Biodiversity Study of Pemashelpu Hydro-electric Project...

Biodiversity Study of

Pemashelpu Hydro-electric Project, Arunachal Pradesh

Submitted to

RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. LTD. Gurgaon, Haryana

By

Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of

Mountain & Hill Environment (CISMHE)

University of Delhi, Delhi

Project Team

Principal Investigator

Professor Maharaj K. Pandit

Core Team

Dr. J.P. Bhatt, Senior Scientist & Co-PI

Dr. D.C. Nautiyal, Senior Scientist

Dr. Dawa Dorje, Research Scientist

Mr. Rajender Mehta, GIS-Remote Sensing

Research Laboratory Staff

Ms. Sudha Tiwari, Project Fellow

Mr. Basudev Singh Bisht, Lab Assistant

Mr. Tausif Raza, L.A.

Support Staff

Mr. Ajay Gaur, Accounts

Mr. Saurabh Gupta, JACT

Mr. Rajesh Kumar Pandey, JACT

Mr. Yashpal, FA

Mr. Kalam Singh, FA

Mr. Digambar Singh, FA

CONTENTS

Page No.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL 1-1

1.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY OBJECTIVE 1-1

CHAPTER 2 FLORA

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1

2.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY TASKS 2-1

2.3 FOREST TYPES 2-2

2.4 VEGETATION PROFILE IN THE INFLUENCE ZONE 2-5

2.5 FLORISTICS OF PROJECT AREA 2-7

2.5.1 Vegetation in near Barrage and Submergence Area 2-7

2.5.2 Power House Site 2-15

2.6 LOWER PLANT DIVERSITY 2-22

2.7 RARITY AND ENDEMISM 2-24

2.8 EPIPHYTES 2-25

2.9 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 2-25

2.10 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS 2-26

2.10.1 Medicinal Plants 2-26

2.10.2 Food Plants 2-28

2.10.3 Fodder Plants 2-28

2.10.4 Timber Trees and Fuelwood 2-28

2.11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 2-28

CHAPTER 3 FAUNA


3.2 METHODS 3-2

3.3 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION 3-2

3.3.1 Mammals 3-2

3.3.2 Avifauna 3-6

3.3.3 Herpetofauna 3-10

3.3.4 Butterflies 3-11

3.3.5 Other Invertebrates 3-13

3.4 CONCLUSION 3-13

CHAPTER 4 WATER QUALITY & AQATIC ECOLOGY


4.2 METHODS 4-1

4.2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics 4-2

4.2.2 Biological Characteristics 4-2

4.3 WATER QUALITY 4-3

4.4 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 4-5

4.4.1 Density 4-5

4.4.2 Community Structure 4-6

4.5 CONCLUSION 4-12

CHAPTER 5 FISH & FISHERIES


5.2 METHODS 5-1

5.3 FISH COMPOSITION 5-1

5.4 CONSERVATION STATUS 5-2

5.5 FISHERIES 5-2

5.6 FISH MIGRATION AND SPAWNING 5-2

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLATES

Plate 2.1a Downstream influence area (above Mechuka)

Plate 2.1b Downstream influence area (near Yorku valley)

Plate 2.2a Catchment area near Yarlong

Plate 2.2b Dense forest view in Upstream of barrage site

Plate 2.3a Panoramic view of broad-leaved forest near barrage site

Plate 2.3b A view of mixed coniferous forest in the surrounding of barrage

Plate 2.4a A mixed coniferous forest view near Power house site

Plate 2.4b Guru Nanak Cave in the surrounding of power house area

Plate 2.5a Gomphidius sp. (Woodrotting Fungi)

Plate 2.5b Epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns on branches and trunks of trees

Plate 2.5c Lycopodium clavatum growing with mosses

Plate 2.5d Polystichyum sp. (terrestrial fern) growing on forest floor near Powerhouse area

Plate 2.6 Cephalotaxus griffithii (threatened plant species) from the influence area

Plate 2.7a Hydrocotyle nepalensis (medicinal herb) growing with Carex sp.

