Biodiversity Study of
Pemashelpu Hydro-electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh
Submitted to
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. LTD. Gurgaon, Haryana
By
Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of
Mountain & Hill Environment (CISMHE)
University of Delhi, Delhi
Project Team
Principal Investigator
Professor Maharaj K. Pandit
Core Team
Dr. J.P. Bhatt, Senior Scientist & Co-PI
Dr. D.C. Nautiyal, Senior Scientist
Dr. Dawa Dorje, Research Scientist
Mr. Rajender Mehta, GIS-Remote Sensing
Research Laboratory Staff
Ms. Sudha Tiwari, Project Fellow
Mr. Basudev Singh Bisht, Lab Assistant
Mr. Tausif Raza, L.A.
Support Staff
Mr. Ajay Gaur, Accounts
Mr. Saurabh Gupta, JACT
Mr. Rajesh Kumar Pandey, JACT
Mr. Yashpal, FA
Mr. Kalam Singh, FA
Mr. Digambar Singh, FA
CONTENTS
Page No.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 1-1
1.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY OBJECTIVE 1-1
CHAPTER 2 FLORA
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY TASKS 2-1
2.3 FOREST TYPES 2-2
2.4 VEGETATION PROFILE IN THE INFLUENCE ZONE 2-5
2.5 FLORISTICS OF PROJECT AREA 2-7
2.5.1 Vegetation in near Barrage and Submergence Area 2-7
2.5.2 Power House Site 2-15
2.6 LOWER PLANT DIVERSITY 2-22
2.7 RARITY AND ENDEMISM 2-24
2.8 EPIPHYTES 2-25
2.9 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 2-25
2.10 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS 2-26
2.10.1 Medicinal Plants 2-26
2.10.2 Food Plants 2-28
2.10.3 Fodder Plants 2-28
2.10.4 Timber Trees and Fuelwood 2-28
2.11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 2-28
CHAPTER 3 FAUNA
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 METHODS 3-2
3.3 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION 3-2
3.3.1 Mammals 3-2
3.3.2 Avifauna 3-6
3.3.3 Herpetofauna 3-10
3.3.4 Butterflies 3-11
3.3.5 Other Invertebrates 3-13
3.4 CONCLUSION 3-13
CHAPTER 4 WATER QUALITY & AQATIC ECOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.2 METHODS 4-1
4.2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics 4-2
4.2.2 Biological Characteristics 4-2
4.3 WATER QUALITY 4-3
4.4 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 4-5
4.4.1 Density 4-5
4.4.2 Community Structure 4-6
4.5 CONCLUSION 4-12
CHAPTER 5 FISH & FISHERIES
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 METHODS 5-1
5.3 FISH COMPOSITION 5-1
5.4 CONSERVATION STATUS 5-2
5.5 FISHERIES 5-2
5.6 FISH MIGRATION AND SPAWNING 5-2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATES
Plate 2.1a Downstream influence area (above Mechuka)
Plate 2.1b Downstream influence area (near Yorku valley)
Plate 2.2a Catchment area near Yarlong
Plate 2.2b Dense forest view in Upstream of barrage site
Plate 2.3a Panoramic view of broad-leaved forest near barrage site
Plate 2.3b A view of mixed coniferous forest in the surrounding of barrage
Plate 2.4a A mixed coniferous forest view near Power house site
Plate 2.4b Guru Nanak Cave in the surrounding of power house area
Plate 2.5a Gomphidius sp. (Woodrotting Fungi)
Plate 2.5b Epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns on branches and trunks of trees
Plate 2.5c Lycopodium clavatum growing with mosses
Plate 2.5d Polystichyum sp. (terrestrial fern) growing on forest floor near Powerhouse area
Plate 2.6 Cephalotaxus griffithii (threatened plant species) from the influence area
Plate 2.7a Hydrocotyle nepalensis (medicinal herb) growing with Carex sp.
Plate 2.7b Cirsium falconeri (medicinal herb) growing with Thamnocalamus falconeri
Plate 2.8a Thamnocalamus falconeri (high altitude bamboo) in surrounding area of the project
Plate 2.8b Thamnocalamus falconeri with Pinus wallichiana in the surrounding area of project
Plate 3.1 Direct and indirect evidences of presence of common mammalian species in the
influence area
Plate 3.2 Common bird species of surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Plate 3.3 A carcass of snake recorded from Mechuka town
Plate 3.4 Common butterfly species of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E.Project
Plate 4.1 Samplings of water quality in Yarjep river
Plate 5.1 Predominant fish species of the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 List of flowering plants recorded near barrage complex and in submergence area
Table 2.2 Some of the common pteridophytes in Submergence area and adjoining area of the
project
Table 2.3 List of flowering plants recorded near Power house area
Table 2.4 Some important medicinal plants of project area
Table 3.1 Mammalian species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Table 3.2 Avifaunal composition in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
Table 3.3 Butterfly composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of water at sampling sites in Yarjep River near
proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Table 4.2 Drinking water quality standards (as per IS:10500)
Table 4.3 Density of biological communities at sampling sites in Yarjep river in the
surrounding of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Table 4.4 Species composition and relative abundance of algal species in planktonic and
benthic communities of Yarjep river in study area
Table 4.5 Density of different macroinvertebrate taxa in Yarjep river within study area
Table 5.1 Fish species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity Studies - Introduction
Pemashelpu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh 1-1
CISMHE
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Deforestation and land degradation are considered the proximate causes of biodiversity
loss worldwide (Acopa, 1996). Heavy deforestation of forests by slash and burn activity,
particularly in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of northeast region in India is a major threat
of today because it causes biodiversity loss to the forest. Large scale tree felling and subsequent
setting of fires in the forest have affected ground- nesting birds particularly pheasants. The
felling of tall trees of moist deciduous and evergreen forests has seriously affected the
populations of many epiphytic ferns, orchids and hornbills (birds). The exploitation of one type
of resource can affect the other type, particularly when forest is burned or cut, not only the living
resources (wood and medicinal plants) are affected, but soil and nutrients are also lost (Singh et
al. 2008). Further, forests on hills provide protection from floods. Deforestation in the hilly areas
may cause soil erosion problems leading to flash floods and deposition of sediments in the river
beds. It thus is important to prevent further degradation of natural forests and manage them to
ensure their sustainable utilization. Therefore, a study on biodiversity of the area is of great
importance in order understand the impacts and suggesting mitigation measures.
In Arunachal Pradesh, the local people still depend totally on forest for cooking and fuel
wood. This haphazard felling of trees results in denuded and degraded secondary forest in the
lower sub-Himalayan region. The frequent landslides resulting from deforestation are destroying
many biologically and economically important plants even before their utility is known. Due to
the impact of biotic and abiotic factors like shifting cultivation (jhum), developmental projects
viz., many large and small scale hydro-power projects, road construction activities, landslides,
fires, etc. enough damage has been done to the richness of biodiversity of Eastern Hiamalaya.
1.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY OBJECTIVE
Biodiversity study in the study area of Pemashelpu HEP was undertaken with the aim of
preparation of biodiversity profile in and around Pemashelpu HE project area through collection
of baseline data on floristics, faunal elements and aquatic ecology of Yarjep river through field
surveys as well as from secondary sources. The location and areas mapped during field surveys
for various biological parametser is given in a map below.
.
Biodiversity Studies - Introduction
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Chapter 2
FLORA
Biodiversity Studies – Flora
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2 FLORA
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The study and management of ecosystems represent one of the most important issues for
biodiversity conservation. The study of ecosystems mainly consists of the study of certain
processes that link the living or biotic components to the non-living or abiotic components and
these basic components are important to all types of ecosystems. However, over the last century,
ecosystems on earth are being rapidly altered and undergoing a massive loss of biodiversity. In
the early 1980s, concerns about terrestrial ecosystems as sources and sinks of carbon were
highlighted that underscored the impact of land-use/cover change on the global climate. Further
much broader range of impacts of land-use/cover change on ecosystem goods and services were
identified and main concern on impacts of biotic diversity worldwide (Sala et. al, 2000; Lambin
et al., 2003). However, other forms of rapid land-use/land-cover change that are thought to be
widespread are still poorly documented at the global scale. The prominent among these are forest
cover changes caused by selective logging, fires and insect damage, etc.
Like any other part of country, the flora of Arunachal Pradesh is at present under great
pressure due to various developmental projects viz., hydro-electric projects, road construction,
slash and burn cultivation, grazing, etc. These activities have destroyed many rich and diverse
forests which are store houses of species diversity and genetic resources. The state is well known
for wild relatives of crop plants which are essential for future breeding programmes. Therefore,
there is urgent need to conserve those ecosystems where such species are concentrated. For
genetic conservation, facilities should be generated through establishment of gene banks for agri-
horticultural plants, species of forestry interest and other economically important plants.
2.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY TASKS
Biodiversity study in the project area of Pemashelpu HEP was undertaken with the
collection of data for classification of forest types, vegetation profile of study area and preparing
a checklist of flora in the ear marked barrage and submergence area and locations where project
components are proposed; documentation of biodiversity assessment in the study area is based on
our primary survey of the flora of forests and free draining areas; documentation and
conservation status of terrestrial threatened plants is based on an examination of the flora of
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study area with listing of rare, endemic, threatened plants, and the main anthropogenic pressures
on the forest areas of the project.
2.3 FOREST TYPES
Arunachal Pradesh is reported to have 80.39% of its total geographic area under forest
cover, which includes very dense, moderately dense and open forest (FSI, 2013). The forest of
Arunachal Pradesh fall under five major forest types categories viz., Tropical Wet Evergreen
Forest, Tropical Semi-Evergreen forest, Sub-tropical Pine Forest, Montane Wet Temperate
Forest and Sub-alpine/Alpine Forest. Detailed accounts of floristics of these forests are found in
Champion & Seth (1968),Negi, (1989, 1996), Chowdhery (1996) and Kaul and Haridasan
(1987). The catchment area of the proposed Pemashelpu HE project covers almost all types of
these forests. However, the project area which we concerned is stretched around 5 km and covers
wet temperate broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest and is very close to Dehang Dibang
Biosphere Reserve. The forests in the project area fall in Mechuka circle of Along Forest
Division.
The vegetation in these forests comprises sub-tropical wet hill forests in the lower valleys
of the project area, while wet temperate broad-leaved, East Himalayan mixed coniferous and dry
temperate coniferous forests in the mid and upper hills. In the entire valley of the catchment, the
area is either covered by dense forests along the river banks or degraded open forests interspersed
with settlements in middle reaches. The forests present in the catchment area have been grouped
into different forest types following the classification of Champion & Seth (1968), Negi, (1989,
1996), Chowdhery (1996) and Muddgal & Hajra (1999). The major forest types found in this
catchment are discussed below.
8B/CI East Himalayan Sub-tropical wet hill forests
These forests occur on hilly terrain between 1000-2000 m and are dominated mostly by
evergreen species, though some tall deciduous trees also occur in the top canopy. The dominant
trees of the top canopy are Albizia odoratissima, Alnus nepalensis, Altingia excelsa, Castanopsis
indica, Engelhardtia spicata, Macaranga denticulata, Ostodes paniculata, Phoebe hainsiana and
Schima wallichii. The second storey is represented by tree species like Alangium chinense,
Brassiopsis aculeata, Erytrina stricta, Elaeocarpus varunua, Ficus oligodon, Garcinia
pedunculata, Oroxylum indicum, Rhus chinensis, etc. The third storey consists of shrubs and
climbers. This type of forest is observed in Padusa, Rapum and Rego areas. Shrub elements are
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composed of Boehmeria macrophylla, Clerodendrum colebrookeanum, Debregeasia longifolia,
Leea aequata, Maesa chisia, and Oxyspora paniculata. Climbers and epiphytes are abundant.
The common climbers are species of Canvalia,Cissus, Caesalpinia, Clematis, Dioscorea,
Rhaphidophora, Rubia and Stephania. Epiphytes are represented by pteridophytes and orchids
like species of Bulbophyllum, Colysis, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Lepisorus, Vittaria, etc. The
ground floor is dominated by herb species like Ageratum conyzoides, Anaphalis busua, Anemone
vitifolia, Aster mollisculus, Bidens bipinnata, Cardamine hirsuta, Crassocephalum crepidioides,
Impatiens spp., Persicaria capitata, P. barabata, Setaria glauca, Saccharum longisetosum,
Spiranthes sinensis, Themeda arundinacea, Thysanolaena latifolia, Viola betonicifolia, etc.
11B/C1 East Himalayan wet temperate forests
These forests occur between 1,750 - 2,750 m elevations. The oaks contribute the greater
part of top canopy with some laurels. The top canopy is represented by trees like Acer
laevigatum, Castanopsis hystrix, C. tribuloides, Litsea sericea, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia
velutina, Prunus cerasoides, Quercus semiserrata, Q. lamellosa and Tetradium fraxinifolium.
