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CASE STUDY #1
Oil-Source Rock Correlation
inthe Niigata Basin, J apan
Waseda (2009)
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OBJECTIVES
The objective of the case study is
to have an opportunity to apply aknowledge of geochemistry
to correlate oil to source rock.In order to study a petroleum system,the oil to source rock correlation isalways important.
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Study area
Oil and gas fields in the Niigata Basin, J apan are selected for the study.
They are located in the northern section
of Honshu (the main island of J apan)along the coast of the J apan Sea.
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Hokkaido
Niigata Basin
Honshu
Pacific Ocean
Japan Sea
Shikoku
Tokyo
Niigata
Kyusyu
0 500 1000 km
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GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDS
A thick sequence of sedimentary and volcanic rocks
of Miocene to Pleistocene age is deposited.
The sedimentary sequence consists of the Nanatani,Lower and Upper Teradomari, Shiiya, Nishiyama and
Haizume Formations in stratigraphically ascending
order (Fig. 2).Oil and gas accumulations mainly occur in
sedimentary rocks (sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone
etc.) of the Lower Teradomari, Shiiya and NishiyamaFormation, and volcanic rocks (rhyolite, dacite etc.) of
the Nanatani Formations called "Green Tuff".
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Generalized stratigraphic column in the Niigata Basin
Uonuma
Haizume
Nishiyama
Shiiya
Upper Teradomari
Lower Teradomari
Age
Pleistocene
P l i o c e n e
M i o c e n e
Formation Lithology
Late
Early
Middle
Late
"Green Tuff"
Grey Siltstone
Black Mudstone with
Sandstone and Tuff
Volcanic Rock
Alternation of Sandstone
and Mudstone
Black Mudstone
Sand, Gravel, Silt
Grey Mudstone withSandstone
Black Mudstone with
Sandstone and Tuff
Nanatani
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OIL-SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION
Two oil samples and ten rock samples fromwells and outcrops in the Niigata Basin were
selected for the study. The rock samples were pulverized and treatedwith organic solvent to isolate extracts.
The oils and extracts were separated withcolumn chromatography into saturatedhydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, NSO-
compounds and residue, respectively. The saturate hydrocarbon fractions weresubmitted to gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS).
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Steranes and triterpanes are representative biomarkers
usually used for the oil-source rock correlation. Masschromatograms of steranes (m/z 217) and triterpanes (m/z191) of the oils and extracts are shown in Figs. 3-1 to 3-12.
Comparing mass chromatograms of m/z 217 and m/z 191between the oils and extracts respectively, you may findsome similarities and differences among them. Some of the
characteristics are:relative abundance of C27, C28 and C29 steranes (peak A,B and C on the m/z 217 chromatograms),
relative abundance of C29 hopane (peak D on the m/z191 chromatograms) and
relative abundance of Oleanane (peak E on the m/z 191
chromatograms).
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Oil #1C27 steraneC28
C29
oleanane
C29hopane
C30hopane
5.26cm
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WORK #1
Draw base lines on each chromatogram. Measure heights of peaks A, B and C on the m/z 217 chromatograms, and peaks D,
E and F on the m/z 191 chromatograms.Calculate the following ratios and fill in the blanks in the Table 1.