Plate 2.7b Cirsium falconeri (medicinal herb) growing with Thamnocalamus falconeri

Plate 2.8a Thamnocalamus falconeri (high altitude bamboo) in surrounding area of the project

Plate 2.8b Thamnocalamus falconeri with Pinus wallichiana in the surrounding area of project

Plate 3.1 Direct and indirect evidences of presence of common mammalian species in the

influence area

Plate 3.2 Common bird species of surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Plate 3.3 A carcass of snake recorded from Mechuka town

Plate 3.4 Common butterfly species of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E.Project

Plate 4.1 Samplings of water quality in Yarjep river

Plate 5.1 Predominant fish species of the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 List of flowering plants recorded near barrage complex and in submergence area

Table 2.2 Some of the common pteridophytes in Submergence area and adjoining area of the

project

Table 2.3 List of flowering plants recorded near Power house area

Table 2.4 Some important medicinal plants of project area

Table 3.1 Mammalian species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Table 3.2 Avifaunal composition in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

Table 3.3 Butterfly composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of water at sampling sites in Yarjep River near

proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Table 4.2 Drinking water quality standards (as per IS:10500)

Table 4.3 Density of biological communities at sampling sites in Yarjep river in the

surrounding of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Table 4.4 Species composition and relative abundance of algal species in planktonic and

benthic communities of Yarjep river in study area

Table 4.5 Density of different macroinvertebrate taxa in Yarjep river within study area

Table 5.1 Fish species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity Studies - Introduction

Pemashelpu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh 1-1

CISMHE

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Deforestation and land degradation are considered the proximate causes of biodiversity

loss worldwide (Acopa, 1996). Heavy deforestation of forests by slash and burn activity,

particularly in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of northeast region in India is a major threat

of today because it causes biodiversity loss to the forest. Large scale tree felling and subsequent

setting of fires in the forest have affected ground- nesting birds particularly pheasants. The

felling of tall trees of moist deciduous and evergreen forests has seriously affected the

populations of many epiphytic ferns, orchids and hornbills (birds). The exploitation of one type

of resource can affect the other type, particularly when forest is burned or cut, not only the living

resources (wood and medicinal plants) are affected, but soil and nutrients are also lost (Singh et

al. 2008). Further, forests on hills provide protection from floods. Deforestation in the hilly areas

may cause soil erosion problems leading to flash floods and deposition of sediments in the river

beds. It thus is important to prevent further degradation of natural forests and manage them to

ensure their sustainable utilization. Therefore, a study on biodiversity of the area is of great

importance in order understand the impacts and suggesting mitigation measures.

In Arunachal Pradesh, the local people still depend totally on forest for cooking and fuel

wood. This haphazard felling of trees results in denuded and degraded secondary forest in the

lower sub-Himalayan region. The frequent landslides resulting from deforestation are destroying

many biologically and economically important plants even before their utility is known. Due to

the impact of biotic and abiotic factors like shifting cultivation (jhum), developmental projects

viz., many large and small scale hydro-power projects, road construction activities, landslides,

fires, etc. enough damage has been done to the richness of biodiversity of Eastern Hiamalaya.

1.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY OBJECTIVE

Biodiversity study in the study area of Pemashelpu HEP was undertaken with the aim of

preparation of biodiversity profile in and around Pemashelpu HE project area through collection

of baseline data on floristics, faunal elements and aquatic ecology of Yarjep river through field

surveys as well as from secondary sources. The location and areas mapped during field surveys

for various biological parametser is given in a map below.

.

