8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
1/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
CA. Prakash Agarwal
Chartered AccountantP A S & Company
132, State Bank Colony
G T Karnal Road, Delhi-110009
Ph: 27425157, 20458457
Mobile: 9810768165
Email: [email protected]
Examination of Books of Accounts
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
2/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Part-1
Examination of Accounts
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
3/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Section 44AA of Income Tax Act (1) Every person carrying on legal, medical,
engineering or architectural profession or the
profession of accountancy or technical
consultancy or interior decoration or any other
profession as is notified by the Board in the
Official Gazette shall keep and maintain such
books of account and other documents as mayenable the [Assessing] Officer to compute his
total income in accordance with the provisions
of this Act.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
4/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Section 44AA of Income Tax Act (2) Every person carrying on business or
profession [not being a profession referred
to in sub-section (1)] shall, (i) if his income from business or
profession exceeds one lakh twenty
thousand rupees or his total sales, turnover
or gross receipts, as the case may be, in
business or profession exceed or exceeds
ten lakh rupees in any one of the three years
immediately preceding the previous year
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
5/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Every Person includes:
Individual
Partnership Firms
AOP
Companies
Trusts
Banks
Other entities
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
6/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Prescribed Books of Accounts : Rule 6F
Cash Book
Journal
Ledger
Carbon Copies of Bills
Original bills for payment exceeding 50/-
In case of Medical Profession:
A daily case register ( Form 3 C)
Inventory ( Opening & Closing)
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
7/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Income Tax Act does not prescribe:
Method of AccountingMercantile
Cash
System of Accounting
Single Entry
Double Entry
Memorandum
Package of AccountingManual
Computer
Year of Accounting-Now prescribed
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
8/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Packages
Tally Busy
Easy
Finacle (generally for banks)
SAP (generally for PSUs)
Oracle
Specific designed softwares
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
9/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Contents of Books of Accounts
Balance Sheet with schedules Profit & Loss Account
Notes on Accounts
Directors Report
Auditors Report
CARO
Specific Report like LFAR,
Sec 619
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
10/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Other Contents of Books of
Accounts
Cash Flow Statement
Segment Reporting Corporate Governance
Subsidiary Companies
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
11/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Who are Interested in Accounts?
Stake Holders
Share HoldersInvestors
Lenders
Bankers
Financial Institutions
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
12/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Who are Interested in Accounts?
Stake Holders.
ManagementCreditors
DebtorsEmployees
Trade Unions
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
13/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Who are Interested in Accounts?
Stake Holders.Government Agencies
Income TaxExcise
Sales Tax/ VAT
Customs
ROC
Others
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
14/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Who are Interested in Accounts?
Others:
CompetitorsContractors
AnalysersStock Exchanges
Media/ Press
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
15/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Notes on Accounts:
Divided as follows:Accounting Policies
Accounting year
Basics of Accounts & DisclosuresCapacity & Production details
Quantitative informations
Key Managerial PersonnelList of Related Parties
Related Party Transactions
Schedule VI Disclosures
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
16/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Notes on Accounts: Cont.
Accounting Policies: Method of Accounts employed Method of Depreciation
Method of Inventory
Adoption of Accounting Standards
Accounting of fixed assets and revaluation Investment accounting
Policy relating to Employees retirement benefits
Deferred tax liability
Borrowing cost-interest
Capital works in progress
Contingent liabilities
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
17/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Notes on Accounts: Cont.
Quantitative Information:Raw Materials:
Opening
Purchases
Sale/ dispose off Consumption
Closing Stocks
Finished Goods
Opening Purchases
Production
Sale/dispose off
Closing Stocks
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
18/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Notes on Accounts: Cont.
Schedule VI Requirments:Capital ContractsContingent Liabilities
Auditors Remuneration
A Note on previous year figuresForeign Currency Transactions
Frauds detected, if any
Deferred Tax Liability
Dues to Small & Medium CompaniesA Note on Subsdiary Companies
Doubtful Debts
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
19/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Directors Report:
Section 217(1):The State of Companys affairsAmount proposed to transfer to any
reserves
Recommendation of DividendMaterial change and Commitments
Effects accruing after Balance Sheetdate
Conservation of Energy
Absorption of Technology
Foreign Exchange earning & Exp
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
20/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Directors Report:
Section 217(2): Directors Report should include the opinion
of the board that the affairs of the company
shall not harmful to the business of the:
Company
or of any of its subsidiaries.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
21/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Directors Report:
Section 217(2A)(2B): Directors Report should include the Name
of Employees getting remuneration
exceeding Rs. 12 Lacs in a year
Detail of relative employees.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
22/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Directors Report:
Section 217(3):
Directors Report should include the
comment upon:
every qualifications or adverse remarks given
by the auditors.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
23/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Auditors Report:
Contains Opinion of Auditors:Whether all Informations areProvided
Proper Books of Accounts
maintainedBooks of Accounts are in
Agreement
Accounting Standards are followed
Disqualification of DirectorsQualifications in audit Report
Opinion on True & fair
CARO
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
24/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
CARO 2003:
Contains Auditors comments on 21points: Some are-
Fixed assets, physical verification,discrepancies etc.
