short -term consultant should visit
Lebanon for a month in 1960 to study the epidemiology ofleprosy in the country (estimated cost, $1177).
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Lebanon 27Fellowships are proposed for advanced studies in public
health administration ($4000).
LIBYA1. Malaria
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication Libya 9In addition to the provision for 1960 shown in Annex 4,
a malariologist is proposed ($10 881).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Libya 6The Government having asked for assistance in a programme
for the control of communicable eye diseases, it is proposed
to provide an ophthalmologist and a laboratory technician,and supplies and equipment, for a pilot programme startingin 1959. The ophthalmologist and the laboratory technicianwould be retained throughout 1960 (estimated cost, $18 381),and further supplies and equipment would be provided($2500).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships Libya 15Fellowships in sanitary engineering are proposed for 1960
(estimated cost, $5000).
PAKISTAN1. Malaria
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication Pakistan 36In addition to the provision for 1960 shown in Annex 4,
a malariologist ($8603) and supplies ($2000) are proposed.
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Pakistan 28
Further provision to that under TA -I (see Annex 2) isproposed for postgraduate studies in various specializedbranches of public health ($5000).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Teaching of Sanitary Engineering Pakistan 34
Shortage of professional sanitary engineering staff has beena major problem of the health programmes in many countriesof the Region. It is proposed to strengthen the teaching ofsanitary engineering at the Punjab University, Lahore, byproviding a professor of sanitary engineering from 1960(estimated cost, $12 516). Teaching equipment would alsobe provided ($1000).
SAUDI ARABIA
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Saudi Arabia 18An amount of $10 000 is proposed, for undergraduate
fellowships in medicine.
2. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre Saudi Arabia 11It is proposed to provide a paediatrician, a public health
nurse, and a nurse midwife (estimated cost, $12 285) and alsosupplies and equipment ($4000) to supplement the assistanceunder TA -I (see Annex 2).
SOMALIA1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control Somalia 11An x -ray technician (estimated cost in 1960, $6944) and
additional supplies and equipment ($2000) are proposed, tosupplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Somalia 10An amount of $15 000 is proposed for long -term fellowships
in public health.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 327
SUDAN
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Leprosy Control Sudan 12Leprosy is an important public health problem in Sudan.
It is proposed that an expert should be assigned in 1960 tohelp the Government to organize its control services onmodern lines (estimated cost, $8169). Supplies and equipmentto the value of $500 would also be provided.
2. Public Health Administration
Rural Health Services Sudan 19This project is proposed for 1959, to continue for two or
three years. A team of a public health adviser, a sanitaryengineer and a statistician would help the Government todevelop a demonstration rural health area in a model villagein the Gezira irrigated area (estimated cost in 1960, $27 351).Supplies and equipment are also proposed ($1000). Theproject would help the Government to determine what typeof rural health service is suitable for the local conditions.
TUNISIA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships (various) Tunisia 13Provision is proposed for undergraduate and post -graduate
fellowships in specialized branches of public health ($14 000).
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
Province of Egypt
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Control Egypt 10Fellowships are proposed ($3000) to supplement the prov-
ision shown under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Egypt 25A pilot project was started in December 1954 to determine
the simplest and most effective administrative methods ofemploying antibiotic ointment in the control of communicableeye diseases, including bacterial ophthalmias and trachoma.This project is to be expanded in 1959 under TA -I. Evaluationstudies are being made in the Calioub area and mass treatmentis given to trachoma cases in the schools of the province ofMinieh. It is proposed to retain the bacteriologist underTA -II in 1960 (estimated cost, $9360) and to provide somesupplies ($1000). UNICEF is expected to provide most ofthe equipment and supplies.
2. Public Health- Administration
Fellowships (various) Egypt 40Fellowships for postgraduate studies and observations
in various fields of public health ($10 000) are proposed,to supplement the provision shown under TA -I (see Annex 2).
CAMBODIA
3. Nutrition
Nutrition Institute Egypt 35Supplies and equipment ($5000) and fellowships ($4000) are
proposed to supplement the provision under TA -I (seeAnnex 2).
Province of Syria
1. Public Health Administration
(a) Rural Health Demonstration and TrainingCentre Syria 16
'A health educator is proposed (estimated cost, $5732) tosupplement the team shown under TA -I (see Annex 2).
(b) Fellowships Syria 29Further provision ($10 000) is proposed for post -graduate
studies in various specialized fields of public health.
2. Nursing
Fellowships Syria 29An amount of $5000 is proposed for fellowships in nursing.
YEMEN1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control Yemen 6Reports by WHO advisers who visited Yemen during the
last three years indicate that tuberculosis is a serious publichealth problem there. It is proposed to assign a short -termconsultant for three months in 1960 to survey the problemand advise on control measures (estimated cost, $3649).
2. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis Control Yemen 5It is proposed that a short -term consultant should visit
Yemen and advise the Government on the best way to under-take a limited bilharziasis control programme, consistent withlocal resources (estimated cost, $2435).
(b) Control of Communicable Eye Diseases Yemen 13It is proposed that a short -term consultant should visit
Yemen and advise the Government on the best to way begin alimited trachoma control programme, consistent with localresources (estimated cost, $2435).
3. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Yemen 12Further provision for fellowships is proposed ($12 000),
to supplement that under TA -I (see Annex 2).
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
Education and Training
Royal School of Medicine Cambodia 5
A lecturer in histopathology is proposed (estimated cost,$14 203) to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
CHINA1. Nursing
Nursing Education China 6
Two fellowships, each of two years ($22 000) are proposed,to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
328 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
2. Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre China 3Four fellowships are proposed ($11 100) to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Demonstration and Training Project China 14It is proposed to provide two fellowships to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2), since the advancedtechnical training required by the technical staff connectedwith this project is not available in Taiwan and must beobtained abroad ($11 000).
JAPAN
Public Health Administration
Hospital Administration Japan 17Medical literature ($200) is proposed to supplement the
provision under TA -I (see Annex 2).
PHILIPPINES
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships Philippines 55It is proposed to award fellowships in hospital management
(estimated cost, $5500).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships (Paediatrics and Obstetrics) Philippines 55To supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2), a
further fellowship is proposed, for the study of the adminis-tration and supervision of specialized services in paediatricsand obstetrics (estimated cost, $5500).
VIET NAM
Maternal and Child Health
Demonstration and Training Centre Viet Nam 3A twelve -month fellowship in paediatrics is proposed
($5500) to supplement the provision under TA -I (see Annex 2),as part of the plan of training counterparts to take over theservices when international assistance to this project termi-nates.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE: SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMES FOR 1959 AND 1960 BY PRIORITIES 329
Region /Country Project1959 1960
I II I II
US $ US $ US $ US $
AFRICA
Basutoland Tuberculosis:Tuberculosis control Basutoland 2 22 650 34 801
Bechuanaland Tuberculosis:Tuberculosis control Bechuanaland 3 23 700 24 765
Environmental Sanitation:
Tsetse fly control Bechuanaland 2 3 582
23 700 28 347
Belgian Congo and Endemo -epidemic Diseases:Ruanda -Urundi Fellowships Belgian Terr. 9 9 000
Public Health Administration:Fellowships Belgian Terr. 9 9 000
9 000 9 000
British East Africa Malaria:various East Africa Institute of Malaria and Vector -borneterritories) Diseases, Amani East Africa 1 27 500
Federation of Malaria:Rhodesia and Assistance to eradication FRN 8 5 983Nyasaland
French Africal Malaria:various Surveillance and entomological research, Cameroons French Africa 2 26 078 31 127
territories) Assistance to pre -eradication operations, Togo French Africa 3 10 922 13 548Fellowships French Afrida 8 10 040
Tuberculosis:Fellowships French Africa 8 3 600 1 800
Endemo -epidemic Diseases:
Fellowships French Afrioa 8 3 600 6 000Public Health Administration:Fellowships French Africa 8 4 350 2 250
Maternal and Child Health:Fellowships French Africa 8 1 600 3 200
Nutrition:
Fellowships French Africa 8 1 800Environmental Sanitation:
Fellowships French Africa 8 3 000 3 000
French West Africa Malaria: French WestAssistance to pre -eradication operations, Upper Volta Afrioa 5 3 000
37 000 26 190 47 675 18 050
Gambia Tuberculosis:Tuberculosis control Gambia 5 16 327 19 874
Nursing:
Training of nursing and auxiliary personnel (maternal andchild health services) Gambia 3 8 000 6 725 15 911
Nutrition:
Nutrition survey and control of deficiency diseases Gambia 4 24 245
8 000 23 052 60 030
Ghana Malaria:
Pilot project Ghana 1 17 825 28 121Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis control Ghana 11 8 034 10 232Endemo -epidemic Diseases:
Eradication Peru 5 15 469 20 385Publio Health Administration:Public health services. Peru 22 36 131 12 900 36 226 12 900Joint Field Mission on Indigenous Populations Peru 23 1 000 1 000
52 600 12 900 57 611 12 900
Uruguay Publio Health AdministrationsPublic health services Uruguay 5 32 900 14 600 36 234 18 672
Venezuela Public Health Administration:Local health services Venezuela 1 20 360 3 948 29 218 3 948
West Indies Environmental Sanitation: West IndiesFederation Environmental sanitation, Trinidad Federation 6 9 000 10 317
Environmental sanitation, Windward Islands West Indies 3 000
Federation 712 000 10 317
Inter- Country Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses:Programmes Yaws eradication and public health laboratories AMMO 47 12 611 12 170
Endemo -epidemic Diseases:Pan American Zoonoses Centre AMMO 81 34 739 35 634
Public Health Administration:Inter -American programme for education in biostatistics AMMO 10 42 470 34 256
Environmental Sanitation:Aëdes aegypti eradication, Central America and Panama AMMO 7 43 197Aëdes aegypti eradication, Caribbean Area AMMO 8 20 051 17 682Environmental sanitation, Caribbean Area AMMO 95 22 661 23 471 .
Vaccine production, Kabul Afghanistan 20 9 550 13 200 10 489 3 400Assistance to publie health laboratory, Kabul Afghanistan 25 6 321 3 705 4 051 7 000
Public Health Administration:Public health provincial expansion Afghanistan 21 3 705Rural health and training unit, Oulzar Afghanistan 26 48 465 3 600 52 522 8 300Institute of Public Health, Kabul Afghanistan 31 9 610 6 600 10 556 4 800Fellowships Afghanistan 37 3 600
Training of laboratory technicians Ceylon 54 5 798 6 765 6 500
97 085 41 800 115 181 45 500
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE: SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMES FOR 1959 AND 1960 BY PRIORITIES continued) 335
Region/Country Project
1959 1960
I II I II
Us $ us $ Us $ US $
SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(continued)
India Malaria:
Malaria Institute of India India 117 7 800 9 928
Tuberculosis:Control and training centres:Nageur India 42 34 507
Hyderabad India 43 43 425 14 222
Control and training centre (chemotherapy), Madras India 53 67 364 72 579 18 000
National tuberculosis control programs India 103 30 000 36 838 113 132
Fellowships India 116 10 800
Endemo-epidemic Diseases:Fellowships India 116 3 000
Public Health Administration:Public health progrsmes:Madras India 105 13 474 16 551 5 037Rajasthan India 106 20 531 23 370 5 037Orissa India 133 18 634 28 123
West Bengal India 144 6 020 5 207Mysore India 148 16 255 19 336 10 074Bombay India 150 22 899 24 486 5 137
Vital and health statistics, Nagpur India 90 9 957 3 600 11 772Vital and health statistics, West Bengal India 131 13 814 11 316Hospital statistics, Bombay India 132 13 814 14 716Fellowships (public health aspects of atomic energy) India 116 3 600 4 800
Nursing:Nursing education (public health integration) India 99 22 241 20 807Nursing advisers to states (Madras, Madhya Pradesh and
state undesignated) India 110 23 090 15 600 25 605 3 600Social and Occupational Health:Rehabilitation centre, Bombay India 112 9 289 10 344
Health Education of the Public:Health education, Ministry of Health in co-operation withMinistry of Education India 85 8 012 5 486 5 700
Health education, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar India 108 16 849 10 057 14 627 9 402Fellowships India 116 11 400 11 400All -India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta India 118 10 007Health education, Andhra Pradesh India 162 9 833Health education, state undesignated India163 15 533
Maternal and Child Health:Fellowships (paediatrics) India 116 15 000Fellowships India 116 21 600
Environmental Sanitation:Public health engineering, University of Madras India 77 24 616 21 162 9 600Environmental sanitation, Uttar Pradesh India 84 21 974 26 047Environmental sanitation, Kerala India 95 23 974 28 149Environmental sanitation, two states undesignated India 113 31 828 33 232Fellowships India 116 5 700 16 600Assistance to university departments of sanitaryengineering India 165 13 377
Education and Training:Professors bf preventive and social medicine India 91 27 960 50 986 29 916 48 618
Medical education in non- clinical subjects India 111 77 728 50 387
All -India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta(exchange of professors) India 137 20 182
438 970 345 855 477 591 384 257
Indonesia Malaria:
Assistance to eradication Indonesia 32 108 259 111 798 5 100Tuberculosis:
Country adviser Indonesia 39 11 369Fellowships (tuberculosis) Indonesia 49 3 600Control and training centre, area undesignated Indonesia 50 20 293 25 108
Venereal Diseases and Treponematosee:Yaws control Indonesia 1 10 387 4 700 5 935
Endemo- epidemic Di
Plague control Indonesia 12 6 028 9 692Strengthening of health services (epidemiology) Indonesia 29 9 487 5 735 3 600Trachoma control Indonesia 31 14 202 13 129Vaccine production Indonesia 40 9 000 12 009Fellowships (filariasis control) Indonesia 49 2 100 2 400Fellowships (leprosy control) Indonesia 49 2 400
336 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE: SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMES FOR 1959 AND 1960 BY PRIORITIES (continued)
Region /Country Project -
1959 1960
I II I II
U5$ US$ US$ US$SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(continued)
Indonesia (continued) Public Health Administration:Vital and health statistics Indonesia 25 9 487 3 400 10 940 3 600Fellowships (dental health) Indonesia 49 5 700Fellowships (quarantine) Indonesia 49 5 100Fellowships Indonesia 49 24 000Fellowships (health aspects of atomic energy) Indonesia 49 3 600Strengthening of health services Indonesia 55 3 669 16 718Public health legislation Indonesia 56 8 309
Nursing:
Nursing adviser Indonesia 41 7 446 7 200 15 767 3 600Social and Occupational Health:Fellowships Indonesia 49 3 600
Health Education of the Public:Strengthening of health services Indonesia 27 10 117 11 400 9 090
Maternal and Child Health:Strengthening of maternal and child health services Indonesia 36 4 892
Mental Health:
Fellowships Indonesia 49 3 600Nutrition:
Nutrition Institute, Djakarta Indonesia 5 7 037 23 602 lO 918 24 398Environmental Sanitation:Environmental sanitation, Djakarta Indonesia 20 32 130 18 115 40 694 15 500
Education and Training:Fellowships (medical education) Indonesia 49 16 500Fellowships (drug addiction) Indonesia 49 3 400Fellowships (training of x -ray, technicians) Indonesia 49 8 700 8 700
EU111422 Assistance to eradication Jordan 6 11 639 11 953
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis control Jordan 5 25 635Endemo -epidemic Diseases:
Control of communicable eye diseasesPublic Health Administration:
Jordan 11 9 992 18 242,
Fellowships Jordan 19 4 800 10 000 19 000 5 000
Maternal and Child Health:Demonstration and training centre, Amman Jordan 3 10 000 14 281 11 962 10 000
62 066 24 281 61 157 15 000
340 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE: SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMES FOR 1959 AND 1960 BY PRIORITIES continued)
Region/Country Project1959 1960
I II I II
GS$ Gs$ us$ Ds$
EASTERN M ®ITERRANEAN
(continued)
Lebanon Tuberculosis,Demonstration and training centre Lebanon 16 2 250
Endemo- epidemic Diseases,
Control of communicable eye diseases Lebanon 18 9 114 14 183Leprosy control Lebanon 32 3 526 1 177
Public Health Administration,Rural health unit Lebanon 4 27 861 27 070School health survey Lebanon 23 3 526Fellowships Lebanon 27 5 000 4 000Dental health survey Lebanon 34 3 526
Social and Occupational Health,
Social and occupational health Lebanon 25 2 979 9 571Maternal and Child Health,Midwifery school Lebanon 33 3 000 6 023
Education and Training,Virology Lebanon 12 3 526
41 090 23 218 42 664 19 360
Libya Malaria,
Pre -eradication survey and assistance to eradication Libya 9 8 836 10 881Endeao-epidemio Diseases,
-
Control of oomunioable eye diseases Libya 6 15 767 20 881Publio Health Administration,
Demonstration and training centre, Cyrenaica Libya 12 26 150 14 911Environmental Sanitation,
Fellowships Libya 15 12 000 5 000Other Projects,
Health Assistants' and Sanitariens' Institute, Benghazi Libya 7 25 587 31 215
74 849 41 603 74 526 36 762
Pakistan Malaria,
Pre -eradication survey and assistance to eradication Pakistan 36 10 603Public Health Administration,Fellowships Pakistan 28 13 800 15 000 15 000 5 000Public Health Institute, East Pakistan Pakistan 33 19 941 20 398
Nursing,
Nursing adviser to Central Government Pakistan 21 10 459
Saudi Arabia Malaria,Pre -eradication survey Saudi Arabia 4 6 676
Endemo-epideaio Diseases,
Control of oomunicable eye diseases Saudi Arabia 20 10 121Public Health Administration,Fellowships Saudi Arabia 18 10 000Public health consultants Saudi Arabia 23 11 314
Maternal and Child Health,Demonstration and training centre Saudi Arabia 11 10 543 16 285
PAHO Special Malaria Fund 2 000 000 3 492 941 3 464 367
Other 8 786 806 6 437 815 6'025 057
TOTAL 16 137 906 17 264 226 18 197 726
1
No adjustments have been applied to take account of staff turnover, lapses in effecting replacements, delays in filling new posts or delays in implementing new projects, since such adjustments aremade only on an overall basis.
2Including "Other statutory staff costs"
2. . SUMMARY, BY REGION AND COUNTRY, OF THE ESTIMATED COSTS OF PROJECTSPLANNED TO BE FINANCED FROM THE MALARIA ERADICATION SPECIAL ACCOUNT
IN 1958, 1959 AND 1960, AND the TWO -YEAR PERIOD 1961 -1962
Total - WESTERN PACIFIC 486 52o 869 611 1 412 573 2 86o 826
Inter -regional and Other Activities 538 270 725 438 1 330 499 3 86o 000
Total - ALL REGIONS 5 253 428 8 577 701 9 749 692 17 862 380
Leas: Special Malaria Fund of PAHO 1 785 960 3 283 660 3 262 441 5 431 457
Total - MALARIA ERADICATION SPECIAL ACCOUNT 3 467 468 5 294 041 6 487 251 12 43o 923
MALARIA ERADICATION 349
3. PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES
3.1 MALARIA ERADICATIONOffice of the Director
(For cost estimates, see following tables)
PersonnelIn addition to the Director and the secretary paid from regular funds, provision is made under the Malaria Eradication Specia
Account for an administrative officer, two secretaries and two clerk stenographers.
Consultants
Provision is made under the Special Account for a consultant to advise the Director on the planning of the Organization'sprogramme and on technical problems; and for another consultant to be responsible for training programmes and the preparationand editing of training manuals.
Duty TravelApart from the limited provision included for duty travel under the regular budget, provision is made under the Special
Account to enable the Director and senior technical officers to visit the regions and individual countries for discussions and nego-tiations in connexion with the planning and development of malaria eradication programmes, and to attend conferences.
Contractual Technical ServicesSpecial Research. Provision is made, under the Special Account, in the total amount of $30 000 for :(a) a study of problems of nomadism, one of several specific local problems which impede the progress of maladia eradicationin certain areas of the world; an investigation is needed to determine whether drug administration, spraying of tents, or controlof population movements would solve the difficulty ($5000);(b) the study of the ecology of Anopheles sergenti and A. claviger in Israel and Lebanon ($10 000);(c) specific research on the resistance of A. sacharovi to dieldrin in Greece and to DDT in Turkey ($10 000); and(d) research on the potentiation effects of 4- amino -quinolines and 8- amino -quinolines given concurrently ($5000).
Malaria Eradication Planning
PersonnelIn addition to the staff under the regular budget, provision is made under the Special Account for a medical officer, a secretary,
and two clerk stenographers.
Malaria Eradication Programme
PersonnelIn addition to the staff under the regular budget, provision is made under the Special Account for the medical officer in charge
of technical intelligence.
3.2 EDITORIAL AND REFERENCE SERVICESTranslation
PersonnelTo help the existing staff under the regular budget with the additional work in connexion with the preparation of reports
and other documents relating to the operations under the Special Account, provision is made under the Special Account for onepost of translator.
3.3 SUPPLYPersonnel
Since it is not possible for the present establishment under the regular budget to cope adequately with the additional work inconnexion with the purchase of supplies and equipment for projects under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, and withthe increased clerical work, provision is made (under the Special Account) for a supply officer, a clerk, two clerk stenographersand a storeman.
3. PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES: SUMMARY
MALARIA ERADICATION SPECIAL ACCOUNT
\
REGULAR 8000811 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 01000 8ET54- BUCOETIRT FIRMS TOTAL
Numberof poste
Sat]mated expenditureof
Number
posteEstimated expenditure
Number
of posteEstimated expenditure
Number
of posteEstimated expenditure Number
of poshEstimated expenditure
1958 1959 19601958
US j
1959
W f1960
W j 1958 1959 19601958Ds }
1959
OS !1960
DS j1958 1959 1960
1958
W 1959
W E1960W j 1958 1959 1960
1958
W j1959
W j1960W $ 1958 1959 1960
1958
Ds j-1959
US j
1960
09 i
8EAOOOARTER3
Malaria Eradication:
5 5 5 62 540 63039 58 587 Office of the Director 2 2 2 19 130 18 538 19 038 7 7 7 81 670 81 577 77 625
1 No adjustment have been applied to take account of staff turnover, lapses in effecting replacements, delays in filling new poste or delays in implementing new projects, since such adjustment. are made only on an overall bY14.
37 38 38 41 497 106 326 108 594 Net Total - REGIONAL OFFICES
MALARIA ERADICATION 353
5. ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
(For cost estimates, see following tables)
To ensure that the operations financed from the Malaria Eradication Special Account are provided with adequate administrativeservicing, it was necessary to establish a minimum of additional posts under the Special Account to cope with the increased workdirectly resulting from these operations. The administrative services where the existing staff required strengthening for this purposerelate to the functions of Administrative Management and Personnel, Budget and Finance, and Internal Audit, as detailed below.
5.1 ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNELAdministrative Management
PersonnelProvision is made under the Special Account to continue one post of clerk stenographer to help with the additional work
connected with the operations under the Special Account.
Personnel
PersonnelProvision is made to continue the posts of two personnel officers, a clerk and a clerk stenographer to help with work relating
to recruitment and assignment of personnel required for the operations under the Special Account.
Conference and Office Services
PersonnelProvision is made to continue the posts of two clerks, two clerk stenographers and two messengers, since it is evident that
the existing staff under the regular budget cannot without reinforcement cope With the additional work connected with the operationsunder the Special Account.
5.2 BUDGET AND FINANCEOffice of the Director
PersonnelProvision for a financial adviser, whose functions are mainly those of fund -raising for the Special Account, continues to be
included in the estimates for this office.
Budget
PersonnelProvision is made to continue one post of budget officer, to help with the additional work resulting from the operations under
the Special Account.
Finance and Accounts
Personnel
Provision is made to continue one post of accounts clerk to help with the additional accounting work entailed.
5.3 INTERNAL AUDITPersonnel
Provision is made to continue one post of auditor to help with the additional audit work necessitated by the operations underthe Special Account.
Duty TravelProvision is made to cover the audit of field teams operating under that account.
354 MALARIA ERADICATION
Malaria Eradication Special Acco ®t Regular budget
The estimated expenditure for Common Services under the Malaria Eradication Special Account, totalling $26 358 for 1960,represents that percentage of the total Common Services costs at headquarters which is apportioned to the Special Account, onthe basis of the number of staff members financed from the Special Account and the regular budget respectively.
7. OTHER STATUTORY STAFF COSTS
(For cost estimates, see opposite)
Provision is made under this heading for the statutory staff costs other than salaries of the personnel financed from the MalariaEradication Special Account shown under Programme Activities and Regional Offices. Separate provision is similarly made forother statutory staff costs of the personnel shown under Administrative Services.
The estimates are based wherever practicable on the actual entitlements of the holders of filled posts; in the case of vacantposts they are based on experience. Where appropriate, adjustments have been applied to the estimates to take account of staffturnover and lapses in effecting replacements.
The estimates for staff insurance in 1960 have been calculated at the rate of 2.25 per cent. of the salary costs of each establishedpost, compared with 1.5 per cent. in previous years. This, together with an equivalent contribution by staff members, is expected topermit of the introduction as from 1960 of a more comprehensive and appropriate health insurance plan which will bring underone unified scheme the entire staff of the Organization and their dependants.
MALARIA ERADICATION 357
Malaria Eradication Special Account Regular Budget
of Estimated expenditure of posts Estimated Expenditure
1 860 12 317 12 473 Other allowances900 Travel on initial recruitment and
repatriation5 830 4 390 Travel on home leave
4 770 21 355 20 183 Total - ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
MALARIA ERADICATION 359
8. AFRICA
(For cost estimates, see following tables)
8.1 REGIONAL OFFICE
PersonnelIn addition to the staff for which provision is included under the regular budget in 1960, provision is made under the Malaria
Eradication Special Account for an accounts clerk and a general services assistant.
Common ServicesIn addition to the provision made under the regular budget, the estimates for Common Services under the Special Account
are $2082 for 1960 compared with $2158 for 1959.
8.2 REGIONAL ADVISERS
PersonnelProvision is made under the Special Account for a malariologist, an entomologist, a malaria engineer, a sanitarian, an admi-
nistrative assistant and a clerk stenographer, to assist the malaria adviser who, with one clerk stenographer, is paid fromregular funds.
Duty TravelIn addition to the amount provided under the regular budget for duty travel, provision is made under the Special Account
to enable the professional staff to visit various countries of the Region to assist in the planning, development and implementationof malaria eradication projects.
Common ServicesIn addition to the provision made under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Account
amounts to $6252 in 1960 compared with $6 477 for 1959.
8.3 COUNTRY AND INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Angola, Cape Verde and Mozambique
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA) Mozambique 1
Malaria is still highly endemic in Mozambique; and in partsof the Union of South Africa and in Bechuanaland andSwaziland control has had varying degrees of success. Itwould be advantageous if all these territories were linkedin a large programme of eradication, and a preliminaryplanning meeting was held in 1958 with this purpose in view.In Mozambique itself malaria remains highly endemic in thecoastal plains, except in the protected areas near large townsand in an area round Joao Belo where there is a large irrigationproject. It is thought that the whole of Southern Mozambique,up to the Zambesi River, should be included in the inter -country scheme mentioned above. It is proposed to providea team of a malariologist, an entomologist and a laboratorytechnician, with transport and equipment, early in 1959, toassess the situation and prepare plans of operation in consul-tation with the Government. The team will be retained in1960 (estimated cost, $32 129), supplies and equipment willbe provided ($3000), and a sum ($100 000) allocated to meet
the costs of local services which cannot be made available bythe Government.
2. Bechuanaland
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Bechuanaland 11A pre- eradication survey will be carried out in 1959 in
Bechuanaland and in the Union of South Africa (Transvaal)by a team from headquarters (under the regular budget)consisting of a malariologist, an entomologist, and two labo-ratory technicians. In 1960 provision is made under MESAfor a similar team to assist Bechuanaland in its eradicationprogramme (estimated cost, $35 460). Supplies and equipmentwill also be provided ($65 000).
3. Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) FRN 8In Southern Rhodesia about one million persons have been
protected by the antimalaria campaign. A team of a malario-logist and an entomologist has been provided to assess theprogress of the campaign and to advise on future measures.This small team is inadequate to carry out the assessment
360 MALARIA ERADICATION
of the problem which will be required when Southern Rho-desia is included in the larger scheme mentioned underMozambique 1 (see above). A sum of $175 000 will be allocatedfrom the Special Account to provide local services whichcannot be made available by the Government, supplies andequipment, transport, and contingency expenses for this pur-pose. It is proposed also to provide a malariologist from1 April 1959 (estimated cost in 1960, $12 370) to plan andco- ordinate, in consultation with the Regional Office and thegovernments concerned, the inter -country eradication work.
4. French Africa 1 (Various Territories)
(a) Surveillance and Entomological Research,Cameroons (MESA and TA) French Africa 2
This project, which has been in existence since 1952, hasconsisted of three separate malaria control schemes : the pilotproject in the vicinity of Yaoundé, the mass campaign in theNorth Cameroons, and that in the South Cameroons. In thenorth the results have been on the whole disappointing,owing to the intense transmission of malaria and the condi-tions in the savannah area, but in the south, within the thickforest belt, conditions have been favourable to the eradicationof malaria by residual spraying alone.
For 1959, a number of experiments, both in mass chemo-prophylaxis and in comparative trials of insecticides, havebeen planned. The pilot project in Yaoundé will form thecentre of a surveillance experiment with the aim of dis-continuing residual spraying during 1960 and relying on effi-cient case detection and treatment to break the chain oftransmission. If successful, this surveillance will be extendedwithin the forest belt in the south. Provision is made in 1959and 1960 (estimated cost in latter year, $27 127) for twomalariologists, one of whom will be based at Maroua in theNorth Cameroons and the other in Yaoundé; provision isalso made for supplies and equipment to the value of $4000in 1960, all under TA -I. UNICEF has allocated funds forsupplies and equipment. Further supplies ($1500) and thecosts of local services which cannot be made available by theGovernment ($21 537) will be met from the Special Account.
(b) Assistance to Pre -eradicationOperations, Togo (TA) French Africa 3
The present malaria control project along the coastal beltof Togo began as a pilot project in 1952 (French Africa 1).It was extended in subsequent years until by 1958 a populationof 290 000 had been protected. Malaria rates were con-siderably reduced throughout the project area but in no placewas the interruption of transmission attained. For this reasonchemoprophylaxis experiments and the intensification ofentomological research were planned for 1958 and 1959. In1959 it is also intended to join up the project area in Togowith the newly established project in the Trans -Volta Territotyin Ghana (see below). The provision made is for a malariolo-gist (estimated cost in 1960, $12 548) and supplies ($1000).UNICEF is allocating funds for supplies and equipment.
(c) Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication, Madagascar (MESA) French Africa 9
This large island is an ideal site for an eradication project,and it is proposed to provide in 1959 a team of a malario-logist, an entomologist and a laboratory technician (withtransport and equipment), to assist the Government in prepar-ing a plan of operations. A five -year programme is contem -.plated, to begin in 1960, and it is assumed that a populationof one million will be protected. The team of three will becontinued in 1960 ($31 328), with supplies and equipment tothe value of $4000. An amount of $100 000 will be allocatedto meet the costs of local services which cannot be madeavailable by the Government.
French territories and trust territories under Frenchadministration in the African Region.
5. French West Africa
Assistance to Pre -eradicationOperations (MESA and TA) French West Africa 5This project is divided for convenience into three separate
campaigns -Senegal, the Upper Volta, and Dahomey -allof which began in 1952. In none of them has malaria trans-mission been interrupted, and a number of chemoprophylaxisexperiments were planned for 1958 and 1959 along withintensified entomological research. UNICEF has made allo-cations for the three campaigns in 1958, and a further alloca-tion for 1959. WHO will continue to give technical adviceand guidance as requested, and there is also provided fromthe Special Account an entomologist (estimated cost, $10 568)and $500 for supplies. For the Upper Volta, the SpecialAccount will, in 1960, provide $2500 for the costs of localpersonnel; $3000 for supplies and equipment is proposedunder TA -I.
6. Ghana
(a) Pilot Project (TA) Ghana 1A detailed malaria survey in the Trans -Volta territories of
Ghana, to last for a year or eighteen months, began in June1958. The aim is to study local conditions of malaria trans-mission and to prepare a plan for a scientifically based malariacontrol project in an area with a population of about 400 000.A malariologist arrived in Ghana in February 1958 and atechnician in June; it is proposed to continue their servicesthrough 1960 under TA -I (estimated cost, $23 621). Provisionis made for supplies to the value of $4500. UNICEF hasprovided transport and equipment in connexion with theproject.
(b) Medicated Salt Trial (Pinotti's Method)(MESA) Ghana 18
It is proposed to make a field trial of Pinotti's method ofmass treatment with salt to which pyrimethamine or chloro-quine has been added. This trial is to test the value of themethod in tropical Africa and a region has been selected inwhich there is also endemic goitre, to deal with which iodinealso will be added to the salt. An initial survey will be madeto find out the local sources of salt, the amount used dailyper head, the initial parasite rates, and the intensities; themethods to be followed will then be worked out by theRegional Office and the Government. It is proposed toprovide a sanitarian and a laboratory technician for two years(estimated cost in 1960, $19 815), and to contribute to the costsof local services which cannot be made available by theGovernment ($1000); transport and supplies, including drugs,will also be provided ($14 500).
7. Liberia
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(Regular and MESA) Liberia 16
The malaria control project in Liberia was originallyconducted jointly with the yaws control project which beganin 1952 (Liberia 3), but has been reorganized as from thebeginning of 1958. The results have so far been disappointing,largely owing to the intense transmission of malaria in theLiberian forests, to the resistance to dieldrin developed byAnopheles gambiae in some areas, and also to the inaccessi-bility of the temporary huts inhabited by families during thecrop season.
For the reorganized project WHO is providing a malario-logist, an entomologist and two sanitarians under the regularbudget (estimated cost in 1960, $50 355) and supplies andequipment ($2000) A consultant was provided for threemonths in 1958, in order to plan and implement the importantentomological research. Investigations may be carried out
MALARIA ERADICATION 361
in the neighbouring territory of Guinea, which will providean unsprayed control area for the scientific studies. Fromthe Special Account provision is made for one laboratorytechnician and one administrative officer ($22 827 in 1960)and for supplies and equipment ($2000). UNICEF has alreadyallocated $50 000 for each of the years 1956, 1957 and 1958,and it is expected that it will make further allocations.
8. Mauritius
Assistance to Eradication (Surveillance)(MESA) Mauritius 7An eradication project was begun in Mauritius in 1948, and
after five years malaria was nearly eradicated : the principalvector, A. funestus, has been eliminated. In 1958, an advisoryteam for malaria eradication made a thorough survey of theposition, and it was considered that active surveillance shouldbe instituted as soon as possible, with the eventual terminationof all spraying operations. It was thought desirable that aninternational malariologist should supervise the surveillanceduring the first two years at least. The programme is plannedto begin in 1959 : in 1960, the malariologist will be retained(estimated cost, $10 849) and supplies and equipment providedto the value of $3500.
9. Nigeria
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(Regular) Nigeria 2An entomologist Was posted to Western Sokoto in Northern
Nigeria in early 1955 to assist the Government in the pilotproject and he has continued his duties since the mass cam-paign started in 1958. By the end of that year a second ento-mologist, two sanitarians and a laboratory technician hadbeen provided. As from January 1959 a chemist will also beprovided, for a period of two years in the first instance, toassist the staff of the Federal Malaria Service in their currentexperiments on insecticide resistance (estimated cost of thesix posts in 1960, $66 223). In addition to the mobile labo-ratory supplied and equipped for use by the Federal MalariaService in the Eastern Region of Nigeria, supplies to the valueof $3500 are proposed for 1960. Funds have been allocatedby UNICEF for 1958 and 1959.
10. Somaliland Protectorate
Assistance to Pre- eradication Operations(MESA and TA) Somaliland Protectorate 3Following discussions with the Government, a revised
scheme has been prepared for a malaria survey of the Somali-land Protectorate to investigate the possibility of an eradicationscheme. The survey is to run concurrently wih controlmeasures to check the recurrence of epidemic malaria amongnomads in the Haud area. Methods of control will includehut spraying and prophylactic drug treatment. A malario-logist arrived in April 1958, followed by a laboratory techni-cian in July 1958; provision is made to retain them both in1960 under TA -I (estimated cost, $22 296) and also for sup-plies to a value of $3500. Under the Special Account, provisionis made for an entomologist ($11 044) and for supplies to thevalue of $1500. Assistance is being given by the East AfricaInstitute for Malaria and Vector -borne Diseases.
11. Uganda
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(Regular) Uganda 12A resettlement scheme has been in existence for some years
in the northern part of the Kigezi district of Uganda. In thisarea, especially below 4000 feet, malaria is hyperendemic
A 24
and has been a serious handicap to resettlement. As thearea has excellent natural barriers (non -malarious mountainranges to the south and uninhabited game parks and the shoresof Lake Edward on the other sides) it is ideal for a malariaeradication project. It is intended to begin residual sprayingand mass chemoprophylaxis early in 1959. A detailed malariasurvey of the neighbouring districts will also be carried outso that the project can be extended at a later stage.
Provision is made to continue in 1960 the services of amalariologist, an entomologist and a sanitarian under theregular budget (estimated cost, $31 417), and for suppliesand equipment ($4000).
12. Zanzibar
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(MESA and TA) Zanzibar 4
This project, in the islands of Zañzibar and Pemba, is oneof malaria eradication by means of residual insecticides andchemoprophylaxis. The latter method is being employed inthe first instance in Pemba, where the transmission of malariais more intense than in Zanzibar. WHO is providing a teamconsisting of a malariologist, an entomologist, a sanitarianand a laboratory technician. The first three arrived in Zanzibarin June 1957 and the fourth in February 1958; it is expectedthat their services will be required for at least two years(estimated cost under TA -I in 1960, $39 528, with $4500 forsupplies and equipment.' From the Special Account, provisionis made for two laboratory technicians from 1958 (estimatedcost in 1960, $9246) and for supplies ($1500), with a contri-bution of $1300 to local services. UNICEF . is providingsupplies and equipment to the value of $215 000 over thethree years 1958 -60.
13. Inter- country Programmes
(a) Pre -eradication Survey teams, TropicalAfrica (MESA) AFRO 1
As a result of the pilot projects being carried out in variouscountries and territories in tropical Africa it is expected thatby the second half of 1960 it will be possible to plan foreradication programmes in some of those countries. Provi-sion is, therefore, made for six pre- eradication survey teams(each consisting of a malariologist, an entomologist and twolaboratory technicians) to carry out the necessary surveysand to help the governments prepare plans of operation(estimated cost, $122 598) ; and also for supplies and equipment($54 000).
(b) Strengthening of Entomological Researchin Pilot Projects, Dahomey and Togo(MESA) AFRO 2
Pilot projects, the equipment and supplies for which arebeing provided by UNICEF, have been in operation in theseterritories since 1953, but with rather disappointing results.A pre- eradication entomological research programme istherefore proposed, which will cover both territories. Anentomologist and a laboratory technician will be providedunder the Special Account for two years (estimated cost in1960, $22 713) provision is also made for equipment and tran-sport ($7250) and for local services which cannot be madeavailable by the Government ($26 600). The team will bebased on Cotonou, Dahomey, and will be given every facilityfor work in the two territories.
(c) Third African Malaria Conference(Regular) AFRO 44
Methods of malaria control effective in other parts of theworld have not always met with equal success in Africa.Research is going on to complete the knowledge necessary
362 MALARIA ERADICATION
for the planning of comprehensive programmes, and periodicmeetings of malariologists and public health administratorsare organized to assess the situation and define the measuresto be applied. It is proposed to organize such a conference,to last some two weeks, in 1960. Specialists with outstandingexperience in malaria control programmes are to introducethe subjects for study and lead the discussion (estimatedcost, $10 495). Provision is made by WHO for twenty -fiveparticipants ($18 755) and for supplies and equipment ($750).It is expected that ten other participants will be invited toattend by CCTA, in conjunction with which organization theconference will be organized.
(d) Consultant Services (Regular) AFRO 48Provision is made for four consultant months to enable
specialists in the various aspects of malaria control to visitcountries in the Region where their services may be required($4570).
(e) Training of Professional and AuxiliaryPersonnel (MESA) AFRO 60
It is proposed to provide $36 000 for fellowships and train-ing of professional and auxiliary personnel associated witheradication programmes and pre- eradication surveys in theRegion.
In addition to the staff under the regular budget and PAHO funds, provision is made under the Malaria Eradication SpecialAccount for one supply services officer to help will the procurement of supplies and equipment for projects financed from theSpecial Account.
9.2 COUNTRY AND INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Argentina
Eradication (Special Malaria Fund of PARO)Argentina 8
Argentina was one of the first countries to organize a nation-wide campaign for malaria control. Under this programme,malaria has been eradicated from large portions of the coun-try, but transmission is still persistent in the northern provinces.It is necessary to strengthen the eradication programme inthe areas which remain malarious, before vector resistancedevelops. Provision is made for a medical officer to collaboratewith the Government in conducting the campaign (estimatedcost in 1960, $12 941). Supplies and equipment will also beprovided ($19 147).
2. Bolivia
Eradication (SMF and TA) Bolivia 4The malarious area covers about 77 per cent. of the total areaof the country, the population at risk being estimated at1 102 000 (1957). The plan for eradication was prepared in1957; since then, geographical and epidemiological recon-naissance and training of personnel have continued. Completecoverage of all houses in the malarious area, using DDT inmost cases and some dieldrin, began on 1 July 1958. Pro-vision is made in 1960 to retain the medical officer, the sanitaryengineer, and three sanitarians. The first is charged to TA -I(estimated cost, $11 266) and the others to the Special MalariaFund for the Americas ($54 612). Supplies and equipmentand fellowships will also -be provided under the Special Fund($22 748). UNICEF is collaborating in the project. TheUnited States International Co- operation Administrationalso is collaborating extensively in both local and internationalcosts.
