Andreas GallerEuropean XFEL (FXE), Hamburg
Lasers at Lightsources -
A User Perspective
SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop
Lasers at Lightsources
Outline 2
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
Towards Ultrafast Time Resolution 3
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Femtosecond X-ray Streak Cameras
�1-2 ps “routine” resolution
�150-300 fs in lab
Femtosecond X-ray Sources
� Laser plasma sources (∼100 fs)�3rd generation SR sources:
Femtosecond electron bunch slicing
�X-Ray Free Electron Lasers
Lasers at Lightsources
Laser Pump X-ray Probe Strategy at the SLS 4
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Swiss Light Source
Lasers at Lightsources
Laser pump X-ray probe setup at the SLS 5
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Gawelda et al.,
AIP conf. proc. 881, 31 (2007)
KB x-rays
CCD
λ/2
IF1 L
SHG
λ=400nm λ=800nm
IF2
I1 I0
P
Sample
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 1505
0
-5
-10
∆ O
.D. x
103
Time Delay / ps
Work in disordered/dilute systemsSample refreshed for each laser shot
liquid jet
Lasers at Lightsources
6
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
Light-induced low spin to high spin transition in [Fe II(bpy) 3]2+ 7
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
~0.6 ns
?2+
Lasers at Lightsources
Iron-tris-bipyridine: what we actually know 8
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
120 fs
1MLCT
R (Fe-N)
Ene
rgy
5T (HS)2
1A (LS)1
3MLCT
665 ps
20 fs
b)
Lasers at Lightsources
XAS Studies at kHz rates 9
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
7000 7200 7400 7600 7800
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2 ∆t = 50 ps
Tra
nsie
nt A
bsor
ptio
n / ∆
χχ χχ
X-Ray probe Energy / eV
[Fe(bpy)3]2+ (aq)
static absorption
Nom
aliz
ed A
bsor
ptio
n
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1
Tra
nsie
nt A
bsor
ptio
n / a
.u.
XAFS Optical
Time Delay / ps
0 1 2 3 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
FT
Mag
nitu
de |χ
(R)|
/Å-4
Fe-N Bond Length /Å
LS EXAFS HS EXAFS
Gawelda et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 98, 057401 (2007)
EXAFS analysis
665 ps
70 ps
Lasers at Lightsources
0
1
0
1
7100 7150
LS
A /
a.u.
HS
: 50 ps
∆A
x 1
03
X-Ray Probe Energy / eV
XAS Studies at kHz rates 10
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
: 300 fs
C. Bressler et al .Science (2009)
M. Benfatto (INFN Rome)
B
Lasers at Lightsources
-500 0 500 1000Time Delay / fs
∆RFe-N =0.2 Å
XAS Studies at kHz rates 11
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
10-12 photons/pulse (2 kHz, 2 eV BW)
250 fs (instrument response):
140(30) fs hard x-ray pulse115(10) fs laser pulse
Lasers at Lightsources
XES studies at kHz rates 12
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
G. Vankó et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49
� Higher time resolution required � Ideally suited for single wavelength
XFEL experiments
Lasers at Lightsources
Lessons learned 13
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Lasers have become widely available at synchrotrons
� Synchronization is not a problem anymore
� Tunability is required for optimal sample exciation
� User access to laser beam is favorable
Lasers at Lightsources
14
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
MHz studies 15
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Lasers at Lightsources
MHz studies 16
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Time Resolved RIXS becomes feasible
Lasers at Lightsources
Lessons learned 17
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� MHz lasers make much better use of the storage ring
� Synchronization has become very reliable
� MHz lasers can be portable ���� Users can bring their own laser
Lasers at Lightsources
18
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
TR-XAS [Fe(bpy) 3]2+ at XPP/LCLS 19
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
7110 7120 7130 7140
0,0000
0,0025
Tra
nsie
nt X
AN
ES
X-Ray Probe Energy / eV
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
DC
B
XA
NE
S
A
-500 0 500 1000 1500-0,001
