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March 5, 2009
Scott HaislipSenior VP Pavement Engineering
Municipal Pavement Designwith StreetPave Software
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Presentation Overview
Background / history of the design procedure Concrete pavement design principles Discussion of the primary factors (inputs)
affecting concrete pavement design Example using StreetPave design software
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Thickness Design Basics
Municipal Pavement Design
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Streets and Local Roads Thickness Design Procedure
Longitudinal joint
Transverse joint
Subgrade
Subbase or base
Surface Texture
Surface smoothnessor r ideability
Thickness Design
Dowel bars
Concrete materials
Tiebars
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Thickness Design Procedures
Empirical Design Based on observed performance
AASHO Road Test
Mechanistic Design Based calculated pavement
responses PCA Design Procedure
(PCAPAV)
StreetPave (ACPA DesignMethod)
AASHO Test Road:Ottawa, Illinois (approximately 80 miles southwest ofChicago) between 1956 and 1960
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StreetPave Design Software
Pavement design toolgeared primarily forroads & streets
Based on the PCAs pavement thicknessdesign methodology
Checks adequacy ofconcrete thicknessusing both fatigue anderosion criteria
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Concrete Pavement Types
Jointed Plain Undoweled Doweled
Jointed Reinforced Continuously
Reinforced Prestressed
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Jointed Plain
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SLR Pavement Design Street classification
Traffic Geometric design Subgrade and subbase Concrete quality Thickness design
Jointing Dowel Bar Recommendations
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Geometric DesignMunicipal Pavement Design
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Edge SupportConcrete Shoulder Curb & Gutter Widened Lane
or
s e p a r a
t e
i n t e g r a
l
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Basic Two-Lane Sections
No curb
Integral curb
25 to 28 wide
Separate curb
25-2818 min.
L
PLAN
PROFILE
No curb
Integral curb
28 to 42 wide
Separate curb
28-42
18 min.1/3 width(typ.)
L
PLAN
PROFILE
NOT TO SCALE
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Subgrades and Subbases
Municipal Pavement Design
Subgrade Natural ground, graded, and compacted on which
the pavement is built.
Subbase
Layer of material directly below the concrete pavement.
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Design for Uniform SupportThree Major Causes for Non-Uniform Support
Expansive Soils
Differential Frost Heave
Pumping (loss of support)
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Subgrade Properties
Modulus ofSubgrade Reaction,k-value
Plate load on subgradePlate deflection on subgradek =
5.0 psi
0.5 ink = = 100 psi / in.
Reaction
Stacked PlatesPressure Gage
Subgrade
Plate-Load Test
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Type of Soil Support k value range)
Fine-grained soils inwhich silt and clay-size particlespredominate
Low 75 - 120 pci(20 - 34 MPa/m)
Sands and sand-gravel mixtures withmoderate amounts
of silt and clay
Medium 130 - 170 pci(35 - 49 MPa/m)
Sands and sand-gravel mixtures
relatively free ofplastic fines
High 180 - 220 pci
(50 - 60 MPa/m)
Subgrade Soil Types and Approximate k ValuesSubgrade Properties
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Subgrade Properties
Soil Type SupportResil ient Modulus
(MR), psi
Fine-grained withhigh amounts ofsilt/clay
Low 1455-2325
Sand and sand-gravel with
moderate silt/clay
Medium 2500-3300
Sand and sand-gravel with little or
no silt/clay
High 3500-4275
Resilient Modulus of the Subgrade
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Subgrade Properties
Subgradek-value
(pci)
Thickness of Unbound Granular orCrushed Stone Subbase4 6 9 12
50 65 75 85 110
100 130 140 160 190
150 176 185 215 255
200 220 230 270 320
Typical composite k-values for unbound granular, aggregate, orcrushed stone subbase
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Subgrade and Subbases DesignSummary
Subgrade strength is not a critical element in thethickness design . Has little impact on thickness.
Need to know if pavement is on: Subgrade (k 100 psi/in. (25 MPa/m)),
Granular subbase (k 150 psi/in. (40 MPa/m)),
Asphalt treated subbase (k 300 psi/in. (80 MPa/m))
Cement treated/lean concrete subbase (k 500 psi/in.(125 MPa/m)).
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Subbase EffectsAt the AASHO Road Test,
concrete pavements withgranular bases could carryabout 30% more traffic.
The current design proceduresallows concrete pavements
built with granular bases to
carry about 5 - 8% moretraffic.
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Fatigue Analysis
Allowable number of
load repetitions foreach axle group isdetermined
% Fatigue iscalculated for eachaxle group
Total fatigueconsumed should notexceed 100%.