3. Brazil
(a) Eradication (SMF) Brazil 24Brazil's malaria programme is one of the largest and most
difficult in the world; although there is an extensive controlservice, many cases still occur annually. The Governmentproposes to convert its control programme as rapidly aspracticable into a nationwide eradication programme inwhich the Organization will collaborate. ICA will also col-laborate and will furnish a substantial amount of suppliesand equipment. Provision is made in 1960 for a malariaadviser, a sanitary engineer, and a health statistician (esti-mated cost, $43 237); and also for supplies and equipment,primarily antimalarial drugs ($103 098).
(b) Eradication, Sao Paulo (SMF) Brazil 41By agreement with the Federal Government, the State of
Sao Paulo will conduct its own malaria eradication pro-gramme, maintaining the necessary co- ordination with thenational project. Training of all types of personnel began inJuly 1958 and epidemiological and geographical reconnaissancehas started. Total coverage with insecticides began in Sep-tember 1958 in 244 localities (the area to be covered is 110 318square kilometres, with a population of 9 134 400). Provisionis made in 1960 for a sanitary engineer and two sanitarians(estimated cost, $34 087), and for vehicles and antimalarialdrugs ($17 898). The national malaria service will sharewith the State of Sao Paulo the imported supplies and equip-ment furnished by ICA.
4. British Guiana and West Indies
Eradication, British Guiana (SMF) British Guiana 5Malaria has been eradicated from the coastal region of .
British Guiana, and plans have been made for its eradicationfrom the interior by a combination of residual spraying andchemotherapy. Provision is made in 1960 for a sanitarian(estimated cost, $9875). Technical advice will be given bythe central unit for Zone I (AMR() 117). It is expected thatUNICEF will provide some supplies and equipment.
5. British Honduras
Eradication (SMF) . British Honduras 1The malarious area covers the whole of British Honduras,
which has a total population of 82 000. The plan for eradi-cation was prepared and approved in 1956, the first cycle oftotal coverage with dieldrin beginning in February 1957 andending in July of the same year. Spraying will continue forfour years, after which surveillance will be instituted. Provi-sion is made in 1960 for fellowships ($950) and for importedsupplies and equipment not furnished by UNICEF ($3190).Technical advice will be given by the Organization's staff($4500 for duty travel).
6. Colombia
Eradication (SMF) Colombia 5The malarious area is about 90 per cent. of the total area
of the country. For the year 1957, it was estimated that thepopulation at risk was some 74 per cent. of the total popu-lation. The plan for eradication was completed in 1957;complete coverage of all houses of the malarious area (usingDDT) began in September 1958, will continue for four years,
MALARIA, ERADICATION 367
and will be followed by surveillance. UNICEF's supportis expected to continue in 1960. ICA also is collaboratingin the local and international costs. Provision is made in1960 for four sanitarians (estimated cost, $48 184); for sup-plies and equipment ($131 18R); and for fellowships ($3000).
7. Costa Rica
Eradication (SMF) Costa Rica 2The malaria eradication plan, approved in 1957, covers
an area of 31 500 square kilometres, with a population of451 000. Total coverage with DDT began in 1957 and willcontinue until 1960, after which surveillance will follow.Provision is made in 1960 for a medical officer and a sanitarian($24 056). Vehicles for the consultants, antimalarial drugs,and imported supplies and equipment not furnished byUNICEF will also be provided ($5678) and provision is madefor fellowships ($1210).
8. Cuba
Eradication (SMF) Cuba 5
The malarious areas of Cuba are now small, but malaria isstill prevalent in certain zones of the provinces of Pinar delRio and Oriente. A survey is being made to determine thelimits of those areas and to draw up a plan for eradication.Provision is made in 1960 to continue the post of medicalofficer ($16 116).
9. Dominican Republic
Eradication (SMF) Dominican Republic 2The malarious area is estimated at 41 000 square kilometres,
and the population at risk at 2 417 000. Reconnaissancebegan in March 1957 and was completed in April 1958. Mostof the personnel have been trained and the first year of totalcoverage began in May 1958. Provision is made in 1960 toretain the medical officer, the sanitary engineer, and twosanitarians (estimated cost, $56 835). Antimalarial drugswill also be provided ($41 428). UNICEF's support is expectedto continue.
10. Ecuador
Eradication (SMF and TA) Ecuador 14The malarious area of Ecuador covers about 57 per cent.
of the country, and the population at risk is estimated at1 955 000. The plan for eradication_ was approved in 1956,and complete coverage of all houses in the malarious areabegan in April 1957. Dieldrin will be used for four years,after which surveillance will follow. Provision is made for achief country adviser and a sanitary engineer under . TA -I(estimated cost, $25 608), and for two sanitarians under theSpecial Malaria Fund ($22 454). Supplies and equipment($38 504) and fellowships ($1800) will also be provided fromthe Special Fund. UNICEF's support is expected to continue.
11. El Salvador
Eradication (SMF and TA) El Salvador 2The malarious area covers a total of 19 310 square kilo-
metres, and the, population at risk is estimated at 1 385 000. Theplan for eradication was prepared in 1955, and total coverageof the malarious area began in July 1956, with DDT anddieldrin. Spraying will be continued for four years. Pro-vision is made in 1960 for a sanitary engineer under TA -I(estimated cost, $25 740) and under the Special Malaria
Fund for a medical officer and a sanitarian ($23 090) and alsosupplies and equipment ($37 934). UNICEF has givensubstantial support.
12. French Antilles and Guiana
Eradication, Guadeloupe (SMF) French Antilles and Guiana 1Malaria incidence on the island has been considerably
reduced by residual house -spraying. The area affected covers118 square kilometres and contains 34 000 people; but it isnecessary to extend the spraying to all the island in orderprotect the population in areas from which malaria has beeneradicated. Provision is again made in 1960 for antimalarialdrugs ($2096).
13. Guatemala
Eradication (SMF and TA) Guatemala 1The malarious area covers a total of 80 380 square kilo-
metres and is inhabited by some 42 per cent, of the totalpopulation. The plan for eradication was prepared in 1955,and between February 1955 and June 1956 preliminarysurveys were completed and the training of personnel begun.The total spraying coverage, using dieldrin, started in August1956 and will continue for four years, after which surveillancewill follow. Provision is made in 1960 to retain the medicalofficer and a sanitarian under the Special Malaria Fund(estimated cost, $20 940), and a sanitary engineer and a secondsanitarian under TA -I ($20 615). Supplies and equipment($29 137) and fellowships ($3200) will also be provided fromthe Special Fund. UNICEF has given substantial support.
14. Haiti
Eradication (SMF and TA) Haiti 4The malarious area of Haiti comprises some 21 000 square
kilometres, and the population exposed is estimated atapproximately 2 900 000. The plan for eradication was pre-pared in 1957, but was revised in 1958. A new reconnaissancewas made, the training of all categories of personnel wascompleted, and a special course for senior officials was orga-nized in 1958. Total coverage, using dieldrin, was due tobegin in October 1958 and continue for four years; surveillanceoperations will follow.
UNICEF, ICA, and the Organization are collaboratingin the campaign. The Organization, besides furnishingpersonnel, fellowships, and supplies and equipment, providedfunds for local costs during the preparatory year to theamount of $117 350. Provision is made in 1960 fora countrymalaria adviser, a medical officer, a sanitary engineer, a healtheducator, a health statistician, four sanitarians, and fouradministrative staff members. Eleven of the posts are financedby the Special Malaria Fund (estimated cost in 1960, $117 175),the other two are under TA -I ($14 894). Supplies and equip-ment ($74 355), and fellowships ($4300) will also be providedfrom the Special Fund.
15. Honduras
Eradication (SMF and TA) Honduras 1The malarious area covers a total of 87 383 square kilo-
metres; the population at risk is estimated at 1 282 000. Theplan for eradication was approved in 1956, and total coverage,using dieldrin, started in January 1958; it will continue forfour years, after which surveillance will follow. Provision ismade in 1960 to retain the medical officer and the sanitarianunder TA -I (estimated cost, $19 424) and the sanitary engineerunder the Special Malaria Fund ($15 183); supplies and equip-ment will also be provided from that fund ($26 178).UNICEF's support is expected to continue in 1960. ICAis also collaborating.
368 MALARIA ERADICATION
16. Mexico
(a) Dieldrin Toxicity Studies (SMF) Mexico 33More must be known about the toxicity of dieldrin in order
to institute a practical system of protection for personnelusing it in spraying operations. In collaboration with theMinistry of Health and Welfare of Mexico, a new projecthas been instituted to study the toxicity of dieldrin ineradication programmes. A physical examination will begiven at regular intervals to a selected group of personshandling dieldrin, and the results will be studied and analysed.The expenses will be met by the National Commission for theEradication of Malaria through a grant from the Organzation($4370).
(b) Eradication (SMF and TA) Mexico 53
The malarious area covers some 1 147 600 square kilo-metres and has a population of 15 588 000. The plan foreradication was approved in 1955, and the Government hasappointed a National Commission for the Eradication ofMalaria, which, during 1956, undertook a comprehensiveprogramme for the training of personnel, geographical andepidemiological reconnaissance, and a demonstration testspraying. - Total coverage of the malarious area begun inJanuary 1957 and will continue to the end of 1960.
Provision is made in 1960 for a chief country adviser, amedical officer, a sanitary engineer, and a sanitarian underTA -I (estimated cost, $46 336), and for a second sanitarian($11 652), for supplies and equipment ($227 603) and forfellowships ($3000) under the Special Malaria Fund. Consultantservices for six months are proposed under TA -II (see Annex 3).UNICEF's support is expected to continue in 1960.
17. Netherlands Antilles and Surinam
Eradication, Surinam (SMF) Surinam 1
The malarious area in Surinam covers 143 470 squarekilometres and the population at risk is estimated to be250 000 (1957). The plan for the eradication of malaria wasprepared and approved in 1956 and the geographical and epi-demiological reconnaissance was completed in May 1958. Totalcoverage with dieldrin will be carried out until 1961, when itwill be followed by surveillance. During 1957, key personnelwere trained and the preparatory work well advanced. Pro-vision is made in 1960 for a medical officer and a sanitarian(estimated cost, $40 378). It is also proposed to provideantimalarial drugs, a vehicle, and items of imported suppliesand equipment not furnished by UNICEF ($2060). Thecentral unit for Zone I (AMRO 117) will provide supportingservices.
18. Nicaragua
Eradication (SMF) Nicaragua 1
The malarious area covers 127 199 square kilometres andthe inhabitants exposed number some 80 per cent. of the .totalpopulation. The plan for eradication was approved in 1956and total coverage with dieldrin was begun in November1957; these operations will continue for four years, afterwhich surveillance will follow. Provision is made in 1960 fora medical officer and a sanitary engineer (estimated cost,$27 908) and for fellowships for study abroad ($1000). Vehicles,antimalarial drugs, and supplies and imported equipment notfurnished by UNICEF will also be provided ($19 376).
19. Panama
Eradication (SMF and TA) Panama 2The malarious area covers 68 499 square kilometres, and
the population at risk is estimated at some 95 per cent, ofthe total population. The plan for eradication was approvedin 1956 and a preliminary survey and training of all categories
of personnel were undertaken. Complete coverage of allhouses in the malarious area was started in August 1957 andwill continue for four years, to be followed by surveillance.Provision is made in 1960 for a medical officer and a sanitarianunder TA -I (estimated cost, $19 997); and for a sanitaryengineer ($14 333) and supplies and equipment ($20 000)under the Special Malaria Fund. UNICEF's support isexpected to continue in 1960.
20. Paraguay
Eradication (SMF and TA) Paraguay 1
The plan for eradication was prepared in 1956; sprayingbegan in November 1957 and will continue for four years,to be followed by surveillance operations. Provision is madein 1960 for a malariologist under the Special Malaria Fund(estimated cost, $12 933), and a sanitary engineer, and asanitarian under . TA -I ($22 791). Supplies and equipment($14 884) and fellowships ($7500) will also be provided fromthe Special Fund. UNICEF's support is expected to continuein 1960.
21. Peru
Eradication (SMF and TA) Peru 5
The malarious area of Peru covers 154 191 square kilo-metres; 12 per cent. of the total area of the country. Thepopulation at risk is estimated at some 29 per cent. of the totalpopulation. Under the plan for eradication, the country wasdivided into two zones; spraying began in November 1957 inthe western zone, and in July 1958 in the eastern zone. BothDDT and dieldrin will be used for four years, after which sur-veillance will follow. UNICEF's support is expected to con-tinue in 1960. Provision is made in 1959 and 1960 for threesanitarians and a sanitary engineer under the Special MalariaFund (estimated cost in 1960, $61 162) and for a medicalofficer and a sanitarian under TA -I ($20 385). Supplies andequipment ($79 276) and fellowships ($5000) will also beprovided from the Special Fund,
22. West Indies Federation
(a) Eradication, Jamaica (SMF) West Indies Federation 1
The malarious area of the island covers 10 050 squarekilometres and the population at risk is estimated to be1 296 000 (1957 figure). The plan for the eradication of malariawas prepared and approved in 1956. Local personnel of allgrades have been trained, and geographical and epidemiologicalreconnaissances have been made. Complete coverage of allhouses in the malarious area began on 1 January 1958 andwill continue (using dieldrin) for four years, after whichsurveillance will be established. Provision is made in 1960to continue the services of a medical officer, a sanitary engineer,and two sanitarians (estimated cost, $50 651), and for anti-malarial drugs, vehicles for the international staff, and otheritems of imported equipment and supplies not furnishedby UNICEF ($27 184).
(b) Eradication, Trinidad (SMF) West Indies Federation 1The plan for malaria eradication was drawn up and put
into effect in 1957; residual house -spraying was intensifiedand regular cycles established. In 1958, an intensive pro-gramme using antimalarial drugs has been initiated, andcareful evaluation operations will be carried out until thesurveillance phase is reached. Provision is made in 1960 fora medical officer (estimated cost, $12 941), for antimalarialdrugs, and for supplies and equipment not furnished byUNICEF ($9412). The central unit for Zone I (AMRO 117)provides technical advice and assists in evaluation.
MALARIA ERADICATION 369
(c) Eradication, Windward Islands(SMF) West Indies Federation 1
Malaria control programmes were converted to eradicationcampaigns in St Lucia in July 1956, and in Grenada in February1957. Spraying with DDT will continue until June 1959 inSt Lucia and until December 1959 in Grenada, to be followedby surveillance. In Dominica there has been irregular house -spraying for about ten years, and total coverage was to beundertaken between July 1958 and June 1959, followed bysurveillance; chemotherapy was instituted in 1958 as anauxiliary measure. Malaria has already been eradicated inSt Vincent.
Provision is made in 1960 for one sanitarian to serve Gre-nada and Dominica and for a second sanitarian to serveSt Lucia (estimated cost, $19 495); and also for antimalarialdrugs, vehicles for the international personnel, and suppliesand equipment not furnished by UNICEF ($1933). Thecentral unit for Zone I (AMRO 117) will provide supportingservices.
23. Inter- country Programmes
(a) Regional Technical Advisory Services(PAHO and SMF) AMRO 90
This project was established originally in 1955 as the CentralOffice for the Malaria Eradication Programme and wasmodified in 1957 when the personnel was transferred toWashington headquarters and the Malaria Eradication Officeestablished there. Its purpose is to provide consultants togive technical advice and assistance to Member governmentsin several aspects of malaria eradication, such as entomology,parasitology, and administrative methods. Provision is madein 1960 for two medical officers, an entomologist, a para-sitologist, two sanitary engineers, an administrative officer,four sanitarians and a clerk stenographer (estimated cost :$134 697 under the Special Fund, $32 008 under PAHO);for supplies and equipment ($500 under PAHO and $500 underthe Special Fund); and for common services ($715 underPAHO).
(b) Technical Advisory Services, Zone I(SMF) AMRO 117This project provides a central unit for antimalaria work
in the Caribbean. The staff of the unit will advise and assistinternational personnel assigned to country projects, and giveassistance in the scattered islands, which individually are toosmall to require full -time international personnel. It willalso serve the Trinidad and Tobágo programme, providinga periodical technical assessment.
Provision is made in 1960 for a chief zone malaria adviser,a sanitary engineer, an entomologist, an administrative methodsofficer, a health statistician, a public health laboratory adviser and a secretary (estimated cost, $90 200). The entomologistwill co- ordinate work on mosquito susceptibility and resistanceto insecticides; the laboratory adviser will help to reinforcelaboratory services for evaluation; the engineer will adviseand assist with residual house -spraying and maintenance ofequipment, and will supervise the work of the sanitariansworking in Dominica, Grenada, St Lucia, and Surinam.The medical officer will co- ordinate the malaria eradicationwork in the Caribbean and will assist the international staffassigned to country projects; he will act as team leader of thecentral unit. Other international personnel will give adviceand services in their specialties.
(c) Technical Advisory Services, Zone III(SMF) AMRO 118
The purpose of this project is to provide specialized adviceand assistance in malaria eradication for the countries ofZone III. It was begun in 1957 with the appointment of amedical officer and an engineer. To continue collaborationin the organization and development of eradication pro-grammes and in work on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides,
provision is made in 1960 for a chief zone adviser, a sanitaryengineer, an entomologist, a health statistician, an adminis-trative methods officer, and a secretary (estimated cost,$77 876).
(d) Technical Advisory Services, Zone IV(SMF) AMRO 119
Under this project, technical advisory services in specializedaspects of malaria eradication will be provided for the coun-tries of Zone IV. Provision is made in 1960 for a chief zoneadviser, a sanitary engineer, an administrative methodsofficer, an entomologist, a health statistician, and a secretary(estimated cost, $82 497).
(e) Technical Advisory Services, Zone II(SMF) AMRO 120
Improper or deficient administration often causes delaysand difficulties in malaria eradication programmes; correcttabulation and analysis of data for these programmes requirewell -organized statistical work and well- trained personnel.It is proposed to provide specialized advice for the countriesof Zone II for these purposes. Provision is made in 1960 foran administrative methods officer and a health statistician(estimated cost, $29 459).
(f) Eradication Evaluation Teams (SMF) AMRO 121The strict requirements that must be met to satisfy the
internationally accepted definition of malaria eradication callfor widespread and thorough evaluation at all stages of thecampaigns. The early discovery and quick elimination offoci is essential. The evaluation teams will make surveys todetermine the effectiveness and efficiency with which thehemisphere -wide campaign is being carried out. These surveyswill be the basis for the Organization's certification that anindividual national campaign has successfully eradicatedmalaria. The surveys will also be used to determine andrecommend any modified procedures that appear to benecessary. Provision is made for two teams, which will atfirst be based in Panama for accessibility and economy oftravel; one began work in 1958, the other will begin in 1960.In that year each will comprise a chief, an epidemiologist, aparasitologist, and two sanitarians (estimated cost, $147 052).Provision is also made for supplies and equipment ($2000).
(g) Research and Development of InsecticideApplication Equipment (SMF) AMRO 122
It is proposed to undertake research to develop improvedequipment for the application of insecticides. Provision ismade for short -term consultants (estimated cost, $11 700)and for the purchase of specialized equipment ($3300).
(h) Research and Development of ProtectiveEquipment against Toxic Insecticides(SMF) AMR() 123
The object of this project is to develop improved protectiveequipment and safety measures for spray -men that can beused under tropical field conditions and that will be effectiveagainst the newer insecticides. This project will be conducted,with assistance from the Organization, either by a recognizedresearch laboratory or by a national malaria eradicationservice ($35 000).
(i) Field Trials of the Pinotti Method (SMF) AMRO 124It is proposed to carry out extensive field trials of anti-
malarial drugs. The Pinotti method (addition of any anti-malarial drug to common salt) has possibilities for a numberof areas where residual insecticides are incapable of completelyinterrupting transmission. This project will be developedin co- operation with one or more governments. Provision ismade for a sanitarian specially trained to collaborate in thesupervision of the programme (estimated cost, $10 275) andfor the supply of antimalarial drugs ($21 000).
370 MALARIA ERADICATION
(j) Seminar on Eradication SurveillanceTechniques (SMF) AMRO 129
In 1960, it is planned to hold a seminar for the study of thetechniques required for the surveillance phase of the eradica-tion programme, when spraying will have ceased. The seminarwill be attended by responsible national officials and inter-national technicians. Provision is made for participants($19 450) and for supplies and equipment ($5550).
(k) Operational Assistance to Country Projectsin Eradication (SMF) AMRO 132
It is expected that in the course of the hemisphere -widemalaria eradication campaign the Organization will be calledon to give operational assistance to certain country projects.This may take the form of financing a percentage of nationalposts, assuming more than an advisory role in the nationalcampaign, or providing certain supply and equipment itemsnot normally furnished by international agencies. The pro-vision made for such assistance in 1960 is $583 000.
(I) Training Centre for Eradication, Kingston(SMF) AMRO 134
This training centre has been established, in collaborationwith the Government of Jamaica and the InternationalCo- operation Administration of the United States, as partof a scheme to train national and international personnelof the Americas for malaria eradication. It is one of fourcentres being-used for this purpose; the others are the schoolestablished by the Government of Venezuela in the Divisionof Malariology in Maracay, and the training centres formalaria eradication in Mexico (A MRO 114) and São Paulo(AMRO 137).