The middle storey is dominated by moderate sized trees and shrubs like Eurya acuminata, Ilex
dipyrena, Lyonia ovalifolia,Prunus rufa, Rhododendron arboreum, Symplocos thaefolia,
Viburnum cotnifolium, etc. Other associates of middle storey are Berberis asiatica, B.
wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Myrsine semiserrata, Rubus niveus, Spiraea canescens and
Thamnocalamus falconeri. Climbers and twiners are extremely rare except forthe species of
Clematis, Dioscorea, Smilax and Tetrstigma. Epiphytic orchids are less frequent but other
epiphytes such as mosses, lichens and ferns are abundant. Epiphytic ferns are comprises of
species belonging to genera like Drynaria, Lepisorus, Pyrrosia, and Vittaria. These forests are
observed in the upper reaches of Rapum, Rego and Mechuka areas. The ground flora is
represented by terrestrial ferns, grasses and other herbs. The common ground herbs belonging to
the dominant genera like Anaphalis, Anemone, Cardamine, Campanula, Circium, Carduus,
Fragaria, Plantago, Persicaria, Potentilla, Pilea, Rorippa, Sedum, Stellariaand Viola.
12/1S1 Alder forest
These forests are more or less pure forests present along the banks of streams and water
courses. Alnus nepalensis abundantly grows along the water courses and is the main colonizer of
new landslips and degraded areas. Undergrowth is generally absent but its composition depends
on site and conditions.
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12/C3a East Himalayan mixed coniferous forests
A dense evergreen forest of oak and Rhododendron predominate with large Hemlock
trees on the higher and drier ridges. With the evergreen oak are mixed deciduous trees such as
Acer, Betula, Magnolia, Michelia and Pinus wallichiana to a varying extent.These forests are
observed in Yorko, Gurudwara and Yarlong areas. Undergrowth is also dense comprising of
evergreen shrubs and small bamboo. Among shrubs the dominant species include Berberis
wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Lonicera obovata, Rhododenron
spp., Salix wallichiana and Thamnocalamus falconeri. Most of the tall trees and shrubs are
loaded with many epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns.
12/ DS1 Montane bamboo brakes
These high level bamboo brakes present as an underwood throughout the moist temperate
forests of the Himalaya. But dense and almost impenetrable bamboo thickets (Arundinaria
falcata) occur abundantly by cutting and grazing in mixed coniferous forest. Burning is also an
important factor for the pure bamboo brakes in many localities of mixed coniferous forest. This
type of degraded stage forest is observed in surrounding of Hanuman Camp area.
13/C6 East Himalayan dry temperate coniferous forest
This type of forest is a mixed coniferous type and found in the inner valleys of Mechuka
Reserve forest. These forests are characterized by the predominant conifers and blue pine (Pinus
wallichiana) is observed as the principal species. The top and middle storey is composed of blue
pine, whereas the lower storey and ground vegetation have the typical coniferous associates.
These include Acer laevigatum, A. thomsonii, Pieris formosa,Lyonia ovalifolia, Prunus
cerasoides, Quercus lamellosa, Rhododendron arboreum and Salixwallichiana. Shrubby layer is
represented by Berberis wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Eurya acuminata, Indigofera
heterantha, Rosa brunonii, Rubus niveus and Viburnum cotnifolium. The ground flora is
dominated by some terrestrial ferns, herbs and grasses like Anaphalis, Anemone, Artemisia,
Circium, Dicranopteris, Digitaria, Dryopteris, Fragaria, Lycopodium, Potentilla, Pilea,
Pteridium, Rumex, Stellaria, etc.
15/C1 Birch-rhododendron alpine scrub forest
This is an evergreen forest dominated by Rhododendron and some deciduous broad leaf
species. These forests are found in the high ridges of Labang area. The main associates are Betula
utilis, Rhododedron campanulatum, Rosa sericea, and Viburnum nervosum.
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15/C2 Deciduous alpine scrub
This is a deciduous scrub formation. The climate in these habitats is too cold and severe
for tree growth. The vegetation comprises stunted scrubs like Betula utilis, Cotoneaster
sanguineus, Lonicera angustifolia, Rosa sericea, Salixwallichiana, etc. Common herbs are
species of Aconitum, Anemone, Polygonatum,Ranunculus, Senecio, Viola, etc., which have a very
short growing season.
15/C3 Alpine pastures
These are meadows of gentle mountain slopes constitute the habitats of many perennial
mesophytic herbs and grasses. Important herbs in these habitats are species of Aconitum, Allium,
Anemone, Fragaria, Gaultheria, Juncus, Kobresia, Potentilla, Primula and Ranunculus.
2.4 VEGETATION PROFILE IN THE INFLUENCE ZONE
The description of vegetation of the project area has been presented in terms of zones
which correspond to topographic/elevational class within the 10 km radius influence zone of the
project. These are as follows:
i) Area between Rego village and Mechuka town
ii) Area beyond Mechuka and its environs
i) Area between Rego village and Mechuka
This area has a predominantly mixed broad-leaved temperate forest and patchy dry
temperate coniferous forest interspersed with terrace cultivation in the lower reaches. Trees of
Acer laevigatum, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia spp., Pinus wallichiana, Rhododendron
arboreum, Tetradium fraxinifolium, etc.are quite conspicuous on gentle slopes. The other plants
observed in this area are Cephalotaxus griffithii, Eurya acuminata, Litsea sericea, Lyonia
ovalifolia, Quercus lamellosa and Symplocos paniculata. Shrub elements are composed of
Berberis asiatica, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Rubus niveus, Thamnocalamus falconeri and Viburnum
cylindricum.
The vegetation around Mechuka is characterized by East Himalayan dry temperate
coniferous forest which occurs on flattened and gentle slopes. Along the river bank some stunted
broad-leaved trees and scrubs are seen. Alnus nepalensis, Berberis wallichiana, Cotoneaster
bacillaris, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia velutina, Schima wallichii, etc. are important
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associates along the river bank. Herbaceous flora includes species of Anaphalis, Artemisia,
Carduus, Digitaria, Fragaria, Fagopyrum, Galeola, Lycopodium, Persicaria, Potentilla, Pteris,
Pteridium, Rumex, Selaginella and Viola. The forests in the Mechuka area are under severe biotic
pressure. Population density is maximum in this zone leading to deforestation, grazing, clearing
of forest for cultivation purpose. Excessive use of fire-wood, encroachment in the forest areas for
settlement, over collection of timber, etc. are some of the main causes that lead to deforestation
in the area.
ii) Area beyond Mechuka and its environ
Beyond Mechuka, the vegetation up to Hanuman Camp is characterised by dense East
Himalayan mixed coniferous forest with a few evergreen oaks and Rhododendrons in the middle
and lower stories. Common tree associates include Acer laevigatum, Castanopsis tribuloides,
Litsea sericea, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia velutina, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus lamellosa,
Q. thomsoniana and Rhododendron arboreum (Plate 2.1a & b). Shrub elements are composed of
Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria trichophylla, Pieris formosa, Rhododendron spp., Rosa
brunonii, Rubus niveus, Salix wallichiana, Thamnocalamus falconeri, etc. The trunks of trees are
often clothed with rich epiphytic growth of mosses, lichens, and ferns. Herbaceous flora
represented by some terrestrial ferns, grasses and other herbs. Species of Anaphalis, Anemone,
Bistorta, Cardamine, Carex, Circium, Dryopteris, Fragaria, Polystichum, Potentilla, Scirpus,
Senecio, etc. dominate the ground vegetation.
Above Yorko Basti, Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) makes dominance especially on the drier
ridges. The other tree associates in the forest include Acer laevigatum, Quercus lamellosa, Pinus
wallichiana, Rhododendron arboreum, etc. Around the Gurudwara cave area, a dense mixed
coniferous forest occurs with rich evergreen undergrowth. The main tree associates in the area
are species of Acer, Alnus, Castanopsis, Eurya, Quercus and Rhododendron. Rich varieties of
rhododendron species viz., Rhododendron edgeworthii, R. grande, R. kenderickii, R. mechukae,
etc occurs in the surrounding Hanuman Camp area. The shrubby layer is represented by Berberis
wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Lonicera obovata, Mahonia
acanthifolia, Neillia thyrsiflora, Pieris formosa, Thamnocalamus falconeri, Vaccinum
dunalianum, etc. Beyond Hanuman Camp dense patches of Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) forests are
seen on the upper reaches (Plate 2.2 a & b).Lower reaches are vegetated by patchy or mixed
temperate coniferous forest. Some broad-leaved tree species viz., Acer laevigatum, A. thomsonii,
Illicium simonsii, Michelia velutina, Photinia cuspidata, Quercus lamellosa, Rhododendron
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arboreum, Rhododendron grande, Schefflera impressa, Vaccinum dunalianum, etc. occurs with
dense thickets of small bamboo (Thamnocalamus falconeri) in the understorey.
The prominent feature of the flora of mixed coniferous forest in these areas is the
dominance of some species of horticultural and aesthetic importance. These include the species
of Rhododendron, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Juniperus, Michelia, Vaccinum, etc. Understorey is
also rich and vegetated with bushes of Berberis, Cotoneaster, Gaultheria, Lonicera, Mahonia,
Rubus, Thamnocalamus, etc. These forests are the important source of fire-wood for local
populace especially during winter months. Excessive use of fire-wood and over collection of
economically important species are the causes that lead to deforestation in the area. The resultant
habitat destruction of species leads to degradation and depletion of the species diversity.
Therefore, the rich habitats of this forest zones are under high biotic pressure.
2.5 FLORISTICS OF PROJECT AREA
The present biodiversity study in the project area of Pemashelpu HE Project was
undertaken with the objectives of preparing an inventory of plants belonging to different groups
like Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, Lichens and Macro-fungi
occurring in the study area.
2.5.1 Vegetation in near Barrage and Submergence Area
The barrage area is located near Hanuman Camp along the river Yalang (Yarjep Chhu).
The area in the vicinity of proposed project comprised of East Himalayan mixed coniferous
forest with predominance of oak and rhododendrons (Plate 2.3a & b). At right bank, the top
canopy is represented by few tall tree species like Alnus nepalensis, Eurya nitida, Lithocarpus
pachyphylla, Litsea nitida, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia oblonga, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus
lamellosa, Rhododendron edgeworthii, R. grande and Tsuga dumosa. Second storey is comprised
of Acer thomsonii, Eurya nitida, Litsea sericea, Pieris formosa, Schefflera impressa, etc.
Understorey is occupied by few small trees and shrubs. Epiphytes are abundant, comprising of
variety of mosses, lichens and fern such as Asplenium, Drynaria, Lepidogramitis, Lepisorus,
Pyrrosia, Vittaria, etc. Climbers are few include species of Clematis, Dioscorea, Hedera,
Tetrastigma, etc. Herbaceous flora is represented by some terrestrial ferns, herbs and grasses.
About 132 plantspecies of flowering plants are recorded from near barrage complex and
submergence area (Table 2.1). Based on habit wise classification 31 are trees, 29 shrubs, 6
climbers and 65 herbs. Terrestrial ferns are represented by species of Dicranopteris, Dryopteris,
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Lycopodium,Pteris, Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum, Selaginella, etc.(Table 2.2). The left bank
has a more dense forest in the lower reaches compared to right bank.