Inventory, physical verification,discrepancies etc.
Loans granted or accepted from relatedparties
Internal Control systemDetail of Contracts with related parties
Internal Audit
Cost Audit
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
25/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
CARO 2003:
Cont..Status of payment of Statutory dues/
Dispute if any
Accumulated Losses
Default in payment to Banks/ FinInstitutes
Loans granted on pledge of securities
Guarantees given by the company
Term loan raised during the year
Funds used for the purpose it acquired
Any Public issue during year
Any Fraud detected/reported
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
26/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Balance Sheet Definition:
Balance Sheet is a financial statement
at a given point of time. It provides a
snapshot summary of what business
owns or is owed - assets - and what it
owes - liabilities - at a particular date
The balance sheet therefore shows
how business is being funded and how
these funds are used.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
27/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BS Definition:.. Cont..
Balance Sheet is a summary of
balances to be carried forward to next
year
The balance sheet is statement of
affairs of an entity.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
28/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Sources of Funds
1) Capital
2) Reserves & Surplus
3) Term Liabilities
4) Current Liabilities
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
29/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Application of Funds
1) Fixed Assets
2) Intangible Assets 3) Non Current Assets
4) Current Assets
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
30/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Capital
1) Authorised Capital
2) Issued Capital
3) Subscribed Capital
4) Paid-up Capital
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
31/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Reserves 1) Subsidy Received From The Govt
2) Development Rebate reserve
3) Revaluation of fixed assets
4) Shares Premium Reserve
5) General Reserves
Surplus
The credit balance in profit and loss account
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
32/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Tangible Net Worth
This refers to the total funds arrived by paid-up
capital , Reserves and P&L Surplus LessIntangible Assets
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
33/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Term Liabilities
Redeemable preference shares Debentures
Public Deposits (Repayable after 12 months)
Term loans Secured Loans
Unsecured loans
Remark : The company can raise public deposits to
the extent of 25% of paid up capital plus free reserves
and 10% from share holders for the maturity period
ranging from 6 months to 3 yrs
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
34/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Current Liabilities
Working capital bank borrowings T. loans deferred credit inst falling due in 12 mths
public deposits maturing within 12 months
unsecured loans, unless the repayment is on deferredterms
sundry creditors
advances from dealers and customers
interest accrued but not paid
tax payable/ provisions
Dividend declared and payable
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
35/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Contingent Liabilities
Tax disputes
Legal litigations
Guarantees given by the company
Bills and cheques discounted with banks
Claims against the company not acknowledged
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
36/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Tangible Fixed Assets
Land & building
Plant & machinery
Vehicles
Furniture & fixtures Computers
Capital works in Progress
Depreciation Straight line method
Written down Value Method
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
37/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Intangible Fixed Assets
Goodwill
Patents
Rights Including Intellectual Property Rights
Copy RightsTrade Name/ Marks
Preliminary & Preoperative expenses
Depreciation No Depreciation is generally provided on such assets.
However amortization should be done over a period
of time.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
38/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Investments
1) Shares And Securities
2) Associate Companies
3) Fixed deposits with banks/finance companies
4) Interest accrued on investments Remark : Investments are generally shown at cost
price. In notes on Account market price may be
given for proper reading
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
39/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Non Current Assets
Deferred receivables/Overdue receivables (like
disputed amounts and Over Due > 6 mths)
Non moving stocks/inventory/un usable spares
Investment/Lending to associate concern
Borrowing of the directors from the company
Telephone deposits/ ST deposits etc
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
40/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Current Assets
Raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods,spares and consumables
Sundry debtors and receivables > 6 mths
Advances paid to suppliers of raw materials Cash and bank balances
Interest receivables
Other current assets such as Government securities,
Bank deposits ..etc
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
41/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Notes All expenses or provisions or advances or loans
etc which are accrued and payable within 12
months are current liabilities
When a company makes investments in
unconnected avenues such as shares, securities,
associate concerns are to be treated as non current
asset.