It is planned to hold annually three courses of twelve weekseach for senior officials of national or international agenciesworking in malaria eradication programmes, and two coursesof eight weeks each for sanitarian. Each course will takeup to thirty students. Provision is made for a medical officeras director of the centre, a sanitarian, an administrative officer,two secretaries, and a driver (estimated cost in 1960, $40 812);for the teaching of various specialities by visiting staff fromcountries in the Region ($5200); and for supplies, equipment($5000) and contractual and common services ($11 700).ICA will provide for some technical and secretarial posts.The Ministry of Health will allot space and laboratory faci-lities in the Public Health Training Institute of the WestIndies.
(m) Eradication Trainees (SMF) AMRO 135Because of the shortage of experienced workers in the
Americas, the Organization has found it necessary to trainits staff members in malaria eradication techniques in orderthat it may be able to provide technical advisory services. The
field staffing pattern was expected to be completed by the endof 1958, and the provision for training during 1959 and 1960of the Organization's personnel is limited to what might berequired as a result of staff turnover ($30 000).
(n) Training Centre for Eradication, Sao Paulo(SMF) AMRO 137
This training centre, established as the result of an agree-ment with the Government of Brazil and the School of PublicHealth of Sao Paulo, forms part of a large scheme to trainnational and international personnel of the Americas formalaria eradication (see also AMRO 134, above). It has beenestablished primarily to meet the requirement of Brazil'seradication programme but may also accept trainees andfellows from neighbouring countries. The internationalconsultants assigned to Brazil's national programme andSao Paulo's state programme will help in the teaching. TheSchool of Public Health will receive assistance to recruit atechnical specialist, and a small amount of educationalmaterial will be furnished. Provision is made in 1960 for asecretary (estimated cost, $3278), for supplies and equipment($22 000), and for contractual ($5020) and common services($1500).
(o) Studies on Malaria Chemotherapy (SMF) AMRO 138Early during the Second World War it was found that
300 mg (base) of chloroquine administered weekly completelysuppressed all species of malaria parasites, but no attemptswere made to determine the minimum effective suppressiondose. In planning any kind of malaria programme whichinvolves the administration of antimalarial drugs in salt, thispoint is of great importance, if only as regards Cost. Initialstudies on the " depoting " of antimalarial drugs (comparableto residual action in insecticides) are promising. Thesestudies must be made both in laboratories and by controlledchecks on a number of volunteers over long periods. It ishoped to develop a method of " depoting " which will beeffective for six months or more. So far, all studies on prima -quine have been directed to determining its effect on the tissueforms of the parasite. Plasmochin, the first of the 8- amino-quinolines, had pronounced effect against all gametocytes.For malaria eradication, where the discontinuance of trans-mission is of the utmost importance, the effect and optimumdosage of plasmochin on gametocytes of both Plasmodiumfalciparum and P. vivax should be known. It is proposed toprovide assistance for the study of those questions byresponsible institutions ($40 000).
(p) Contingency Reserve for Malaria Eradication (SMF)The size and nature of the malaria eradication programme
may produce unexpected requirements. A contingencyreserve is provided to meet them ($100 000).
Malaria F}adicatloa Special Accourt Regular Budget
N°mofP
Estimated expenditureNumberof p osts Estimated Expenditure
- - u --- _ - ^-- '--Y - -a - '-Total estinated government contributions (23 241 265)(16 479 295)Q6 196 175)
Allocated by the UNICEF Executive Board
MALARIA ERADICATION 375
10. SOUTH -EAST ASIA
(For cost estimates, see following tables)
10.1 REGIONAL OFFICEPersonnel
In addition to that under the regular budget, provision is made under the Malaria Eradication Special Account for fifteenstaff members, of whom three are in the Professional category (one administrative assistant, one budget officer and one personnelofficer).
Common ServicesIn addition to the provision made under the, regular budget, the estimates for Common Services under the Special Account
total $6896 for 1960 compared with $8133 for 1959.
10.2 REGIONAL ADVISERSPersonnel
Provision is made, under the Special Account, for a malariologist, an entomologist, an administrative assistant and twoclerk stenographers to assist the malaria adviser who, with one clerk stenographer, is paid from regular funds.
Duty TravelApart from the amount of $2650 in 1959 and 1960 for dt.ty travel under the regular budget, the provision under the Special
Account ($7240 in each year) will enable the professional staff to visit various countries to assist in the planning, development andimplementation of malaria eradication projects.
Common Services
In addition to the amount provided under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Accounttotals $2299 in 1960 compared with $2711 in 1959.
10.3 COUNTRY AND INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Afghanistan
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Afghanistan 11Antimalaria operations in Afghanistan, supported by
UNICEF equipment and supplies, are already directed towardseradication. WHO gave assistance with special problems in1956, by means of an advisory team and consultant services.Two malariologists are now required for the period 1958 -1962,to work at first in the areas in which it may be feasible todiscontinue spraying in 1959; a technician is required foreach malariologist and also a clerk stenographer for clericalwork (estimated cost of posts in 1960, $42 726). To makesurveillance efficient under local conditions, the surveillanceagents must be supplied with first -aid chests, of which fifty,or an equivalent amount of refills, are required each year;provision is also included for two transport vehicles and stan-dard laboratory equipment (estimated cost of equipment in1960, $22 000).
2. Burma
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Burma 31After the successful demonstration of malaria control in the
Lashio area, there has been a steadily expanding programmeof malaria control in Burma. During 1957 the Governmentchanged its objective from control to eradication, and in1958 some 9 200 000 people were protected. Assistance willbe continued through 1960, in which year provision is madefor continuing the team of four assigned in 1957 -a mala-riologist, an entomologist and two sanitarians -underTA -I (estimated cost, $40 355), with a small amount for sup-plies and equipment ($500). Three regional fellowships areproposed under TA -II (see Annex 3). From the Special
Account the following provision is made : payment of part ofthe salaries of nine medical officers and of twenty -four labo -atory technicians; a microscopist for training and for guidinglaboratory technicians; and a statistical assistant (estimatedcost in 1960, $20 079). UNICEF has assisted the programmeby supplying transport, sprayers, insecticides, and laboratoryequipment, and is expected to continue its assistance.
3. India
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) India 153The Government drafted detailed plans to convert the
nation -wide control programme, which began in 1953, to oneof eradication in mid -1958. These plans include the provisionof supplies for existing " units ", the setting up of new unitsfor the protection of hypoendemic areas, the organizing of asurveillance service and the staffing of six regional centres.Provision is made for two advisory teams, each consistingof a malariologist, an entomologist and two laboratorytechnicians (estimated cost in 1960, $75 706); part paymentof additional national personnel in six centres ($90 500);travel expenses for national medical officers in charge ofunits to enable them to attend an annual meeting for discussionof technical problems ($32 000); and equipment and supplies($6000).
4. Indonesia
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Indonesia 32The two separate projects, Indonesia 4 and Indonesia 32,
were amalgamated in 1958 and will continue in 1959 and1960, under the project number Indonesia 32. WHO assistancein the malaria programme in Indonesia began in August 1951.
376 MALARIA ERADICATION
Since 1957 the senior WHO officers have acted as advisers inthe antimalaria campaign in the provinces, which is part ofthe national programme carried out by the Government incollaboration with the United States International Co-operation Administration. Since 1957 also, eight assistantmalariologists have been assigned to assist the Indonesiancontroleurs. In 1960 it is proposed, under TA -I, to continuethe full team of twelve -four malariologists and eight as-sistant malariologists (estimated cost, $111 698), with a smallamount ($100) for supplies and equipment; and under TA -IIto provide three regional fellowships (see Annex 3).
In addition, it is proposed to provide from the SpecialAccount a malariologist /epidemiologist, seven other malario-logists, three entomologists, eleven sanitarians, four assistantmalariologists, five technicians, an administrative assistantand six secretary -stenographers (estimated cost of posts in1960, $289 377). Supplies and equipment on the standardscale are provided for five study teams, and transport for allpersonnel ($5000). Provision for fellowships ($9900) and forpayment of part of the salaries of local staff has also beenmade ($112 240).
5. Nepal
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (Regular and MESA) Nepal 1This is a continuation of the malaria control programme
in the Rapti Valley, started in Nepal with WHO assistancein June 1954. It was originally planned to last until the endof 1959 and its aims were to study the malaria situation,determine suitable control techniques, carry out indoorresidual spraying and train personnel. The project will fit intothe national malaria eradication programme now under con-sideration by WHO in collaboration with the Governmentand the United States International Co- operation Adminis-tration. Provision is made in 1960 under the regular budgetto continue the team, consisting of a malariologist, an entomo-logist, a malaria inspector, a laboratory assistant and aninsect collector (estimated cost, $33 868), for supplies andequipment ($100), and for two regional fellowships ($3400).
Under the Special Account two new teams are proposed(each consisting of a malariologist, an entomologist and asanitarian) and also a sanitarian for the existing team (estimatedcost of the seven posts, $72 210); transport and supplies forthe two new teams are also provided for ($2000).
6. Inter- country Programmes
(a) Border Control Programme, India and Nepal(TA) SEARO 29
In 1958 the Government of India embarked upon a nationaprogramme of malaria eradication, which is a continuationof the national malaria control programme started in 1953.All the malarious endemic areas of the States of Uttar Pradeshand Bihar, which are contiguous to Nepal, will be included inthe eradication programme for three years from 1958. Thehypoendemic areas in these two states will also be includedin the programme in 1959 and 1960. It is hoped that theGovernment of Nepal will at the same time undertake anintensive programme in the contiguous areas of Nepal sothat the movement across the border of reservoirs of infectionor of infective mosquitos may be minimized or eliminated.It is planned to use the WHO malaria personnel working inNepal for the technical supervision of this scheme, the Govern-ment of Nepal providing the staff necessary for spraying. In1960 supplies and equipment to the value of $20 000 areproposed.
(b) Experimental Studies on Surveillance, Ceylonand India (MESA) SEARO 40
The technique of surveillance is relatively new and has sofar been applied in a few countries only. It is proposed to setup two experimental surveillance projects, one in a countrywhere the rural health service is well developed, and the otherin an area where it is less comprehensive (possibly Ceylonand the Kanara district of India). Both should be in areaswhere insecticide spraying has been discontinued and canno longer be considered to have any limiting effect on trans-mission. Each should cover a population of some 100 000and should be continued for two years, before being absorbedinto the national surveillance programme. The staff requiredfor each programme is a malariologist, two assistant malario-logists, and six laboratory technicians (estimated cost in1960, $88 931). These will be supplemented by three drivers,one clerk and surveillance personnel from the nationals ofeach country, paid at government rates (reimbursed byWHO); in India, in addition, eighteen national technicianswill be employed on the same basis (estimated cost of localpersonnel in 1960, $28 560). Provision is also made fornecessary transport and hire of laboratory premises ($6470).
MALARIA ERADICATION 377
Malaria Eredication Special Aceoest Regular Budget
In addition to the staff under the regular budget, provision is made under the Malaria Eradication Special Account for aclerk in General Services.
11.2 REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICERSPersonnel
To assist the regional health officer (who, with one secretary, is paid from regular funds) in coping with the additional workinvolved, provision is made under the Special Account for one clerk stenographer.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the Special Account is maintained at the same level in 1960 as in 1959 and will enable
the regional health officer in malaria to visit countries where malaria is prevalent to provide assistance as required in the planning,development and implementation of projects.
11.3 COUNTRY AND INTER- COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Bulgaria
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Bulgaria 9To strengthen the malaria services, provision is made for a
consultant and fellowships in 1959. In 1960 it is proposed toprovide two consultant months (estimated. cost, $2320) andsome technical equipment ($1000).
2. France
Pre -eradication Survey, Algeria (TA) Algeria 2Provision is made for a pre- eradication survey team in 1959
under the Special Account. It will consist of a malariologist,an entomologist, a sanitarian, and a laboratory technician.Three of these posts will be continued in 1960 under TA -I(estimated cost, $26 531).
3. Greece
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Greece 26An advisory team (malariologist, entomologist and sanitary
engineer) is provided for in 1959. A polyvalent resistance ofthe vectors to insecticides has developed in Greece, and theGovernment will also require organic -phosphorous insecticidefor the protection of 1 000 000 people and a substantialamount of pyrimethamine and chloroquine. Provision ismade for these under the Special Account in both 1959 and1960 ($130 000 in 1960).
4. Morocco
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA) Morocco 20To convert the malaria control campaign into an eradication
programme a pre- eradication survey team is required, toassist in preparing a plan of operations and to help in training
local personnel; transport, sprayers, insecticides, fellowshipsfor malariologists and sanitarians, and a number of localfellowships for training surveillance agents are also needed.It is intended to extend protection by residual insecticidesfrom the present 400 000 to some 3 500 000 people, and acomplete network of surveillance will be instituted and integ-rated with the rural health services. The expansion of theprogramme will be gradual, since few qualified personnelare available, and will reach its full extent only in 1961. Pro-vision is made in 1959 for an advisory team, consisting of amalariologist, a sanitary engineer, an entomologist and alaboratory technician. In 1960 the malariologist and thesanitary engineer will be retained (estimated cost, $23 591),fellowships will be provided ($3000), and also supplies andequipment ($370 000).
5. Portugal
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Portugal 22Provision is made in 1960, as in 1959, for four consultant
months ($5200) and for the supplies and equipment ($48 000)necessary to afford coverage to the whole population at risk.
6. Spain
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Spain 24Four consultant months, for assistance in preparing a plan
of operations, are provided for in 1959 under the SpecialAccount. Provision for supplies and equipment is also made,and is continued in 1960 ($157 500 in that year).
7. Turkey
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Turkey 23An assessment team, consisting of a malariologist, an
entomologist and a sanitarian, will be made available under
380 MALARIA ERADICATION
the Special Account to assist the Government (estimatedcost in 1960, $35 083). A consultant is provided for twomonths in 1960 under TA -I ($2450); UNICEF is contributingsupplies and equipment.
8. Yugoslavia
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Yugoslavia 30
The Government, in its malaria eradication programme,intends to concentrate on the Republics of Macedonia, Ko-sovo, Metohija and small parts of Montenegro and SouthernSerbia where malaria is still endemic. This entails the pro-tection of some 1 500 000 people and the reinforcement of acountry -wide surveillance. Provision is made for consultants($7800), lecturers ($1300) and supplies and equipment, in-cluding vehicles, microscopes, sprayers and insecticides($58 100).
9. Inter -country Programmes
Conference on Eradication in South -Easternand South - Western Europe EURO 148.2This conference follows the previous conference and techni-
cal meetings on malaria for the countries of the south -westernand south -eastern parts of the European Region which wereheld separately in past years (1956 -1958). By 1960 a stagewill be reached in which the most important problem will bethe maintenance of achieved eradication in most of theformer malarious countries. It is therefore proposed to holda joint conference attended by Albania, Bulgaria, Greece,Romania and the USSR; and by Morocco, Portugal, Spainand Algeria. The aim will be to evaluate eradication, to dis-cuss the set -up of maintenance and the integration of anti -malaria services into the existing rural health services, and tostrengthen co- operation between countries. Provision hasbeen made for consultants ($5200), participants ($8200),temporary staff ($3370), and supplies and equipment ($1900).
Total estimated government eontribotione (3 352 214)(4 559 367)(4 700 247)
Allocated by the UNICEF Executive Board
MALARIA ERADICATION 383
12. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
(For cost estimates, see following tables)12.1 REGIONAL OFFICE
PersonnelIn addition to the staff under the regular budget for 1960, provision is made under the Malaria Eradication Special Account
for eleven posts, of which two are in the Professional category (an administration and finance officer and a budget officer).
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the Special Account, which is maintained at the same level as in 1959, will enable the senior
professional staff to visit various countries where malaria activities are being implemented to provide guidance and advice on theadministrative and financial aspects.
Common ServicesIn addition to the amount provided under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Account
totals $5008 in 1960 compared with $5791 in 1959.
12.2 REGIONAL ADVISERSPersonnel
Provision is made under the Special Account for a malariologist, an entomologist, an administrative assistant, a secretary anda clerk stenographer, to assist the malaria adviser, public health engineer, technician and draughtsman who (with one secretary)are paid from regular funds.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the Special Account is maintained at the same level in 1960 as in 1959 and will enable the
professional staff to visit various countries in the Region to advise and assist in the development and implementation of malariaeradication activities.
Common ServicesIn addition to the amount provided under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Account
totals $2148 in 1960 compared with $2483 in 1959.
12.3 COUNTRY AND INTER- COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. Ethiopia
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(MESA and TA) Ethiopia 14The malaria pilot project that started in 1957 will be com-
pleted in 1960. This WHO project in the Awash Valley (thathas protected 125 000 inhabitants) and the ICA pilot projectsin the Dembia Plateau near Lake Tana and in Kobbo -Chercher,show that the interruption of malaria transmission can beachieved by residual spraying methods at altitudes above900 metres. Under TA -I WHO will continue to provide amalariologist and an entomologist for three months in 1960(estimated cost, $8669) and also a small amount of supplies($500). UNICEF also has made an allocation for supplies andequipment.
To assist the Government in a country -wide pre- eradicationprogramme, WHO will co- operate with ICA in making amalaria survey of the entire country. Provision is made underthe Special Account for a malariologist and a sanitarian forthis survey to start in 1959; and also for the malariologist,the sanitarian and the technician for the training centrestarted in 1958 (estimated cost of the five posts in 1960,$58 745).
2. Iran
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Iran 1The national malaria eradication programme started in
1957 and is planned to continue until 1964. The number ofinhabitants to be protected by spraying during 1960 is estimatedat 5 800 000, and about 4 000 000 will be under surveillance.It is proposed in 1960 to retain the malariologist and theadministrative officer who will begin work in 1959 (estimatedcost, $24 067). In addition it is proposed to pay part of thesalaries of key personnel in the malaria eradication service($75 000). UNICEF is contributing to the programme.
3. Iraq
Assistance to Eradication (Regular and MESA) Iraq 11This is a continuation of the malaria eradication pro-
gramme that started in 1957 and will continue through 1961;it is intended to protect all the inhabitants in the malariousareas, estimated to be over three million. Provision is madeunder the regular budget to retain the team consisting of amalariologist, a sanitarian and an entomologist (estimatedcost, $37 290), and under the Special Account for two othermalariologists ($29 784). UNICEF has assisted this pro-gramme by providing 10 per cent. of the cost of importedsprayers and insecticides.
384 MALARIA ERADICATION
4. Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Jordan 6The plan of operation for malaria eradication in Jordan (to
cover the 1 150 000 inhabitants living in malarious areas)includes commitments by UNICEF, UNRWA, WHO andthe United States International Co- operation Administration.The WHO malariologist arrived in mid -1958 and will continuethrough 1960 (estimated cost, under TA -I, $11 453); provisionis also made for supplies and equipment ($500). Under the.Special Account provision is made for a sanitarian whostarted work in 1958 and will continue for four months in1960 ($5513). ICA has provided an entomologist.
5. Lebanon
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Lebanon 7The national malaria eradication service is continuing the
work begun in 1956, with the assistance of UNICEF, in themalarious areas, where 300 000 inhabitants are at risk. It isproposed that an advisory team should visit the country in1958. Provision is made under the Special Account in 1959and 1960 for a malariologist to organize the surveillancesystem (estimated cost in 1960, $12 907). UNICEF willcontinue to provide supplies and equipment.
6. Libya
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA) Libya 9Following the visit of the pre- eradication survey team in
1958, the Government established a malaria eradicationservice to cover the 100 000 inhabitants living in malariousareas. It is proposed to provide in 1959 two malariologists,one for twelve and one for six months, and a technicianfor six months; and to retain one of the malariologiststhroughout 1960 (estimated cost, $12 853). ICA has providedan entomologist since 1957, and a malariologist is shownunder TA -II for 1960 (see Annex 3). It is hoped that UNICEFwill provide supplies and equipment.
7. Pakistan
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA) Pakistan 36The Government's plans for a malaria eradication pro-
gramme necessitate the strengthening of the Malaria Institutein Karachi and the expansion of its work. Provision is madein 1960, under TA -II, for a malariologist to direct the Instituteand for supplies (see Annex 3). Under the Special Accounttwo pre- eradication survey teams, each comprising a malario-logist, an entomologist and two laboratory technicians, areto start work in 1959 and to continue for eighteen months(estimated cost in 1960, $44 086). These teams, with thenational counterparts, will work out a detailed plan of opera-tion. An amount ($533 000) is provided for meeting costs oflocal services which cannot be made available by the Govern-ment.
8. Sudan
Assistance to Pre -eradication Operations(MESA and TA) Sudan 6The three -year pilot project that began in 1956 is planned
to end late in 1960; it covers half a million people in the Fung
district of the. Blue Nile Province. The investigations carriedout in the protected area and in the check area show thatmalaria transmission can be interrupted by residual sprayingcombined with other measures, such as administration ofantimalaria drugs. Under TA -I WHO will continue to providea malariologist and an entomologist in 1960 (estimated cost,$23 827), and also supplies and equipment ($1000).