Table 2.1 List of flowering plants recorded near barrage complex and in submergence area
Sl.N Plant species Vern./Local name Uses
Trees
Gymnosperms
Pinaceae
1. Pinus wallichiana Tongphu Timber
2. Tsuga dumosa TengreSalla Timber
Cupressaceae
3. Juniperus recurva Shupa Incense
Angiosperms
Magnoliaceae
4. Magnolia pterocarpa Bramuthuri-Sopa Fuel-wood
5. Michelia oblonga Bor-sopa Timber
6. M. velutina Gogoi-champa Fuel-wood
Theaceae
7. Eurya nitida - Fuel-wood
Celastraceae
8. Euonymus theifolius - Fuel-wood
Aceraceae
9. Acer laevigatum Dieng-than Fuel-wood
10. A. thomsonii - Fuel-wood
Rosaceae
11. Photinia integrifolia - -
12. Prunus cerasoides Padam Medicinal
13. Prunus undulata - -
14. Sorbus wallichii - -
Araliaceae
15. Brassiopsis aculeata - -
16. Macropanax dispermus Pani-kesuri Fuel-wood
17. Schefflera impressa - -
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Ericaceae
18. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Fuel-wood/Flower
19. R. grande - -
20. R. edgeworthii - -
21. R. mechukae - -
22. Lyonia ovalifolia Anyar -
Alangiaceae
23. Alangium chinense Chagli-gach Fuel-wood
Lauraceae
24. Persea odoratissima Kawla Fuel-wood
25. Litsea sericea - Timber
26. L. nitida - -
Betulaceae
27. Alnus nepalensis Utis Timber
28. Betula alnoides Sheori Fuel-wood
Fagaceae
29. Lithocarpus pachyphylla Sungre Katus Timber
30. Quercus lamellosa Buk Timber
31. Q. semiserrata - Leaf
Shrubs
Berberidaceae
1. Berberis wallichiana - Medicinal
2. Mahonia acanthifolia - -
Rutaceae
3. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Medicinal
4. Skimmia anquetilia - Medicinal
Rosaceae
5. Cotonearster bacillaris - Fuel-wood
6. Rosa brunonii - -
7. Rubus pentagona - -
8. Neillia thyrsiflora - -
Saxifragaceae
9. Dichroa febrifuga Morru-tow-tong -
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Hydrangeaceae
10. Hydrangea robusta - -
11. H. anomala - -
Melastomataceae
12. Melastoma normale - -
13. Osbeckia crinata - -
14. O. stellata - -
Caprifoliaceae
15. Lonicera obovata - -
16. Viburnum cylindricum - -
17. V. mullaha - -
Rubiaceae
18. Psychotria monticola - -
Ericaceae
19. Pieris formosa - -
20. Gaultheria fragrantissima - -
21. Vaccinum dunalianum - -
22. Rhododendrn kenderickii - -
Acanthaceae
23 Strobilanthes echinata - -
Lamiaceae
24. Isodon ternifolius - -
Thymelaeaceae
25. Daphne bholua Shoko shing -
Loranthaceae
26. Scurrula elata - -
Urticaceae
27. Boehmeria polystachya - Fuel-wood
Salicaceae
28. Salix wallichiana Bhainshra -
Poaceae
29. Thamnocalamus falconeri Ringal Fibre
Climbers
Ranunculaceae
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1. Clematis acuminata - -
Vitaceae
2. Cayratia japonica - -
3. Tetrastigma serrulatum - -
Cucurbitaceae
4. Gymnostemma pedata - -
Araliaceae
5. Hedera nepalensis - -
Dioscoreaceae
6. Dioscorea bulbifera - Food
Herbs
Ranunculaceae
1 Ranunculus cantoniensis - -
Brassicaceae
2 Cardamine macrophylla - Vegetables
3. Rorippa indica - -
Violaceae
4. Viola canescens Vanfsa Medicinal
Caryophyllaceae
5. Brachystema calycinum - -
6 Sagina saginoides - -
Hypericaceae
7. Hypericum elodeoids - -
Balsaminaceae
8. Impatiens arguta - -
9. I. racemosa - -
Oxalidaceae
10. Oxalis corniculata - Medicinal
Papilionaceae
11. Crotolaria sessiliflora - -
Rosaceae
12. Agrimonia pilosa Taniom -
13. Fragaria nubicola - -
14. Potentilla nepalensis - -
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Begoniaceae
15. Begonia hatacoa - -
16. B. megaptera - -
Apiaceae - -
17. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - -
18. Oenanthe javanica - -
Rubiaceae
19. Galium asperiuloides - -
20. Ophiorrhiza mungos - -
21. O. sucirubra - -
Valerianaceae
22. Valeriana hardwickii - Medicinal
Asteraceae
23. Anaphalis busa - -
24. Dichrocephala integrifolia - -
25. Cirsium wallichii - -
26. Artemisia nilagirica - Medicinal
27. Conyza bonariensis -
28. Myriactis wallichii - -
Scrophulariaceae
29. Majus delavayi - -
30. Hemiphragma heterophyllum - -
Gesneriaceae
31. Rhynchoglossum obliquum - Fodder
Lamiaceae
32. Prunella vulgaris - -
33. Nepeta lamiopsis - -
34. Origanum vulgare - -
Plantaginaceae
35. Plantago erosa - -
Gentianaceae
36. Crowfurdia speciosa - -
Chenopodiaceae
37. Chenopodium botrys - -
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Polygonaceae
38. Aconogonum molle - Vegetables
39. A. polystachyum - -
40. Persicaria capitata - -
41. Persicaria nepalensis - -
42. P. chinensis - -
43. Rumex nepalensis - Medicinal
Urticaceae
44. Laportia terminalis Palte sisnu -
45. Lecanthus peduncularis Chalu Vegetables
46. Elatostema sessile - -
Orchidaceae
47. Bulbophyllum cylindricum - -
48. Calanthe herbacea - -
Araceae
49. Arisaema consanguinum - -
50. A. intermedium - -
Cyperaceae
51. Carex myosurus - -
52. C. cruciata - -
53. C. filicina - -
54. Fimbristylis dichotma - -
55. Kyllinga brevifolia - -
Poaceae
56. Digitaria cruciata - Fodder
57. Agrostis gigantea - -
58. A. himalayana - -
59. A. stolonifera - Foder
60. Calamagrostis emodensis - -
61. Deyeuxia scabrescens - -
62. Muhlenbergia huegelii - Fodder
63. Eragrostis nigra - -
64. Poa annua - -
65. Isachne albens - -
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66. Sporobolus diander - Fodder
Table 2.2 Some of the common pteridophytes in Submergence area and adjoining area of
the project
Sl.No. Species Habit Altitude
(m)
Equisetaceae
1. Equisetum ramosissimum herb Up to 3000
Lycopodiaceae
2. Lycopodium clavatum herb 1800-3000
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella indica herb 1000-2800
3. S. chrysocaulos herb Up to 3000
Gleicheniaceae
4. Dicranopteris montana herb 1000-20000
Lygodiaceae
5. Lygodium salcifolium herb Up to 2000
Osmundaceae
6. Osmunda cinnamomea herb 1200-3000
Plagiogyriaceae
7. Plagiogyria lanuginosa herb 2000-2500
Adiantaceae
8. Adiantum venustum herb 1000-3000
Vittariaceae
9. Vittaria linearifolia epi. herb 2000-3000
10. V. forrestiana epi. herb 1200-3000
Pteridaceae
11. Pteris nervosa herb 1500-3000
12. P. scabristipes herb 1600-2500
13. P. himalayensis herb 1500-2500
14. P. wallichiana herb 1000-2500
Polypodiaceae
15. Lepisorus loriformis epi. herb 1500-3000
16. L. nudus pi herb 1000-3000
17. Pyrrosia lanceolata epi. herb up to 2200
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18. P. mannii epi. herb up to 2200
19. P. beddomeana epi. herb up to 2000
20. Lepidogramitis rostrata epi. herb 1200-2500
Pteridaceae
21. Pteridium aquilinum herb Up to 2700
Dryopteridaceae
22. Dryopteris wallichiana herb 2000-3000
23. Polystachyum squarrosum herb 2000-3000
2.5.2 Power House Site
A surface powerhouse has been proposed on the right bank of river Yalang (Yarjep Chhu)
near Gurudwara Cave. A fairly dense mixed coniferous forest occur in the vicinity of the project
area (Plate 2.4 a & b). The main tree associates in the canopy are Alnus nepalensis, Castanopsis
hystrix, C. tribuloides, Litsea nitida, Michelia oblonga, Prunus cerasoides, Quercus lamellosa,
Q. thomsoniana, Pinus wallichiana and Tsuga dumosa. The next storey consists of few small
trees and shrubs likeAcer laevigatum, Eurya nitida, Lyonia ovalifolia, Photinia cuspidata, P.
integrifolia and Prunus rufa.Undergrowth is dense evergreen with or without small bamboo.
Important shrubs are Berberis asiatica, B. wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris,Lonicera obovata,
Pieris formosa,Salix wallichiana and Thamnocalamus falconeri. Climbers and epiphytes are not
common. Clematis acuminata, Dicentra scandens, Dioscorea bulbifera, Hedera nepalensis,
Tetrastigma serrulatum, etc. are important twiners. Epiphytes are mostly represented by mosses,
lichens and ferns and orchids species such as Bulbophyllum, Colysis, Lepisorus, Pyrrosia, Vittaria,
etc. The ground floor is occupied by seasonal herbs, ferns and grasses like Achyranthes aspera,
Artemisia nilagirica, Commelina benghalensis, Digitaria cruciata, Hedychium coccineum,
Oplismenus compositus, Persicaria capitata, Pilea umbrosa, Saccharum rufipilum and Sporobolus
diander. About 145 species of angiosperms including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs are
recorded in power house area during biodiversity survey (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3List of flowering plants recorded near Power house area
Sl.No. Plant species Vern./Local name Uses
TREES
Gymnosperms
Pinaceae
1. Pinus wallichiana Tongphu Timber
2. Tsuga dumosa Tengre Sallla Timber
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Cupressaceae
3. Juniperus recurva Shupa Incense
4. Thuja orientalis Morpankhi Incense
Angiosperms
Magnoliaceae
5. Magnolia pterocarpa Bramuthuri-Sopa Fuel-wood
6. Michelia oblonga Bor-sopa Timber
7. M. velutina Gogoi-champa Fuel-wood
Theaceae
8. Eurya nitida - Fuel-wood
9. E. japonica - Fuel-wood
Celastraceae
10. Euonymus theifolius - Fuel-wood
Aceraceae
11. Acer laevigatum Dieng-than -
12. A. hookeri Karsing -
Actinidiaceae
13. Saurauia punduana - Fruit edible
Rosaceae
14. Photinia integrifolia - -
15. P. cuspidata - -
16. Prunus cerasoides Padam Medicinal
17. Prunus cornuta - -
18. Sorbus wallichii - -
Araliaceae
19. Brassiopsis aculeata - -
20. Macropanax dispermus Pani-kesuri Fuel-wood
21. Schefflera impressa - -
Ericaceae
22. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Fuel-wood
23. Lyonia ovalifolia Anyar -
Alangiaceae
24. Alangium chinense Chagli-gach Fuel-wood
Lauraceae
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25. Persea odoratissima Kawla Fuel-wood
26. Litsea sericea - Fuel-wood
Betulaceae
27. Alnus nepalensis Utis Timber
28. Betula alnoides Sheori Timber
Fagaceae
29. Lithocarpus elegans Arkaula Timber
30. Lithocarpus pachyphylla Sungre Katus -
31. Quercus lamellosa Buk -
32. Q. semiserrata Thitcha -
33. Quercus thomsoniana - -
34. Castanopsis hystrix Bara katus Timber
35. C. tribuloides Musre Katus Timber
SHRUBS
Berberidaceae
1. Berberis wallichiana - Medicinal
2. Mahonia acanthifolia - -
Rutaceae
3. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Medicinal
4. Skimmia anquetilia - Medicinal
Rosaceae
5. Cotonearster bacillaris - -
6. Rosa brunonii - -
7. Rubus pentagona - -
8. Neillia thyrsiflora - -
Saxifragaceae
9. Dichroa febrifuga Morru-tow-tong -
Hydrangeaceae
10. Hydrangea robusta - -
11. H. anomala - -
Melastomataceae
12. Melastoma normale - -
13. Osbeckia crinata - -
14. O. stellata - -
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Caprifoliaceae
15. Lonicera obovata - -
16. Viburnum cylindricum - -
17. V. semprvirens - -
Rubiaceae
18. Psychotria monticola - -
Ericaceae
19. Pieris formosa - -
20. Gaultheria fragrantissima - -
21. Vaccinum dunalianum - -
Acanthaceae
22 Strobilanthes echinata - -
Thymelaeaceae
23. Daphne bholua Shoko shing -
Loranthaceae
24. Scurrula elata - -
Urticaceae
25. Boehmeria polystachya - Fuel-wood
Salicaceae
26. Salix wallichiana Bhainshra -
Poaceae
27. Thamnocalamus falconeri Ringal Fibre
CLIMBERS
Ranunculaceae
1. Clematis acuminata - -
Fumariaceae
2. Dicentra scandens - Medicinal
Vitaceae
3. Cayratia japonica - -
4. Tetrastigma serrulatum - -
5. T. rumicispermum - -
Cucurbitaceae
6. Gymnostemma pedata - -
Araliaceae
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7. Hedera nepalensis - Medicinal
Dioscoreaceae
8. Dioscorea bulbifera - Food
Smilacaceae
9. Smilax aspera - -
HERBS
Ranunculaceae
1 Ranunculus cantoniensis - -
Brassicaceae
2 Cardamine macrophylla - Vegetables
3. C. scutata - -
4. Rorippa indica - -
Violaceae
5. Viola canescens - Medicinal
6. V. diffusa - -
Polygalaceae
7. Salmonia cantoniensis - -
Caryophyllaceae
8. Brachystema calycinum - -
9. Stellaria media - -
Hypericaceae
10. Hypericum elodeoids - -
Geraniaceae
11. Geranium nepalense - -
Balsaminaceae
12. Impatiens arguta - -
13. I. racemosa - -
14. I. tripetala - -
Oxalidaceae
15. Oxalis corniculata - Medicinal
Papilionaceae
16. Crotolaria sessiliflora - -
Rosaceae
17. Agrimonia pilosa Taniom -
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18. Duchesnea indica - -
19. Fragaria nubicola - -
20. Potentilla nepalensis - -
21. P. sundaica - -
Saxifraceae
22. Chrysoplenium nepalense - -
Begoniaceae
23. Begonia hatacoa - -
24. B. megaptera - -
25. B. nepalensis - -
Apiaceae - -
26. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - -
27. Oenanthe javanica - -
Rubiaceae
28. Galium asperiuloides - -
29. Ophiorrhiza mungos - -
30. Hedyotis scandens - -
Valerianaceae
31. Valeriana hardwickii - Medicinal
Asteraceae
32. Anaphalis busa - -
33. Dichrocephala integrifolia - -
34. Circium wallichii - -
35. Artemisia nilagirica - Medicinal
36. Conyza bonariensis -
37. Myriactis wallichii - -
Scrophulariaceae
38. Majus delavayi - -
39. Hemiphragma heterophyllum - -
Gesneriaceae
40. Rhynchoglossum obliquum - -
41. Didymocarpus oblongus - -
42. Chirita pumila - -
Lamiaceae
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43. Prunella vulgaris - -
44. Nepeta lamiopsis - -
45. Origanum vulgare - -
Plantaginaceae
46. Plantago erosa - -
Gentianaceae
47. Crowfurdia speciosa - -
Chenopodiaceae
48. Chenopodium botrys - -
Polygonaceae
49. Aconogonum molle - Vegetables
50. Persicaria capitata - -
51. Persicaria nepalensis - -
52. P. chinensis - -
53. Rumex nepalensis - Medicinal
Urticaceae
54. Laportia terminalis Palte sisnu -
55. Elatostema sessile - -
Orchidaceae
56. Bulbophyllum cylindricum - -
57. Calanthe herbacea - -
58. Dendrobium candidum - -
Araceae
59. Arisaema consanguinum - -
60. A. intermedium - -
Cyperaceae
61. Carex myosurus - -
62. C. cruciata - -
63. C. filicina - -
64. Fimbristylis dichotma - -
65. Kyllinga brevifolia - -
Poaceae
66. Digitaria cruciata - Fodder
67. Agrostis gigantea - -
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68. A. himalayana - -
69. A. stolonifera - Fodder
70. Muhlenbergia huegelii - Fodder
71. Eragrostis nigra - -
72. Poa annua - -
73. Isachne albens - -
74. Sporobolus diander - Fodder
2.6 LOWER PLANT DIVERSITY (Cryptogams)
Cryptogamic flora of Arunachal Pradesh is very rich with a diverse species composition.
