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Where the mind is without fear and the head isheld high
Where the knowledge is free
Where the world has not been broken up intofragments by narrow domestic walls
Where words come out from depth of truth
Where the tireless striving stretches its armstowards perfection
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost itsway into the dreary desert sand of dead habits
Where the mind is led forward by theeinto ever-widening thought and action
Into that heaven of freedom my father let mycountry awake.
1
-Tagore-
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BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN VIVO
IN VITRO IN CYBO
IN SILICO
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GENE
BIODIVERSITYBIO
REMEDIATION
GMO
AND
TRANSGENICBIO-SAFETY
WTO
IPR
NANOTECH
BIO
INFORMATICS
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B
I
O
D
IV
E
R
S
IT
Y
BIOTECHNOLGY
R
I
C
H
P
OO
R
POOR RICH
1
2 3
4Middle East
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Ethiopia
Central America
No country
USA
Japan
France
Germany
U.K etc
RI
C
H
P
O
O
R
POOR RICH
B
I
O
D
IV
E
R
S
IT
Y
BIOTECHNOLGY
Possible
INDIA
CHINA
Biodiversity flow
Biotech flow
S
N
Not Possible
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GMAMemberCompanies
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The Us and other countries in the Miami
group were able to put biotechnology into
the Seattle Ministerial agendaTheMiami group comprises of
US Argentina
Canada Uruguay
Australia Chile
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Working Party on
Biotechnology
It was set up as a mandate to consider
the adequacy and effectiveness of theexisting rules
As well the capacity of the WTOmembers to implement these rules
The Working group has to report tothe General council within a definitetime-frame.
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What is Bio technology ?
At its most basic, biotechnology involves
the manipulation of genetic material This genetic material is then used in some
way, to affect the manner in which a living
entity behaves.
This behaviour can include reproduction
and resistance to disease and chemicals
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Central Issue of
biotech patentability This rests on the difference between the
essentially biological and non-biological
and microbiological The former i.e essentially biological need
not be patented
But the laternon biological andmicrobiological must be patented.
According to new GATT agreement, allbiotechnology products may be patented
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TRIPS and Biotechnology
TRIPS Agreement mandates member states to
provide protection for plant varieties
Either by patents or some home grown system
of regulation.If home grown system of
regulation is used it must be an effective
one.This protects the developing countries
If any dispute arises that would go to the panelof the WTO settlement body.
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TheThird worldhasbeenrepeatedlyaccused of
piracybythe Industrial countries
1986 US Surveystates
Lossdueto ineffectiveandinadequateprotection
ofintellectualpropertyis US$23.8bn
US Agrochemical Industrieslossesis over
US$200mn. US Pharmaceutical Industry claimsaloss of
US$ 2.54bn
Charges
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Industrial patent Redefined
Lastdecadeandahalf, thisindustryhasscored
animpressiveseries oflegalandpolicy
victoriesprogressivelyexpanding thescopein
intellectualpropertylaws. Aftergaining patentsprotectioninthe US for
geneticallyengineeredmicro-organisms,plant
andanimals,the Industryturneditsattentionabroad.
It worked withthe US Governmentto secure
thosemarketprotectionsaroundthe world.
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This African country has invaluable germ-plasm to commercially develop and export
high-tech coffee varieties can be severelyrestricted byEscagenetics patent claim onC.arabica.
Ethiopia could also be prohibited fromexporting transgenic coffee beans to the US
or other countries where the patent isrecognized under the TRIPS agreement.
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A threat to Global Food security
Company PatentEscagenetics a US based
biotechmajor
Giant Coupe Limagrain
a
Biotechseedsubsidiary
DNA plant technology
USCalgene Inc ofthe US
All geneticallyengineered
Coffeeplants
Onallmelons,muskmelons
and cantaloupes
Alltransgenicpeperplants
Ownsall genetically
engineeredplantsinBrassicafamily.rapeseed,broccoli,cauli
flower,cabbageandbrussel
sprouts