Biodiversity Studies - Introduction


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Chapter 2

FLORA

Biodiversity Studies – Flora


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2 FLORA

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The study and management of ecosystems represent one of the most important issues for

biodiversity conservation. The study of ecosystems mainly consists of the study of certain

processes that link the living or biotic components to the non-living or abiotic components and

these basic components are important to all types of ecosystems. However, over the last century,

ecosystems on earth are being rapidly altered and undergoing a massive loss of biodiversity. In

the early 1980s, concerns about terrestrial ecosystems as sources and sinks of carbon were

highlighted that underscored the impact of land-use/cover change on the global climate. Further

much broader range of impacts of land-use/cover change on ecosystem goods and services were

identified and main concern on impacts of biotic diversity worldwide (Sala et. al, 2000; Lambin

et al., 2003). However, other forms of rapid land-use/land-cover change that are thought to be

widespread are still poorly documented at the global scale. The prominent among these are forest

cover changes caused by selective logging, fires and insect damage, etc.

Like any other part of country, the flora of Arunachal Pradesh is at present under great

pressure due to various developmental projects viz., hydro-electric projects, road construction,

slash and burn cultivation, grazing, etc. These activities have destroyed many rich and diverse

forests which are store houses of species diversity and genetic resources. The state is well known

for wild relatives of crop plants which are essential for future breeding programmes. Therefore,

there is urgent need to conserve those ecosystems where such species are concentrated. For

genetic conservation, facilities should be generated through establishment of gene banks for agri-

horticultural plants, species of forestry interest and other economically important plants.

2.2 BIODIVERSITY STUDY TASKS

Biodiversity study in the project area of Pemashelpu HEP was undertaken with the

collection of data for classification of forest types, vegetation profile of study area and preparing

a checklist of flora in the ear marked barrage and submergence area and locations where project

components are proposed; documentation of biodiversity assessment in the study area is based on

our primary survey of the flora of forests and free draining areas; documentation and

conservation status of terrestrial threatened plants is based on an examination of the flora of



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study area with listing of rare, endemic, threatened plants, and the main anthropogenic pressures

on the forest areas of the project.

2.3 FOREST TYPES

Arunachal Pradesh is reported to have 80.39% of its total geographic area under forest

cover, which includes very dense, moderately dense and open forest (FSI, 2013). The forest of

Arunachal Pradesh fall under five major forest types categories viz., Tropical Wet Evergreen

Forest, Tropical Semi-Evergreen forest, Sub-tropical Pine Forest, Montane Wet Temperate

Forest and Sub-alpine/Alpine Forest. Detailed accounts of floristics of these forests are found in

Champion & Seth (1968),Negi, (1989, 1996), Chowdhery (1996) and Kaul and Haridasan

(1987). The catchment area of the proposed Pemashelpu HE project covers almost all types of

these forests. However, the project area which we concerned is stretched around 5 km and covers

wet temperate broad-leaved and mixed coniferous forest and is very close to Dehang Dibang

Biosphere Reserve. The forests in the project area fall in Mechuka circle of Along Forest

Division.

The vegetation in these forests comprises sub-tropical wet hill forests in the lower valleys

of the project area, while wet temperate broad-leaved, East Himalayan mixed coniferous and dry

temperate coniferous forests in the mid and upper hills. In the entire valley of the catchment, the

area is either covered by dense forests along the river banks or degraded open forests interspersed

with settlements in middle reaches. The forests present in the catchment area have been grouped

into different forest types following the classification of Champion & Seth (1968), Negi, (1989,

1996), Chowdhery (1996) and Muddgal & Hajra (1999). The major forest types found in this

catchment are discussed below.

8B/CI East Himalayan Sub-tropical wet hill forests

These forests occur on hilly terrain between 1000-2000 m and are dominated mostly by

evergreen species, though some tall deciduous trees also occur in the top canopy. The dominant

trees of the top canopy are Albizia odoratissima, Alnus nepalensis, Altingia excelsa, Castanopsis

indica, Engelhardtia spicata, Macaranga denticulata, Ostodes paniculata, Phoebe hainsiana and

Schima wallichii. The second storey is represented by tree species like Alangium chinense,

Brassiopsis aculeata, Erytrina stricta, Elaeocarpus varunua, Ficus oligodon, Garcinia

pedunculata, Oroxylum indicum, Rhus chinensis, etc. The third storey consists of shrubs and

climbers. This type of forest is observed in Padusa, Rapum and Rego areas. Shrub elements are



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composed of Boehmeria macrophylla, Clerodendrum colebrookeanum, Debregeasia longifolia,

Leea aequata, Maesa chisia, and Oxyspora paniculata. Climbers and epiphytes are abundant.