However, studies on this component of the flora are largely lacking. As many as 54 species of
algae belonging to 23 genera have been reported from the area. The lichen flora of Arunachal
Pradesh is also rich in species composition with nearly 331 species of lichens belonging to 72
genera and 41 families. Pteridophytes are also important constituents of the ground vegetation.
The Botanical Survey of India has recorded about 452 species of fern and fern allies from
Arunachal Pradesh. A list of some woodrotting fungi, mosses, lichens and pteridophytes recorded
during the survey from influence zones and project area are (Plate 2.5a, b, c & d).
Species Habit
Woodrotting Fungi
Gomphidius sp. Woodrotting fungi
Trametes sp. Epiphytic woodrotting fungi
Mosses
Funariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica terrestrial moss
Fissidentaceae
Fissdens sylvatus terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Thuidiaceae
Thuidium cymbifolium terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Leskeaceae
Pseudoleskeopsis zippelii terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Brachytheceae
Eurhynchium muelleri terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Rhynchostegiella scabriseta terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Meteoriaceae
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Aerobryopsis membrancea terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Entodontaceae
Entodon luridus terrestrial/epiphytic moss
Liverworts
Marchantiaceae
Marchantia paleacea terrestrial Liverwort
Hornworts
Athocerataceae
Anthoceros bharadwajii terrestrial Hornrwort
Lichens
Parmeliaceae
Bulbothrix sp. Foliose lichen
Parmelia orientalis Foliose lichen
Physciaceae
Heterodermia lutescens Foliose lichen
Cladoniaceae
Cladonia sp. Fruticose lichen
Usneaceae
Usnea baileyi Fruticose lichen
Pteridophytes
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum terrestrial herb
Lycopodium clavatum terrestrial herb
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella indica terrestrial herb
S. chrysocaulos terrestrial herb
Gleicheniaceae
Dicranopteris montana terrestrial herb
Lygodiaceae
Lygodium salcifolium terrestrial twiner
Osmundaceae
Osmunda cinnamomea terrestrial fern
Plagiogyriaceae
Plagiogyria lanuginosa terrestrial fern
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Adiantaceae
Adiantum venustum terrestrial herb
Vittariaceae
Vittaria linearifolia epiphytic herb
V. forrestiana epiphytic herb
Pteridaceae
Pteris nervosa terrestrial herb
P. scabristipes terrestrial herb
P. himalayensis terrestrial herb
P. wallichiana terrestrial herb
Polypodiaceae
Lepisorus loriformis epiphytic herb
L. nudus epiphytic herb
Pyrrosia lanceolata epiphytic herb
P. mannii epiphytic herb
P. beddomeana epiphytic herb
Lepidogramitis rostrata epiphytic herb
Pteridaceae
Pteridium aquilinum terrestrial fern
Athyraceae
Athyrium attenuatum terrestrial fern
A. drepanopterum terrestrial fern
Dryopteridaceae
Dryopteris wallichiana terrestrial fern
Polystachyum squarrosum terrestrial fern
*Mudgal & Hajra (1997); Ghosh & Ghosh (2004); Dandotiya et al (2011)
2.7 RARITY AND ENDEMISM
As per IUCN red list, Cephalotaxus griffithii is a single threatened plant species observed
in near the influence area of the project (Plate 2.6). Due to the various ongoing anthropogenic
activities a large number of rare and endemic plants in the state are being lost rapidly. In the
Eastern Himalaya, especially Arunachal Pradesh, there are around 80 species of flowering plants
have entered the Red Data Book of Indian Plants (Pandit, et al 2007). Somerare and endemic
species viz., Cymbidium eburnum, Livistona jenkinsiana, Paphiopedilum fairrienum, Phoenix
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rupicola, Vanda coerulea, etc. have been reported fromlow hills of Arunachal Pradesh and
adjoining part of north-east in the altitudinal range of 300-1500 m elevation (Nayar and Sastry,
1987-1990). Many of these plants are also known to be in the catchment of the proposed project.
Therefore, these primary forests of sub-tropical and temperate zones are major concern in the
area from conservation point of view.
2.8 EPIPHYTES
Epiphytes are often attached to the trunks, branches and rocks of the forest. Angiospermic
epiphytes in the project area mostly belong to the families Orchidaceae and Araliaceae. Among
orchids are species of Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium. Epiphytic ferns are Lepisorus loriformis,
L. nudus, Pyrrosia beddomeana, P. mannii,Vittaria linearifolia, etc. In addition to these, a large
variety of mosses and lichens are also seen growing abundantly on the barks of many trees in the
forests.
2.9 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
The floral elements in Pemashelpu project area were analysed for their floristic
similarities with other regions of the world and to find out the nature and composition of the
flora. Clarke (1889) suggested that Eastern Himalaya and Assam are distinct sub areas based on
his studies on the distribution of the family Cyperaceae. Hooker (1906) in his botanical divisions
of India treated Eastern Himalaya as a separate area and merged parts of Assam, Shillong plateu,
Naga and Manipur hills with Myanmar. Rao (1974) described close affinities between the flora
of Assam and Myanmar and treated them as a part of the Eastern border lands. Takhtajan (1986)
placed Arunachal Pradesh in the Eastern Himalayan Province within Eastern Asiatic region of
Boreal sub-kingdom along with parts of eastern Nepal in the west up to Kali river valley,
Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhutan, large parts of Assam Himalaya, certain south and southern parts of
Tibet.
The flora of this region of Arunachal Pradesh has close affinities with tropical South-East
Asian-Malayan, temperate Himalayan-Chinese and Japanese floras and has some elements
common with Euro-Siberian region. Floral elements from South East Asian region, which
include Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China, Indonesia and Malaysia include trees and shrubs such
as Brassiopsis aculeata, Hedychium coccineum, Lithocarpus elegans, etc. Himalayan – Chinese -
Japanese elements such as Lyonia ovalifolia, Litsea sericea, Neillia thyrsiflora, Quercus spp. are
quite common in this region. There are some Pan Himalayan taxa distributed from NW to East
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Himalaya but absent from China and Japan are Arisaema intermedium, Lespedza gerardiana,
Pinus wallichiana,Potentilla nepalensis, Tsuga dumosa, etc. The European and Mediterranean
elements are represented by the species of Anemone, Artemisia, Ranunculus, etc.
2.10 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS
Arunachal Pradesh harbours rich diversity of flowering plants and may be regarded as a
store house of large varieties of economic plants. The majority of the population in the state is
tribal and totally depends on the forest for medicine, food, fuel, timber and to some extent
horticultural purposes. The usage of various plant species by the local tribes varies with the
altitude and availability of resources in the surrounding areas. A comprehensive account of these
plant resources is given below:
2.10.1 Medicinal Plants
The tribal communities in Mechuka valley i.e Memba, Adi, Ramo are the main forest
dwellers who have accumulated a rich knowledge on the use of plants and plant products in
curing various ailments. However, a literature survey reveals that the existing information is
insufficiently documented with regard to their floral wealth used in curing diseases (Haridasan
et.al, 1990; Kaul & Haridasan, 1987; Chowdhery, 1998; Rawat et al, 1996; Kala, 2005).
Different tribal communities practice different types of traditional healing practices. They use
locally available herbs in form of fresh drug, crushed juice, decoction of drug part and powdered
medicine for oral intake and paste for application on skin diseases and wounds. They have also
faith on divines worships for cure of ailments.
Different parts of medicinal plant species were used by local tribe as medicine. Some of
the important medicinal plants like Acorus calamus, Artemisia vulgaris, Circium falconeri,
Hedychium coccineum, Hydrocotyle nepalensis, Lyonia ovalifolia, Prunus cerasoides, Valeriana
hardwickii, Viola betonicifolia and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium are quite common in the
proposed project area (Plate 2.7a & b). The list of some medicinally important plant species and
their parts used are given in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Some important medicinal plants of project area
Sl. Bot. name Vern./ Local Name Part/s used
(m)
Illiciaceae
1. Illicium simonsii - Fruit
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Berberidaceae
2. Berberis asiatica Rasut Bark, root
3. B. wallichiana - -do-
Oxalidaceae
4. Oxalis corniculata - Whole plant
Rutaceae
5. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Whole plant
6. Tetradium fraxinifolium Bora-asing Fruits
Rosaceae
7. Potentilla nepalensis - Root
8. P. sundaica - Whole plant
9. Prunus cerasoides Padam Bark
Melastomataceae
10. Melastoma normale Padiraju Leaves
Apiaceae
11. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - Whole plant
Araliaceae
12. Hedera nepalensis - Stem
Rubiaceae
13. Hedyotes scandens Bhedeli Whole plant
Valerianaceae
14. Valeriana hardwickii Tagar Root
Asteraceae
15. Artemisia vulgaris - Leaves, Twigs
16. Circium falconeri - roots; seeds
Ericaceae
17. Lyonia ovalifolia Ayanr Leaves
18. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Flower
Amaranthaceae
19. Achyranthes aspera Chir-chita whole plant
Polygonaceae
20. Rumex nepalnesis - Leaves
Zingiberaceae
21. Hedychium coccineum - Root
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Dioscoreaceae
22. Dioscorea bulbifera - Tuber
Acoraceae
23. Acorus calamus Vacha Rhizome
Araceae
24. Arisaema intermedium - Tuber
2.10.2 Food Plants
Apart from the cultivated plants, many wild plants are used by the local people as
vegetables and fruits. Among the plants commonly used as vegetables are the leaves and young
twigs of Aconogonum molle, Amaranthusspinosus, Fagopyrum esculentum, Girardinia
diversifolia, Rumex nepalensis, etc. The tubers and rhizomes of Colocasia esculenta and
Dioscorea bulbifera are commonly consumed as vegetables. Fruits of Prunus cerasoides, Rubus
spp., Saurauia punduana, etc. are eaten after ripening. The important crops of the region are
finger millets, rice, maize, potato, etc.
2.10.3 Fodder Plants
For feeding the livestock, the preferred species of trees include Alangium chinense,
Brassiopis aculeata,Litsea nitida,Morus laevigata and Quercus spp. In addition to these, there
are many herbs and shrubs viz., Digitaria cruciata, Eleusine coracana, Oryza sativa,Setaria
palmifolia, Thamnocalamus falconeri, etc are also used for this purpose (Plate 2.8a & b).
2.10.4 Timber Trees and Fuel wood
The most important timber yielding species in the surrounding area include Altingia
excelsa (Jutli), Castanopsis hystrix (Hingori), Pinus wallichiana (Tongphu), Quercus lamellosa
(Aule Katus), Schima wallichii (Makrisal), Tsuga dumosa (Tengre Sall), etc.In addition to these
trees, a small woody bamboo such as Thamnocalamus falconeri are is used for this purpose
(Plate 2.8a & b).
2.11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Mechuka valley, one of the most beautiful picturesque destination or paradise in
Arunachal Pradesh, is well known for its rich and diverse flora including many economically
important plants such as timber trees, medicinal herbs and also many attractive horticultural
important groups such as Ericaceae, Poaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The ecosystem of Mechuka
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valley has a unique feature due to its mesmerising landscapes, high hills, snow-capped mountain
and river Yarjep Chhu. The mixed and dry coniferous forests are surrounded by the broad-leaved
temperate forest along the Yarjep Chhu and hilltops. Along the stream banks and open slopes
there are a lush growth of herbs like Anaphalis, Anemone, Arisaema, Digitaria, Fragaria,
Primula, Potentilla, Ranunculus,Scirpus,Senecio, etc. High altitude small bamboo
(Thamnocalamus falconeri) present as an underwood to the broad-leaved forest (oak and
Rhododendron) and mixed coniferous forest above 2400 m.
