8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
1/52
JAPANESEHISTORY
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
2/52
JAPANJapan transformed from a militaristic spirit bent
on invading other lands and terrorizing people,
into a peaceful and industrious nation of great
prosperity
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
3/52
JAPANJapan is the only nation bombed with nuclearweapons, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
4/52
JAPAN Today, it is the factory of world for cars, ships,
electronics, cameras, gadgets, toys, games and
robots
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
5/52
JAPAN The Japanese call their nation Nippon or Niho,
Land of the Rising Sun.
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
6/52
JAPANJapan is an archipelago of 4,233 islands in EastAsia The four main islands are Honshu (the largest),
Hokkaido, Shikoku, and KyushuJapan has an area of 373,313 sq. km. it is larger
than the Philippines
Japan has a population of 127 million people,with the highest life expectancy in the world
(81.25 years of age)
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
7/52
JAPAN
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
8/52
JAPAN Only 17% of the land is arable. Most of theislands are mountainous and volcanic including
Mount Fuji, its highest peakJapan lies within the ring of fire of the Pacific,
and is shaken by 2,000 earthquakes a year.
Japan has about 60 active volcanoes
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
9/52
JAPAN Nearly all Japanese are mixed Shinto-Zen-Buddhist Nippongo is the national language Tokyo, the capital has a population of 30
million and is the largest city in the world
Kyoto, the old capital, is the center of classicJapanese culture
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
10/52
Japanese Culture Japan adopted and did not invent its culture From China, it got its religion, alphabet,
architecture, art, dress diet and music
Chinese influences entered Japan throughKorea
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
11/52
Japanese Culture In 656-650 AD PrinceShotoku, the Father of
Japanese civilization,laid the foundations of
political and social life
He wrote the first laws in Japan which was based
on Confucian and Buddhist teachings
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
12/52
Japanese CultureDifferences against the Chinese Culture: The emperor could not be ousted because he
was a living god
Buddhism was integrated with Shintoism
Japanese ideograms have different structures
and style from Chinese writings
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
13/52
HISTORYClassical Japanese history is composed of thefollowing:
Nara Period (8th century AD) Heian era (795-1185 BC) Feudal Era
Ashikaga Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
14/52
Nara period (8 AD) Nara was the capital Fujiwara family dominated the emperors during
the Nara period
The Japanese enjoyed friendly relations with theTang dynasty and their lifestyle followedChinese culture
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
15/52
Heian Era (795-1185) Flourishing of Japans classical civilization In the 11th century, Lady Murasakiwrote the
Tales of Genji, which is believed to be theworlds oldest novel
The first classical Japanese poetry was also
written
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
16/52
Feudal EraAfter a period of civil wars, emerged a militaryclique, the samurai class, under the political rule
of the shogun
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
17/52
Feudal Era The Shogun (great general) was the mostpowerful warlord, and the samurai was subject to
him
The emperor was only a ceremonial figure, day-to-day matters were controlled by the shogun
The foundation of the militaristic spirit of Japanwas laid during the feudal era
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
18/52
Feudal Era In 1192, the shogun Yorimoto establishedfeudalism in Japan.When Yorimoto defeated the Taira clan he was
appointed by the emperor as a shogun
Yorimoto divided Japan into districts and gave
them to his retainers called daimyos (local lord) Each daimyo had a fighting force of warriors
called samurai (knights), whose duty was to fight
and, if necessary, die for his lord
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
19/52
Feudal Era The code of ethics of the samurai is calledBushido (Way of the Warrior) which contained
the rules of Japanes chivalry
To the samurai, death in the battlefield for his
lord was glorious
If the samurai failed in his duty to fight or
disobeyed his daimyo, he could only redeem his
honor by committingharakiri
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
20/52
Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)Was a period of feudal wars. Bandits roamed the countryside, and social and
economic life suffered.
During this period, the first Europeans thatcame to Japan the Portuguese introduced
the first firearms
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
21/52
Tokugawa ShogunateAfter the Ashikaga Shogunate, three great feudalwarlords of Japan appeared Oda Nobunaga,
Hideyoshi, and Iyeyasu One after the other, these shoguns restored
order to a chaotic Japan
Reunification was a rice cake; Oda made it,Toyotomi shaped it; and Iyeyasu ate it.
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
22/52
Tokugawa Shogunate Oda Nobunaga overthrew the warring factionsof the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1575 Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan and ruled
form 1582 to 1598
In 1603, Tokugawa Iyeyasu succeeded andfounded the Tokugawa Shogunate which ruled
Japan until 1867
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
23/52
Classical Japan Contributions toCivilization
Bushido, a code of chivalry Shinto religion
Kana alphabet Literary forms such as
the kabuki (classical play);noh (lyrical play)
Dignified social customs,such as the tea ceremony
and the ikebana (flowerarrangement)
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
24/52
Classical Japan Contributions toCivilization
Manly sports such as judo, kendo (fencing), andsumo (wretling)
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
25/52
Opening of Japan (1853) On July 8, 1853 an American squadron of fourships under the command of Commodore
Matthew C. Perry entered Tokyo Bay
The Americans displayed the power of his ships
cannons and compelled the shogun to open
Japan to world trade
Unlike China, which was weakened by the
Western powers, Japan was strengthened whenit opened to the west
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
26/52
Meiji Restoration Shogun power was abolished, the samuraiabsorbed into modern military, and the emperor
was restored back to power
Numerous Western institutions were adopted,
including a written constitution, a Western legal
system and a quasi-parliamentary government
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
27/52
Meiji Restoration
In 1868 Mutsuhito (1852-1912) ascended to thethrone of emperor
He chose the name Meiji (Enlightened) as hisimperial name
Emperor Mutsuhito and
his advisers welcomed
Western learning and
technology
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
28/52
Meiji Restoration The Gregorian calendar and the decimal system
were adopted
Western system of education was introduced.