The common climbers are species of Canvalia,Cissus, Caesalpinia, Clematis, Dioscorea,

Rhaphidophora, Rubia and Stephania. Epiphytes are represented by pteridophytes and orchids

like species of Bulbophyllum, Colysis, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Lepisorus, Vittaria, etc. The

ground floor is dominated by herb species like Ageratum conyzoides, Anaphalis busua, Anemone

vitifolia, Aster mollisculus, Bidens bipinnata, Cardamine hirsuta, Crassocephalum crepidioides,

Impatiens spp., Persicaria capitata, P. barabata, Setaria glauca, Saccharum longisetosum,

Spiranthes sinensis, Themeda arundinacea, Thysanolaena latifolia, Viola betonicifolia, etc.

11B/C1 East Himalayan wet temperate forests

These forests occur between 1,750 - 2,750 m elevations. The oaks contribute the greater

part of top canopy with some laurels. The top canopy is represented by trees like Acer

laevigatum, Castanopsis hystrix, C. tribuloides, Litsea sericea, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia

velutina, Prunus cerasoides, Quercus semiserrata, Q. lamellosa and Tetradium fraxinifolium.

The middle storey is dominated by moderate sized trees and shrubs like Eurya acuminata, Ilex

dipyrena, Lyonia ovalifolia,Prunus rufa, Rhododendron arboreum, Symplocos thaefolia,

Viburnum cotnifolium, etc. Other associates of middle storey are Berberis asiatica, B.

wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Myrsine semiserrata, Rubus niveus, Spiraea canescens and

Thamnocalamus falconeri. Climbers and twiners are extremely rare except forthe species of

Clematis, Dioscorea, Smilax and Tetrstigma. Epiphytic orchids are less frequent but other

epiphytes such as mosses, lichens and ferns are abundant. Epiphytic ferns are comprises of

species belonging to genera like Drynaria, Lepisorus, Pyrrosia, and Vittaria. These forests are

observed in the upper reaches of Rapum, Rego and Mechuka areas. The ground flora is

represented by terrestrial ferns, grasses and other herbs. The common ground herbs belonging to

the dominant genera like Anaphalis, Anemone, Cardamine, Campanula, Circium, Carduus,

Fragaria, Plantago, Persicaria, Potentilla, Pilea, Rorippa, Sedum, Stellariaand Viola.

12/1S1 Alder forest

These forests are more or less pure forests present along the banks of streams and water

courses. Alnus nepalensis abundantly grows along the water courses and is the main colonizer of

new landslips and degraded areas. Undergrowth is generally absent but its composition depends

on site and conditions.



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12/C3a East Himalayan mixed coniferous forests

A dense evergreen forest of oak and Rhododendron predominate with large Hemlock

trees on the higher and drier ridges. With the evergreen oak are mixed deciduous trees such as

Acer, Betula, Magnolia, Michelia and Pinus wallichiana to a varying extent.These forests are

observed in Yorko, Gurudwara and Yarlong areas. Undergrowth is also dense comprising of

evergreen shrubs and small bamboo. Among shrubs the dominant species include Berberis

wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Lonicera obovata, Rhododenron

spp., Salix wallichiana and Thamnocalamus falconeri. Most of the tall trees and shrubs are

loaded with many epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns.