The valley is well known for a variety of rhododendron, oaks, pines and ferns. About 9
species of Rhododendron are found growing here. Recently a new species Rhododendron
mechukae has been discovered from the Yarjep Chhu catchment area between Mechuka and
Yarlung. Among excessively timber yielding conifers in the area are Pinus wallichiana and
Tsuga Dumosa. Other useful and overexploited species of conifers include Cephalotaxus
griffithii and Juniperus recurva in the catchment. Species of Dryopteris and Polysticheum form
beautiful and dense carpet in forest floor of mixed coniferous forest.
A variety of medicinal and herbal plants are also present in the catchment area. Acorus
calamus, Berberis wallichiana, Circium falconeri, Dioscorea spp., Valeriana hardwickii, Viola
betonicifolia, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, etc., are sources of many medicines and
pharmaceutical formulations. However, unscientific extraction of these plants and their parts
from forest leads to disease and death of the plants. At present much of these activities are done
by the local people inhabiting in the vicinity.
The major impact on the floristic diversity in the valley are extraction of fuel-wood and
timber, medicinal plants, grazing by domesticated animals and increased infrastructure
development such as urbanization, hydro-electric projects, agriculture, etc. As local people
depend for their needs on such resource forests, it is imperative to provide adequate conservation
measures.
From the conservation point of view, the temperate mixed coniferous forest and dry
temperate coniferous forest in the valley which constitute the habitats of unique and endemic
plants are the major concern in the area. Some biologically rich spots in the catchment that need
to be protected are: (i) area near Gurudwara Cave and above Hanuman camp comprising of
mixed coniferous forest and temperate broad-leaved forest. It is an important habitat for oaks,
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Rhododendron, Acer, Michelia, Gaultheria, Vaccinum and Thamnocalamus falconeri (high
altitude small bamboo) (ii) area below Yorku having temperate dry coniferous forest is a rich
habitat for Acer campbelii, Cephalotaxus griffithii, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia spp., Pinus
wallichiana, Rhododendron arboreum, etc.
Plate 2.1a Downstream influence area (above Mechuka)
Plate 2.1b Downstream influence area (near Yorku valley)
Plate 2.2a Catchment area near Yarlong
Plate 2.2b Dense forest view in Upstream of barrage site
Plate 2.3a Panaramic view of broad-leaved forest near barrage site
Plate 2.3b A view of mixed coniferous forest in the surrounding of barrage
Plate 2.4a A mixed coniferous forest view
near Power house site
Plate 2.4b Guru Nanak Cave in the surrounding of
power house area
Plate 2.5a Gomphidius sp. (Woodrotting Fungi) Plate 2.5b Epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns on
branches and trunks of trees
Plate 2.5c Lycopodium clavatum growing with
mosses
Plate 2.5d Polystichyum sp. (terrestrial fern) growing
on forest floor near Powerhouse area
Plate 2.6 Cephalotaxus griffithii (threatened
plant species)from the influence area
Plate 2.7a Hydrocotyle nepalensis (medicinal herb)
growing withCarex sp.
Plate 2.7b Circium falconeri(medicinal herb)
growing with Thamnocalamus falconeri
Plate 2.8a Thamnocalamus falconeri (high altitude
bamboo) in surrounding area of the project
Plate 2.8b Thamnocalamus falconeri with Pinus wallichianain the surrounding area of project
Chapter 3
FAUNAL ELEMENTS
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3 FAUNA
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Arunachal Pradesh in general is located in the centre of Indo-Burmese regions, is a part of
Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hot spot and one among the 200 globally ecoregions (Rodgers &
Panwar, 1988; Myers et al., 2000; Olson & Dinerstein, 1998). The undulating topography having
an elevational gradient between 100 m to 7090 m and diverse climatic conditions constitute it
conducive for diverse biodiversity. Arunachal Pradesh is abode of northernmost tropical forests
(Mishra et al., 2006) however, at the local scale Arunachal Pradesh can be divided into other sub
eco regions. The high altitude regions of Arunachal Pradesh can be separated from this general
categorization as it harbours temperate and alpine forest instead of tropical rain forests, however,
large part of the state is covered under mid and lower elevations and stand for tropical rain
forests.
Due to poor infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh, the remotely located areas are highly
unexplored zoologically, and maximum studies come from mid and lower elevations. The
proposed Pemashelpu H.E. project is located about 20 km upstream of Mechuka town (barrage
site: Latitude 28° 39' 45.19"N to 28°39’46.42"N; Longitude 94° 00’ 8.72’ E to 94° 00’ 9.06’ E),
thus influence zone extends from about 1800 m to 4000 m; and dominated by temperate pine
forests and alpine pastures. Faunal elements of Arunachal Pradesh mainly show affinities with
Indo-Malayan region, however, high altitude fauna are more close to Indo-Chinese and
Palaearctic region. Considering the fauna of influence zone of Pemashelpu H.E. project, it
receives mostly high altitude fauna.
The area is sparsely surrounded by Memba tribe, a sect of Mahayana Buddhism. They are
primarily agriculturists but have good traditional knowledge of ethnobotany, thus, they are
closely associated with forest resources. However, hunting pressures in the Memba inhabited
area are relatively low as compared to adjacent areas like Adi’s and Galo’s habitations. Also,
intensity of shifting cultivation is low which can be attributed to the different types of land use in
the surroundings. This chapter deals with the faunal species composition, distribution,
conservation status etc.
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3.2 METHODS
Biodiversity studies for Pemashelpu H.E. project was conducted in the month of
December (2014). The study was focused to obtain the comprehensive information on the
biodiversity attributes like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian, butterflies and other
invertebrates from the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project. The data was collected with
the help of secondary literature and by conducting primary surveys. Secondary data on faunal
elements of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project is not available as such, therefore, the
secondary data from high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh was collected as the proposed project is
located in similar zoogeographical region. The secondary literature comprises of Mishra et al.
(2004, 2006), Choudhury (2010), De et al. (2006), Sanyal & Gayen (2006), Sarkar & Ray (2006),
and Ali & Ripley (1983).
The secondary data was supplemented by primary survey. The primary surveys were
based on the direct evidences and indirect evidences. The direct evidences included the sightings
of animals. The data on birds and butterflies were mostly based on the primary surveys following
the standard methods. Indirect evidences included the interaction with local people, presence of
trophies in households, calls, the presence of pellets and hides. After the preparation of
inventory, each species was subjected to IUCN redlist (2014) and Schedule list of IWPA (1972,
amended, 2002) to assess their conservation status.
3.3 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION
3.3.1 Mammals
Zone of influence of Pemashelpu H.E. Project falls under the temperate and sub alpine
zone, which harbour relatively lower species richness as compared to sub tropical and tropical
zones due to harsh climatic conditions. However, such areas are inhabited by essentially unique
species composition as various species are restricted to high altitudes. In the influence area of
Pemashelpu H.E. project, a total of 32 mammalian species from 14 families could be confirmed
through various sources (Table 3.1).
Family Cercopithetidae includes 2 species (Macaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta),
both are widely distributed in influence area. Their distribution range extends up to 2500 m.
These species are hunted by tribes for food, hides and game.
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Order Artiodactyla is represented by 8 species of 3 families. Moschus chrysogaster
(Moschidae) inhabits the area above 3000 m in the influence area. Its hunting is not frequent in
the region, however, active hunters are well aware of its habitat and economic value and launch
special schedule for its hunting. Muntiacusmuntjak (Barking Deer) is widely distributed in the
area from lower to upper reaches. It is one on the common species of Artiodactyla and one of the
most hunted species (Plate 3.1). Bovidae includes 5 species, of which Pseudois nayaur (Blue
Sheep) is restricted above 3500 m and inhabit alpine pastures and morains. Naemorhedus
caudatus (Long-tailed Goral) is found in the high altitudes above 2000 m, while Naemorhedus
goral (Goral) and Capricornis sumatraensis (Serow) occupies wide altitudinal gradient. Among
the Bovidae Goral is most hunted species. Suidae is represented a single species – Sus scrofa
(Wild Boar). It is common in the lower fringe of influence area and is one of the most hunted
animal species in the region.
Carnivora is largest order, represented by 12 species of 6 families. Panthera pardus
(Common Leopard), Felis chaus (Jungle Cat) and Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) are
common in the distribution; they are generally inhabit the lower half of the influence zone and
are found in open places. Their presence was confirmed by the local people during the survey.
Panthera uncia (Snow Leopard) is restricted to the upper reaches (above 3500 m) while Neofelis
nebulosa (Clouded LeopardI inhabits inner and dense forests. Canis aureus (Asian Jackal)
occupies open places and is widely distributed. Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) and
Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) are relatively common in the area. Both species inhabit dense
forests. Black Bear is one of the most hunted species in the region (Plate 3.1). Marten is common
in the study area, it is generally found in open and rocky sites. Civet species are widely
distributed in the region. They inhabit dense forests and also hunted by active hunters for food
and their hides.
Among the rodents, Family Sciuridae comprises 4 species. Marmota himalayana
(Himalayan Marmot) is restricted to upper reaches above 3000 m in alpine meadows. Petaurista
mechukaensis (Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel) is also found in upper reaches while other
squirrel species are widely distributed. The species belonging to Family Muridae are common
and widely distributed. They occupy open places, agricultural fields and settlement areas. Family
Ochotonidae includes 4 species, all 4 species are common in upper reaches and influence area of
the propoed project.
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Table 3.1 Mammalian species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Family/Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status
IUCN (2014) IWPA (1972)
Cercopithetidae
1. Macaca assamensis Assamese Macaque NT Schedule II
2. Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque LC Schedule II
Moschidae
3. Moschus chrysogaster Alpine Musk Deer EN Schedule I
Cervidae
4. Muntiacusmuntjak Barking Deer LC Schedule III
Bovidae
5. Pseudois nayaur Blue Sheep LC -
6. Naemorhedus caudatus Long-tailed Goral VU -
7. Naemorhedus goral Goral NT Schedule III
8. Capricornis sumatraensis Serow VU Schedule I
9. Bos frontalis Mithun - -
Suidae
10. Sus scrofa Wild Pig LC Schedule III
Felidae
11. Panthera pardus Common Leopard NT Schedule I
12. Panthera uncia Snow Leopard EN Schedule I
13. Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard VU Schedule I
14. Felis chaus Jungle Cat LC Schedule II
15. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat LC Schedule I
Canidae
16. Canis aureus Asian Jackal LC Schedule II
Ursiade
17. Ursus thibetanus Himalayan Black Bear VU Schedule II
Ailuridae
18. Ailurus fulgens Red Panda VU Schedule I
Mustelidae
19. Martes flavigula Yellow-Throated Marten LC Schedule II
Viverridae
20. Paguma larvata The Himalayan Civet LC Schedule II
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21. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Asian Palm Civet LC Schedule II
Sciuridae
22. Marmota himalayana Himalayan Marmot LC Schedule II
23. Belomys pearsonii Hairy-Footed Flying Squirrel DD Schedule II
24. Petaurista mechukaensis Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel - Schedule II
25. Tamiops macclellandi Himalayan Striped Squirrel LC Schedule IV
Muridae
26. Mus booduga Common Indian Field Mouse LC Schedule V
27. Mus musculus House Mouse LC Schedule V
28. Rattus rattus Black Rat LC Schedule V
Ochotonidae
29. Ochotona macrotis Large-Eared Pika LC -
30. Ochotona thibetana Moupin Pika LC -
31. Ochotona roylei Royle’s Pika LC -
32. Ochotona nigritia Black Pika DD -
DD = dada deficient, LC = Least concern, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered
Site Specific Studies: During the survey three species of mammal were directly spotted from the
various sites. All three species, viz. Canis aureus (Asian Jackal), Macaca assamensis (Assamese
Macaque) and Tamiops macclellandi (Himalayan Striped Squirrel) (Plate 3.1) were spotted in
the forest stretch between Mechukha and Rego village. In addition, the presence of mammalian
species in the surrounding areas was also confirmed through the availability of hides and trophies
in the households. A household survey revealed the common presence of Naemorhedus goral
(Goral), Panthera pardus (Common Leopard), Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)
Muntiacusmuntjak (Barking Deer), Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) etc. In the
influence area especially in the lower parts (Plate 3.1)
Conservation Status: High altitude areas in Himalaya are generally considered as ecologically
fragile because the climatic conditions are harsh and inhabited by unique species having
restricted distribution. The influence area of Pemashelpu and its catchment area is covered within
temperate and alpine zone thus expected to harbour various threatened and Schedule I species.
Out of 32 species inhabiting the influence zone 30 are included in IUCN redlist (IUCN, 2014).
Only Bos frontalis and Petaurista mechukaensis have not been assessed for their conservation
status. A total of 18 species were categorised under ‘Least Concern’. The category of
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‘endangered’ animals includesPanthera uncia (Snow Leopard) and Moschus chrysogaster
(Alpine Musk Deer). Both species inhabit elevation range above 3000 m. and not under serious
hunting pressure as compared to other species in lower reaches. In the ‘Vulnerable’ category
Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) and Naemorhedus caudatus (Long-tailed Goral) are
relatively most hunted species while Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda), Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded
Leopard) and Capricornis sumatraensis (Serow) generally inhabit inner and dense forests and
difficult to trap by active hunters.
