Adapting the Agriculture Sectors: Examples of crop production
George PhiriProgramme Manager, FAO
LEG Regional Training Workshop
27 February - 03 March | Lilongwe, Malawi
FAO’s work on DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR),
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (CCA) and CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into agriculture, forestry and fisheries through;
• Support for preparation Agricultural Disaster Risk Reduction/Management (ADRR/M) and CCA Plans
• Analysis of DRR/M institutional systems, developing institutional and technical capacities for DRR/M
Assessment of impacts of weather and climate extremes and disasters• Development of Damage and Losses assessment methodology• Case studies on Damage and Losses in agricultural sectors and
Capacity Development• Development of Medium Term Warning Systems (MTWS): Regional
Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
Resilience
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Technical assistance to strengthen climate information services, develop databases, and tools and methodology to assess climate impacts such as:
• Climate Information services for CCA and DRR in agriculture• Agriculture Stress Index System (ASIS) to support drought
monitoring and early warning for food security• Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) and
development of e-learning tools, Community Based Adaptation (CBA)
• Promote innovative technologies for DRR/M (e.g. ICTs, Drones etc.,)• MOSAICC - Integrated impact assessment on crop yields; from
climate data handling to economic assessment• AMICAF - Analysis and Mapping of Impacts under Climate Change
for Adaptation and Food Security • FAO-Adapt: Framework Programme on Climate Change Adaptation
Good practices for DRR and CCA
• Testing and evaluation of DRR and CCA good practices• Cost benefit analysis of good practices in agriculture• Integration of good practices into FAO databases (e.g. TECA)
Resilience
Methods and tools for DRR and CCA
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
INTEGRATING AGRICULTURE IN NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS (NAPS)
FAO supports countries on the integration of agriculture and food security concerns into National Adaptation Plans (NAP)/ adaptation planning and budgeting processes. In particular, Cross-Border Cooperation:
• Supports countries in NAPs negotiation during UNFCCC sessions;
• supports countries in the UNFCCC work streams and with Expert Groups including on regional trainings and outreach and knowledge sharing;
• supports overall 29 developing countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America at the national and sub-national level to integrate agriculture and food security in NAPs as instrument to for implementing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs);
• drafted voluntary NAP guidelines on integrating agriculture, forestry and fisheries and genetic diversity into National Adaptation Plans (NAPs);
Adaptation planning
FAO/UNDP Programme: “Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) a joint FAO UNDP Partnership Programme
to support NAPs in 11 countries. - USD 17 million until 2018
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
To integrate climate change risks and opportunities as they relate to
agriculture sector-related livelihood options within existing national
planning and budgeting processes
NAP-Ag Programme Objective and Outcomes
Outcome 2:
Integrated
roadmaps for
NAPs developed
Outcome 4:
Advocacy and knowledge-
sharing on NAPs promoted
Outcome 3:
Evidence-based
results for NAPs
improved
Programme Outcomes
Outcome 1:
Technical capacity and institutions
on NAPs strengthened
NAP-Ag Partner Countries
Latin America
Colombia
Guatemala
Uruguay
Africa
The Gambia
Kenya
Uganda
Zambia
Asia
Nepal
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
11Countries
9
Adaptation planning
(Forthcoming) Supplementary NAP Guidelines for Addressing Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
• facilitate the consideration and integration of the agriculture sectors and food security and nutrition concerns and perspectives into the national climate change adaptation planning and implementation;
• enable the agriculture sectors’ stakeholders to incorporate climate change adaptation issues in medium- to long-term policy and planning processes;
• establish a framework for planning, implementing and monitoring adaptation actions in the agriculture sectors; and
• empower agriculture sector stakeholders to participate effectively and efficiently in the process to formulate and implement NAPs.
The NAP-Ag Guidelines are designed to be an easy to use and accessible document for planners with the following main objectives to:
May 2017: Launch at SBSTA 46
NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs)
Global• Global and regional analysis of (I)NDC commitments in the agriculture sectors • Identification of priorities for international support• Partnerships to enhance NDC implementation support for the agriculture sectors, in
particular in the NDC Partnership
Ag sectors are the foremost priority for adaptation• 131 of 188 countries include an adaptation section• 95% refer to crops and livestock• 83% refer to forests • 46% refer to fisheries and aquaculture
Planned country support• Preparation and updating of NDCs• Analysis of agriculture commitments and align implementation with existing policy
frameworks and investment plans• Technical capacity development for NDC implementation• Leveraging finance to implement NDC commitments• Reporting in line with commitments under the Paris Agreement
NDCs
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Climate-Smart Agriculture is an approach for developing agricultural strategies to secure food security under climate change. CSA aims to tackle three main objectives:
(i) sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes;
(ii) adapt and build resilience to climate change; and
(iii) reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.
Activities include:
• Coordinating FAO’s knowledge generation and management on CSA, in particular through the Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook and related learning materials
• Engagement with global CSA fora, in particular GACSA
Country level work on CSA
“Planning, implementing and evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture” (2 pilots in in East Africa completed)
Kenya - Improving the income of dairy producers
Tanzania - Improving livelihoods for cereal-based farming, and reduce burning, erosion and deforestation
Support to CSA planning and implementation guidance/manuals
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
FAO was accredited at the 14th meeting of the Board in October 2016.