The slow moving and absolute inventory - NCA
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
42/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Notes
Balance Sheet It is a mixture of facts, opinions andconventions
While opinions are of the companys management,
the conventions are practiced by the financemanagers of the company.
Marginal changes in the classification of certain
items would lead to different results.
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
43/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Notes
Management competence
Investment decision
Resorting to window dressing
experience of the promoters
Board comprises of only family members
The key personnel of the company
The structure of the organisation
The authority and decision making are
decentralised
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
44/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS Notes
The state of industrial relations
Financial systems and procedures
Management control
Planning, budgeting, forecasting
Capacity utilization
Status of the technology
Awareness of the market, competitions ..etc
for listed co: share prices, EPS, book value,
dividend record, public response ..etc
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
45/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account It is a summary of revenue earned and
expenses incurred which ultimately results inprofit or loss of to the company
No defined format in law
Operating revenue mean Sales revenue Non_operating revenue = Other income ( out of
sale of investments, interest, commission and
discount etc) Hence operating profit is a yard stick for
operating profit of the company
Operating profit = Sales Revenue- Operating Cost
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
46/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account Gross Sales
Gross sales includes excise duty to be charged tothe customer, central sales tax applicable, state
sales tax applicable, the discount to be allowed to
distributors/dealers/customers. The gross salesappear in the P&L account comprises of all the
above part from the basic unit price.
Net Sales
The sales figure excluding all the factors
explained above are the net sales.
Profit & Loss Acco nt
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
47/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account Cost of production This is the cost incurred right from the procurement
of raw material to the finished good. Cost of Raw Material
Direct Labour
Power
Maintenance of Machines
Depreciation
Transportation
Processing cost Consumables
Factory Overhead
Key mangers salary directly involved
P fit & L A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
48/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account
Administrative Expenses
All Office expenses
Administrative expenses
Salary
Electricity
Other
Bonus
P fit & L A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
49/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account
Selling Expenses
All expenses relates to sale
Commission
Advertisement
Gifts/ schemes
Traveling
Salary
Discount
Other
P fit & L A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
50/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold includes all manufacturing
expenses and the adjustments for opening and
closing stock
Cost of Goods sold = Opening stock + Purchases +Manufacturing expenses - Closing stock
Gross Profit is arrived deducting figure of cost of
goods sold from the sales figure i.e. Gross profit = Sales - Cost of goods sold.
P fit & L A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
51/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account Operating Profit
Operating Profit = Gross Profit all Expenses Profit Before Tax
PBT = Operating Profit+ Other Income other
expenses before direct taxes Net Profit
Net Profit = PBT direct taxes
P fit & L A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
52/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Profit & Loss Account Non Operating Income/Expenses
The income earned by the unit from other thanmanufacturing and selling operations is classified under
this head . i.e
a) Interest earned on fixed deposits
b) Dividends and profit earned by sale of assets
and share.
All those expenses which are not directly connected
with operations of the unit are classified under thishead. i.e
a) Preliminary expenses written off
b) Loss suffered due to sale of assets & share
Oth R t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
53/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Other Reports: We are not discussing other Reports here:
Cash Flow Statement Segment reporting
Subsidiary Companies
Corporate Governance Particular Requirements like
LFAR for Banking
Sec 619 for Government
Electricity Companies Cooperative Societies
Sec 25 Companies
E i ti f A t
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
54/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Obtain Important Documents:
M&AA
Partnership Deed
MOU
JVA
Major Contract Agreements
Franchise Agreements
Survey/ Project Reports
Agreement with Bankers/lenders
E amination of Acco nts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
55/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Reconciliation & Confirmation from:
Bankers
Lenders
Debtors
Creditors
Advance Payments
Security Deposits
Others
Examination of Accounts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
56/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Physical Verification Reports:
Fixed Assets
Cash Balances
FDRsSecurities/ cheques
Inventories
Stores & Consumables
Scraps/absolute items
Business Promotion Items/ Gifts
Examination of Accounts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
57/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Details in readable formats, for:
All Expenses
All types of Income
Provisions
Accruals Addition / Deletion to fixed assets
Loans with Interest calculations
Investments with Dividend, Market Value, Position,
Status etc.