Out of 32 species a total of 25 species are considered under the Schedule list of IWPA
(1972). Of 25 species, 7 and 11 species are categorised as Schedule I and Schedule II,
respectively. Panthera pardus (Common Leopard) and Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)
are more common and relatively most hunted Schedule I species.
3.3.2 Avifauna
Avifauna of surrounding area during the study period comprises of a total of 55 species
belonging to 29 families. Except Lophophorus sclateri and Lophura leucomelana all avifaunal
species mentioned in Table 3.2 are directly spotted in the surrounding areas of Pemashelpu H.E.
project. The presence of Lophophorus sclateri was confirmed by local people in the catchment
while a hunted specimen of Lophura leucomelana was recorded in the Mechuka market. Though,
a few more species like Tragopan temminkii and Tragopan blythii are anticipated high altitudes
of influence area, but their presence through primary and secondary evidences could not be
confirmed.
Order Passeriformes is predominant, accounted about 85% of the total species. Nearly
one-third of passerines come from families Muscicapidae and Timaliidae. Except a few species
recorded during the survey, viz. Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal), Columba leuconota
(Snow Pigeon), Prunella strophiata (Rufous-breasted Accentor) and Carduelis spinoides
(Himalayan Greenfinch) are commonly distributed below 2500. The species mentioned above
inhabit a relief above 2500 m.
Majority of the bird species is local resident (50%) and widespread resident (39%). The
higher number of local resident birds coincides with the location of project in high altitude area
where climatic conditions considerably vary from lower reaches. Hunting pressure on the
avifauna in the area is not prevalent as compared to the mammalian species and to the other areas
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in low reaches of Arunachal Pradesh. However, hunters showed their fondness to hunt game
birds especially galliformes. During an earlier survey, survey team recorded a hunted kaleej
pheasant in the Mechuka market for sale.
The common bird species recorded during the survey were Megaceryle lugubris (Crested
Kingfisher), Dendroscopus macei (Fulvouss-breasted Woodpecker), Falco tinnunculus
(Common Kestrel) Falco sp. (Falcon), Yuhina gularis (Strip-throated Yuhina), Urocissa
flavirostris (Yellow-billed Blue Magpie), Eumyias thalassinus (Verditor Flycatcher),
Pericrocotus ethologus (Long-tailed Minivet), Parus monticolus (Green Back Tit), Rhyacornis
fulginosus (Plumbeous Redstart), Aethopyga nipalensis (Green-tailed Sun bird), Phylloscopus
maculipennis (Ashy-throated Warbler), Motacilla alba (White Wagtail) and Motacilla cinerea
(Grey Wagtail) (Plate 3.2).
Table 3.2 Avifaunal composition in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project.
S.N. Scientific Name Common Name
Migratory Conservation Status
Habit IUCN IWPA
Phasianidae
1. Lophophorus sclateri Sclater's Monal r VU I
2. Lophura leucomelana Kaleej Pheasant R - IV
Cerylidae
3. Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher R LC IV
Picidae
4. Dendrocopos macei Fulvouss-breasted Woodpecker R LC IV
Falconidae
5. Falco sp. Falcon R LC I
6. Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel RW LC IV
Upupidae
7. Upupa epops Common Hoopoe RW LC IV
Columbidae
8. Columba leuconota Snow Pigeon R LC IV
Corvidae
9. Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle Crow R LC IV
10. Urocissa flavirostris Yellow-billed Blue Magpie R LC IV
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Campephagidae
11. Pericrocotus ethologus Long-tailed Minivet R LC IV
Tephrodornithidae
12. Tephrodornis pondicerianus Common Woodshrike R LC IV
Hirundinidae
13. Delichon dasypus Asian House Martin r LC IV
Sittidae
14. Sitta formosa Beautiful Nuthatch r VU IV
15. Sitta himalayensis Himalayan White tailed Nuthatch r LC IV
Muscicapidae
16. Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher rw LC IV
17. Muscicapa ferruginea Ferruginous Flycatcher r LC IV
18. Eumyias thalassina Verditor Flycatcher R LC IV
19. Cyornis rubeculoides Blue Throated Flycatcher r LC IV
20. Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail r LC IV
21. Niltava grandis Large Niltava r LC IV
22. Rhyacornis fuliginosus Plumbeous Redstart r LC IV
23. Phoenicurus frontalis Blue-fronted Redstart r LC IV
Turdidae
24. Turdus rubrocanus Chestnut Thrush r LC IV
25. Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush R LC IV
Timaliidae
26. Yuhina gularis Strip-throated Yuhina R LC IV
27. Yuhina occipitalis Rufous-vented Yuhina r LC IV
28. Garrulax affinis Black-faced Laughing Thrush r LC IV
29. Garrulax erythrocephalus Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush r LC IV
30. Garrulax monileger Lesser Necklaced Laughing Thrush r LC IV
31. Pteruthius melanotis Black-eared Shrike Babbler R LC IV
32. Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed Sibia r LC IV
Cinclidae
33. Cinclus pallasii Brown Dipper R LC IV
Pycnonotidae
34. Hypsipetes leucocephalus Black Bulbul R LC IV
Phylloscopidae
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35. Phylloscopus maculipennis Ashy-throated Warbler r LC IV
36. Phylloscopus reguloides Blyth's leaf Warbler r LC IV
37. Phylloscopus pulcher Buff-barred Warbler r LC IV
38. Phylloscopus chloronotus Lemon-rumped Warbler rW LC IV
Cettiidae
39. Cettia brunnifrons Grey-sided Bush Warbler r LC IV
40. Abroscopus schisticeps Flycatcher Warbler r LC IV
Sylviidae
41. Seicercus castaniceps Chestnut-crowned Warbler r LC IV
Cisticolidae
42. Prinia hodgsonii Grey-breasted Prinia R LC IV
43. Prinia criniger Himalayan Brown Hill Warbler R LC IV
Aegithinidae
44. Aegithina tiphia Common Iora R LC IV
Leiothrichidae
45. Minla strigula Chestnut-tailed Minla r LC IV
Nectarniidae
46. Aethopyga nipalensis Green-tailed Sun bird r LC IV
47. Aethopyga gouldiae Mrs Gould’s Sunbird r LC IV
Certhiidae
48. Certhia nipalensis Rusty-flanked Treecreeper r LC IV
Paridae
49. Parus xanthogenys Black-lored Tit r LC IV
50. Parus monticolus Green Back Tit R LC IV
Passeridae
51. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow R LC IV
Motacillidae
52. Motacilla alba White Wagtail rW LC IV
53. Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail rW LC IV
Prunellidae
54. Prunella strophiata Rufous-breasted Accentor r LC IV
Fringillidae
55. Carduelis spinoides Himalayan Greenfinch R LC IV
R = widespread resident, r = local resident; LC = Least concern, VU = vulnerable
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Conservation Status: Not many species mentioned in Table 3.2 are included in the IUCN red
list (IUCN, 2014) and IWPA (1972) schedule list. In the IUCN redlist majority of the species are
assessed as ‘least concerned’. Only Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal) and Sitta Formosa
(Beautiful Nuthatch) have been included under ‘vulnerable’ category while Falco sp. along with
Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal) are included under Schedule I of IWPA (1972). Majority
of the species is included under Schedule IV. No hunting pressure was observed on these
‘vulnerable’ and Schedule I species in the area.
3.3.3 Herpetofauna
A general thumb rule, the areas of low temperature have low herpetofaunal diversity
especially reptiles. The surrounding area is highly unexplored for herpetofauan) . EIA report of
Pemaselpu H.E. Project recorded about 12 species of reptiles (Calotes versicolor, Ptyctolaemus
gularis, Elaphe prasina, Ptyas mucosa, Ptyas nigromarginata, Naja naja kaouthia, Hemidactylus
frenatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Python molurus, Mabuya macularia macularia, Varanus
bengalensis and Ovophis monticola) and five species of amphibian (Amolops formosus,
Duttaphrynus himalayanus, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and
Fejervarya limnocharis). These species are generally inhabitants of warmer climate, thus,
expected to inhabit lower part of influence area (slightly downhill of Mechuka).
During the present investigation none of the herpetofauna species (except a carcass of a
snake and two amphibian spp.) could be recorded from the entire study area. Such observation
can be attributed to the adverse climatic conditions for herpetofauna because study was carried
out in the month of December when ambient temperature of the surrounding area is measured to
be lowest in the year.
During the present investigation, the herpetofauna in the surroundings included a carcass
of snake (unidentified) (Plate 3.3) and two species of amphibia namely Amolops sp. and
Duttaphrynus sp. Amolops sp. was recorded in the small tributary of Yarjep near Mechuka while
Duttaphrynus was recorded from the lower part of influence area. In addition, local people were
interviewed to gather the information on herpetofauna. The results revealed the presence of three
types of snake, Hemidactylus sp. (House Gecko) and Calotes sp. (lizard) in the surroundings of
Mechuka.
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3.3.4 Butterflies
Butterfly fauna in the study area comprises of more than 32 species (3 species could not be
identified) belonging to 7 families (Table 3.3). Nymphalidae is largest family accounted for
about 28% of the total species. Lower diversity of Lepidopteran fauna is directly related to the
low ambient temperature in the study area as it falls above 1900 m. Also, the sampling was
carried out in the month of December. Attributing to the climatic conditions in the surroundings,
the area is not considered rich in the Lepidopteran diversity. Pieris canidia indica (Indian
Cabbage White), Neptis soma (Sullied Sailer) Mycalesis sp. (Bushbrown), and Ypthima asterope
(Common Threering) were most common species in the surrounding, they were recorded at all
sites of study area. The species which were restricted to upper reaches (above barrage site) were
Zizina antanosa (Dark Grass Blue), Childrena childreni (Large Silverstripe) etc. while other
common and abundant species which were confined to lower reaches of study sites were
Princeps polytes (Common mormon), Pieris canidia indica (Indian Cabbage White), Nacaduba
hermus (Pale 4-Line Blue), Chliaria kina cachara (Blue Tit), Dodona dipaea (Lesser Punch) and
Pithauria murdava (Dark Straw Ace) (Plate 3.4).
In the present scenario when study area stands for a pristine ecosystem, no major threats to
butterfly fauna were observed. The species which are restricted to upper reaches and inhabit
meadows are considered to be highly sensitive; any anthropogenic activities may disturb their
habitat in future.
Table 3.3 Butterfly composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project
S.N. Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status
IUCN (2014) IWPA (1972)
Papilionidae
1. Papilio polytes Common Mormon - -
2. Papilio memnon agenor Great Mormon - -
3. Princeps alcmentor Redbreasted - -
4. Troides aeacus aeacus Golden Birdwing - -
5. Byasa polyeuctes polyeuctes Common Windmill - -
6. Graphium agetes agetes Fourbar Swordtail - -
Pieridae
7. Pieris canidia indica Indian Cabbage White - -
8. Pieris montana Greenvein White - -
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9. Leptosia nina nina Psyche - -
10. Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow LC -
11. Eurema laeta Spotless Grass Yellow - -
Lycaenidae
12. Zizina antanosa Dark Grass Blue - -
13. Prosotas dubiosa Tailes Lineblue - -
14. Chliaria kina cachara Blue Tit - II
15. Surendra todara Silverstreaked Acacia Blue - II
16. Spindasis lohita himalayanus Longbanded Silverline - II
Nymphalidae
17. Neptis soma soma Sullied Sailer - II
18. Neptis hyla vermosa Common Sailer - -
19. Cynthia cardui Painted Lady - -
20. Vagrans egista sinha Vagrant - -
21. Childrena childreni Large Silverstripe - -
22. Vanessa indica indica Indian Red Admiral - -
23. Aglasis cachmirensis Indian Tortoishell - -
24. Melitaea arcesia Blackvein Fritillary - -
25. Argynnis gemmata Mountain Silverspot - -
Styridae
26. Melanitis leda Common Evening Brown - -
27. Melanitis phedima Dark Evening Brown - -
28. Mycalesis malsarida Plain Bushbrown - II
29. Mycalesis sp. Bushbrown - -
30. Yupthima asterope Common Threering - -
Riodinidae
31. Dodona dipaea Lesser Punch - II
Hesperiidae
32. Pithauria murdava Dark Straw Ace - -
LC = Least Concern
Conservation Status: Out of 32 species recorded during the field investigation Eurema brigitta
(Small Grass Yellow) was included in as ‘least concerned’ in IUCN (2014) redlist. This species
is confined to the lower part of influence area and is not common at all sites of the study area. In
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IWPA (1972) schedule list, a total of 6 species are included. All species are placed under
Schedule II (Table 3.3). All schedule II species were rarely recorded from the study area.
3.3.5 Other Invertebrates
Like other taxa other invertebrates (ecologically important) made their little occurrence in
terms of diversity. During the investigation 7 species of moths were recorded, which came
mostly from settlement area. All species could not be identified. Beetle comprises of about 6
species, of which one species namely Copelatus sp. could be identified. In addition, invertebrates
fauna comprises of various entomofaunal species belonging to 15 families like Heptageniidae,
Ephemerellidae, Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae, Peltoperlidae, Perlidae, Hydropsychidae,
Chironomidae, Elmidae, Simuliidae etc. They inhabit terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems.
The detailed account on these invertebrates is given separately in this report. Other important
invertebrates having significant ecological importance like earthworm, crabs, and grasshoppers
were not encountered during the field survey.
