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•Defined NURSING “the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his
recovery”.
• 5 environmental factors
-Fresh air
-Pure water
-Efficient drainage
-Sanitation/cleanliness
-Light and direct sunlight
•Considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet
environment essential for recovery.
•Deficiencies in these 5 factors produce illness
or lack of health, but with a nurturing
environment, the body could repair itself.
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•Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting others in the
provision and management of self-care to
maintain/improve human functioning at home level
of effectiveness.”
•Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform
on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-
being.
•Has a strong health promotion and maintenance
focus.
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• 3 related concepts1. Self care- activities an Individual performs independently throughout life
to promote and maintain personal well-being.2. Self-care deficit – results when self-care agency (Individual’s ability) is
not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.
3. Nursing System – nursing interventions needed when Individual isunable to perform the necessary self-care activities:
a) Wholly compensatory- nurse provides entire self-care for the client.Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-
anesthesia care unitb) Partial compensatory – nurse and client perform care, client can perform
selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse forneeds the client cannot meet independently.
Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to ambulate, Nurse can bring ameal tray for client who can feed himself
c) Supportive-educative – nurse’s actions are to help the clientdevelop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, supportand encouragement.
• Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby,Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive copingstrategies.
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• Defined Nursing: “Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or it’s recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.
• Identified 14 basic needs :
1. Breathing normally
2. Eating and drinking adequately
3. Eliminating body wastes4. Moving and maintaining desirable position
5. Sleeping and resting
6. Selecting suitable clothes
7. Maintaining body temperature within normal range
8. Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment
10. Communicating with others
11. Worshipping according to one’s faith 12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of
accomplishment
13. Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiositythat leads to normal development and health andusing available health facilities.
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•Nursing is a learned humanistic and scientific profession
and discipline which is focused on human care
phenomena and activities in order to assist, support,
facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or
regain their well being (or health) in culturally meaningful
and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps ordeath.
•Transcultural nursing as a learned subfield or branch of
nursing which focuses upon the comparative study and
analysis of cultures with respect to nursing and health-
illness caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to
provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care servicesto people according to their cultural values and health-
illness context.
•Focuses on the fact that different cultures have different
caring behaviors and different health and illness values,
beliefs, and patterns of behaviors. Awareness of the
differences allows the nurse to design culture-specificnursing interventions.
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•Viewed humans as Biopsychosocial beings
constantly interacting with a changing
environment and who cope with their
environment through Biopsychosocial adaptation
mechanisms.•Focuses on the ability of Individuals., families,
groups, communities, or societies to adapt to
change.
•The degree of internal or external environmental
change and the person’s ability to cope with that
change is likely to determine the person’s healthstatus.
•Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting
physiologic, psychologic, and social functioning or
adaptation.
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•Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and
humanitarian. It is directed toward the unitary human
and is concerned with the nature and direction of
human development. The goal of nurses is to participate
in the process of change..
•Nursing interventions seek to promote harmonious
interaction between persons and their environment,
strengthen the wholeness of the Individual and redirecthuman and environmental patterns or organization to
achieve maximum health.
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•
5 basic assumptions: 1. The human being is a unified whole, possessingindividual integrity and manifesting characteristics thatare more than and different from the sum of parts.
2. The individual and the environment are continuouslyexchanging matter and energy with each other
3. The life processes of human beings evolve irreversiblyand unidirectionally along a space-time continuum
4. Patterns identify human being and reflect theirinnovative wholeness
5. The individual is characterized by the capacity for
abstraction and imagery, language and thought,sensation and emotion
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•Defined Nursing: “An interpersonal
process of therapeutic interactions
between an Individual who is sick or
in need of health services and a
nurse especially educated to
recognize, respond to the need for
help.
•Nursing is a “maturing force and aneducative instrument”
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Identified 4 phases of the Nurse – Patient relationship:
A. Orientation – individual/family has a “felt need” and seeks professionalassistance from a nurse (who is a stranger). This is the problemidentification phase.
B. Identification – where the patient begins to have feelings of belongingness and a capacity for dealing with the problem, creating anoptimistic attitude from which inner strength ensues. Here happens theselection of appropriate professional assistance.
C. Exploitation – the nurse uses communication tools to offer services tothe patient, who is expected to take advantage of all services.D. Resolution – where patient’s needs have already been met by the
collaborative efforts between the patient and the nurse. Therapeuticrelationship is terminated and the links are dissolved, as patient driftsaway from identifying with the nurse as the helping person.
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•Nursing is participation in care, core
and cure aspects of patient care,
where CARE is the sole function of
nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE
are shared with other members of the
health team.
•The major purpose of care is to
achieve an interpersonal relationshipwith the individual that will facilitate
the development of the core.
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Each individual has
patterned, purposeful,
repetitive ways of acting thatcomprises a behavioral
system specific to that
individual.
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• Nursing is broadly groupedinto 21 problem areas toguide care and promote theuse of nursing judgement.
• Nursing is a comprehensiveservice that is based on theart and science and aims tohelp people, sick or well,cope with their health
needs.
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1. To maintain good hygiene.
2. To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep.
3. To promote safety.
4. To maintain good body mechanics
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen
6. To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
7. To facilitate maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions
13. To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness.
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals
17. To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness.21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors
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Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and
interaction whereby nurse and client share
information about their perception in the nursingsituation
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•Nursing is concerned with promotion health,
preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring
health.
•Nursing is a human science of persons and human
health-illness experiences that are mediated by
professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical
human care transactions
• She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding
to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels apersonal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is
only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the
satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts
the person as what he/she may become in a caring
environment
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1. The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values2. Instillation of faith-hope3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others 4. The development and acceptance of the expression of
positive and negative feelings.
5. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solvingmethod for decision making6. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning7. The provision for supportive, protective and corrective
mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritualenvironment
8. Assistance with the gratification of human needs9. The allowance for existential phenomenological forces
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Nursing is a scientific discipline,
the practice of which is aperforming art
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1. Human becoming is freely choosing personalmeaning in situation in the intersubjectiveprocess of relating value priorities
2. Human becoming is co-creating rhythmic
patterns or relating in mutual process in theuniverse
3. Human becoming is co-transcendingmultidimensionally with emerging
possibilities.