20 February 200720 February 2007Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)
Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Session 2: Development of Post-Primary Education
Technical and Vocational Skills Development (TVSD) in Africa
Presenters: Lucia Wegner, OECD Development CentreAndré Komenan, consultant
ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa
Beyond Primary Education:Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Algeria
Libya Egypt
Mauritania
Mali
Niger
Chad
Dem.Rep. Congo
Sudan
Central AfricanRepublic
Equatorial Guinea
GabonCongo
Cameroon
Angola
Guinea-BissauGuinea
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Côted'Ivoire
Tunisia
BurkinaFaso
Ghana
Nigeria
Togo
Ethiopia
Somalia
Djibouti
Eritrea
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique
SouthAfrica
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Zambia
Swaziland
Lesotho
Malawi
Uganda
Burundi
Rwanda
Madagascar
Senegal
Gambia
Morocco
AEO 2008 Sao Tome et principe
Mauritius
Cape verde
Benin
95% of GDP
87% of population
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Scope of the AEO Report: 35 countries
• Comparative, independent analysis
• Special annual focus:
2005: SMEs
2006: Transport
2007: Water and sanitation
2008: Technical & vocational skills development
• Launched on May 11, Annual Meeting AfDB
Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the
Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Key questions
Which role for TVSD in Africa today?
What is the status of skills development? Which providers and what access?
Are skills gaps being adequately addressed? What are the lessons learned from recent reforms ?
Which financing policies and incentives can improve the training environment?
What recommendations for countries and donors?
ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa
Beyond Primary Education:Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Scope of TVSD
Acquisition of knowledge and practical competences & know-how
Public or private TVET
schools
Degree of formalizationof labor market
Formal Informal
Workplace training in
enterprises
Informal Apprenticeship
Dual Training
6 May 20086 May 2008
6 May 20086 May 2008Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)
Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Notable improvement in primary education
Sustained economic growth (more than 5.0% during the past 5 years)
However,
World lowest productivity (25% of world average, 1/12th of the average of industrialized countries, slow progress) partly due to limited technical skills
Decreasing role of Africa in world trade (less than 2%)
Increasing youth unemployment (20% on average)
Increasing informal sector (on average, more than 80% of total employment)
TVSD - Key Facts
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Improve labour productivity and enhance competitiveness
Sustain the resumption of economic growth
Facilitate increase in foreign investment
Promote decent work in the informal economy
Enhance employability, especially that of Youth’s
Contribute to achievement of MDGs
What Role for TVSD?
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Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
South Eastern Asia
Latin America and the
Caribbean
Eastern Asia OECD Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa
Percent, Average 2002-2006
Enrolment in Secondary Technical and Vocational Training -- International Comparison
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Algeria
Libya Egypt
Mauritania
Mali
Niger
Chad
Dem.Rep. Congo
Sudan
Central AfricanRepublic
Equatorial Guinea
GabonCongo
Cameroon
Angola
Guinea-BissauGuinea
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Côted'Ivoire
Tunisia
BurkinaFaso
Ghana
NigeriaTogo
Ethiopia
Somalia
Djibouti
Eritrea
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique
SouthAfrica
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Zambia
Swaziland
Lesotho
Malawi
Uganda
Burundi
Rwanda
Madagascar
Senegal
Gambia
Morocco
The percentage in total secondary enrolment of technical and vocational programmes in 2005
Group I: Group II:Group III:Others:
African countries can be grouped in three categories:
Group I: Proportion of TVET enrolment > 10%.
Group II: Proportion of TVET enrolment between 5 % and 9%.
Group III: Proportion of TVET enrolment <5%.
Others: Data not available
Source: OECD Development Centre / UNESCO, Global Education Digest, 2007
Access: Formal Training, Only 5 % of students
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
• Mostly financed by government’s budgetary allocations
• On average, only about 2 to 6% of educational budgets are devoted to (mainly formal) TVSD.
02468
10121416
1990s
2000s
Financing – National Education Budget Allocation
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Public Expenditure on TVSD (% of total public expenditure on education) in Selected African Countries
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
(commitments in USD millions, 2005)
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Aid for vocational training in Africa – Erratic trends and low level
Financing – Foreign Aid to TVSD
Challenges
• Training system largely underfinanced
• Many enterprises under-train their staff
• Donor support to training erratic & insufficient to upgrade the quality and access to training
• Countries must make better use of existing funds
• State retains the crucial role of designing financial support mechanisms to facilitate access by the poor and vulnerable
Financing -- Challenges
Needs
• More resources to TVSD
• More prominence to TVSD in PRSPs
• Greater diversification of funding sources for TVSD
• Strong private training providers
• Competitive training markets with public and private TVSD providers
• More and higher quality enterprise training
Constraints on TVSD’s Impact & Expansion
National DevelopPolicy
TVSD
Industry Skills NeedsPost-Secondary and Tertiary Institutions
Firm-based and Informal
Training
Lack of coherent strategic approach
Missing Links Weak Links
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Successful TVSD reforms aim to:
1. Establish a clear vision, mandate, and authority over resources
2. Develop a transparent and accepted regulatory framework
3. Develop effective forecasting and planning tools for skills needs
4. Focus on improving the quality of TVSD
5. Address skills needs of special groups, in particular the informal sector
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Lessons Learnt: Vision, Planning, and Organization
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
6. Facilitate technological learning and innovation
7. Foster Partnership with All stakeholders
8. Involve Local Communities
9. Strengthen Management of TVSD
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Lessons Learnt: Vision, Planning, and Organization
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
1. Financing Pre-employment Training
2. Financing Continuing Training
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Lessons Learnt: Financing
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
1. Integrate TVSD into PRSPs
2. Develop and implement TVSD policies to:
Reinforce the relationship between TVSD and the economy
Make TVSD bankable: Strategies, action plan and identification of objectives & resources needed (using public and private sources)
Reinforce the partnership between employers, Government, training institutions, and workers (Stakeholders)
Develop continuing vocational training
Re-orient training in public centers to areas with demonstrated demand and limited supply
Promote skills development in agriculture and the informal sector
Establish national/regional qualification frameworks
Establish training information systems and evaluation systems to improve planning and forecasting of training needs
Recommendations to Countries
6 May 20086 May 2008
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
1. Re-balance assistance to increase support to TVSD
2. Commit to long-term partnerships based on performance (incl. sustainable funding strategy)
3. Support Development and implementation of TVSD policies and reform frameworks
In particular, support:
Management of training for better planning and forecasting Public centers in areas where other training opportunities are limited
Training of trainers and managers of public and private training institutes
Establishment of continuing vocational training systems
Establishment of training information systems
Establishment of decision-oriented evaluation systems
Establishment and implementation of national/regional qualification frameworks
Skills development in agriculture
Projects in the informal sector and other special groups
Recommendations to Donors
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Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary EducationBiennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education
Thank you
More information:www.afdb.org
www.oecd.org/dev/aeo
6 May 20086 May 2008