12/ DS1 Montane bamboo brakes

These high level bamboo brakes present as an underwood throughout the moist temperate

forests of the Himalaya. But dense and almost impenetrable bamboo thickets (Arundinaria

falcata) occur abundantly by cutting and grazing in mixed coniferous forest. Burning is also an

important factor for the pure bamboo brakes in many localities of mixed coniferous forest. This

type of degraded stage forest is observed in surrounding of Hanuman Camp area.

13/C6 East Himalayan dry temperate coniferous forest

This type of forest is a mixed coniferous type and found in the inner valleys of Mechuka

Reserve forest. These forests are characterized by the predominant conifers and blue pine (Pinus

wallichiana) is observed as the principal species. The top and middle storey is composed of blue

pine, whereas the lower storey and ground vegetation have the typical coniferous associates.

These include Acer laevigatum, A. thomsonii, Pieris formosa,Lyonia ovalifolia, Prunus

cerasoides, Quercus lamellosa, Rhododendron arboreum and Salixwallichiana. Shrubby layer is

represented by Berberis wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Eurya acuminata, Indigofera

heterantha, Rosa brunonii, Rubus niveus and Viburnum cotnifolium. The ground flora is

dominated by some terrestrial ferns, herbs and grasses like Anaphalis, Anemone, Artemisia,

Circium, Dicranopteris, Digitaria, Dryopteris, Fragaria, Lycopodium, Potentilla, Pilea,

Pteridium, Rumex, Stellaria, etc.

15/C1 Birch-rhododendron alpine scrub forest

This is an evergreen forest dominated by Rhododendron and some deciduous broad leaf

species. These forests are found in the high ridges of Labang area. The main associates are Betula

utilis, Rhododedron campanulatum, Rosa sericea, and Viburnum nervosum.



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15/C2 Deciduous alpine scrub

This is a deciduous scrub formation. The climate in these habitats is too cold and severe

for tree growth. The vegetation comprises stunted scrubs like Betula utilis, Cotoneaster

sanguineus, Lonicera angustifolia, Rosa sericea, Salixwallichiana, etc. Common herbs are

species of Aconitum, Anemone, Polygonatum,Ranunculus, Senecio, Viola, etc., which have a very

short growing season.

15/C3 Alpine pastures

These are meadows of gentle mountain slopes constitute the habitats of many perennial

mesophytic herbs and grasses. Important herbs in these habitats are species of Aconitum, Allium,

Anemone, Fragaria, Gaultheria, Juncus, Kobresia, Potentilla, Primula and Ranunculus.

2.4 VEGETATION PROFILE IN THE INFLUENCE ZONE

The description of vegetation of the project area has been presented in terms of zones

which correspond to topographic/elevational class within the 10 km radius influence zone of the

project. These are as follows:

i) Area between Rego village and Mechuka town

ii) Area beyond Mechuka and its environs

i) Area between Rego village and Mechuka

This area has a predominantly mixed broad-leaved temperate forest and patchy dry

temperate coniferous forest interspersed with terrace cultivation in the lower reaches. Trees of

Acer laevigatum, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia spp., Pinus wallichiana, Rhododendron

arboreum, Tetradium fraxinifolium, etc.are quite conspicuous on gentle slopes. The other plants

observed in this area are Cephalotaxus griffithii, Eurya acuminata, Litsea sericea, Lyonia

ovalifolia, Quercus lamellosa and Symplocos paniculata. Shrub elements are composed of

Berberis asiatica, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Rubus niveus, Thamnocalamus falconeri and Viburnum

cylindricum.