Under the Special Account, a pre- eradication team isproposed for 1960 to prepare a general plan of operation; itconsists of a malariologist, an entomologist and two techni-cians (estimated cost, $46 595); supplies and equipment willalso be provided ($9000). UNICEF is assisting this projectwith supplies and equipment.
9. Tunisia
Pre- eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA and TA) Tunisia 17A pre- eradication team (with transport and supplies) was
provided in 1958 to assist the Government in drawing up adetailed plan of operation. It is proposed to continue theposts of malariologist, entomologist and sanitarian in 1960under TA -I (estimated cost, $22 189). Under the SpecialAccount provision is made for an administrative assistant($8733) and transport, supplies and equipment ($108 000).
10. United Arab Republic (Province of Egypt)
Pre -eradication Survey and Assistanceto Eradication (MESA) Egypt 23The pre- eradication team which started its work in 1958
has worked out a general plan for malaria eradication. Toassist the Government in this plan, provision is made underthe Special Account for two malariologists, one entomologistand an administrative officer in 1959, and for the continuationin 1960 of one malariologist and the administrative officer(estimated cost, $21 509).
11. United Arab Republic (Province of Syria)
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Syria 2This is a continuation of the malaria eradication project
started in 1952. A new five -year plan of operation, covering1 150 000 people, was signed in 1956. Provision is madeunder TA -I to continue the team -a malariologist, an ento-mologist and a sanitarian -throughout 1960 (estimatedcost, $24 577), with supplies and equipment ($500). UNICEFalso is providing a considerable amount of supplies and equip-ment for this project. A sanitarian and an administrativeofficer, paid from the Special Account, who started workin 1958, will be retained for eight months in 1960 ($17 116).
12. Inter- country Programmes
Regional Training Centre, Cairo (MESA) EMRO 19The Regional Malaria Training Centre in Cairo was to
begin work in 1958, training malariologists, entomologists,sanitarians and technicians in eradication techniques andprocedures. Provision is made to retain the entomologistfor nine months in 1960 (estimated cost, $7874) and to provide'supplies and equipment to the value of $1000.
MALARIA ERADICATION 385
Malaria EradicatInn Special Account Regular Budget
13. WESTERN PACIFIC(For cost estimates, see following tables)
13.1 REGIONAL OFFICE
PersonnelIn addition to the staff under the regular budget, provision is made under the Special Account for eight staff members, of
whom two are in the Professional category (an administration and finance officer and an administrative services officer).
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the Special Account, which is maintained at the same level as in 1959, will enable the
administration and finance officer to' visit various countries to discuss and advise on the administrative and financial aspects ofmalaria activities.
Common ServicesIn addition to the amount provided under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Account
totals $7061 in 1960 compared with $6186 in 1959.
13.2 REGIONAL ADVISERSPersonnel
Provision is made under the Special Account for a malariologist, an entomologist, a sanitary engineer, an administrativeassistant and two clerk stenographers to assist the malaria adviser who (with one clerk stenographer) is paid from regular funds.
Duty TravelThe provision for duty travel under the Special Account is maintained at the same level in 1960 as in 1959 and will enable the
professional staff to visit various countries in the Region to provide assistance and advice in connexion with malaria activities.
Common ServicesIn addition to the amount provided under the regular budget, the provision for Common Services under the Special Account
totals $4706 for 1960 compared with $4124 for 1959.
13.3 COUNTRY AND INTER- COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
1. British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Fellowships (Malaria Control) (TA) British Solomon IslandsProtectorate 2
Malaria has been a major public health problem in theProtectorate, where it is hyperendemic in most areas. Thesmall number of trained personnel, the lack of funds forsupplies and equipment, and the claims of other importantpublic health problems, have prevented the Administrationfrom undertaking an intensive antimalaria campaign. In1960 provision is made for two fellowships, to train localpersonnel in malaria -control methods and procedures (es-timated cost, $5000).
The Government intends in 1961 to ask for an internationalmalariologist; laboratory supplies and equipment, transport,insecticides and sprayers will also be required. It will then bein a position to carry out a pre- eradication survey, test theefficacy of residual insecticides under field conditions, and makea plan for eradication.
2. Cambodia
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Cambodia 1The main objectives of this project, which began in 1950,
are to assist the Government in controlling and eventuallyeradicating malaria, and to train local personnel. A malario-logist and a public health sanitarian have been provided byWHO, the greater part of the equipment and supplies through
bilateral assistance. Practically all the malarious populationof the country were reached by residual spraying in 1957 and1958. The incidence of malaria has been greatly reduced, buttransmission has not been completely interrupted in some ofthe mountainous areas. Provision is made under TA -I toretain the malariologist and the public health sanitarianthroughout 1960 (estimated cost, $36 876).
The problem of continuing malaria transmission amongthe " mois " in the mountainous regions, the insufficientnumbers of supervisory staff, and the need to intensify theprogramme make additional staff necessary and it is proposedto provide an entomologist and a sanitarian under the SpecialAccount for five years starting in 1958 (estimated cost in1960, $31 939).
3. China
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) China 7A malaria eradication project in Taiwan, which started in
1952 with assistance from a WHO team and supplies andequipment from the United States International Co- operationAdministration, has reached the stage where spraying canbe discontinued over large areas. Assistance is howevernecessary with the surveillance service. Eradication shouldbe achieved within the next four years. WHO will meet partof the salaries of senior professional staff and of some sur-veillance personnel (estimated cost, $57 600) and some equip-ment and supplies ($14 500).
MALARIA ERADICATION 389
4. Malaya
Assistance to Training Institute and Pre -eradicationOperations (Regular and MESA) Malaya 20The Government of Malaya has requested a malariologist,
a medical entomologist, and a sanitary engineer, for a malariatraining centre which will train staff for a long -term malariaeradication programme. To extend control to the highlymalarious rural areas, in which about three- quarters of thepopulation live, demands special training of the staff, a co-ordinated plan of campaign, and a separate antimalariaservice. When the malaria training centre has produced thenecessary trained staff (about one hundred persons will attendthe centre each year) a large -scale trial of malaria eradicationwill be undertaken. Provision is made under the regularbudget for a sanitary engineer (estimated cost, $11.527) andunder the Special Account for the other two posts ($24 546)and for supplies and equipment ($15 750).
5. North Borneo
Pilot Project (TA) North Borneo 5This project, which started in July 1955, was assessed in
June 1957 and recommendations were made by WHO for itscontinuation until 1960, in which year it is expected that allthe malarious population (estimated at some 200 000) will becovered. Antimalarial drugs will be used to hasten the inter-ruption of transmission and reduce the cost of operations.Provision is made to retain in 1960 the malariologist, theentomologist, and the sanitarian (estimated cost, $29 873).Insecticides, sprayers, antimalarial drugs, transport andlaboratory supplies are being provided by UNICEF. TheGovernment has agreed to provide local personnel and labour,supplies and equipment, internal transport and office accom-modation.
6. Philippines
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Philippines 53The Philippines malaria eradication programme is so ad-
vanced that the continuation of active operations and theinstitution of surveillance should result in eradication withinthe next few years. The United States International Co-operation Administration will continue its contribution,which will be largely, but not solely, used for the activeoperations. Provision is made under the Special Account tostaff the surveillance service in areas where spraying 'has beendiscontinued (estimated cost, $1 003 500) and to provide thesupplies recommended by a WHO consultant and a malariaadvisory team ($40 000).
7. Sarawak
Assistance to Eradication (MESA and TA) Sarawak 5The pilot project was started in 1952 to assist the Govern-
ment in studying the malaria situation and finding an effective
and economical method of control. It is believed that by1960 the project can be converted into an eradication pro-gramme. Provision is made in that year under TA -I to retainthe staff of two malariologists and an entomologist (estimatedcost, $45 443). Under the Special Account there is provisionfor supplies and equipment ($50 000) and for the costs of local .services which cannot be made available by the Government($100 000).
8. Viet Nam
Assistance to Eradication (MESA) Viet Nam 16In 1958 a malaria eradication programme was initiated in
Viet Nam, covering a period of five years, and assisted by theUnited States Operations Mission and WHO. In that yearWHO provided a short -term consultant for two months todefine malarious areas, to indicate areas in which sprayingwas needed, to formulate a system of evaluation, and to makeany further recommendations considered necessary. Amalariologist and an entomologist are provided for in 1959.It is proposed to continue the two posts in 1960 (estimatedcost, $21 670), with some supplies and equipment ($500).Provision is further made for two fellowships ($5000).
The inter -country malaria conference held in Phnom -Penh,Cambodia, in January 1956, by representatives of Cambodia,Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam, recommended that thereshould be a board to co- ordinate the antimalaria work inthose countries. At its first meeting in November 1956, theAntimalaria Co- ordination Board recommended that asecretary to the Board should be appointed to assist with theco- ordinating work, to review problems and provide technicaladvice, and to arrange for the meetings of the Board. Themalariologist (with a secretary) provided for since 1958 will beretained in 1960 (estimated cost, $18 473). He is stationedin Saigon. Some provision is also made for essential supplies($1000).
(b) Medicated Salt Trial (Pinotti's Method)(MESA) WPRO 68
It is proposed to carry out a field trial, similar to thatproposed in Africa, of Pinotti's method of mass treatmentwith pyrimethaminized or chloroquinized salt, in an areawith a population of at least 20 000 and within close reach ofa programme assisted by WHO. A sanitarian and a laboratorytechnician will be provided for two years (estimated cost in1960, $24 595), and drugs, transport and equipment will besupplied ($3500).
390 MALARIA ERADICATION
Malaria Eradication Special Accurst Regular Budget
o[posbEstmated expenditure of poab Estimated Expenditure
Total estimated government contributions (2 668 835)(3 498 616)(3 423 723)
° Allocated by the UNICEF Executive Board
MALARIA ERADICATION 393
14. INTER -REGIONAL AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
1. Inter -regional Activities
(a) Pool of Advisers (MESA) Inter -regional 70
One of the responsibilities of WHO will be to assign atshort notice well- trained malariologists, entomologists andsanitary engineers to assist governments in the planning andimplementation of eradication programmes, to give adviceon particular problems, and to replace WHO advisers whoare temporarily absent from sickness or on leave. Suchpersonnel will be stationed at headquarters when not at workin a region. It is proposed to continue in 1960 the four postsof advisers and two clerk stenographers (estimated cost,$58 139).
(b) Advisory Teams (Regular) Inter -regional 49
There are three advisory teams to assist governments in theassessment of eradication programmes and in the investi-gation of special problems or, where necessary, in specialsurveys or training work; each team is composed of a mala-riologist, an entomologist and two laboratory technicians.
In order to study the special problems concerning theprincipal vector in Africa south of the Sahara (A. gamhiae)a special team, consisting of an entomologist and three ento-mological assistants. was set up in 1956. The team is fullyequipped to carry out research work both in its own baselaboratory which has been in Accra, Ghana, since the end of1957, and in the field, employing both classical methods ofinvestigation and newer techniques of cytogenetics and theuse of radioisotopes.
Provision is made to continue all four teams in 1960 (es-timated cost, $139 340), and also for duty travel ($72 000) andequipment ($21 000).
(c) Meeting of Regional Malaria Advisers(MESA) Inter -regional 71
It is proposed to convene a meeting of regional malariaadvisers to ensure a co- ordinated technical approach to era-dication planning and methods. An amount of $7500 isprovided for this purpose.
(d) Study Tours to Eradication Projectsfor Advisers Other than RegionalMalaria Advisers (MESA) Inter -regional 81
Visits to malaria eradication programmes in operation, tostudy their organization and functioning, would have greattraining value for leaders or advisers on eradication. It iscontemplated that five malaria advisers, other than theregional malaria advisers, should be given an opportunity ofmaking such visits. A provision of $10 000 is proposed forthis purpose in 1960.
(e) Training Programme for InternationalRecruits (MESA) Inter -regional 79
There is a shortage of candidates whose training and ex-perience in malaria eradication is adequate to permit of theirdirect recruitment. It is therefore still necessary to provide forthe special training of candidates of different categories, whowill after training be recruited as WHO technical personnel.These recruits will be required to fill new posts and to replacethe losses that are inevitable among the large number of staffemployed by the Organization to assist governments in theirschemes of malaria eradication.
(For cost estimates, see following tables)
It is proposed to continue in 1960 the African trainingcentre which is to start in 1959. Provision is made for threeprofessors at this centre ($33 885) and for the training of sixmalariologists, six entomologists and twelve sanitarians($63 600). Laboratory technicians will also be trained at thiscentre as required, and provision will be made for fellow-ships for the training of government personnel ($33 000).Consultants ($7800) and supplies and equipment ($4000)are also proposed.
(f) Post -training Employment of Trainees(MESA) Inter -regional 80
Recruits who have completed the training described abovewill be assigned to field projects as assistants, for further in-service training until they can be promoted to fill specificposts. Provision is therefore made for salaries and allowancesfor twenty -four recruits at assistant grades to cover the esti-mated period of this in- service training (estimated cost,$81 060).
(g) Assistance to Training Courses(MESA) Inter -regional 50
It is proposed to establish in the Philippines Malaria Ins-titute in Tala a centre for training various categories ofpersonnel needed by countries in the Western Pacific and theSouth -East Asia Regions. Provision is made in 1960 for apost of senior adviser, to supervise the centre (estimated cost,$11 147) and for consultants (twelve months) to assist inother malaria courses and to give lectures in various nationalinstitutes ($15 600). In addition, $2500 is provided to coverpurchase of teaching supplies and materials.
(h) Spraying Equipment EvaluationProgramme (MESA) Inter -regional 82
The existing facilities for the laboratory and field testing ofinsecticide sprayers have been found inadequate to the increas-ing need for spraying equipment in programmes for malariaeradication and in the control of other insect -borne diseasesin all parts of the world, especially as a number of new sprayersare coming on the market in several countries. It is thereforeproposed, in the course of normal spraying programmes inat least two countries, to test in practice the sprayers on themarket which pass the basic laboratory tests.
Provision is made for the purchase of a number of sprayersof different makes, with spare parts and shop equipment forfield maintenance ($1800). An engineering consultant is alsoproposed for a total of six months in 1959 and 1960 (estimatedcost in 1960, $9800) to plan and supervise the work, and asanitarian to carry it out in the field ($7468).
(i) Administrative Consultants (MESA) Inter -regional 69The technical personnel responsible for the development
and implementation of malaria eradication operations in thefield will from time to time require advice and assistance inregard to the administrative and financial arrangementswhich largely influence the effectiveness of the operations.Provision is made ($52 000) for establishing a pool of admi-nistrative consultants (forty months).
(j) Technical Consultants (MESA) Inter- regional 78The expansion of malaria eradication programmes around
the world, and the increasing international implications oferadication, will mean continued demands for expert advice
394 MALARIA ERADICATION
which cannot be met by existing resources at headquartersor in the regions. It is proposed that provision should againbe made in 1960 for short -term consultants (twenty -fourmonths) to advise on the development of these programmesand to assist governments in the assessment of programmesalready undertaken (estimated cost, $31 200).
(k) Country Programmes under Study (MESA)In order to provide such services in connexion with malaria
eradication " as may be required in individual countries andas cannot be made available by the governments of suchcountries " (resolution WHA8.30) it will probably be necessaryto provide for a number of countries assistance over and abovethat which has been foreseen in the present programme and
budget estimates. It is expected that in tropical Africa andcertain other areas, a number of countries where pilot projectsare at present in operation will by 1960 be in need of suchassistance for the preparation and development of eradicationprogrammes. Provision is therefore made for an amount of$900 000 to meet such demands, which cannot at present bespecifically foreseen.
2. Collaboration with Other Organizations
UNRWA (Malariologist) (Regular)Provision is made to retain the malariologist for the health
programme administered by the United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine Refugees (estimated cost, $12 768).
OPERATIONS PLANNED TO BE FINANCED FROM THE SPECIAL ACCOUNT
I
RESEARCH PLANNING : OPERATIONS PLANNED TO BE FINANCED
FROM THE SPECIAL ACCOUNT
(For cost estimates, see below.)Special Office for General Medical Research Planning
The Special Office for for General Medical Research Planning has been established to assist the Director -General in the imple-mentation of resolution WHA11.35, in paragraph 1.3 of which the Eleventh World Health Assembly requested the Director -General :
(1) to organize and arrange for a special study of the role of WHO in research and of ways in which the Organization mightassist more adequately in stimulating and co- ordinating research and developing research personnel;(2) to prepare a plan on the basis of such study in the furtherance of research, for transmission to the twenty -third session ofthe Executive Board and to the Twelfth World Health Assembly, with cost estimates.
PersonnelBesides the Director, provision is made in 1959 for the continuation of the posts of administrative assistant, secretary and two
clerk stenographers, and for a technical assistant and a records clerk.
ConsultantsFifty -three consultant months are proposed in order to engage the specialists necessary to study and analyse the scientific
material for the various meetings mentioned below, to survey particular research institutions and situations, and to consult withscientists in different parts of the world where particular research projects are planned or in the course of development.
Duty TravelProvision is made for visits by the Director to various medical research councils and research institutes in Europe and in
the United States of America and for attendance at meetings of importance to the work of the Special Office.
Other CostsResearch Advisory Body. Such a body, consisting of twelve to fourteen members, is required to assist in developing the
general research objectives and policies of WHO and to review the Organization's research programme in the light of currentscientific developments. Provision is made for a meeting in 1959.
Meetings of Scientific Groups. A series of meetings of five to eight members is planned to advise the Director -General onsuitable research activities in the scientific areas of high priority and to develop detailed plans for particular research projects.
Common Services
The estimates for Common Services have been established in the light of experience of the requirements for the number ofstaff members paid from the Special Account for Research Planning.
Other Statutory Staff Costs
Provision is made under this heading for the statutory staff costs, other then the salaries, of the personnel paid from theSpecial Account for Research Planning. In the case of filled posts the estimates are based on the actual entitlements of the incum-bents; for vacant posts they are based on the averages established under the regular budget.
SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR RESEARCH PLANNING : COST ESTIMATES
Number of posts Estimated expenditure1958 1959 1960 1958 1959 1960
US$ US $ US $ESTIMATED TOTAL STAFF AND TOTAL EXPENDITURE
Programme activities 5 7 65 100 234 900
5 7 65 100 234 900
- 399 -
16
400 SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR RESEARCH PLANNING
SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR RESEARCH PLANNING : COST ESTIMATES (continued)
PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES : SUMMARY
1958
Number of posts1959 1960
Estimated expenditure1958 1959 1960
US$ US$ UST
Special Office for General Medical Research Planning 5 7 42 292 105 525
Repatriation grant 150Pension Fund 526 2 258Staff insurance 72 476Other allowances 310 3 191Travel on initial recruitment and repatriation 1 400 1 150Transportation of personal effects 500 400
Total 2 808 7 625
Annex 6
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
AND NOT INCLUDED IN THE
PROPOSED PROGRAMME AND BUDGET ESTIMATES
II
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 403
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
AND NOT INCLUDED IN THE PROPOSED PROGRAMMEAND BUDGET ESTIMATES
COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
AFGHANISTAN
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Fellowships (Trachoma)In 1958 WHO provided a consultant to help the Govern-
ment survey the endemicity of trachoma and plan possiblecontrol measures. Trachoma was found to be a major public -health problem in the western and south -western parts ofthe country. The Government has requested two regionalfellowships for medical officers to study control methods($3400).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health LegislationA consultant has been requested for three months to assist
a committee set up by the Government to draft public healthlegislation ($3900).
(b) Blood Bank, KabulThe Government plans to establish a blood bank and blood
transfusion services in Kabul, and has requested a consultantfor one to two months to study local conditions and adviseon the facilities to be provided ($2600). Two fellowships arealso requested, one for a doctor and one for a laboratorytechnician ($6000).
ANGOLA, MOZAMBIQUE, SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
1. Malaria
(a) Pre -eradication SurveyAssistance has been requested for a malaria pre- eradication
survey to be made in certain regions of high endemicity inAngola. The survey would require, for one year in the firstinstance, a team of a malariologist and an entomologist($20 000). It is estimated that the survey would last two years.
(b) Fellowships
Five twelve -month fellowships for the study of malariacontrol have been requested -four for Angola and one forMozambique ($12 500).
2. Tuberculosis
Fellowships
A fellowship of one year, for the study of tuberculosiscontrol, has been requested by the Government of Angola($4000).
(For cost estimates, see page 417)
3. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Yaws Eradication
The Government of Angola has requested a medical officerfor an initial period of one year ($10 500), in connexion witha yaws eradication campaign. The project would last for atleast two years.
4. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
(a) Leprosy (Advisory Services)The Government of Angola has asked for advice on the
development of its leprosy control programme. A consultantwould be provided for approximately two months ($3500).
(b) Fellowships
Two fellowships of one year each have been requested bythe Government of Mozambique; one for the study of endemo-epidemic diseases and one for the study of trypanosomiasiscontrol ($5000).
5. Public Health Administration
Fellowships
Seven twelve -month fellowships have been requested -fourfor Angola, two for Mozambique, and one for São Tomé andPrincipe ($20 500).