3.4 CONCLUSION
Proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project is located in temperate region and its influence and
catchment areas extend from temperate to alpine zones. The high altitudes are considered as most
ecologically as well geologically fragile ecosystems. Such areas harbour many faunal species
which are restricted in distribution and adapted to the climatic conditions prevailed to these areas.
The ecological significance of the surroundings of Pemashelpu H.E. Project can be evaluated
through its location, which is very near to Dibang Dihang Biosphere reserve. Considering the
faunal elements of this area, the extension of Dibang Dihang Biosphere reserve up to Mechuka
has been recommended by Choudhury (2010). Also, the influence area forms the part of
Mechuka: Monigong: Jorgging Important Bird Area under the IBA criteria A1 A2.
Threats due to hunting and slash and burn practices are significantly low in this area as
compared to other parts of West Siang district. The area is predominantly inhabited by Memba
tribes, which usually avoid animal killing due to religious beliefs. However, hunters from other
areas sometimes practice in this area.
Tamiopsmacclellandi Hides of Barking dear Hide of Black Bear
Plate 3.1 Direct and indirect evidences of presence of common mammalian species in the influence area
Megacerylelugubris Dendroscopusmacei (Crested Kingfisher) (Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker)
Falco tinnunculus (Common Kestrel) Falco sp. (Falcon)
Yuhinagularis Urocissaflavirostris
(Strip-throated Yuhina) (Yellow-billed Blue Magpie)
Eumyiasthalassinus Pericrocotusethologus
(Verditor Flycatcher) (Long-tailed Minivet)
Parusmonticolus Rhyacornisfulginosus (Green Back Tit) (Plumbeous Redstart)
Aethopyganipalensis Phylloscopusmaculipennis
(Green-tailed Sun bird) (Ashy-throated Warbler)
Motacillaalba Motacillacinerea (White Wagtail) (Grey Wagtail)
Plate 3.2 Common bird species of surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Plate 3.3 A carcass of snake recorded from Mechuka town
Princepspolytes Pieriscanidiaindica
(Common mormon) (Indian Cabbage White)
Zizinaantanosa Chliaria kina cachara
(Dark Grass Blue) (Blue Tit)
Dodona dipaea (Lesser Punch) Neptis soma (Sullied Sailer)
Childrenachildreni (Large Silverstripe) Mycalesis sp. (Bushbrown)
Ypthimaasterope Pithauriamurdava
(Common Threering) (Dark Straw Ace)
Plate 3.4 Common butterfly species of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E.Project
Chapter 4
WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC ECOLOGY
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4 WATER QUALITY & AQUATIC
ECOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Yarjep river is a glacier-fed river and originates from great Himalaya ranges. River flows
in West East direction and join Siyom river (a tributary of Siang river) near Tato. Total length
traversed by Yarjep river is about 79 km. In the downstream course river passes through various
vegetation zones like alpine meadows, sub alpine, temperate, and sub-tropical zones. The
characteristics of the water quality of a river largely depend on the geological features, climatic
features, land use/ land cover and anthropogenic activities prevalent in the surroundings.
Geological, climatic and land use/land cover are natural phenomena but human influence water
quality through many pathway, which can affect the ecosystem services of a water shed and may
result in the ecological, socio-economic and political consequences (Yackulic et. al., 2011).
Considering the forest cover, agricultural practices and settlements in the close proximity of the
proposed project, it can be inferred that the present study area is located in pristine ecosystem as
the river water is exposed to sparse agricultural runoff and negligible sewage outfall. The
Mechuka town in the downstream of powerhouse major source of sewage in the area. The present
study on the assessment of water quality and aquatic ecology is confined to the influence area of
Pemashelpu H.E. project, which extends from 1900 m to 2150 m asl.
4.2 METHODS
The water quality assessment in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project in West
Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh was carried out in the month of December, 2014. A total of 5
sites were selected for the sampling. Sites WQ1 and WQ2 pertained to the proposed barrage site
and powerhouse sites, respectively. The sites are surrounded by dense temperate forest. Site
WQ3 was located in upstream of Mechuka town and is totally devoid of forests. These sites were
located relatively in unaffected area while Site WQ4 and WQ5 were located near Mechuka and
downstream of Mechuka town (near Dorjeeling village), respectively (Plate 4.1). Later two sites
are anticipated to receive the sewage from Mechuka town.
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4.2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics
To assess the water quality at project sites a total of 23 physical and chemical
characteristics were selected. In order to collect the samples standard methods were followed.
For each parameter three replicates were obtained and the average value for each parameter at
each site was presented for the final result.
Water temperature was recorded with the help of graduated mercury thermometer. In case
of water, care was taken in measuring the temperature as it was recorded from surface, column
and near the bottom of the river. Average values of these readings were computed for final
results. The water current velocity at all sites was measured with the help of float method. A 20
m stretch of the river was measured and marked at both ends. A float was thrown at upper end
and the time taken by the float to travel the marked distance, was recorded by a stop watch. Three
replicates were obtained and averaged for final results. For the turbidity of water, samples were
collected in sampling bottles from different sites in the field and brought to the laboratory for
analysis. The turbidity was recorded with the help of digital turbidity meter (TN 100; Eutech).
The pH was recorded with the help of pH Scan (Eutech) and pH meter (EI – 132 E) in the
field. The total dissolved solids were measured with the help of TDScan 1 (Eutech) at each site.
Similarly, Electrical conductivity was recorded with the help of TDScan 3 (Eutech) at the sites.
Dissolved oxygen was measured by iodometric titration method using Oxygen test kit
(Aquamerck). Total alkalinity, alkalinity as carbonates and bicarbonates, total hardness, Ca and
Mg contents, and chloride were measured with the help of APHA (2005) and Adoni (1985).
Nitrate (NO3 – N), Silicate and phosphate (PO4 – P) were measured by photometric method using
UV/visible spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 3000). Other ions like Na, and K and a few heavy
metals (Iron, Cu, Cd) were detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA 6300).
4.2.2 Biological Characteristics
Four biotic communities namely phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Phytobenthos and Macro-
invertebrates were sampled to assess the aquatic richness. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton were
collected by filtering 50 liters of water at each site using a sieve of 25µ mesh size. The residue
left in the sieve was collected in a 50 ml vial. Three replicates were taken for each community
and pooled for further analysis. Phytoplankton samples were preserved using Lugol’s solution.
No preservative were added in zooplankton samples. Benthos samples were collected from each
site by scraping the boulder surfaces of known quadrat area (5cm x 5 cm). These samples were
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then preserved and analyzed in the same way as described for the planktons. The macro-
invertebrates were obtained with the help of a square feet Surber’s sampler. The substrate, mainly
stones are disturbed and immediately transferred to a bucket kept under water and later rinsed
thoroughly to dislodge all the attached macro-invertebrates. For the phytobenthos and macro-
invertebrates three replicates for each community were obtained and pooled for further analysis. To
count the organisms the procedure described by Pennak (1953) and Edmondson (1959) were
followed.
Further analysis was conducted in laboratory. The volume of zooplankton, phytoplankton,
and benthos were made up to 100 ml. The total density of zooplankton and phytoplankton were
calculated using ‘Drop-count’ method, described by Adoni (1983). Macro-invertebrates samples
retrieved from the sampling sites were brought to the laboratory all individuals were counted.
The final densities of macro-invertebrates were expressed in the individuals per m2. The relative
abundance of algal species was calculated as:
(Number of cells of a species / Total number of cells counted) x 100.
Identification of planktonic and benthic algae was carried out using permanent slide
mounts of samples from all the sites. The samples are acid digested, centrifuged and thoroughly
rinsed to get the cleared samples. For treatment of samples, the standard method was followed
(APHA, 2005). The permanent slides were prepared by mounting the medium in Euparol. These
slides were examined using standard literature (Lange- Bertalot & Krammer 2000, 2001, 2002;
Hustedt and Jenson, 1985; Sarod and Kamat, 1983).
4.3 WATER QUALITY
Water quality of Yarjep river in the surroundings of Pemashelpu H.E. project is
characterised by low temperature, moderate velocity, low turbidity, moderate dissolved oxygen
concentration, alkaline pH, lower concentrations of total dissolved solids, low alkalinity, low
nutrient concentration and soft water (Table 4.1). Low temperature and turbidity were directly
related to the water discharge in lean season. The samples were retrieved during the month of
December. This time Himalayan rivers retain lean flow and many physical factors like current
velocity, water temperature and turbidity respond to this state of water. Other characteristics like
hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nutrient concentrations and trace metal rely largely on
the geological features and land use/land cover in the catchment. The agricultural practices are
very sparse in the surrounding area, thus agricultural runoff does not play a vital role in
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contributing to the chemical composition of Yarjep river especially nutrients like Nitrate,
phosphate, Na and K.
River water was soft and mainly contributed by calcium ions. Alkalinity was contributed
by the bicarbonates. The nutrient concentrations were low in the river (nitrate was totally nil). In
the heavy elements cadmium was recorded to be below detectable level while iron and copper
concentration were very low.
Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of water at sampling sites in Yarjep River
near proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Parameters/ Sites S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Water Temperature (°C) 7.8 7.2 6.5 7.1 7.3
Turbidity (ntu) 0.16 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.24
Water current velocity (m/s) 1.72 0.63 1.09 1.14 1.25
pH 8.07 7.73 7.84 7.73 7.32
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 10.37 11.03 11.27 11.13 11.19
Electrical Conductivity (µS) 25.90 24.03 29.93 32.20 31.40
Salinity (ppt) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total dissolved solids (mg/ l) 15.8 14.7 18.6 19.6 19.2
Total Hardness (mg/l) 38.00 30.00 36.00 40.00 42.00
Calcium Hardness (mg/l) 29.40 25.20 33.60 36.40 37.20
Calcium Ions (mg/l) 11.77 10.09 13.46 14.56 14.88
Magnesium Hardness (mg/l) 8.60 4.80 2.40 3.60 4.80
Magnesium Ions (mg/l) 2.09 1.17 0.58 0.87 1.17
Alkalinity (mg/l) 34.00 34.00 38.00 36.00 38.00
Chloride (mg/l) 12.00 11.00 13.00 11.00 13.00
Nitrate (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.013 0.003
Silicate (mg/l) 2.41 0.87 1.24 1.35 1.38
Sodium (mg/l) 3.62 4.21 3.25 4.21 4.24
Potassium (mg/l) 1.21 1.54 1.11 1.65 1.71
Iron (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Copper (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
Cadmium (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
S1= Proposed barrage site, S2 = Proposed powerhouse, S3 = upstream Mechuka town, S4 =
Mechuka Town; S5 = downstream Mechuka town
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In order to assess the quality of water for various purposes including drinking, the
physical and chemical characteristics especially pH, hardness, alkalinity, BOD, total coliforms,
calcium heavy metals etc. are subjected to drinking water quality standards (IS:10500; 2012)
(Table 4.2). All the parameters assessed during the present investigation were found well within
desirable limit. Though, a few parameters like BOD and COD could not be recorded during the
present investigation due to unavailability of laboratory facilities at the site, however, the data
available in the EIA report of Pemashelpu indicated the low concentration of these parameters.
Table 4.2 Drinking water quality standards (as per IS:10500)
Parameters Desirable Permissible
limit limit
Color (Hz) 5.0 25
Odour Unobjectionable -
Taste Agreeable -
Turbidity (ntu) 5 10
pH 5-8.5 No relaxation
Total coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 0 -
TDS (mg/l) 500 2000
Total hardness (mg/l) 300 600
Total alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600
Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000
Nitrate (mg/l) 45 100
Calcium (mg/l) 75 200
Magnesium (mg/l) 30 100
Copper (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
Iron (mg/l) 0.30 No relaxation
Lead (mg/l) 0.05 No relaxation
Cadmium (mg/l) 0.01 No relaxation
4.4 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES
4.4.1 Density
Himalayan rivers are generally known for the rich phytoplankton, phytobenthos and macro-
invertebrates richness. Zooplanktons are usually low as compared to the phytoplankton. In this
study moderate densities for all biotic communities except phytobenthos were recorded from
various sites (Table 4.3). Coliforms concentration were absent from all the sites. Except
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macroinvertebrates, no definite patterns could be observed along the altitudinal gradient. It can
be attributed to little span of study area.
Table 4.3 Density of biological communities at sampling sites in Yarjep river in the
surrounding of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project
Sampling sites
Biological community S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Total Coliforms (A/P) A A A A A
Zooplankton (cells/ litre) 11 60 48 72 81
Phytoplankton (cells/ litre) 1850 1760 2250 1430 560
Phytobenthos (cells/ cm²) 336 23 342 2046 540
Macro-invertebrates (ind./m2) 244 343 477 467 722
S1= Proposed barrage site, S2 = Proposed powerhouse, S3 = upstream Mechuka town, S4 =
Mechuka Town; S5 = downstream Mechuka town
4.4.2 Community Structure
4.4.2.1 Zooplankton
Zooplankton comprises of rotifers, cladocera and copepods. Rotifers were predominant
taxon comprising of Brachionus spp., Bosmina sp., Filinia spp., Keratella spp. and Lecane spp.