The vegetation around Mechuka is characterized by East Himalayan dry temperate

coniferous forest which occurs on flattened and gentle slopes. Along the river bank some stunted

broad-leaved trees and scrubs are seen. Alnus nepalensis, Berberis wallichiana, Cotoneaster

bacillaris, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia velutina, Schima wallichii, etc. are important



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associates along the river bank. Herbaceous flora includes species of Anaphalis, Artemisia,

Carduus, Digitaria, Fragaria, Fagopyrum, Galeola, Lycopodium, Persicaria, Potentilla, Pteris,

Pteridium, Rumex, Selaginella and Viola. The forests in the Mechuka area are under severe biotic

pressure. Population density is maximum in this zone leading to deforestation, grazing, clearing

of forest for cultivation purpose. Excessive use of fire-wood, encroachment in the forest areas for

settlement, over collection of timber, etc. are some of the main causes that lead to deforestation

in the area.

ii) Area beyond Mechuka and its environ

Beyond Mechuka, the vegetation up to Hanuman Camp is characterised by dense East

Himalayan mixed coniferous forest with a few evergreen oaks and Rhododendrons in the middle

and lower stories. Common tree associates include Acer laevigatum, Castanopsis tribuloides,

Litsea sericea, Magnolia campbellii, Michelia velutina, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus lamellosa,

Q. thomsoniana and Rhododendron arboreum (Plate 2.1a & b). Shrub elements are composed of

Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria trichophylla, Pieris formosa, Rhododendron spp., Rosa

brunonii, Rubus niveus, Salix wallichiana, Thamnocalamus falconeri, etc. The trunks of trees are

often clothed with rich epiphytic growth of mosses, lichens, and ferns. Herbaceous flora

represented by some terrestrial ferns, grasses and other herbs. Species of Anaphalis, Anemone,

Bistorta, Cardamine, Carex, Circium, Dryopteris, Fragaria, Polystichum, Potentilla, Scirpus,

Senecio, etc. dominate the ground vegetation.

Above Yorko Basti, Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) makes dominance especially on the drier

ridges. The other tree associates in the forest include Acer laevigatum, Quercus lamellosa, Pinus

wallichiana, Rhododendron arboreum, etc. Around the Gurudwara cave area, a dense mixed

coniferous forest occurs with rich evergreen undergrowth. The main tree associates in the area

are species of Acer, Alnus, Castanopsis, Eurya, Quercus and Rhododendron. Rich varieties of

rhododendron species viz., Rhododendron edgeworthii, R. grande, R. kenderickii, R. mechukae,

etc occurs in the surrounding Hanuman Camp area. The shrubby layer is represented by Berberis

wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Lonicera obovata, Mahonia

acanthifolia, Neillia thyrsiflora, Pieris formosa, Thamnocalamus falconeri, Vaccinum

dunalianum, etc. Beyond Hanuman Camp dense patches of Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) forests are

seen on the upper reaches (Plate 2.2 a & b).Lower reaches are vegetated by patchy or mixed

temperate coniferous forest. Some broad-leaved tree species viz., Acer laevigatum, A. thomsonii,

Illicium simonsii, Michelia velutina, Photinia cuspidata, Quercus lamellosa, Rhododendron



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arboreum, Rhododendron grande, Schefflera impressa, Vaccinum dunalianum, etc. occurs with

dense thickets of small bamboo (Thamnocalamus falconeri) in the understorey.

The prominent feature of the flora of mixed coniferous forest in these areas is the

dominance of some species of horticultural and aesthetic importance. These include the species

of Rhododendron, Quercus, Lithocarpus, Juniperus, Michelia, Vaccinum, etc. Understorey is

also rich and vegetated with bushes of Berberis, Cotoneaster, Gaultheria, Lonicera, Mahonia,

Rubus, Thamnocalamus, etc. These forests are the important source of fire-wood for local

populace especially during winter months. Excessive use of fire-wood and over collection of

economically important species are the causes that lead to deforestation in the area. The resultant

habitat destruction of species leads to degradation and depletion of the species diversity.

Therefore, the rich habitats of this forest zones are under high biotic pressure.

2.5 FLORISTICS OF PROJECT AREA

The present biodiversity study in the project area of Pemashelpu HE Project was

undertaken with the objectives of preparing an inventory of plants belonging to different groups

like Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, Lichens and Macro-fungi

occurring in the study area.

2.5.1 Vegetation in near Barrage and Submergence Area

The barrage area is located near Hanuman Camp along the river Yalang (Yarjep Chhu).

