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DW A
INPUT OUTPUT
FGRM
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Apprentice 7 yearsJourney man 7 yearsObjective : Travel to learn frommastersExam conducted by guildTough result Master
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Trade expansion Increase indemandSo, new systemMiddle men = F own workshopcalled factory
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Standard product for maximumproduction hence exploitationIn 1772,12 from 8 AM to 8 PMCompensation for I hour lunchWomen plus children
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Enclosure movementLord of public propertyland- lord
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ISSUES
Low trainingRift on jobNo specialization hence jurisdiction-law
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workers united ! 1776 ?(around 1750)
Industrial revolution !
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IMPROVEMENTS
Production techniquesSources of energies changedTransportation infrastructureEngineering development
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ADAM SMITH[1723-1790]
Wealth of nationsLiberal economics
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Tariff policies destructiveMarket and competition be theregulator of economic activitySpecialization of labor is pillarPrinciple of division of laborInvisible hand
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JEAN BAPISTE SAY[1767-
1832]
French economist is first to note M asadventure ,manager..
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ENTRPRENEUR ??
Fritz Redlich strategic decisionsJ schumpeter Innovator mangerProf Collins organization builder
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Treat with kindnessPaternal approachManufacturer for pecuniary profitPeople powerless so the individualismto be replaced by communal life
SOCIALIST!
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KARL MARX
F.ENGLES
Need of force as midwife of history
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Victorian value system -
1800
Social consequence and moralityCharles dickens
English could learn from USA
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CHARLES BABBAGE [1792]Mathematics genius
Work measurementCost determineWage incentiveDivision of physical and mental about
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CHARLES DUBLIN [1784]
French engineer
Management education
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F W Taylor 1856-1915
Frederick Winslow Taylor
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F W Taylor
Scientific management
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Contributions
Shovelfurnace..design Cloth for perspiration most efficient at----kg= ----lbs
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One best WayTime and motion study(experiments inmetal cutting)Common rule must!BUT NO UNION !![never][ fatigue]
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F W Taylor
The person Vices XXXXXXCharacter = success
Ability is doing the disagreeable thingsBrain X will [drive to achieve]
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Refusal to teach at HarvardNo honorariumPresentation to president mentalrevolution Scientific management X? academic !
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SOMETHINGUNMEASURABLE !!
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EMOTIONS!!
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CARL BARTH [1860-1939]Norway born maths scholar
logarithm slide rule [embryonic] andset of tables metal cutting
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H L GANTT[1861-1919]
Mechanical engineer .1884 Patens for 12 innovations
Task and bonus system habits of industry Graphic aids to management.GANTT CHART
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THE GILBREETHSFMG [1868-1924]
&LMG[1878-1972]Frank and Lillian
I hr into 1 lac unitsStudy of fatigueEmphasized psychology
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F W TAYLOR
[Other disciples]Harrington EmersonMorris Cooke
Hansen, tippet & CurrieJoseph Wharton
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ELTON MAYO[18880-
1949]Hawthorne plant experiments& Westinghouse
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Experiments [1927-1932]
Working conditionsLighting [illumination]Production increased
why ???
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Experiment no 2
relaydifferent groups Standard v/s non standardUncontrolled groups 3 times
production. CREATVITY!!!
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Experiment no 3
textile millman and machine 1:1
Flexible working
Bettergroup working!
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President Roosevelt Invitesworld war ||
Monotonyjob satisfaction X changes & production increases
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M1
Douglas McGregorTheory X and Theory Y
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Theory X
Inherent dislike of work hence avoidwork
Hence punishment[direction, control] Avoid responsibility so prefersdirections as security is wanted
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Theory y
Self direction, self controlIntegration of individual needs withorganization demandsLearning under proper conditionsIntellectual potential\ Work = source of satisfaction
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M-II
ABRAHAM MASLOWNEEDS HIERACHY
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PhysiologicalSafety, securitySocial..affliation,acceptance.Esteem.status Self actualization.realization
M III
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M-IIICLAYTON ALDERER
ERG THEORY Existence needsRelatedness needsGrowth needs
M IV
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M-IV FREDERICK HERZBERG TWO
FAVTOR THEORY
Hygiene-motivation[dissatisfiers-satisfiers]
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Dissatisfiers [H=hygiene ]Working conditions,salary,security,status
policybut not M! Satisfiers [M=Motivation ] Achievement,recongition,growth
H Ab=ds ; H pr M Satisfiers pr =job satisfactions hencemotivation
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M-V
VICTOR H VROOMEXPECATANCY THEORY
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Efforts to reach a goal if they believein worth of that goal
Will action help? can achieve? Value on outcome of efforts Xconfidence that acts will aid inachievement of GOALS!
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FORCE = Valence *expectancyF= strength of motivation
V= strength of preference for outcomeE= probability of desired outcome
Indifference V=ONo goals V= -ve
[BOTH V & E O or ve]
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PORTER LYMAN W.LAWLER EDWARD E.PORTER AND LAWLER MODEL
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EFFORT Function[value of reward+amount of energy & probability of
receiving awards]
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Perceived efforts and probability of getting rewards are influenced by the
record of actual performance
Performance is decided by efforts, ability
and perception of the REQUIRED TASK IS!
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Performance leads to1.Intrinsic rewards2.Extrinsic rewardsIR is sense of achievementER is working condition, status
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Rewards tempered by what is seen asthe equitable ,leads to satisfaction
Performance also influence sensedequitable rewardsFair rewards for effort will affectsatisfaction derived
Actual value of rewards will beinfluenced by satisfaction
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M-VII
J STACY ADAMS
Equity theory[or inequity theory]Is rewards (perceived as) FAIR?
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Outcome by a = outcome by anotherperson person
Inputs by a Inputs by anotherperson person
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M-VIII
B.F. SKINNER Reinforcement theory
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Approach is called as positivereinforcement
Or behavior modification
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Analyze work situationChange to eliminate obstaclesSpecific goals with participationRegular feedback with participationPerformance improvementsPraise, rewards, recognitions
[Emery air freight corporation]
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M-IX
DAVID c. McClelland[a p a or M`s need theory]
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AfflationPower
Achievement
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M-X
CHRIS ARGYRUSTheory of immaturity-maturity
Multidimensional
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Multidimensionaldevelopments
seven basis changesPassive..activeDependenceindependence Behave in 1 or A[few ways or B]variety of waysShallow interest..deep interest
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Short time perspective..long termperspective
Sub-ordinate..equal or superLack of awareness of self..awarenessof control of self
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M-XI
LYNDAL F.URWICK [Theory Z ]
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Goods & service at THEpricesConsumers are able and willing to pay
[..model in Z shape..]
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Special motivationtechniques
MoneyParticipationQuality of working life[ QWL]
job enrichmentJob based techniquesMBO techniquesSupervisory techniquesGroups based techniquesTraining T or T groups