6. Nursing
FellowshipsTwo twelve -month fellowships have been requested -one
for Angola and one for Mozambique ($5500).
7. Social and Occupational Health
FellowshipsA fellowship for one year's study in social and occupa-
tional health has been requested by the Government of Mozam-bique ($2500).
8. Maternal and Child Health
Fellowships
Three fellowships of one year each have been requested bythe Government of Angola for the study of maternal and childhealth ($7500).
17
404 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
9. Mental Health
Fellowships
Two twelve -month fellowships have been requested -onefor Angola and one for Mozambique ($8000).
10. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships
Nine twelve -month fellowships have been requested -seven for Mozambique and two for Sao Tomé and Principe($22 500).
11. Education and Training
Fellowships (various)Seven twelve -month fellowships have been requested -two
for Angola, and five for Mozambique ($18 500).
BRAZIL
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Rabies ControlThe reported number of human deaths from rabies in the
Federal District and state capitals increased by 78 per cent.between 1952 and 1956. The Government has requestedassistance in the planning and developing of an effective rabiescontrol programme in the Federal District. The Organizationwould furnish consultants to assist in the development of arigid control of dogs and a vaccination programme, and in theimprovement and expansion of diagnostic facilities and ofFlury vaccine production. The programme would providea demonstration and training area for personnel responsiblefor similar programmes in other parts of the country. A publichealth veterinarian would be required (estimated cost, $11 637),and also short -term consultants ($3900), fellowships ($2500),and supplies and equipment ($1200).
2. Mental Health
National Service of Mental HealthThe Government has requested the services of an expert
(estimated cost, $10 568) to assist in providing occupationaltherapy and training to rehabilitate selected patients in mentalhospitals. Supplies and equipment ($3000) would also berequired.
BULGARIA
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Control (Fellowships)To assist the tuberculosis control programme the
ment has requested a fellowship ($1550).
BURMA
Govern-
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Strengthening of Laboratory ResearchTo assist in planning for and strengthening research activities
in laboratories in Rangoon, the Government has requesteda consultant for three months ($3900).
(b) Fellowships (Leprosy)In addition to that provided for in project Burma 55, two
fellowships have been requested by the Government ($3400).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Vital and Health Statistics, RangoonIn addition to the assistance already provided for, the
Government has requested, for the implementation of thesecond phase of project Burma 22, a statistician to develophealth statistics of all types needed for public health planning(estimated cost, $11 096).
(b) Dental HealthThe Government plans to establish a dental school, and has
asked for a professor of dentistry to assist in the organizationof undergraduate dental education (estimated cost, $12 695),together with supplies and equipment ($500).
3. Health Education of the Public
(a) Strengthening of Health Education Bureau, RangoonIn addition to the assistance provided for in project
Burma 21, the Government has requested two twelve -monthregional fellowships ($5800).
(b) Health Education in SchoolsIn addition to the provision made in project Burma 60,
the Government has requested a twelve -month fellowship($6800).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Maternal and Child Health and Rural HealthThere are a number of pilot maternal and child health
centres in Burma which were previously assisted by WHO.Maternal and child health services and school health serviceshave been partly integrated in towns, while in rural areasmaternal and child health is an integral part of health- centreactivities. A series of recommendations has been made byWHO for the improvement of these services. The Govern-ment has requested the services of a short -term consultantfor three months to follow up recommendations and assist intheir implementation (estimated cost, $3900) as well as a travelfellowship for a senior health administrator ($1300).
5. Education and Training
Assistance to Medical College, MandalayIn addition to the assistance already shown for project
Burma 59, the Government has requested a professor ofphysiology (estimated cost, $12 554) and another twelve-month fellowship ($5700).
CAMBODIA
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Treponematosis ControlTo complement the provision made for project Cambodia 8,
the Government has requested a nurse /administrative officer(estimated cost, $13 077) and supplies and equipment ($500).
2. Public Health Administration
FellowshipsIn order to strengthen the central health services of the
country, the Government has requested a twelve -monthfellowship for a senior health officer to study public healthadministration ($5000).
3. Nursing
Nursing Education
To complement the provision made for project Cambodia 3,the Government has requested an additional senior nurse
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 405
educator (estimated cost, $13 345) and six twelve -monthfellowships for the advanced training of counterpart personnel($33 000).
CEYLON
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Leprosy ControlThe Government has requested a fifteen -month fellowship
for a medical officer; it would cover post -graduate trainingin public health and a short study tour of leprosy centresin other countries ($4300).
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Medical Stores Management)The Government has requested a travel fellowship ($4000)
to enable the superintendent of the civil medical stores tostudy the latest methods of medical stores management inthe United Kingdom and the United States of America.
3. Nursing
School of Public Health NursingIn addition to the provision shown under project Ceylon 53,
the Government has requested a fellowship ($3600).
4. Maternal and Child Health
Organization of Paediatric Teaching and ServicesIn addition to the assistance provided for in project
Ceylon 52, the Government has requested a twelve -monthfellowship for a paediatrician ($3600), and the services of aconsultant for three months ($3900).
5. Mental Health
Mental Health, ColomboIn addition to the provision shown under project Ceylon 37,
the Government has requested a second psychiatric nursetutor (estimated cost $7543) and two twelve -month regionalfellowships in psychiatric nursing ($5800).
6. Education and Training
Medical EducationTo assist in the teaching and demonstration of recent
advances in post -graduate clinical subjects, the Governmenthas requested three short -term consultants for two monthseach (estimated cost, $7800).
CHILE
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Rabies Control (Fellowships)In continuation of the rabies control programme carried
out in the Santiago area from 1954 to 1956 the Governmenthas requested fellowships ($2500).
2. Public Health Administration
Training of Laboratory TechniciansThe Government has requested the services of a consultant
(estimated cost, $7800) to develop training facilities forlaboratory technicians for the national health services.Fellowships ($8000), and supplies and equipment ($3200)would also be required.
CHINA1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis ControlTo complement the provision made for project China 17, the
Government has requested a statistician (estimated cost,$11 445), a fellowship in the physiology of respiratory diseases($3500) and supplies and equipment ($5000).
2. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Fellowships (Venereal Disease Control)In addition to the provision made for project China 1, the
Government has requested eight short-term regional fellow-ships for medical officers and public health nurses, to strengthenthe project staff on the technical side ($18 000).
3. Public Health Administration
Advisory ServicesThe Government is implementing a regionalization plan
in which 'selected provincial hospitals will become medicalcentres and teaching hospitals, and has requested the provisionof a pathologist (estimated cost, $12 037) and two fellowshipsfor the study of public health bacteriology ($6000).
4. Mental Health
Fellowships (Psychiatric Social Work and Psychiatric Nursing)To complement the provision made for project China 20,
the Government has requested two fellowships of twenty -fourmonths each -one in psychiatric social work and the other inpsychiatric nursing ($15 000).
5. Nutrition
Advisory ServicesThe Government has requested a nutritionist, with ex-
perience in biochemistry, to advise the provincial hospitals ontheir teaching programmes (estimated cost, $10 445) and atwelve -month fellowship in biochemistry ($5500).
6. Education and Training
Institute of Public HealthIn addition to the provision made for project China 27, the
Government has requested a medical officer for one year(estimated cost, $12 037), supplies and equipment ($3000) andtwo fellowships ($7000).
CUBA
Nursing
Nursing EducationThe Government has requested the services of a nurse
educator (estimated cost, $11 595) to assist in establishing anew school of nursing and modernizing the organization andcurricula of existing schools. The services of short -termconsultants ($9100), fellowships ($4000) and a small amountof supplies and equipment ($500) would also be required.
FIJI
Public Health Administration
Periodontal SurveyA survey of periodontal disease in the Fijian and Indian
population of Fiji is planned in early 1959 jointly by thegovernment health service and the National Health andMedical Research Council of Australia. The disease is known
406 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
to be widely prevalent, but more information is requiredfor its better understanding. Two staff members of the ResearchCouncil will make the survey and the Government will provideclinical assistance, equipment and supplies, and transportationon the island. WHO has been asked to provide the returnfares for the two staff members and their per diem allowancesin the field ($1500).
FRENCH POLYNESIA
Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Filariasis ControlThe Government intends to train technical staff in the
epidemiology, diagnosis and control of mosquito -bornediseases, particularly filariasis, and to carry out control workin conjunction with the Institute of Medical Research, withthe ultimate aim of eradicating filariasis. The Governmentwould provide the staff, premises and certain supplies, andUNICEF is to be asked for assistance. The services of amedical officer and four technicians (estimated cost, $35 641)and of a consultant for six months ($7800) have been requestedfrom WHO.
GHANA
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Fellowships (Entomology)One fellowship has been requested for post -graduate
training for the control of insects of importance to publichealth ($2000).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Laboratory MethodsA short -term consultant has been requested for six months
($6400).
(b) Fellowships (Orthodontics)One fellowship has been requested for post -graduate
training of a dental surgeon ($3600).
(c) Fellowships (Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)Three fellowships have been requested for the course leading
to the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ($10 500).
3. Health Education of the Public
FellowshipsTwo fellowships have been requested to enable health staff
to take courses in health education ($6600).
4. Education and Training
(a) Training in AnaesthesiologyA visit by a consultant has been requested for 1960
($4500), and also a two -year fellowship for training in anaesthe-siology ($5000), requested for 1958 but not awarded owing tolack of a suitable candidate.
(b) Fellowships (Ophthalmology)A fellowship has been requested for post -graduate studies in
ophthalmology ($4000).
INDIA
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Bilharziasis ControlNon -imported cases of human bilharziasis have in the
past been reported sporadically in India, whilst a focus isknown to exist in the Ratnagiri district of Bombay State.
Although bilharziasis may not at present constitute a publichealth problem of national importance, the potential dangerfrom the extension of irrigation systems taking place through-out India makes it necessary to intensify research on theepidemiology of the disease and its control. The Governmenthas requested a consultant for three months ($3900) to assistin an assessment of the extent of the problem and makerecommendations. A fellowship ($2400) is also requested.
(b) Training Course on TrachomaWhen the trachoma pilot project (India 101) is completed
in March 1960, recommendations are expected for a largerprogramme. In anticipation of this, the Government hasrequested assistance with a training course of one monthfor twenty -five medical officers in 1960 (estimated cost, $2370).
(c) Fellowships (Leprosy Control)The leprosy -control programme in India is being carried
out by the personnel of the national health services. TheGovernment has requested two fellowships to enable workersto study the latest developments in leprosy control ($4800).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health Programme, Jammu and KashmirIn addition to the assistance already provided for, the
Government has requested a second public health nurse forproject India 126 (estimated cost, $7715).
(b) Public Health Programme, BiharThe Government has requested the addition of a sanitarian
to project India 145 (estimated cost, $7715).
(c) Dental HealthIn connexion with project India 100, the Government has
requested two twelve -month fellowships ($7200).
(d) Medical Stores Management, West BengalTo assist in planning the purchase, storage, distribution,
and estimation of requirements of medical supplies, theGovernment has requested a consultant for three months(estimated cost, $3900).
3. Nursing
(a) Curriculum Guide for Syllabus for Nursing and MidwiferyTraining
This project is designed to guide schools of nursing in theuse of the syllabus published by the Indian Nursing Council.The use of this syllabus will shortly become compulsory forapproved training schools and the curriculum guide is a supple-ment to the syllabus, which will co- ordinate, upgrade andstandardize nurse training throughout India. The Governmenthas requested the services of a specialist for two years to studypresent practice, and make recommendations (estimated costin 1960, $11 354). A small quantity of supplies and equipmentwould also be required ($200).
(b) Post -graduate Training of Nurses, State UndesignatedWith the rapid expansion of the training of auxiliary nurse -
midwives, well -qualified tutors and ward sisters are needed.The annual output of tutors from the three existing post-graduate schools of nursing is not adequate to meet thisdemand. To assist in setting up a fourth post -graduate coursein association with an established nursing school, particularlyfor the training of tutors and ward sisters, the Governmenthas requested one nurse educator and one midwife tutor(estimated cost, $15 430) with supplies and equipment ($200).
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 407
(c) Time and Function Study on Nurse /Patient RatiosThe purpose of this study is to assess the ratio of nurses to
patients and to general population needed to provide minimumnursing care and health teaching in hospitals and in the publichealth services. The Government has requested the services ofa specialist for two years to conduct studies in a selectedhospital and a public health field (estimated cost in 1960,$11 474) with supplies and equipment ($100).
4. Mental Health
All -India Institute of Mental Health, BangaloreIn order to broaden the training of staff, two twelve -month
fellowships and one twelve -month travel fellowship have beenrequested in connexion with project India 71 ($12 000).
5. Environmental Sanitation
Water Supply and Sewage Disposal, CalcuttaThe Government has requested, for three months, three
consultants specialized in sewerage and sewage disposal, watersupply, and general management of such undertakings, toadvise on the preparation of a scheme for providing waterservices and sewage disposal facilities for Greater Calcutta(estimated cost, $11 700).
6. Education and Training
(a) Teaching of Nutrition in Medical CollegesThe teaching of nutrition in Indian medical schools is divided
among several disciplines-physiology, biochemistry, patho-logy, etc. The Government has requested a professor ofmedical nutrition for twelve months to visit selected institutionsand medical colleges and discuss with the authorities how theteaching of this subject may be up- graded and co- ordinatedat both the undergraduate and the post -graduate level(estimated cost, $11 474).
(b) Medical LibraryThe Government is planning to bring together at the All -
India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi a numberof medical libraries at present located in other institutes so asto form one model medical library, to be used also as a traininginstitute for medical school librarians. A request has beenmade to WHO for the services of a medical librarian (estim-ated cost, $7636) with a small amount ($100) for supplies andequipment, and for two twelve -month fellowships ($7200).
7. Other Projects
(a) Co- ordination of ResearchThe purpose of this project is to assist the Indian -Council
of Medical Research in the organization and co- ordination ofmedical research activities and in methods of facilitatingexchange of information between research workers. It was atfirst intended to start in 1957 but has been postponed pendingthe establishment of the Council in its new headquarters.WHO has been asked to provide a medical scientist and astatistician ($21 217) with supplies and equipment ($1000) and atwelve -month fellowship ($3600).
(b) Assistance to Specialized Departments of Medical InstitutesTo help in up- grading a number of specialized departments
in existing medical institutes, the Government has requestedthree consultants in selected fields, each for three months(estimated cost, $11 700) and three twelve -month fellowships($10 800) in the subjects chosen for up- grading.
INDONESIA
1. Health Education of the Public
Strengthening of Health Services
In addition to the assistance already provided for underproject Indonesia 27, the Government has requested theservices of a health educator (estimated cost, $9925).
2. Mental Health
Mental Health, DjakartaTo assist in up- grading mental health services and pro-
moting a training and research programme, the Governmenthas requested a consultant for three months (estimated cost,$3900).
3. Education and Training
Assistance to Medan Medical CollegeIn addition to the assistance already provided for under
project Indonesia 34, supplies and equipment ($1000) havebeen requested.
IRAN
1. Public Health Administration
Fellowships
Fellowships additional to those provided for under projectIran 35 have been requested for post -graduate studies inpublic health ($10 000).
2. Education and Training
Rehabilitation Services, ShirazThe Government has requested assistance for the rehabilita-
tion services provided at Shiraz University, which are to beused for teaching medical students. A short -term consultantfor six months (estimated cost, $7800) and supplies and equip-ment ($4000) would be required.
IRAQ
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Poliomyelitis Immunity Study 'The Government has requested assistance for serological
studies, to clarify the poliomyelitis situation in Iraq. A teamof two consultants (medical officer and laboratory technician)would be needed (estimated cost, $7800), and also suppliesand equipment ($1000).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships
In addition to the provision shown for project Iran 28, afurther fellowship has been requested for post -graduatestudies in public health ($4000).
(b) School Health ServicesA consultant visited Iraq in 1955 to survey the school health
services of the country. On his recommendation, the Govern-ment has asked for assistance in developing and improvingthe existing school health services and advice for the Ministryof Health and the Ministry of Education on this matter.
408 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
The assistance required would be the provision of a schoolhealth officer and a public health nurse (estimated cost,$18 954) and of fellowships ($3400). UNICEF has for someyears been providing supplies and equipment for the nationalschool health services.
3. Nursing
Nursing Education, MosulThe aim of this project is to improve the standards of basic
nursing education and prepare young women for work in thecurative and preventive health services. Three nurse educators(estimated cost, $22 794), to assist in the reorganization of abasic school of nursing, and in the selection and preparationof clinical areas for student practice, would be required, aswell as three fellowships ($3000) and teaching aids and equip-ment ($2000).
4. Health Education of the Public
Health Education ServicesThe Government has asked for an adviser to assist the
Ministry of Health in establishing a department of healtheducation and in co- ordinating health education programmesthroughout the country (estimated cost, $11 356).
5. Education and Training
Rehabilitation ServicesThe Government has requested assistance in improving
and developing the rehabilitation services in Baghdad MedicalCollege which are also used in the teaching of medical students.The services of a short -term consultant for six months(estimated cost, $7800) and supplies and equipment ($4000)would be required.
ISRAEL
1. Public Health Administration
Public Health LaboratoryThe Government has requested the provision of a short -
term consultant to follow up and advise on the extension ofthe WHO- assisted project which ended in 1957 (estimatedcost, $2600).
2. Maternal and Child Health
Rehabilitation of Physically Handicapped ChildrenA physiotherapist provided by WHO completed his assign-
ment in 1955. The Organization has now been asked to providea short -term consultant (brace- maker) to assist in the establish-ment of the brace shop (estimated cost, $3900).
JAPAN
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Fellowships (Port Venereal Disease Clinics)The new legislation for the control of prostitution which
came into effect in April 1958 calls for trained venereal-disease contact tracers. The Government also wishes anofficer to study the work of the port venereal disease clinicsand related government services in countries signatories ofthe Brussels Agreement, to which it plans to adhere. A requesthas therefore been made for a fellowship for the study ofcontact tracing and of the work of port clinics in selectedcountries in Europe ($3000).
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Preventive Medicine in Hospitals)The Government has requested a fellowship for the study
of the promotion and establishment of preventive servicesin hospitals ($3500).
3. Social and Occupational Health
Care of the Deaf and the MuteUntil recently, insufficient attention was paid to the early
diagnosis and therapy of deaf -mutism in Japan. In April 1958the National Training Centre for the Deaf and the Mute wasestablished to carry out such work, give occupational training,advise families of patients, and educate the public in thesubject. The Government has requested a short -term con-sultant to assist in this project (estimated cost, $1950).
4. Mental Health
National Institute of Mental HealthTo complement the provision madc for project Japan 4
the Government has requested two additional fellowships -onein rehabilitation of mental cases and the other in psycho-somatic medicine ($7000) and medical literature ($1000).
5. Environmental SanitationTwo fellowships, one in the biological assay of insecticides,
and one for the study of insect resistance, have been requested($9000).
Fellowships (Insect Resistance to Insecticides)
6. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Colouring Agents in Food)In order to improve the methods for testing colouring
agents in food, the Government has requested a fellowshipin the subject ($3500).
(b) Fellowships (Food and Drug Control)To strengthen its food sanitation programme, the Govern-
ment has requested a fellowship for study of the technical andlegal aspects of food inspection and food preservation ($3500).
(c) Fellowships (Public Health Laboratory)In view of increased demands on the public health laboratories
and the need for improving their standards, the Governmenthas requested a fellowship in public health laboratory manage-ment ($3500).
(d) Fellowships (Special Chest Clinics)The Government has requested a fellowship for study of
the organization and operation of clinics for chest diseasesother than tuberculosis ($3500).
JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM
1. Public Health Administration
Public Health and Medical Care AdviserThe Government has requested an adviser to assist in
reorganizing and developing the hospital and dispensaryservices of the country and in planning integrated public healthand medical care services (estimated cost, $11 356).
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 409
2. Maternal and Child Health
Rehabilitation Centre for Physically Handicapped ChildrenThe Government plans to establish a rehabilitation centre
for physically handicapped children and has asked WHO toassist by providing a medical officer and physiotherapist(brace- maker) (estimated cost, $18 954) and supplies and equip-ment to the value of $1000.
KENYA
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Poliomyelitis ControlA short -term consultant has been requested so that another
survey may be made in 1960, on the same lines as in previousyears ($3900).
(b) Fellowships (Leprosy)A fellowship has been requested for the study of leprosy
($2000).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Public Health StudyA statistician consultant, with knowledge of medical
statistics, has been requested for six months, to examine thepresent method of collecting information and to advise onorganizing a statistical section ($7100).
(b) Fellowships
A fellowship has been requested for the study of publichealth administration ($3200).
KOREA1. Tuberculosis
Fellowships (Tuberculosis Control)The Government has requested three twelve -month fellow-
ships ($16 500).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Fellowships (Virology and Immunology)Two fellowships, one in virology and one in immunology,
have been requested ($8500).
(b) Fellowships (Epidemiology)The Government has requested a twelve -month fellowship
in epidemiology ($5500) to strengthen the services for thecontrol of communicable diseases.
3. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships (Health Insurance)The Government has requested fellowships for visits to
medical and health insurance schemes ($7000), to be awardedto two persons who will afterwards help in drawing up long-term health insurance plans.