FAO is exploring three ways to support Member States to work with the GCF: • As a GCF-accredited implementing entity.• Supporting the design and implementation of projects led by other accredited entities.• As a delivery partner in the GCF Readiness Programme.
Laying the foundation for GCF projects has involved: • Hosting a series of webinars on the Paris Agreement and Intended/Nationally Determined
Contributions (INDCs/NDCs), and the role of the GCF in supporting implementation;
Supporting countries to access NAP GCF readiness funds:• Countries can now request up to USD 3 million in support through a new, dedicated NAP
activity area under the GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Program.
GREEN CLIMATE FUND
Climate Finance
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
14LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Climate change affects agricultural production
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2090-2109
(22)
2070-89
(134)
2050-69
(500)2030-49
(250)2010-29
(184)
Projected changes in crop yields for all locations worldwide owning to climate change
Percentage of Yield Projections (n= 1090)
Innovation is the key to adaptation in farming systems
Sustainable intensification
Agroecology
Efficient water management
Managing carbon and nitrogen
Making production systems more resilient
FAO Economic and Social Development Department 10/ 30LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
FAO Economic and Social Development Department 11/ 30
Improved production systems enhance
food security
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Some barriers that need to be overcome as reported in the literature on the determinants of
adoption :
Several barriers constrain the adoption of improved
technologies and practices
FAO Economic and Social Development Department 14/ 30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Information
Credit access & resource endowments
Risk and shocks
Groups/ social capital
Tenure security
Labour availability
Share of studies where variable was statistically significant (%)
Agronomy Agroforestry
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
19
Event Potential impact
Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter; over most land areas, days and nights becoming hotter (virtually certain)
Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased outbreaks of new insect pests and pathogens; potential impacts on crop production
Heavy precipitation events increasing in frequency over most areas (very likely)
Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to cultivate land owing to waterlogging of soils
Drought-affected area increases (likely) Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields from crop damage and failure; loss of arable land
Intense tropical cyclone activity increases (likely)
Damage to crops
Extremely high sea levels increase in incidence (excludes tsunamis) (likely)
Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and freshwater systems; loss of arable land
Examples of projected climate change impacts on crop production
Source: adapted from IPCC, 2007, in FAO, 2008a
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
LEG Technical Regional Workshop 2001 March 2017
CROP SYSTEMS CLIMATE-SMART PRACTICES/TECHNOLOGIES FOR
EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT
CCA CCM
CLI
MA
TE
CH
AN
GE
IMP
AC
TS
Wat
er
stre
ss
All systems Implementing good agronomic management decisions (e.g. selecting crop varieties that are
drought tolerant and/or have a higher water productivity, i.e. that provide more yield per liter of
water, using inorganic fertilizer, adjusting cropping calendars) and practices (e.g. encouraging
deeper rooting of crops, using Conservation Agriculture for higher water retention, mulching)
improves crop water productivity.
*
All systems Implementing soil and water conservation techniques (e.g. soil mulching, shading, rainwater
harvesting, wind shelter to reduce evaporation) enhances crop productivity.
*
Systems including
perennial cropsIntegrating feed for livestock from annual crops with perennial feed, and particularly from deep
rooting legumes, supports soil health while it provides additional quality forage during dry
periods, which improves the quality of the diet of ruminants, and thus reduces enteric methane.
* *
Irrigated systems Irrigation becomes more and more the rule in commercial crop (such as horticulture) systems
since it is the only way to secure the yield through adequate water supply at all stages of the
plant development.
In irrigated systems, increasing the efficiency of irrigation (including through deficit irrigation,
precise water applications, high-efficiency pumps), reducing water losses, and improving water
allocation and management of water demand optimizes yields per volume of water applied,
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and allows energy (mainly fuel) efficiency gains.
* *
Wat
er
/exc
ess Systems including In the case of increased rain in quantity, frequency and intensity, avoids damage to roots from
waterlogging:
*
annual and
perennial cropsImproving drainage.
perennial crops Planting trees on berms.
Example of locally specific climate change effects in Zambia
Source: (FAO, 2013)LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
32 33 34 35 36-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9Maximum Temperature CoV
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
32 33 34 35 36-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9Average Maximum Temperature
24.05
24.60
25.16
25.71
26.27
26.82
27.38
27.93
28.49
29.04
29.60
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Effect of improved cropland management practices: average % marginal increase of cereal yields at global level – agroecological
differences play a major role in the variable results
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
Smallholder agriculture particularly vulnerable to climate change risks
and impacts
Rural women are among the most vulnerable
LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017
No eradication of global poverty without resilient
smallholder agriculture
FAO Economic and Social Development Department 9 / 30
Improving smallholders resilience through:
• improvement of their production systems
• build more resilient livelihood for vulnerable population
WHAT THE SOLUTION CAN BE
Key steps for packaging options into programmes?
Step 1 – Review the existing framework and identify the gaps and needs to address climate change impacts in the agriculture sectors
Step 2 – Identify the priority areas
Step 3 – Map out key milestones necessary to advance efforts in adapting to climate change
This is the name of the Conference 2618 May 2015
Wrap-up