The area in the vicinity of proposed project comprised of East Himalayan mixed coniferous

forest with predominance of oak and rhododendrons (Plate 2.3a & b). At right bank, the top

canopy is represented by few tall tree species like Alnus nepalensis, Eurya nitida, Lithocarpus

pachyphylla, Litsea nitida, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia oblonga, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus

lamellosa, Rhododendron edgeworthii, R. grande and Tsuga dumosa. Second storey is comprised

of Acer thomsonii, Eurya nitida, Litsea sericea, Pieris formosa, Schefflera impressa, etc.

Understorey is occupied by few small trees and shrubs. Epiphytes are abundant, comprising of

variety of mosses, lichens and fern such as Asplenium, Drynaria, Lepidogramitis, Lepisorus,

Pyrrosia, Vittaria, etc. Climbers are few include species of Clematis, Dioscorea, Hedera,

Tetrastigma, etc. Herbaceous flora is represented by some terrestrial ferns, herbs and grasses.

About 132 plantspecies of flowering plants are recorded from near barrage complex and

submergence area (Table 2.1). Based on habit wise classification 31 are trees, 29 shrubs, 6

climbers and 65 herbs. Terrestrial ferns are represented by species of Dicranopteris, Dryopteris,



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Lycopodium,Pteris, Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum, Selaginella, etc.(Table 2.2). The left bank

has a more dense forest in the lower reaches compared to right bank.

Table 2.1 List of flowering plants recorded near barrage complex and in submergence area