Debtors >Six months and Other Debtors
Doubtful debts
Examination of Accounts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
58/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Examine Other related Reports Internal Audit Report
Concurrent Audit Report
Stocks and Receivable Audit Report MIS/ Minutes
CMA Data sent to bankers
Standards of Production
Actual Production Data
Examination of Accounts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
59/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Examination of Accounts:
Examine Other related Returns:Sales Tax/ VAT Returns
Excise Returns
Customs Duty ReturnsService Tax Returns
TDS Returns
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
60/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Part-2
Analysis of Accounts
Analysis of Accounts:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
61/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Analysis of Accounts:
Comparison
Ratio Analysis
Similar Companies Performance
Market Trend
Present Value of Company
Valuation of Properties/ Investments
Future of Product
Contingent Liabilities Pending Court Cases/ Disputes
Directors Attitude
Ratios Analysis:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
62/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Ratios Analysis: Liquidity Ratios:
Current RatioQuick/ Acid test Ratio
Defensive intervals
Solvency Ratios:Gearing Ratio
Efficiency Ratios:
Debtors TurnoverCreditors Turnover
Stock Turnover
Ratios Analysis cont :
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
63/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Ratios Analysiscont: Profitability Ratios:
G P RatioN P Ratio
Return on Investment Ratio
Expenses Ratios:
Administrative Exp Ratio
Interest Ratio
Selling Exp Ratio
Investors Ratios:
Earning Per Share
Dividend per Share
Price Earning Ratio
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
64/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Current Ratio:
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
This assesses whether you have sufficient assetsto cover your liabilities
< 1 mean poor cash flow
= 1 Mean moderate liquidity
> 1 or < 2 Good liquidity
> 2 surplus/ idle fund
A id T t R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
65/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Acid Test Ratio:
Current Assets (excluding stock) divided byCurrent Liabilities.
< 1 mean poor cash flow= 1 Mean high liquidity and indication of solid
financial position
> 1 surplus/ idle fund
D f i I t l R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
66/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Defensive Interval Ratio::
liquid assets divided by daily operatingexpenses.
This measures how long your business could
survive without cash coming in. Ideal should be between 30 and 75 days
G i ( L ) R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
67/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Gearing ( Leverage) Ratio:
Long term loans ( Secured + unsecured)divided by Capital+ reserves + Long term
loans ( Secured + unsecured)
1 mean poor position. Lenders may refuse togive further loans.
Effi i R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
68/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Efficiency Ratios:
Debtors' Ratio - average of sales divided by theaverage debtors. This shows how long it takes tocollect payments. A low ratio may mean paymentterms need tightening up.
Creditors' turnover - average Purchases divided bythe average amount of creditors. This shows how longyour business takes to pay suppliers. Suppliers maywithdraw credit if you regularly pay late.
Stock turnover - average cost of sales divided by theaverage value of stock. This ratio indicates how longyou hold stock before selling. A lower stock turnovermay mean lower profits.
G P fit R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
69/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Gross Profit Ratio:
Divide Gross Profit by
Total Sale/Turnover
(Gross Profit is sale- cost of sale) Higher the ration better is
profitability/demand.
Compare it with preceding year.
N t P fit R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
70/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Net Profit Ratio:
Divide Net Profit by
Total Sale/Turnover %
(Net Profit is Gross Profit - allexpenses)
Higher the ration better is
profitability/demand.
Compare it with preceding year.
R t I t t R ti
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
71/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Return on Investment Ratio:
Divide net profit before tax by
Total Capital Employed %
(Capital= Shares +Reserves)Higher the ration better is financial
position.
If less than Bank Interest Rate, implies
poor performance.
E penses Ratios:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
72/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Expenses Ratios:
Administration Cost Ratio Divide Total Administrative cost by
Turnover/ Sales %
Interest Cost Ratio Divide Interest on borrowing by
Turnover/ Sales %
Selling expenses Ratio
Divide Selling Expenses by
Turnover/ Sales %
Investors Ratios:
8/8/2019 Balance Sheet Pca
73/73
10/13/2010 Presented by: CA Prakash Agarwal
Investors Ratios:
Earning per Share (EPS) Divide Surplus Profit by
Total Nos. of Issued Equity Shares
Dividend per Share: (DPS)
Divide Dividend paid by
Total Nos. of Issued Equity Shares
Price earning Ratio: (PE) Divide Current market price of Share by
Earning Per Share (EPS)