Foreign teachers were imported to teach
Western science and foreign languages to the
Japanese
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
29/52
Militaristic Japan The shogunate has ended, but the military spirit
lived on in the Japanese armed forces
Using modern weapons and Western military
tactics, went to war against China and Russia
consecutively
In the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japanwon the territories of Korea, Taiwan and
Manchuria from China
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
30/52
Militaristic Japan In the Russo-Japanese War of 1905-05, the fleet
ofAdmiral Togo destroyed the entire Russianfleet in the Battle of Japan Sea
The war with China left Japan as the new, and
only, Asian power on the block, and the war
with Russia proved that an Asian power could
knock out a Western foe
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
31/52
Militaristic Japan During World War I, Japans status of a new
power was confirmed when it gained Pacific
islands against Germany
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
32/52
World War IIAfter World War II broke out in Europe in
1939, Japan sided with Germany and Italy in acommon cause against the Allied Powers
On September, 20, 1940, Japan signed the
Tripartite pactwith Germany and Italy, thus,becoming part of the Axis Powers
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
33/52
World War II On December 7, 1941, Japan made a surprise
attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor and
destroyed much of the US Pacific Fleet
The following day, the US and Allied powers
declared war on Japan
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
34/52
World War IIWith a war plan of amazing speed, Japanese
forces captured vital outposts in Asia as Hong
Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East
Indieas in a matter of weeks
It was only in the Philippines where they slowed
than down due to the gallant resistance of the
Fil-American troops at Bataan and Corregidor
For 6 months, Fil-Am resistance upset theJapanese timetable and war plan
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
35/52
World War II But the Filipinos paid a heavy price, at the cost
of nearly 100,000 Fil-Am troops killed,
wounded or taken prisoner
The survivors were forced into a gruelling
Bataan death march from which only half
survived
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
36/52
World War II The Japanese stripped its occupied territories of
valuable resources, massacred many, forced
natives into labor camps, turned women into
comfort slaves, and abused or killed prisoners
of war
The Japanese, however, blamed this events on
ignorance, the emergencies of war and Korean
army recruits
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
37/52
Japans Surrender By the middle of 1945, US air attacks and naval
bombardment took the war to Japan itself
Thousands of Japanese were killed or wounded
in these attacks but still the military cliques
refused to surrender
They wanted to fight to the bitter end, even if it
meant total destruction of their nation
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
38/52
Japans Surrender The US decided to use its secretatomic bomb
weapons to force the Japanese to surrender and
end the war
The first atomic bomb was used on Hiroshimaon August 6, 1945, and then on Nagasaki on
August 9, 1945
The total destruction of both cities and the loss
of hundreds of thousands of lives shocked theJapanese nation
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
39/52
Japans Surrender On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito
overruled military leaders and, in an
unprecedented move, spoke directly to his
people and to the world by radio to announce
the unconditional surrender of Japan
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
40/52
Allied Occupation of Japan General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme
Commander of Allied Powers in Japan, applied
the policy of benevolent assimilation to Japanthat had proven successful in the Philippines
However, the allied powers which helped Japan
to recover and rehabilitate from the war, exited
graciously
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
41/52
Allied Occupation of Japan1. Democratization A new democratic constitution was written in
1947 by the occupation powers, in cooperation
with Japanese leaders
It provided for an elected parliament (Diet),
with a prime minister and a constitutionally
limited monarchy
The emperor lost his god status and consented
to being a mortal
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
42/52
Allied Occupation of Japan2. Demilitarization Article 9 of the new constitution pledged the
Japanese people to renounce war as a national
policy forever
3. Freedom Values Equal opportunities, the pursuit of life, liberty
and happiness replaced the old aristocracy,feudalism, and rigid society
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
43/52
Allied Occupation of Japan4. Economic Improvement The collusion between officials and economic
elites were ended which had monopolized
wealth and the economy
Land reform was instituted, and peasants now
owned their land
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
44/52
Allied Occupation of Japan5. Punishment of War Criminals Tokyo trial trial of Japanese military and
civilian officials who were responsible for
Japans aggressive policy in the 1930s and
1940s
Of the 28 defendants, 6 were executed
including the Premier, Hideki Tojo In minor war crime trials in the Philippines,
Generals Tomoyuki Yamashita and MasaharuHomma were tried and convicted of warcrimes
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
45/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
46/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
47/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
48/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
49/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
50/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
51/52
8/4/2019 04 Japanese Civ
52/52