C27 / (C27 + C28 + C29) sterane(20R 5α, 14α, 17α) A / (A+B+C)
C28/ (C27 + C28 + C29) sterane(20R 5α, 14α, 17α) B / (A+B+C)C29 / (C27 + C28 + C29) sterane(20R 5α, 14α, 17α) C / (A+B+C)
C29 hopane/ C30 hopane D / FOleanane/ C30 hopane E / F
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Table 1 Characteristics of Steranesand Triterpanesin the Niigata Basin
Sample m/z 217 mass chromatogram m/z 191 mass chromatogram
Peak Height Peak Ratio Peak Height Peak Ratio
A B C A/(A+B+C) B/(A+B+C) C/(A+B+C) D E F D/F E/F
Oil Shiiya Oil #1
Oil Green Tuff Oil #2
Rock Extract Nishiyama Ny#1
Rock Extract Nishiyama Ny#2
Rock Extract Shiiya Sy #1
Rock Extract Shiiya Sy #2
Rock Extract U.Teradomari UT #1
Rock Extract U.Teradomari UT #2
Rock Extract L.Teradomari LT #1
Rock Extract L.Teradomari LT #2
Rock Extract Nanatani Nt#1
Rock Extract Nanatani Nt#2
Type Formation Name
A: C27sterane(20R 5α, 14α, 17α) DB: C28sterane (20R 5α, 14α, 17α) E
C: C29sterane (20R 5α, 14α, 17α) F
: C29 17α(H) hopane: 18α(H) oleanane
: C30 17α(H) hopane
Table1 Characteristicsof SteranesandTriterpanesintheNiigataBasin
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Table 1 Characteristics of Steranes and Triterpanes in the Niigata Basin
Sample m/z 217 mass chromatogram m/z 191 mass chromatogram
Peak Height Peak Ratio Peak Height Peak Ratio
A B C A/(A+B+C) B/(A+B+C) C/(A+B+C) D E F D/F E/F
Oil Shiiya Oil #1 5.26 4.68 3.22 0.40 0.36 0.24 2.99 2.12 5.27 0.57 0.40
Oil Green Tuff Oil #2 5.09 4.46 3.10 0.40 0.35 0.25 2.93 1.83 5.68 0.52 0.32
Rock Extract Nishiyama Ny #1 3.64 3.33 5.68 0.29 0.26 0.45 5.08 1.08 4.86 1.05 0.22
Rock Extract Nishiyama Ny #2 2.94 2.22 5.17 0.28 0.21 0.50 4.63 0.72 2.58 1.79 0.28
Rock Extract Shiiya Sy #1 2.62 2.26 5.20 0.26 0.22 0.52 5.15 1.77 4.21 1.22 0.42
Rock Extract Shiiya Sy #2 2.76 3.35 5.78 0.23 0.28 0.49 3.36 1.99 5.43 0.62 0.37
Rock Extract U.Teradomari UT #1 4.63 3.36 4.50 0.37 0.27 0.36 2.95 2.68 5.47 0.54 0.49
Rock Extract U.Teradomari UT #2 4.06 5.12 4.62 0.29 0.37 0.33 3.58 0.97 5.66 0.63 0.17
Rock Extract L.Teradomari LT #1 5.45 5.29 4.18 0.37 0.35 0.28 3.64 2.12 5.86 0.62 0.36
Rock Extract L.Teradomari LT #2 5.46 4.72 3.77 0.39 0.34 0.27 3.51 1.53 6.08 0.58 0.25
Rock Extract Nanatani Nt #1 5.38 4.04 3.44 0.42 0.31 0.27 3.84 2.09 5.82 0.66 0.36
Rock Extract Nanatani Nt #2 4.02 2.06 2.98 0.44 0.23 0.33 5.58 0.83 5.22 1.07 0.16
A: C27 sterane (20R 5α, 14α, 17α) D: C29 17α(H) hopane
B: C28 sterane (20R 5α, 14α, 17α) E: 18α(H) oleananeC: C29 sterane (20R 5α, 14α, 17α) F: C30 17α(H) hopane
Type Formation Name
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WORK #2
Plot the calculated ratios on a ternary
diagram (Fig. 4) and a cross plot (Fig. 5).
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C28 Steranes, % C29 Steranes, %
C27 Steranes, %100 80 60 40 20 0
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100Oil #1 Oil #2
Ny #1 Ny #2
Sy #1 Sy #2
UT #1 UT #2
LT #1 LT #2
Nt #1 Nt #2
Fig. 4 Ternary diagram showing the relative abundance of C27, C28 and C29 steranes
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Fig. 5 Crossplot of oleanane/C30 hopane vs. C29 hopane/C30 hopane
C 2 9 h o p a n e / C 3 0 h o p a n e
0.0
0.1
0.20.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.31.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Oleanane / C30 hopane
Oil #1 Oil #2
Ny #1 Ny #2
Sy #1 Sy #2
UT #1 UT #2
LT #1 LT #2
Nt #1 Nt #2
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CONCLUSION
The formation(s), whose extracts have similarratios to those of the oils can be correlated to
the oils, and should be regarded as a sourcefor the oils.
WORK #3
Choose probable source rock formation(s),which can be correlated to the oils.
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Comparisons of the relativeabundance of
C27, C28 and C29 steranesC29 hopane/C30 hopane ratio
oleanane/C30 hopane ratio
between the oils and the extracts
The source rocks of the oils arethe Lower Teradomari Formationor Nanatani Formation.