Midslab loading away fromtransverse joint producescritical edge stresses
Fatigue
Critical Loading Position
Transverse joint
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Pavement Design Principle #1Stress / Fatigue
Compressive strength: ~4000 psi Flexural strength: ~600 psi
T
C
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Pavement Design Principle #1Stress / Fatigue
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Thickness Design ProcedureConcrete Properties
Flexural Strength(Modulus of Rupture, ASTM C78)
Avg. 28-day strength in
3rd-point loading Other Factors:
Concrete Strength Gain
w/ Age Fatigue Properties L/3
Span Length = L
d=L/ 6
Third-point Loading
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Concrete Strength PropertiesIf specify minimum flexural
strength at 28-day of 550psi & allow 10% of beams tofall below minimum:
STEP 1Estimate SDEV:
9% for typical ready mix.SDEV = 550 * 0.09 = 50 psi
STEP 2
Sc design = Sc minimum + z *SDEVSc design = 550 + 1.282 * 50Sc design = 614 psi
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
3d 7d 3m 3y 20y Age
P e r c e n
t a g e o
f 2 8 - d a y
S t r e n g
t h
Type I (GU)Type III (HE)
28d 1y 5y 10y
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
3d 7d 3m 3y 20y Age
P e r c e n
t a g e o
f 2 8 - d a y
S t r e n g
t h
Type I (GU)Type III (HE)
28d 1y 5y 10y
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Design Period/Life 20 to 35 years is commonly used Shorter or longer design period may be
economically justified in some cases
High performance concrete pavements Long-life pavements A special haul road to be used for only a few years
Cross-overs Temporary lanes
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Reliability Is simply the factor of safety Usually expressed as % Is a measure of how likely the
design will fail due to fatigueor erosion
Or can be used to estimate theamount of pavement repairrequired at the end of design
period/lifeProbability of Winning
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Reliability
Functional Classificationof Roadway
Recommended Reliability
Urban Rural
Interstates, Freeways, andTollways 85 - 99 80 99
Principal Arterials 80 - 99 75 95
Collectors 80 - 95 75 95
Residential & Local Roads 50 - 80 50 80
Levels of Reliability for Pavement Design
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Thickness Design
Roadway Type
Recommended
Percent of SlabsCracked at End ofDesign Life
(Default) 15%
Interstate Highways,Expressways, Tollways,Turnpikes
5%
State Roads, Arterials 10%
Collectors, County Roads 15%
Residential Streets 25%
Recommended Levels of Slab Cracking by Roadway Type
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Effects of Combined Reliability &Slab Cracking
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Pavement Design Principle #2
Deflection / Erosion / PumpingFaulting
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Design - ErosionConditions for Pumping:
Subgrade soil that will gointo Suspension Free water between slab
and subgrade Frequent heavy wheel
loads / large deflections
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Concrete Pavement Design for Municipal Streets
Load Transfer = slabs ability to share its load with neighboring
slabs Aggregate Interlock Dowels Edge Support
Tied curb & gutter Integral curb & gutter Parking lane
Tied concrete
L= x
U= 0
Poor Load Transfer
Good Load Transfer
L= x/2 U = x/2
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Aggregate Interlock
Shear between aggregate particles
below the initial saw cut
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Dowel Recommendations Dowels
recommendations: If pavement thickness is 7
or less dowels notrecommended
If pavement thickness is 7.0& 7.5 use 1 dowels,stabilized subgrade, or 4-6subbase. Note: If erosion isthe failure mechanism.
If pavement thickness is 8or greater use 1 dowels
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Dowel bars Length 14 min.
6.0 in. minimumembedment length Diameter:
1.0 in streets and roads 1.25 - 1.50 in. for arterials roads
Epoxy or other corrosion
protection for harshclimates
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Jointing
Control naturaltransverse and
longitudinal crack frominternal slab stresses Divide pavement into
construction lanes or
increments Accommodate slab
movements Provide load transfer Provide uniform sealant
reservoir
Longitudinal JointsDivides pavement lanes (8-12 ft.)Depth - 1/3 pavement thickness
Transverse JointsTransverse Contraction Joints (8-15 ft.Depth - 1/3 pavement thickness
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StreetPave User Inputs & Outputs Global Settings
Region Units (English or Metric) Terminal Serviceability Percent Slabs Cracked
at end of design Life Design Life Reliability
Traffic Pavement Properties Thickness/Dowel/Jointing Recommendations
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Design Example Inputs Design life = 30 years
k-value = 100 pci Concrete flexural strength = 600 psi Load transfer (dowels) = No/yes
Edge support = yes Traffic category = Collector 2-way ADTT = 100
Reliability = 80% Percent Slabs Cracked = 15%
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Design and Analysis Summary Replace
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with PDF Desktop
Sensitivity Charts
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y
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Summary StreetPave program incorporates reliability and
slab cracking into fatigue for concrete pavement design Can be used to compare the outcome of
altering design inputs to obtain cost-effective pavement sections
Principles can also be applied to concreteoverlays
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StreetPave Software Availability
Available from:
Bob LongExecutive Director Mid-Atlantic Chapter ACPA
Patch v1.3: www.pavement.com
Questions?
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Thank You!!!
Please contact PRESENTER
with questions or comments:[email protected]