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A c k n o w l e d g
e m e n t s
•
C h r i s t y F r i e t c h , C h e r y l J
a m e s , T i m H o d a p p ,
a n d T o r i B l a c k s c h l a g e r - U
. S . E P A
•
A b r a h a m C h e n , B r u c e S a s s , L i l i W a n g -
B a t t e l l e M e
m o r i a l I n s t i t u t e
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P r o
j e c t O b
j e c t i v e
D e t e r m i n e
t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f s o l i d s
c o l l e c t e d
f r o m D W
D S w h e r e m e a s
u r a b l e
a m o u n t s
o f a r s e n i c i n
t h e f i n i s h e d
w a t e r
- p i p e
s e c t i o n s ( c o r r o s i o n p r o d u c t s ,
d e p o s i t s , e t c . , )
- f i r e
h y d r a n t f l u s
h ( l o o s e p a r t i c l e s ,
c o r r o s i o n p r o d u c t s ,
e t c . )
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F i r e H y d r a n
t F l u s h
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P i p e M a t e r i a l
•
T o o k w h a t
w e c o u l d g
e t w h e n w e
c o u l d g e t i t .
•
A n y m a t e r
i a l w a s a c c e p t a b l e ( P V C ,
A C , c a s t i r
o n , c o p p e r ,
e t c . . )
•
S c r a p e ( l a y e r i n g i f p o s s i b l e ) , g r i n
d
P V C p i p e I r o n p i p e
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P i p e S
c a l e C r o s s S e c t i o n
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S a m
p l e P r e p
a r a t i o n
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S
o l i d s A n a l y s i s
•
A c i d d i g e s t i o n / I C P -
M S ( B a t t e l l e )
!
C a ,
M n ,
F e ,
M g ,
P ,
S i ,
A s
!
U n i t s
•
X R F ( U n i v .
o f C i n c i n n a t i G e
o l o g y D e p t . )
!
C l , S , B
a ,
C a ,
M n ,
M g
•
X R D
!
M i n e r a l p h a s e s
•
E l e c t r o n m i r c o p r o b e -
W D S ( B a t t e l l e )
!
Q u a n t i t a
t i v e e l e m e n t a l m
a p p i n g
•
S E M -
W a v e l e n g t h d i s p e r s i v e
s p e c t r o m e t e r -
i m a g i n g a n d
e l e m e n t a l m a p p
i n g
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A n a l y s i s T e c
h n i q u e s
X
- r a y D i f f r a
c t i o n
• I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c r y s t a l l i n e m i n e r a l s
• C r y s t a l
s i z e a p p r o x i m
a t i o n
S
E M - E n e r g y
D i s p e r s i v e
S p e c t r o m e t r y
• H i g h m a g n i f i c a t i o n m i c r o g r a p h s
• E l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n a n d m a p p i n g
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A n a l y s i s T e c
h n i q u e s
X - r a y P h o t a e l e c t r o n S p e c t r o m e t r y
D e t e r m
i n e s o x i d a t i o n s t a t e , b o n d i n g
e n e r g y , b o n d t
y p e , a n d c h e m
i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n
E l e c t r o n M i c
r o p r o b e
D e t e r m i n e s t h e c h e m
i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f
v e r y s m a l l s a m
p l e s , a n d p r o d
u c e h i g h r e s o
l u t i o n
e l e m e n t a l m a p s
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A n a l y s i s T e c
h n i q u e s
A
c i d D i g e s t i o n a n d I C P –
M S
•
P r o v i d e s q u a
n t i t a t i v e e l e m e n
t a l c o m p o s i t i o n o
f s o l i d
s a m p l e s
•
T h i s t e c h n i q
u e i s d e s t r u c t i v e
X
- R a y F l o r e s
c e n c e
P r o v i d e s s e m i - q u a n t i t a t i v e e l e m e n t a l c o m p
o s i t i o n
w
i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n
g t h e s a m p l e .
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E l e m e n t a l M a p p i n g - M i c r o p r o b e - W D
S
a n a l y s i s
S t e e l
G a l v a n i z e d
L a y e r
C o r r o s i o n
D e p o s i t s
I n s i d e
P i p e
W a l l
A r s e n i c d i s t r i b u t i o n
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E
f f e c t s o f I r o n S c a l e s a
n d I r o n R e l e a s e
•
P a r t i c l e f o r m a t i o n
•
D i s c o l o r e d w a
t e r
•
S t a i n i n g o f f i x t u r e s , c l o t h i n g
•
M e t a l l i c t a s t i n g w a t e r
•
F l o w r e s t r i c t i o n
•
O x i d a n t d e m a
n d
•
B i o f i l m
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C o r r o s i o n
i s D i f f e r e n t f r o m I r
o n
R e l e a s e
C o
r r o s i o n o f i r o n i s t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f “ m e
t a l l i c
i r o n ”
t o a n o x i d i z e d f o r m , e i t h e r s o l u b l e o r
a n
o x
i d i z e d s c a l e .
•
F e
F e
2 + + 2 e -
•
U s u a l l y m e a s u r e d a s w e i g h t l o s s f r o m m e
t a l l i c i r o n
I r
o n r e l e a s e i s t h e t r a n s p o
r t o f i r o n , i n s o l u b l e
f o
r m o r a s a p a r
t i c l e , f r o m c o
r r o s i o n s c a l e o r
m e t a l t o b u l k w a
t e r .
•
C u m u l a t
i v e e f f e c t o f c o r r o s i o n , h y d r a u l i c s c o u r i n g
a n d d i s s
o l u t i o n o f c o r r o s i o n s c a l e s .
•
U s u a l l y m e a s u r e d a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i r o
n i n b u l k
w a t e r
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T u b
e r c l e S t
r u c t u r e
B
r i t t l e C r u s t L a y e r
H a r d S h e
l l L i k e L a y e r
S o f t I
n n e r L a y e r
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T u b
e r c l e S t
r u c t u r e
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K e y I r o n R
e l e a s e M o d e l F e a t u r e s
R o l e
o f P a r t i c l e s / C o l l o i d s
•
W h e n o x y g e n a n d c h l o r i n
e a r e i n c o n t a c t
w i t h s c a l e , f e r r o u s i o n s a
r e o x i d i z e d w i t h i n
t h e s c a l e o r c l o s e t o t h e
s u r f a c e - t
h e
i r o n
i s i n c o r p o r a
t e d i n t o
t h e s
c a
l e
•
W h e n o x i d a
n t s a r e n o t p r e s e n t a t t h e
s u r f a c e , f e r r o u s i r o n c a n
d i f f u s e i n t o
s o l u t i o n a n d
i s o x i d i z e d t h e r e - p a r t i c l e
s
f o r m
i n t
h e
w a
t e r
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C o r r o s i o n o f
C o p p e r
P i p e s
I r o n p r e c i p i t a t e f r
o m d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m
M a l a c h i t e
C u p r i t e
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C
o p p e r P i t t i n g
I n s e r t C u p i p e p h o t o
h e r e
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C
o p p e r P i t
t i n g
C o p p e r C o r r o s i o n
D e p o s i t
P i t B e n e a t h C o r r o s i o n
D e p o s i t
4 mm
4 m m
H o l e
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L e a d A g
i n g
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L e a d A g
i n g
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