These genera are widely distributed in the Himalayan rivers. Brachionus spp. was the most
diverse taxon in Yarjep river. Copepods included Arctodiaptomus spp. and Cyclops spp. while
Cladocera comprises of Moina sp., Daphnia sp. and Bosmina sp. The species composition in
zooplankton did not indicate the sign of deterioration of water quality of Yarjep river.
4.4.2.2 Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton community comprises of chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae, and
bacillariophyceae. A total 86 taxa of algae were recorded from Yarjep river in the surroundings
of proposed project. Out of 86 taxa, 10 belonged to chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae while 76
taxa came from bacillariophyceae. Such composition (low diversity of filamentous algae and
high diversity of diatoms) is prevalent in the Himalayan rivers, which are known for low nutrient
concentrations. Planktonic community comprised of a total of 73 species, of which 8 species
belonged to filamentous (green and blue green algae) while 65 tax were grouped under
bacillariophyceae (Table 4.4). Spirogyra porticalis, Achnanthes minutissima, Achnanthes
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silvahercynia, Didymosphenia geminata and Synedra ulna were most common species, found at
all sampling sites. Generally all these species are well adapted to higher elevations.
Didymosphenia geminatais a large size diatom species and known as highly invasive in the rivers
of Southern hemisphere (Bhatt et al., 2008). Though, the sign of its dominance as mat formation
in the present study area was not observed. A few taxa especially diatom, viz. Achnanthes exilis,
Achnanthes frigida, Achnanthes minutissima, Synedra ulna and Didymosphenia geminata
dominated various sites accounting more than 9% of total algal species.
4.4.2.3 Phytobenthos
Phytobenthos comprised of a total of 55 algal species, of which 9 were grouped under
chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae and 46 species belonged to bacillariophyceae (diatom) (Table
4.4). Phytobenthos diversity was considerably low as compared to planktonic diversity. The most
common taxa included Synedra ulna, Planothidium lanceolata, Gomphonema parvulum and
Navicula radiosa, though, none of the algal taxon represented all sampling sites in benthic
community. Only Synedra ulna was common diatom species, which represented all sites in
planktonic as well as benthic communities. There were many species which were either specific
to phytoplankton or specific to phytobenthos.
4.4.2.4 Macroinvertebrates
Macroinvertebrate fauna comprised of 13 taxa of 11 families and 4 orders. The density
and diversity of aquatic nymphs gradually increased towards lower elevation in general (Table
4.5). Cinygmula spp. Baetis spp., Ochrotrichia spp. and Ablabesmyia spp. were most common
taxa, except Ablabesmyia sp., all are indicators of good water quality. A few taxa like Antocha
saxicola, Chironomus sp., Ephemerella excrucians and Acroneuria sp. appeared at lower sites
(downstream of Mechuka town); Antocha saxicola and Chironomus sp. are indicators of bad
water quality, however, they made their little appearance. The genera confined to upper stretch of
river were Caenis latipennis and Heterlimnius.
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Table 4.4 Species composition and relative abundance of algal species in planktonic and benthic communities of Yarjep river in study area
Biotic Communities
Taxa Phytoplankton Phytobenthos
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Chlorophyceae
Cosmarium sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.72 3.22 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
Closterium parvulum 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.35 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
Spirogyra porticalis 2.26 2.08 1.29 1.71 1.35 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 2.78
Spirulina sp. 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ulothrix zonata 1.13 2.08 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 4.17 0.00 1.71 0.00
Cyanophyceae
Anabaena naviculoides 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
Aphanocapsa montana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lyngbya versicolor 0.78 2.08 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
Oscillatoria limosa 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.56 2.78
Limnothrix sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 1.35 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.56 2.78
Bacillariophyceae
Achnanthes acares 5.26 4.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes biasolettiana 0.00 2.08 5.56 0.00 0.00 3.22 0.00 0.00 6.84 0.00
Achnanthes biasolettiana var. atomus 0.00 0.00 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes biasolettiana var. biasolattiana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 5.56
Achnanthes curtissima 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes exilis 0.00 0.00 6.35 4.27 12.16 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.85 5.56
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Achnanthes fragilaroides 1.13 4.16 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes frigida 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes grischuma 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes helvetica 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56
Achnanthes islandica 0.00 2.08 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00
Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes lapidosa 1.88 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes linearis 0.00 0.00 6.35 4.27 5.41 3.22 0.00 0.00 10.26 5.56
Achnanthes marginulata 5.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes microcephala 0.00 0.00 3.17 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes minutissima 6.77 2.08 3.97 5.98 9.46 9.68 0.00 0.00 6.84 0.00
Achnanthes minutissima var.cryptocephala 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes minutissima var. minutissima 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.84 8.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes plonensis 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56
Achnanthes plonensis var. plonensis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes ricula 5.64 4.15 0.00 4.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes rosentockii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78
Achnanthes rostellata 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33
Achnanthes saccula 0.00 0.00 5.56 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.28 0.00
Achnanthes scotica 3.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes silvahercynia 3.76 4.15 3.17 2.56 0.00 16.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Achnanthes thermalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 2.78
Biodiversity Studies –Water Quality & Aquatic Ecology
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Adlafia sp. 0.00 0.00 3.97 0.00 2.70 0.00 4.17 0.00 1.71 0.00
Adlafia suchlandtii 4.51 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cocconeis placentula 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Craticula elkab 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cymbella gracilis 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cymbella laevis 0.38 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cymbella sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
Diatoma mesodon 0.38 0.00 3.17 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56
Didymosphenia geminata 3.76 16.67 2.38 1.71 1.35 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Eolimna minima 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fragilaria capucina 1.88 4.15 0.00 4.27 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fragilaria sp. 3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 11.11
Fragilaria vaucherae 3.38 0.00 2.38 4.27 4.05 0.00 0.00 14.29 0.00 0.00
Geissleia sp. 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Geissleria acceptata 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Geissleria cummerowi 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Geissleria cummerowi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00
Geissleria kriegeri 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gomphonema angustatum 5.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00
Gomphonema bohemicum 0.75 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00
Gomphonema bohemicum var. angustiminus 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.98 0.00
Gomphonema micropus 2.26 0.00 2.38 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00
Gomphonema micropus var.acquale 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00
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Gomphonema olivaceum 0.00 0.00 2.38 5.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gomphonema parvulum 1.88 2.08 5.56 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 28.57 1.71 11.11
Gomphonema sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gomphonema sphaerophorum 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Hanneae arcus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00
Hanneae arcus var. amphioxys 1.13 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00
Hippodonta sp. 0.00 0.00 1.59 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mayamaea aliena 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mayamaea fossalis 5.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 0.00
Navicla microcari 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Navicula aquaedurae 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Navicula cryptocephala 0.00 4.16 3.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 2.78
Navicula cryptotenella 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78
Navicula microcephala 0.00 2.08 6.35 4.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 0.00
Navicula perminuta 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00
Navicula radiosa 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00 6.45 0.00 3.57 3.42 2.78
Navicula reichardtiana 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 2.56 0.00
Navicula sp. 0.00 2.08 1.59 0.00 4.05 3.22 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00
Navicula tenelloides 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00
Planothidium lanceolata 7.14 0.00 3.97 4.27 0.00 16.10 0.00 3.57 1.71 11.11
Surirella sp. 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.34 0.00 0.00 0.00
Synedra sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Synedra ulna 5.64 16.66 3.17 1.71 0.00 16.15 0.00 3.57 5.13 1.79
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Table 4.5 Density of different macroinvertebrate taxa in Yarjep river within study area
Sampling sites
Order Family Genus S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Cinygmula 89 133 67 278 311
Cinygma 0 0 11 0 122
Ephemerellidae Ephemerella excrucians 0 0 0 0 56
Baetidae Baetis 56 33 22 22 56
Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 22 0 0 0 11
Caenidae Caenis latipennis 11 0 0 0 0
Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria 0 0 0 0 11
Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 22 44 22 0 44
Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 0 22 11 0 56
Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus 0 0 0 0 22
Ablabesmyia 33 111 344 156 33
Elmidae Heterlimnius 11 0 0 0 0
Tipulidae Antocha saxicola 0 0 11 0
Density (indiv./m2) 244 343 477 467 722
4.5 CONCLUSION
River Yarjep within the surrounding area of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project
traverses through fairly pristine landscape, which is intact of much human activities. The
river Yarjep in catchment is not prone to agricultural runoff and any other point as well as
diffuse sources of pollution. However, in the downstream stretch of the river Mechuka town
is major settlement, which is considered to add the major sewage outfall to river Yarjep.
Though, it is not anticipated to deteriorate the water quality significantly. All such landscape
features are found to reflect in the water quality of Yarjep river, which stands for good water
quality evidenced by its physical and chemical characteristics.
The water quality of the rivers can be assessed using different biotic communities.
Majority of the algal as well as macroinvertebrate taxa recorded from Yarjep river were well
adapted to high altitudes and were intolerant of organic pollution. A few taxa like Diatoma
mesodon, Cymbella laevis, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula radiosa (algae), Chironomus
Antocha saxicola, Heterlimnius, etc (aquatic nymphs) found in the study area are considered
to inhabit disturbed water, however, they made their little fragmented appearance.
a) Sampling location at powerhouse site
b) Sampling site downstream Mechukha town
Plate 4.1 Samplings of water quality in Yarjep river
Chapter 5
FISH & FISHERIES
Biodiversity Studies –Fish & Fisheries
Pemashelpu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh 5-1
CISMHE
5 Fish & Fisheries
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Fish diversity in Himalaya varies along the elevational gradient and generally decreases
from lower to higher elevations. Fish fauna essentially responds to the physical, chemical and
climatic conditions of water. Apparently towards the higher elevations of Himalaya climatic
conditions are adverse to sustain much aquatic diversity especially fish. The Yarjep river within
the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. project flows in higher elevation where water
temperature goes below 120C in winter season and is not considered conducive for high fish
diversity. Only species which are adapted to low temperature are anticipated to inhabit Yarjep
river in the study area. This chapter deals with the exploration of fish fauna and fishing activities
in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project.
5.2 METHODS
Fishery survey with respect to influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project was conducted in
the month of December (2014). In order to collect the secondary data EIA report of Pemashelpu and
Darsan et al. (2014) were consulted. Except, a few information, no other secondary information was
available from the present study area. For primary survey, fishermen were hired to fish in the Yarjep
river and its tributaries. The fish were landed with the help of cast net.
5.3 FISH COMPOSITION
The presence of only five species could be confirmed from the influence area of
Pemashelpu H.E. Project (Table 5.1). Schizothorax richardsonii was landed from the lower
stretch of Yarjep river in the influence area (Plate 5.1). It is dominant species in the lower part
and probably is not found in the close surrounding of proposed powerhouse and barrage sites.
Garra naganensis(?) was also observed from the lower part and is not of much fishery interest.
Onchorhynchus mykiss is an exotic species and is predominant species of upper stretch of Yarjep
river in the close surroundings of project areas and Mechuka town (Plate 5.1). It seems to
develop its self sustaining population in Yarjep river and is generally fished for game and food.
Landing of an 8 kg fish (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was reported by fishermen in Yarjep river
between proposed power house and barrage site. The presence of Creteuchiloglanis payjab near
Mechuka was reported by Darsan et al. (2014). It is a cat fish and is not of fishery interest.
Biodiversity Studies –Fish & Fisheries
Pemashelpu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh 5-2
CISMHE
Glyptothorax annandalei was record from lower stretch, however, it has a possibility to occur in
the upper stretch of the river.
Table 5.1 Fish species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
Family/ Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status
(IUCN, 2014)
Cyprinidae
1. Schizothothorax richardsonii Snow Trout VU
2. Garra naganensis Garra LC
Salmonidae
3. Onchorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout -
Sisoridae
4. Creteuchiloglanis payjab Payjab Cat Fish
5. Glyptothorax annandalei Cat Fish LC
LC = Least Concern, VU = Vulnerable
5.4 CONSERVATION STATUS
Out of 5 species, 3 have been assessed for their conservation status under IUCN (2014) redlist.
Schizothorax richardsonii is categorised as ‘vulnerable’ species while 2 others are ‘least concerned’.
Main capture fishery in the lower part of influence area comprises of Schizothorax richardsonii.
5.5 FISHERIES
During the survey no fisherman could be located to fish in the Yarjep river and its
tributaries in the influence area. In order to collect the data, fishermen were hired to fish in the
surrounding areas. Due to religious beliefs, Memba tribe is generally not involved in the fishing
activities. However, fishing activities by other tribes occur in the area especially in lower
stretches. Occasionally anglers from Aalo visit this area for game fishing especially exotic trout.
It can be concluded that the fishing activities is very low in this area, however, main sustenance
fishery comprises of Schizothorax richardsonii and Onchorhynchus mykiss.
5.6 MIGRATION AND SPAWNING
Fish data from the influence area revealed that the river stretch along the Mechuka town
and its upstream is dominated by exotic trout and they spawn in the same stretch. The
Schizothorax richardsonii is found in the lower fringe of influence area and hardly move up to
Mechuka town. They generally prefer to spawn in the tributaries.
Schizothorax richardsonii (Snow Trout)
Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout)
Plate 5.1 Predominant fish species of the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project
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Pemashelphu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh B-1
CISMHE
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