0,000
0,001
0,002
0,003
X-R
ay T
rans
ient
Abs
orpt
ion
Laser-X-Ray Time Delay / fs
Science 2009 Fit curve 2009 XPP 2010
-5 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 ,0 3 2
0 ,0 3 4
0 ,0 3 6
Tra
nsie
nt X
AN
ES
L a s e r X -R a y T im e D e la y / fs
Lasers at Lightsources
20
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Need for time arrival detector
Lasers at Lightsources
21
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
Lasers at FXE 22
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Lasers at Lightsources
Lasers at FXE 23
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Lasers at Lightsources
MHz NOPA… on the road, reached 500 kHz 24
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Third Harmonic Generation
Third Harmonic Generation
Second Harmonic
Generation
Second Harmonic
Generation
Continuum Generation
Continuum GenerationTangerine FCPA
Tangerine FCPA
3ωωωω-pumped NOPA
3ωωωω-pumped NOPA
2ωωωω-pumped NOPA
2ωωωω-pumped NOPA
CompressorCompressor
CompressorCompressor
� Type I BBO crystals� Noncollinear geometry
600 700 800 900 1000 11000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
No
rmal
ized
in
ten
sity
Wavelength (nm)
NOPA 2ωωωωNOPA 3ωωωω
500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
No
rmal
ized
in
ten
sity
Wavelength (nm)� Tunable : [480-1000] nm � Tunable : [625-1000] nm
courtesy of J. Nillon
Lasers at Lightsources
MHz NOPA next steps 25
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
What is available :NOPA 3ωωωω
�Repetition rate : 0-500 kHz�Tunable : [480-1000] nm
�E > 200 nJ for λ∈[510-1000] nm�Emax = 700 nJ @ 620 nm
�∆t < 20 fs for λ∈[510-700] nm
NOPA 2ωωωω
�Repetition rate : 0-500 kHz�Tunable : [625-1000] nm
�E > 500 nJ for λ∈[700-1000] nm�Emax = 2,2 µJ @ 900 nm
�∆t < 30 fs for λ∈[700-1000] nm
What as to be done :
� Increase the repetition rate to 2 MHz� Compression of the pulses� SHG of amplified pulses for extended UV-Vis tunability :
� [250-350] SHG NOPA 3ω� [350-500] SHG NOPA 2ω� [500-700] NOPA 2ω� [700-1000] NOPA 2ω
� Transfer to the industry for product development (collaboration with Amplitude Systèmes)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
10
100
1000
NOPA 3w NOPA 2w SHG NOPA 3w (estimated) SHG NOPA 2w (estimated)
En
erg
y (
nJ)
Wavelength (nm)
courtesy of J. Nillon
Lasers at Lightsources
Lasers at FXE 26
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
�keep laser paths as short as possible
�Realize as much tunability as possible (HG, NOPA)
�keep laser paths as short as possible
�Details on the Laser system will be presented by Ma x Lederer
Lasers at Lightsources
Lasers at FXE
FXE will also have an in-house laser lab
���� kHz laser system
���� transient absorption setup
���� fluorescence upconversion setup
27
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
Lasers at Lightsources
28
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
� Experiments at Lightsources (Synchrotrons & FEL)
� kHz experiments
� MHz experiments
� FEL experiments
� Lasers at FXE
� Pulse Characterization at Sample Interaction Point
Lasers at Lightsources
Pulse Characterization at Interaction Point 29
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
KB x-rays
CCD
λ/2
IF1 L
SHG
λ=400nm λ=800nm
IF2
I1 I0
P
Sample
BBO
Lasers at Lightsources
Pulse Characterization at Interaction Point 30
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
original laser fs pulse
pulse propagated through 5cm of SQ1 glass a GVD of 3500 fs2 was imposed to pulse
Lasers at Lightsources
Pulse Characterization at Interaction Point 31
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
A. Galler and T.Feurer, Appl. Phys. B 90, 427-430 (2008)
FROG vs iFROG
Lasers at Lightsources
Acknowledgements 32
Andreas Galler, European XFEL, SwissFEL Pump-Probe Workshop, 16th Nov 2012
S. L. Johnson (ETHZ)C. Milne (SwissFEL)
D. GrolimundC. Borca
R. Abela (SwissFEL)
Christian Bressler Wojciech Gawelda
Thomas Tschentscher
P. Glatzel (ESRF)G. Vankó (KFKI, Budapest)M. Chergui (Lausanne)M. Nielsen (Copenhagen)V. Sundström (Lund)
D. Fritz (XPP)M. Cammarata (XPP)
T. Feurer (UniBe)