(b) Fellowships (Hospital Pharmacy Administration)The Government wishes to improve the work of the
pharmacies in the hospitals and health centres, and hasrequested a fellowship in hospital pharmacy administration($3500).
(c) Fellowships
In addition to the provision made for project Korea 15, theGovernment has requested a twelve -month fellowship inpublic health administration ($5500).
4. Health Education of the Public
Fellowships
The Government has asked WHO to provide overseasprofessional training in health education for a qualified staffmember who, on return, would be responsible for the develop-ment of a comprehensive health education programme for theMinistry of Health and Welfare ($5500).
5. Maternal and Child Health
FellowshipsTwo twelve -month fellowships have been requested ($11 000)
in addition to those provided for under the regular budget.
6. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships (Sanitary Engineering)In connexion with its programme for the improvement of
sanitary facilities, the Government has requested two twelve-month fellowships in sanitary engineering ($11 000).
7. Education and Training
Fellowships (Narcotic Drug Control)The Government has requested a fellowship for study of
control of narcotic drugs in selected countries ($3500).
LEBANON
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Venereal Disease SurveyThe Government has asked for a two -month visit by a
consultant venereologist, to survey the problem of venerealdiseases (estimated cost, $2600, with $1500 for supplies andequipment).
2. Public Health Administration
Fellowships
A fellowship for post -graduate studies in public health hasbeen requested ($3000), in addition to the provision shownunder project Lebanon 26.
3. Social and Occupational Health
Survey of Chronic DiseasesThe Government has asked for a four -month survey of
Nutrition SurveyThe Government has asked for a short -term consultant for
three months to help in a nutrition survey (estimated cost,$3900).
5. Other Projects
Production of PharmaceuticalsThe Government has requested a consultant on the control
of the production and sale of drugs, biologicals etc. (estimatedcost, $3900).
410 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
MALAYA
Public Health Administration
Fellowships (Rural Health)To follow the assistance already being provided in connexion
with the rural health training centre at Jitra, the Governmenthas requested fellowships to enable three national staffmembers of the centre to visit rural health programmes inselected countries of the Region ($4500).
MALDIVE ISLANDS
Public Health Administration
Public Health AdministrationIn addition to the assistance provided for under project
Maldive Islands 5, the Government has requested a nursemidwife tutor (estimated cost, $7543).
NEPAL1. Tuberculosis
Control and Training Centre, KathmanduThe Government has asked for a consultant (tuberculosis
expert) for three months (estimated cost, $4000) to assist inthe preliminary stages of setting up a tuberculosis centre.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Public Health Laboratory, KathmanduIn connexion with plans for upgrading the hospital
laboratory to a public health laboratory, the Government hasrequested a consultant for three months (estimated cost,$3900) to assess needs and make recommendations. A smallamount ($100) of supplies and equipment would also berequired.
3. Maternal and Child Health
Development of Maternal and Child Health ServicesTo assist in the development of maternal and child health
services, the Government has requested a consultant for twomonths (estimated cost, $2600) to assess potentialities andrecommend further action.
4. Education and Training
Fellowships (Undergraduate Medical Training)The Government has requested eight regional fellowships
of twenty -four months' duration for basic medical trainingin India ($43 200).
NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA
Maternal and Child Health
Advisory ServicesLittle progress has been made with the maternal and child
health programme in Netherlands New Guinea in recent years,mainly because of the difficulty of recruiting a qualifiedmedical officer within the territory. The Government hastherefore requested the services of an expert to advise onorganization and planning, and to train key personnel($11 237).
NEW CALEDONIA
Health Education of the Public
Fellowships
The Government has requested a twelve -month fellowshipfor training a nurse or social worker in health education($5500).
NIGERIA
1. Public Health Administration
FellowshipsThree fellowships have been requested by the Government
of Nigeria (Eastern Region) : one for a medical officer fortraining medical auxiliaries, one for the study of health visiting,and one for the study of public health education ($13 500).
2. Mental Health
Fellowships
A three -year fellowship has been requested for studies inmental health. Provision has been made under the regularbudget for the first year of this study (1959). 'Provision for thetwo remaining years has been asked for (estimated cost in1960, $9200).
3. Environmental Sanitation
Fellowships
A fellowship for the study of water engineering has beenrequested by the Government of Nigeria for the NorthernRegion ($2000).
NIUE
Public Health Administration
FellowshipsA twelve -month fellowship, for study leading to a Diploma
of Public Health, has been requested for the chief medicalofficer of the territory ($4500).
PAKISTAN
1. Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Communicable Eye DiseasesThe Government has requested assistance in making a
survey of trachoma in Pakistan and for advice on any futureprogramme which may be found necessary (estimated costof consultant, $7800; supplies and equipment $1000).
2. Public Health Administration
Dental Health SurveyThe Dental School in Lahore is training dental doctors for
the country. To guide its programmes and future dentalhealth work an epidemiological survey of dental conditionsand assistance in the country is necessary. It is proposed thatafter an initial visit by the regional dental health adviser,a survey should be arranged by the national staff, assisted bya short -term consultant provided by WHO (estimated cost,$3900) with supplies and equipment ($500).
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 411
3. Maternal and Child Health
Advisory ServicesThe Government is planning to co- ordinate maternal and
child health services of the country, taking into particularconsideration future close co- operation with the communitydevelopment programmes. A public health adviser (estimatedcost, $13 221) would be required.
PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA1. Malaria
Fellowships (Entomology)The Government has requested a twelve -month fellowship
to permit an entomologist to study the latest advances ininsect control ($5000).
2. Education and Training
Fellowships (Medical Education)The Government has requested a fellowship to enable a
specialist in medical education to study the methods used incertain countries for training medical practitioners of theterritory to university or near -university level ($3500).
PARAGUAY
Endemo -epidemic Diseases
Zoonoses ControlIn connexion with its plans for developing long -term pro-
grammes for the control of zoonoses- particularly rabies,brucellosis and tuberculosis -the Government has requestedfellowships (estimated cost, $5000). Supplies and equipment($4500) would also be required.
PHILIPPINES1. Malaria
Fellowships (Insect Resistance)The Government has requested a fellowship for a member
of the Malaria Control Division to study research techniquesand procedures regarding mosquito resistance and insectresistance in general ($3500).
2. Tuberculosis
Fellowships (Tuberculosis Control)The Government has requested a fellowship to enable a
physician to study the rehabilitation of tuberculosis patients,and another for the study of public health nursing in relationto tuberculosis control ($9000).
3. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Fellowships (Orthopaedic Surgery in Poliomyelitis)The Government has requested a twelve -month fellowship
in reconstructive surgery as related to poliomyelitis, for asurgeon in the National Orthopaedic Hospital ($5500).
4. Public Health Administration
(a) Fellowships (Hospital Administration)The Government has asked for a fellowship to enable a
senior officer of the Bureau of Hospitals to observe hospitaladministration in the United States of America and Europe($3500).
(b) Fellowships (Zoonoses Control)The Government has requested a twelve -month fellowship
in zoonoses control for the Chief of the Division of VeterinaryPublic Health of the Manila City Health Department ($5500).
5. Nursing
Paediatric NursingThe Government has requested a nursing adviser to assist
in establishing basic and post -basic teaching programmes inpaediatric nursing for nurse -midwives ($12 645).
6. Health Education of the Public
FellowshipsA twelve -month fellowship in health education has been
requested for a staff member of the Philippine NormalCollege, in order to strengthen its Community School HealthEducation Centre ($5500).
7. Nutrition
FellowshipsThe Government, which is conducting a five -year survey as
a basis for planning a nutrition programme and nutritioneducation for the country, has requested fellowships for twomedical nutritionists, a social anthropologist and a biometrist-nutritionist ($22 000).
8. Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation TrainingIn connexion with project Philippines 51, the Government
has requested an additional sanitary engineer (estimatedcost, $14 437) and further supplies and equipment ($1500).
9. Education and Training
(a) Fellowships (Pathology)Two -year fellowships have been requested for two patho-
logists to gain experience for training the pathologists andlaboratory technicians needed to staff the expanding ruralhealth services ($10 700).
(b) Fellowships (Hand Surgery)Expanding industrialization has brought about an increasing
number of injuries which cannot be adequately treated becausetrained personnel is lacking. In particular, a surgeon is neededwho will treat hand injuries, especially those involving peri-pheral nerves. A fellowship has therefore been requested fora surgeon who, after training, will be assigned to the NationalOrthopaedic Hospital ($4500).
POLAND1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis ControlTo assist the tuberculosis control programme, the Govern-
ment has requested fellowships ($4500) and supplies andequipment ($2000).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Sera and Vaccine ProductionFurther assistance has been requested for the development
of sera and vaccine production in the country. Fellowships($5500) and supplies and equipment ($2000) would be required.
412 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
3. Social and Occupational Health
Occupational HealthThe present trend in Poland towards industrialization and
increased productivity has contributed to the importance ofoccupational health services. The Government has requestedthe services of consultants to investigate the present positionand to give advice on improving the existing services ($2600);fellowships ($4500) and some technical equipment ($2400)would also be required.
PORTUGUESE INDIA
Education and Training
Assistance to Medical EducationTo assist the Goa School of Medicine, the Government has
requested the services of a professor in a non -clinical subject(estimated cost, $11 425) with supplies and equipment ($500).A twelve -month fellowship for further training of a counterpartto the WHO professor is also requested ($5700).
SAUDI ARABIAMental Health
Mental Health SurveyThe Government has asked for a short -term consultant to
survey the country's mental health problem and make recom-mendations for mental health services, including preventionand medical care (estimated cost, $3900, with $500 for suppliesand equipment).
SINGAPOREEducation and Training
Training Course for RadiographersIn connexion with its plan for training radiographers locally,
the Government has asked for a consultant in x -ray engineeringand radiography ($7800) and a fellowship ($2000).
SUDAN
Public Health Administration
(a) CancerThe Government is planning a cancer treatment centre in the
country. At present cancer cases are treated locally by surgeryor sent abroad for radioisotope treatment. The new centreshould be able to handle full diagnostic and treatment servicesfor all types of cancer cases. The Government has requestedWHO to send a short -term consultant to investigate theproblem and to advise on the establishment of a centre(estimated cost, $3900). At a later stage the established centresmay require a permanent expert and additional technicians.It is considered that two international advisers will be neededfor at least three years (estimated cost in the first year, $22 712).The project would also include fellowships for persons whowould later replace the WHO advisers ($5000) and suppliesand equipment ($3000).
(b) Hospital AdministrationThe Government is building many new hospitals and requires
assistance in building up a modern system of hospital admin-istration. It has therefore requested the provision of a hospitaladministrator (estimated cost, $11 356), a fellowship for studyabroad ($2500) and some supplies and equipment ($1500).
THAILAND
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Leprosy ControlIn addition to the assistance already provided for in project
Thailand 30, the Government has requested a travel fellowship($2400).
2. Public Health Administration
School of Public Health, BangkokIn addition to the provision made under project Thailand 38,
the Government has requested one international and tworegional fellowships for sanitarians ($8300).
3. Mental Health
Mental Health, Dhonburi and BangkokA medical psychologist was assigned from 1955 to 1957
(project Thailand 17) and fellowships were awarded. A short -term consultant is visiting Thailand in 1958 to study thesituation and make recommendations with regard to mentalhealth services and training. To review the progress madesince the 1958 visit, and to study special aspects of furtherdevelopment of the mental health services, the Governmenthas requested a follow -up visit by a short -term consultant forfour months in 1960 (estimated cost $5200). A twelve -monthfellowship is also requested ($2900).
UGANDA
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Onchocerciasis ControlIn connexion with its plans for eradicating onchocerciasis
in selected areas, the Government has requested a mobileteam consisting of a medical officer and two other field officers(estimated cost, $32 748).
2. Education and Training
Fellowships
Two fellowships have been requested ($5000).
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
Province of Egypt
1. Public Health Administration
FellowshipsIn addition to those provided for under project Egypt 39,
fellowships have been requested for post -graduate studiesin public health ($4000).
2. Nursing
Advisory ServicesThe Government has asked for assistance with plans for
establishing nursing services as an integral part of rural healthservices. This will include the development of supplementarycourses and in- service education programmes for nursing andmidwifery personnel. A nursing adviser (estimated cost,$9865), fellowships ($2000) and supplies and equipment($500) would be required.
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 413
3. Environmental Sanitation
Sanitary Engineering, Cairo UniversityThe Government has requested assistance for undergraduate
teaching of sanitary engineering for the Cairo University.A visiting professor of sanitary engineering (estimated cost,$11 356) and teaching materials to the value of $500 would berequired.
Province of SyriaOther ProjectsMedical Use of Radioisotopes
The university and hospitals of Syria are increasing the useof radioisotopes for medical purposes and the Governmenthas requested a short -term consultant to advise on the co-ordination of this work and to make recommendations forfuture developments (estimated cost, $3900).
URUGUAY
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Zoonoses ControlThe Government has requested assistance in combating
zoonoses, which are of particular concern to Uruguay in view
AFRICA1. Tuberculosis
of the importance of the country's livestock industry. A publichealth veterinarian (estimated cost, $11 238) would be requiredto help in organizing services and applying control measures,as also fellowships ($9000) and supplies and equipment($4800).
2. Environmental Sanitation
Fluoridation of WaterThe Government has requested assistance with the study of
water fluoridation problems and the installation of the systemwhere advisable. Requirements would comprise the servicesof a short -term consultant to instruct technicians (estimatedcost, $3900), two sets of portable fluoridation apparatus andsome laboratory equipment ($2400) and fellowships ($2500).
WESTERN SAMOATuberculosis
Tuberculosis ControlIn addition to the provision made for project Western
Samoa 3, the Government has requested supplies and equip-ment ($3600).
INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
WHO Tuberculosis Survey Team, Central AfricaDuring the eighth Regional Committee session it was
agreed that if possible a third tuberculosis survey teamshould be provided under the inter -country programme. Thegovernments represented thought it desirable, in view of theimportance of the problem, that the surveys should be com-pleted at an earlier date than is practicable in so large a regionwith the present two teams (estimated cost for a team ofseven members, $85 000).
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Technical Meeting on Ankylostomiasis (CCTA /WHO)After discussion with CCTA, it is considered that a technical
meeting on ankylostomiasis should if possible be held in1960 (estimated cost, $14 000).
THE AMERICAS
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Plague ControlIn view of the importance of providing adequate training
for the personnel responsible for the national plague controlservices, it would be desirable to hold a training course on theepidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of the disease.The course would be organized in collaboration with theGovernment of Brazil, and would be attended by participantsfrom most of the South American countries. The assistancerequired would comprise the services of short -term consultants(estimated cost, $2770), fellowships for participants ($7630)and some supplies and equipment ($1700).
2. Public Health Administration
(a) Seminar on Public Health AdministrationThe reorganization of' national health services and the
expansion of local health services in Latin American countrieswhich has taken place in recent years has posed certainproblems. It would be desirable to hold _two seminars for
(For cost estimates, see page 420)
public health officers, engineers, nurses, and other selectedworkers, one in Panama, and the other in Argentina, todiscuss planning, decentralization of services, training, andrelationships between the various members of the publichealth teams and with other community agencies. Theassistance required would comprise the services of short -term consultants (estimated cost, $2600), fellowships forparticipants ($19 878) and some supplies and equipment($1500).
(b) Seminar on Vital and Health StatisticsIt would be desirable to hold, in conjunction with the United
Nations Statistical Office and the Inter- American StatisticalInstitute, a seminar of national committees on vital and healthstatistics in the Americas, in order to strengthen these com-mittees and promote co- ordination of statistical activities.The assistance required would consist of fellowships for abouttwenty -five participants (estimated cost, $11 613), and somesupplies and equipment ($1300).
3. Nursing
MidwiferyIn conformity with the modern concept that maternity care
should be provided as a continuous service, beginning withthe first indication of pregnancy and continuing through thepuerperium, several countries have intimated their need forguidance in establishing national midwifery policies, improvingtraining programmes, determining the roles of the variousworkers connected with maternity care, and setting up orimproving midwifery services. It would be desirable tostation a nurse midwife (estimated cost, $15 235) in a countryinterested in receiving considerable assistance, and make herservices available later to other countries as requests for helpare received.
4. Maternal and Child Health
Seminar on Maternal and Child HealthDuring recent years the Organization has
countries assistance with the development ofchild health as part of their local health services.
given variousmaternal andConsiderable
414 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
experience of this type of service has been gained and thepoint has now been reached where a series of seminars, pro-viding for discussion among public health administratorsresponsible for maternal and child health programmes andthose engaged in nursing administration would contributegreatly to the solution of outstanding problems. The firstof these seminars would be held in Mexico, and be attendedby persons from countries in Central America and the northernpart of South America. Assistance required would comprisethe services of short -term consultants (estimated cost, $2600),fellowships for participants ($11 976) and some supplies andequipment ($1500).
5. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Seminar on Training of Sanitary InspectorsAt least 20 000 sanitary inspectors are needed in Central
and South America; there are at present about 14 000, ofwhom most have not received adequate training, and onlyabout 250 a year can be trained in courses already operatingor planned in those countries. It would be desirable, therefore,to hold a seminar to discuss and make recommendationson the various aspects of training of sanitary inspectors. Theassistance required would comprise fellowships for participants(estimated cost, $4817) and some supplies and equipment($1400).
(b) Seminar on the Teaching of Sanitary Engineering inSchools of Engineering
The increase in the demand for sanitary engineers resultingfrom the expansion of environmental sanitation activitiesin the western hemisphere make advisable a review of themethods and curricula used for teaching of sanitary engineeringin schools of engineering and public health and the preparationof teaching guides. It is proposed to hold a seminar for thecountries of Central America and the Caribbean, and anotherfor the countries of South America. Assistance required forthe these would comprise the services of short -termconsultants (estimated cost, $2600), fellowships for partici-pants ($9546), and some supplies and equipment ($1500).
(c) Promotion of Urban Water Supplies ..Potable water in sufficient quantity is still lacking in many
urban areas of the Americas. In order to meet requests fromgovernments in the Region for assistance in improving watersupplies and making long -term plans for their developmentit would be desirable to provide the services of two sanitaryengineers, one for the study and planning of public watersupplies and the other for network analysis (estimated cost,$32 878), Supplies and equipment ($5000) would also berequired.
6. Education and Training
(a) Medical School LibrariesThere is need for a medical librarian to give technical
advice to medical school libraries for varying periods and togive, in one of them, training to technicians from the largenumber of schools that have limited library services and cannotafford to employ trained professionals. Fellowships fortraining medical librarians are also required. The estimatedcost would be $9373 for the services of the medical librarian,$11 700 for short -term consultants, $44 550 for fellowships,and $1000 for supplies and equipment.
(b) Latin -American Centre for Training Professors of Preven-tive Medicine
As a result of the continued expansion of departments ofpreventive medicine in the medical schools of Latin America,more professors in this discipline are required. It is thereforeproposed that a training centre should be set up in a countrywhere the teaching of public health and of medicine is of ahigh standard and well co- ordinated. The assistance required
for the first year would be a professor of preventive medicine(estimated cost, $11 402), a short -term consultant to makerecommendations on choice of site and organization of thecentre ($5200), fellowships ($14 100) and some supplies andequipment ($1500).
SOUTH -EAST ASIA1. Tuberculosis
(a) BCG Assessment TeamIt would be desirable for the BCG assessment team (medical
officer, statistician and nurse) to continue in January andFebruary 1960 its review of the progress of the mass BCGcampaign in Thailand, and to perform similar work in Indo-nesia until the end of August (estimated cost, $27 192).
(b) Regional Tuberculosis Planning and Evaluation UnitThis project is designed to provide a unit for the planning of
tuberculosis prevalence surveys and pilot projects for thestudy of the methodology of tuberculosis control; also for theprocessing of data derived therefrom and for the assessmentof BCG campaigns. It would require the services of a medicalofficer and a statistician, with eight statistical and clericalstaff paid at local rates (estimated cost, $28 945). Suppliesand equipment to the value of $14 000 would also have to beprovided.
2. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Production of Freeze -dried Smallpox VaccineThis project is designed for the assistance of countries in the
Region wishing to undertake the production of thermostablesmallpox vaccine. A consultant was made available in January1958 to two such countries and consultant services arerequested for a further two months in 1960 ($2600).
EUROPE
1. Endemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Poliomyelitis Training CoursesTo provide training in new methods of poliomyelitis
diagnosis, vaccine production, treatment and rehabilitation, itis proposed to organize periodic courses for sociologists,clinicians and nurses. Lecturers ($2600) and fellowships($5700) would be required.
(b) Conference on the Control of Communicable Eye DiseasesThis conference would follow up the one held at Dubrovnik
in October 1958, and would cover the same general aspectsof the problem : the epidemiology of trachoma and associatedinfections, recent advances in treatment methods suitable formass campaigns, health education, statistical methods andevaluations, public health administration. Participants wouldagain be invited from a group of countries in which conditions,problems and resources are roughly comparable. Consultants(estimated cost, $5200), temporary advisers ($7900), temporarystaff ($2450), and supplies ($750) would be required.
2. Public Health Administration
Conference on Teaching of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine andSocial MedicineIn 1952 and 1953 conferences were held on undergraduate
and post -graduate training in hygiene, preventive medicineand social medicine. They were attended by professors ofthose subjects and by leading public health administrators.Later a monograph on the teaching of hygiene and publichealth was published by WHO. In 1956 another conferencewas held, on post -graduate training, the organization ofschools of public health, and collaboration between them.It would be desirable to organize in 1960 a conference to assess
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 415
the improvements in teaching made in many countries, todiscuss the integration of these subjects into clinical teaching,and to exchange views on the different systems of educationin use in the Region. The participants would include professorsof clinical medicine and deans of medical schools. Consultants(estimated cost, $3900), temporary advisers ($1160), partici-pants ($7500), temporary staff ($3500), and supplies andequipment ($750) would be required.
3. Nursing
Training Course for Industrial NursesAs occupational health services develop, an increasing part
is allotted to the nurse, and educational programmes to trainnurses for this work become necessary. WHO suppliedfellowships and consultant services for the first course forindustrial nurses, of six months, held in 1957. It would bedesirable to provide for a similar course in 1960. Fellowships(estimated cost, $16 800) and visiting lecturers ($740) wouldbe required.
4. Social and Occupational Health
(a) Conference on the Implications in the Medical Field ofthe Use of Automation in Europe
The number of national and international organizationsdealing with one or other aspect of automation shows thegreat and widespread interest in this new technologicaldevelopment. The implications of automation for medicineseem to have been comparatively neglected. It is suggestedthat an advisory group should be convened, in consultationwith ILO, to investigate those implications as they affect theEuropean Region. The proposed provision covers a short -term consultant and discussion leaders ($2600), participants($6000), temporary staff ($800), and supplies and equipment($600).
(b) Training Course on the Rehabilitation of the PhysicallyHandicapped
The aim of this project is to enable medical and auxiliarypersonnel working on the rehabilitation of the physicallyhandicapped to visit an up -to -date rehabilitation centre andto attend demonstrations and lectures. The proposed coursewould follow up previous work sponsored by the RegionalOffice in collaboration with UNTAA and ILO. Fellowships(estimated cost, $7850), lecturers ($1300), and supplies ($150)would be required.
(c) Seminar on the Problem of Health Services in SmallFactories
Throughout the Region there is a growing tendency forlarge industrial concerns to set up their own medical services.In smaller factories such medical facilities are often lacking,and most workers are employed in small factories. It wouldbe desirable to hold a seminar to consider this problem andto suggest national action, suited to the organization of eachcountry. The proposed provision covers a consultánt ($2600),temporary advisers ($2085), participants ($7810), temporarystaff ($3915), and supplies and equipment ($800).
(d) Symposium on the Examination of PharmaceuticalPreparations
A symposium on the examination of pharmaceutical pre-parations would provide a useful follow -up to the work doneby headquarters and would permit an exchange of views onprinciples and methods and assist standardization of pro-cedures in the countries of Europe. A consultant (estimatedcost, $2600), temporary advisers ($10 000), servicing staff($1250), and some supplies ($950) would be required.
5. Health Education of the Public
Conference on Health EducationTwo conferences on health education have been organized
by the Regional Office, in London in 1953 and in Wiesbadenin 1957. Many countries of the Region afterwards startedimportant national work, to which some assistance was givenby international consultants and lecturers. It would be desir-able to hold in 1960 a third regional conference for theexchanges of views and experience of the several nationalprogrammes of health education. The proposed provisionwould cover consultant services ($3900), temporary advisers($1200), participants ($7300), temporary staff ($3500) andsupplies and equipment ($750).
6. Maternal and Child Health(a) Seminar on the Rehabilitation of Physically Handicapped
ChildrenFor several years, a number of projects in the Region on
handicapped children have been supported by WHO andUNICEF, some also by other United Nations agencies. Itwould be useful to arrange a seminar to study the conclusionsto be drawn from these and other efforts and to guide furtherdevelopments. Provision would be required to cover a short -term consultant ($2600), participants ($10 000), temporarystaff ($1600), and supplies and equipment ($800).
(b) Conference on Regional Maternal and Child HealthActivities
A conference of experienced maternal and child healthadministrators and experts, which would review the nationaland international maternal and child health programmes ofrecent years, would be useful for the planning of further workon maternal and child health in the Region. The provisionproposed would cover a short -term consultant ($2600),participants ($5200), temporary staff ($700), and supplies andequipment ($500).
7. Mental Health
(a) Study on Student Mental HealthTo meet requests from Member countries in the Region a
consultant would be required to make a preparatory studyof the mental health problems of university students in variouscountries, and the ways in which they can be solved ($3900).
(b) Seminar on the Teaching of PsychiatryIt would be desirable to convene a seminar in which pro-
fessors of psychiatry from European countries would exchangeviews and experience on teaching of mental health and psy-chiatry, including social psychiatry, and discuss the contentsand methods of teaching in undergraduate and post- graduatemedical courses. The provision proposed would cover aconsultant ($3900), temporary advisers ($6000), servicing staff($1200), and supplies and equipment ($900).
8. Nutrition
(a) Seminar on Nutrition EducationA seminar on nutrition education would be desirable for
discussion of (i) the methods of nutrition education of thepublic in general and of special population groups, (ii) theorganization of nutrition education services, and (iii) thetraining of nutrition and dietetic personnel. The provisionrequired would be for a short -term consultant and discussionleaders ($3125), participants ($10 000), temporary staff($1200), and supplies and equipment ($800).
(b) Seminar on Public Health Programmes in NutritionA FAO/WHO seminar on education and training in
nutrition has been planned for 1959. The programme includesthe training of various categories of personnel in nutritionand dietetics. The seminar now envisaged would discuss
416 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
public health programmes in nutrition, including surveys ofnutritional deficiencies, health aspects of mass feeding andhealth education in nutrition. The participants would includepublic health officers, nutritionists and dieticians. The pro-vision proposed would cover a consultant ($2600), temporaryadvisers ($3500), participants ($10 000), temporary staff($1300) and supplies ($950).
9. Environmental Sanitation
Study on Sanitary Inspection ServicesA study on the use and training of sanitary inspectors is
required, to meet requests from several countries in the Regionwhich have different types of such workers. A consultant($5200) and some supplies ($200) would be required.
WESTERN PACIFIC
1. Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses
Treponematosis ControlIt is proposed that the inter -country yaws control team for
the South Pacific Island Territories should visit FrenchPolynesia to assist the Government in carrying out a controlproject, and in this connexion the Government of the Territoryhas requested a consultant medical officer for six months(estimated cost, $7800).
2. Edemo- epidemic Diseases
(a) Rabies ControlRabies is still a problem in several countries of the Region
and it has been proposed that a short -term consultant (es-timated cost, $2600) should visit these countries to help themprovide more effective prevention and control. A smallamount of supplies ($200) would also be required.
' (b) Smallpox EradicationTo follow up the recommendation of a WHO consultant,
it is proposed to train qualified professional workers in theproduction of dried smallpox vaccine. Three fellowships($6900) would be required.
(c) Training Courses in Dried Smallpox Vaccine ProductionTravel and per diem ($7000) would be required to enable
five persons from the Region to take part in the inter -regionaltraining course on production of dried smallpox vaccine(Inter -regional 73), which is planned to take place in 1960.
(d) Smallpox ConferenceTravel and per diem ($6750) would be required to enable
eleven persons from the Region to attend the inter -regionalconference on smallpox (Inter -regional 74) planned for 1960.
3. Public Health Administration
FellowshipsRequests have been received for two fellowships for study
for the Diploma of Public Health ($9000).
4. Nursing
(a) Nursing Administration SeminarThe nursing seminars held in 1952 and 1955 proved very
useful and it is felt that there is a need for a further seminarof four to six weeks duration to study and discuss problemsof nursing administration. The assistance required would bea director for the seminar and consultants (estimated cost,$9750), and provision for forty participants ($43 735).
(b) Nursing Education SeminarThe Government of Netherlands New Guinea has requested
that a seminar on nursing education of three or four weeks,
duration be held in Hollandia for participants from SouthPacific territories. The assistance required would comprise aseminar director and two consultants (estimated cost, $3900),provision for twenty -five participants ($22 500) and secretarialstaff ($2700).
5. Mental Health
Conference on Community Mental Health ServicesThe Government of Singapore has offered to act as host
to a conference on community mental health services, forwhich there is a growing need in the Region. The assistancerequired would be a director for the conference and threeconsultants (on community mental hospital development,teaching of psychiatry, and mental health in public health)(estimated cost, $6500), provision for thirty participants($17 000) and supplies and equipment ($200).
6. Environmental Sanitation
(a) Food Sanitation SeminarIt has been proposed that a seminar be held on the general
subject of food handling, with special attention to the healtheducation of food handlers, in countries of the Region. Therequirements for a four -week seminar would be two consul-tants to organize and lead the seminar and to make preliminaryvisits to some of the participating countries (estimated cost,7800), provision for participants ($34 620), and some equip-ment, supplies and literature ($3500).
(b) Fellowships (Sewerage Planning and Design)The Government of China, with the assistance of WHO, is
designing a water -borne sewerage system for the city of Taipei,Taiwan, and it would be of advantage if professional engineersfrom various countries in the Region could receive practicaltraining with the unit which is making investigations andpreparing specifications etc. for this scheme. Six fellowshipswould be required for this purpose ($13 500).
7. Education and Training
(a) Medical Library ServicesIt is believed that technical advice on the organization and
management of medical libraries, the local training of librarypersonnel, and inter -regional fellowships for future chiefs ofmedical libraries, would assist in raising the level of medicaleducation. A consultant on medical librarianship (estimatedcost, $5200) would be required to give technical advice andconduct courses in one or two of these libraries; medicalliterature ($3000) and fellowships ($28 600) would be required.
(b) Assistance to Public Health LaboratoriesIn view of the increasing interest in virological and other
laboratory services, it would be desirable to provide twoconsultants to advise on the improvement of public healthlaboratories, survey existing conditions, study diseases oflaboratory animals and give training in the diagnosis ofzoonotic diseases (estimated cost, $15 600). Six fellowshipsfor attendance at courses organized by the consultants ($6000)and supplies and equipment ($1000) would also be required.
(c) International Seminar on QuarantineThe increased volume and speed of travel in the South -
East Asia and Western Pacific areas make it desirable to holda quarantine seminar, lasting about two weeks, at which theexperience to date of the International Sanitary Regulationsmight be considered. Such a seminar might take place inconjunction with the annual meeting of the Committee onInternational Quarantine. The provision required would bea short -term consultant (estimated cost, $1300) travel, and perdiem of participants ($12 000), and supplies and equipment($1000).
ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS 417
COST ESTIMATES : COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
Number Cost Number Costof estimates of estimates
posts US $ posts US $
AFGHANISTAN CAMBODIA
Endemo- epidemic Diseases Venereal Diseases and TreponematosesFellowships (trachoma) 3 400 1 Treponematosis control 13 577
Public Health Administration Public Health AdministrationPublic health legislation 3 900 Fellowships 5 000Blood bank, Kabul 8 600 Nursing
TOTAL - AFGHANISTAN 15 900 1 Nursing education 46 345
2 TOTAL - CAMBODIA 64 922
ANGOLA, MOZAMBIQUE, SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
Malaria Leprosy control 4 3002 Pre -eradication survey 20 000
Fellowships 12 500 Public Health AdministrationFellowships (medical stores management) 4 000
Endemo- epidemic Diseases
CEYLON
TuberculosisFellowships 4 000 Nursing
Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses School of public health nursing 3 6001 Yaws eradication 10 500 Maternal and Child Health
Endemo-epidemic Diseases Organization of paediatric teaching and services 7 500
Public Health Administration Education and TrainingFellowships 20 500 Medical education 7 800
NursingFellowships 5 500 I TOTAL - CEYLON 40543F
Social and Occupational HealthFellowships 2 500 CHILE
Maternal and Child HealthFellowships 7 500 Endemo- epidemic Diseases
Mental Health Rabies control (fellowships) 2 500
Fellowships 8 000 Public Health AdministrationEnvironmental Sanitation Training of laboratory technicians 19 000
Fellowships 22 500 TOTAL - CHILE 21 500Education and Training
Fellowships (various) 18 500
TOTAL - ANGOLA, MOZAMBIQUE, SAO TOMÉ ANDPRINCIPE 140 500
BRAZIL
Endemo -epidemic Diseases1 Rabies control 19 237
Mental Health1 National Service of Mental Health 13 568
2 TOTAL - BRAZIL 32 805
BULGARIA
TuberculosisTuberculosis control (fellowships) 1 550
BURMA
TOTAL - BULGARIA 1 550
Endemo -epidemic DiseasesStrengthening of laboratory research 3 900Fellowships (leprosy) 3 400
Public Health Administration1 Vital and health statistics, Rangoon 11 0961 Dental health 13 195
Health Education of the PublicStrengthening of Health Education Bureau, Rangoon 5 800Health education in schools 6 800
Maternal and Child HealthMaternal and child health and rural health 5 200
CHINATuberculosis
l Tuberculosis control 19 945
Venereal Diseases and TreponematosesFellowships (venereal disease control) 18 000
Public Health Administration1 Advisory services 18 037
Mental HealthFellowships (psychiatric social work and psychiatric
nursing) 15 000
Nutrition1 Advisory services 15 945
Education and Training1 Institute of Public Health 22 037
4 TOTAL - CHINA 108 964
CUBA
Nursingl Nursing education 25 195
1 TOTAL - CUBA 25 195
FIJI
Public Health AdministrationPeriodontal survey. 1 500
TOTAL - FUI 1 500
FRENCH POLYNESIA
Education and Training Endemo- epidemic Diseases1 Assistance to Medical College, Mandalay 18 254 5 Filariasis control 43 441
3 TOTAL - BURMA 67 645 5 TOTAL - FRENCH POLYNESIA 43 441
418 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
Numberof
posts
GHANA
Endemo- epidemic DiseasesFellowships (entomology)
Public Health AdministrationPublic health laboratory methods 6 400Fellowships (orthodontics) 3 600Fellowships (tropical medicine and hygiene) . . . 10 500
Health Education of the PublicFellowships 6 600
Education and TrainingTraining in anaesthesiology 9 500Fellowships (ophthalmology) 4 000
Costestimates
US $
Numberof
Posts
ISRAEL
Public Health Administration2 000 Public health laboratory
TOTAL - GHANA 42 600
INDIAEndemo -epidemic Diseases
Bilharziasis control 6 300Training course on trachoma 2 370Fellowships (leprosy control) 4 800
Public Health Administration1 Public health programme, Jammu and Kashmir. . 7 7151 Public health programme, Bihar 7 715
Dental health 7 200Medical stores management, West Bengal 3 900
Nursing1 Curriculum guide for syllabus for nursing and midwifery
training I 1 5542 Post -graduate training of nurses, state undesignated 15 6301 Time and function study on nurse /patient ratios . 1l 574
Mental HealthAll -India Institute of Mental Health, Bangalore. . 12 000
Environmental SanitationWater supply and sewage disposal, Calcutta il 700
Education and Training1 Teaching of nutrition in medical colleges. . 1 474
1 Medical library 14 936
Other Projects2 Co- ordination of research 25 817
Assistance to specialized departments of medicalinstitutes 22 500
10
INDONESIA
TOTAL - INDIA 177 185
Health Education of the Public1 Strengthening of health services 9 925
Mental HealthMental health, Djakarta 3 900
Education and TrainingAssistance to Medan Medical College 1 000
TOTAL - INDONESIA 14 825
IRAN
Public Health AdministrationFellowships 10 000
Education and TrainingRehabilitation services, Shiraz I l 800
TOTAL - IRAN 21 800
IRAQ
Endemo- epidemic DiseasesPolyomielitis immunity study 8 800
Public Health AdministrationFellowships 4 000
2 School health services 22 354
Nursing3 Nursing education, Mosul 27 794
Health Education of the Public1 Health education services 11 356
6
Education and TrainingRehabilitation services
Maternal and Child HealthRehabilitation of physically handicapped children . . .
JAPAN
Costestimates
US $
2 600
3 900
TOTAL - ISRAEL 6 500
Venereal Diseases and TreponematosesFellowships (port venereal disease clinics) 3 000
Public Health AdministrationFellowships (preventive medicine in hospitals) 3 500
Social and Occupational HealthCare of the deaf and the mute 1 950
Mental HealthNational Institute of Mental Health 8 000
Environmental SanitationFellowships (insect resistance to insecticides) . 9 000
Education and TrainingFellowships (colouring agents in food) 3 500Fellowships (food and drug control) 3 500Fellowships (public health laboratory) 3 500Fellowships (special chest clinics) 3 500
TOTAL - JAPAN 39 450
JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM
Public Health Administration1 Public health and medical care adviser
Maternal and Child Health2 Rehabilitation centre for physically handicapped
children
3
11 356
19 954
TOTAL - JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM 31 310
KENYA
Endemo- epidemic DiseasesPoliomyelitis control 3 900Fellowships (leprosy) 2 000
Public Health AdministrationPublic health study 7 100Fellowships 3 200
Education and Training18 800Fellowships (medical education) 3 500 TOTAL - THAILAND
TOTAL - PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA 8 500UGANDA
PARAGUAY Endemo- epidemic Diseases3 Onchocerciasis control 32 748
Endemo -epidemic Diseases Education and TrainingZoonoses control 9 500 Fellowships 5 000
TOTAL - PARAGUAY 9 500 3 TOTAL, - UGANDA 37 748
420 ADDITIONAL PROJECTS REQUESTED BY GOVERNMENTS
Numberof
posts
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
Cost Numberestimates of
US $ posts
URUGUAY
Costestimates
US $
Province of Egypt Endemo- epidemic DiseasesZoonoses control 25 038
Public Health AdministrationFellowships 4 000 Environmental Sanitation
Nursing Fluoridation of water 8 8001 Advisory services 12 365
Environmental Sanitation 1 TOTAL - URUGUAY 33 8381 Sanitary engineering, Cairo University 11 856
2 Total - Province of Egypt 28 221
WESTERN SAMOA
Province of Syria TuberculosisOther Projects Tuberculosis control 3 600
Medical use of radioisotopes 3 900
Total - Province of Syria TOTAL - WESTERN SAMOA 3 6003 900
2 TOTAL - UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC 32 121 56 TOTAL - COUNTRY PROGRAMMES 1 583 922
COST ESTIMATES : INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
Numberof
posts
AFRICA
Costestimates
US $
Numberof
postsSocial and Occupational Health
Costestimates
US$
7Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis survey team, Central Africa 85 000
Conference on the implications in the medical field ofthe use of automation in Europe
Training course on the rehabilitation of the physically10 000
Endemo- epidemic Diseases handicapped 9 300Technical meeting on ankylostomiasis 14 000 Seminar on the problem of health services in small
factories 17 210- 99 0007 TOTAL - AFRICA Symposium on the examination of pharmaceutical
preparations 14 800Health Education of the Public
THE AMERICAS Conference on health education 16 650Maternal and Child Health
Endemo- epidemic Diseases Seminar on the rehabilitation of physically handicappedPlague control 12100 children . . 15 000
Public Health AdministrationSeminar on public health administration 23 978
Conference on regional maternal and child healthactivities 9 000
Seminar on vital and health statistics 12 913 Mental HealthStudy on student mental health 3 900Nursing Seminar on the teaching of psychiatry 12 000
1 Midwifery 15 235 NutritionMaternal and Child Health Seminar on nutrition education 15 125
Seminar on maternal and child health 16 076 Seminar on public health programmes in nutrition . . . 18 350Environmental Sanitation Environmental Sanitation
Seminar on training of sanitary inspectors 6 217 Study on sanitary inspection services 5 400Seminar on teaching of sanitary engineering in schools
of engineering 13 646 TOTAL - EUROPE 205 6852 Promotion of urban water supplies 37 878
Education and Training WESTERN PACIFIC1 Medical school libraries 66 623 Venereal Diseases and Treponemato.ses1 Latin- American centre for training professors of preven- Treponematosis control 7 800tive medicine 32 202
Endemo- epidemic Diseases5 TOTAL - THE AMERICAS 236 868 Rabies control
Smallpox eradication2 8006 900
Training course on dried smallpox vaccine production 7 000Conference on smallpox eradication 6 750
SOUTH -EAST ASIA Public Health AdministrationTuberculosis Fellowships 9 000
3
10BCG assessment teamRegional tuberculosis planning and evaluation unit
EUROPE Education and TrainingMedical library services 36 800
Endemo- epidemic Diseases Assistance to public health laboratories 22 600Poliomyelitis training courses 8 300 International seminar on quarantine 14 300Conference on the control of communicable eye diseases 16 300
279 655Public Health Administration TOTAL - WESTERN PACIFICConference on teaching of hygiene, preventive and
social medicine 16 810 25 TOTAL - INTER -COUNTRY PROGRAMMES 893 945
Nursing 81 TOTAL - ADDITIONAL PROJECTS 2 477 867Training course for industrial nurses 17 540