Sl.N Plant species Vern./Local name Uses

Trees

Gymnosperms

Pinaceae

1. Pinus wallichiana Tongphu Timber

2. Tsuga dumosa TengreSalla Timber

Cupressaceae

3. Juniperus recurva Shupa Incense

Angiosperms

Magnoliaceae

4. Magnolia pterocarpa Bramuthuri-Sopa Fuel-wood

5. Michelia oblonga Bor-sopa Timber

6. M. velutina Gogoi-champa Fuel-wood

Theaceae

7. Eurya nitida - Fuel-wood

Celastraceae

8. Euonymus theifolius - Fuel-wood

Aceraceae

9. Acer laevigatum Dieng-than Fuel-wood

10. A. thomsonii - Fuel-wood

Rosaceae

11. Photinia integrifolia - -

12. Prunus cerasoides Padam Medicinal

13. Prunus undulata - -

14. Sorbus wallichii - -

Araliaceae

15. Brassiopsis aculeata - -

16. Macropanax dispermus Pani-kesuri Fuel-wood

17. Schefflera impressa - -



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Ericaceae

18. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Fuel-wood/Flower

19. R. grande - -

20. R. edgeworthii - -

21. R. mechukae - -

22. Lyonia ovalifolia Anyar -

Alangiaceae

23. Alangium chinense Chagli-gach Fuel-wood

Lauraceae

24. Persea odoratissima Kawla Fuel-wood

25. Litsea sericea - Timber

26. L. nitida - -

Betulaceae

27. Alnus nepalensis Utis Timber

28. Betula alnoides Sheori Fuel-wood

Fagaceae

29. Lithocarpus pachyphylla Sungre Katus Timber

30. Quercus lamellosa Buk Timber

31. Q. semiserrata - Leaf

Shrubs

Berberidaceae

1. Berberis wallichiana - Medicinal

2. Mahonia acanthifolia - -

Rutaceae

3. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Medicinal

4. Skimmia anquetilia - Medicinal

Rosaceae

5. Cotonearster bacillaris - Fuel-wood

6. Rosa brunonii - -

7. Rubus pentagona - -

8. Neillia thyrsiflora - -

Saxifragaceae

9. Dichroa febrifuga Morru-tow-tong -



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Hydrangeaceae

10. Hydrangea robusta - -

11. H. anomala - -

Melastomataceae

12. Melastoma normale - -

13. Osbeckia crinata - -

14. O. stellata - -

Caprifoliaceae

15. Lonicera obovata - -

16. Viburnum cylindricum - -

17. V. mullaha - -

Rubiaceae

18. Psychotria monticola - -

Ericaceae

19. Pieris formosa - -

20. Gaultheria fragrantissima - -

21. Vaccinum dunalianum - -

22. Rhododendrn kenderickii - -

Acanthaceae

23 Strobilanthes echinata - -

Lamiaceae

24. Isodon ternifolius - -

Thymelaeaceae

25. Daphne bholua Shoko shing -

Loranthaceae

26. Scurrula elata - -

Urticaceae

27. Boehmeria polystachya - Fuel-wood

Salicaceae

28. Salix wallichiana Bhainshra -

Poaceae

29. Thamnocalamus falconeri Ringal Fibre

Climbers

Ranunculaceae



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1. Clematis acuminata - -

Vitaceae

2. Cayratia japonica - -

3. Tetrastigma serrulatum - -

Cucurbitaceae

4. Gymnostemma pedata - -

Araliaceae

5. Hedera nepalensis - -

Dioscoreaceae

6. Dioscorea bulbifera - Food

Herbs

Ranunculaceae

1 Ranunculus cantoniensis - -

Brassicaceae

2 Cardamine macrophylla - Vegetables

3. Rorippa indica - -

Violaceae

4. Viola canescens Vanfsa Medicinal

Caryophyllaceae

5. Brachystema calycinum - -

6 Sagina saginoides - -

Hypericaceae

7. Hypericum elodeoids - -

Balsaminaceae

8. Impatiens arguta - -

9. I. racemosa - -

Oxalidaceae

10. Oxalis corniculata - Medicinal

Papilionaceae

11. Crotolaria sessiliflora - -

Rosaceae

12. Agrimonia pilosa Taniom -

13. Fragaria nubicola - -

14. Potentilla nepalensis - -



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Begoniaceae

15. Begonia hatacoa - -

16. B. megaptera - -

Apiaceae - -

17. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - -

18. Oenanthe javanica - -

Rubiaceae

19. Galium asperiuloides - -

20. Ophiorrhiza mungos - -

21. O. sucirubra - -

Valerianaceae

22. Valeriana hardwickii - Medicinal

Asteraceae

23. Anaphalis busa - -

24. Dichrocephala integrifolia - -

25. Cirsium wallichii - -

26. Artemisia nilagirica - Medicinal

27. Conyza bonariensis -

28. Myriactis wallichii - -

Scrophulariaceae

29. Majus delavayi - -

30. Hemiphragma heterophyllum - -

Gesneriaceae

31. Rhynchoglossum obliquum - Fodder

Lamiaceae

32. Prunella vulgaris - -

33. Nepeta lamiopsis - -

34. Origanum vulgare - -

Plantaginaceae

35. Plantago erosa - -

Gentianaceae

36. Crowfurdia speciosa - -

Chenopodiaceae

37. Chenopodium botrys - -



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Polygonaceae

38. Aconogonum molle - Vegetables

39. A. polystachyum - -

40. Persicaria capitata - -

41. Persicaria nepalensis - -

42. P. chinensis - -

43. Rumex nepalensis - Medicinal

Urticaceae

44. Laportia terminalis Palte sisnu -

45. Lecanthus peduncularis Chalu Vegetables

46. Elatostema sessile - -

Orchidaceae

47. Bulbophyllum cylindricum - -

48. Calanthe herbacea - -

Araceae

49. Arisaema consanguinum - -

50. A. intermedium - -

Cyperaceae

51. Carex myosurus - -

52. C. cruciata - -

53. C. filicina - -

54. Fimbristylis dichotma - -

55. Kyllinga brevifolia - -

Poaceae

56. Digitaria cruciata - Fodder

57. Agrostis gigantea - -

58. A. himalayana - -

59. A. stolonifera - Foder

60. Calamagrostis emodensis - -

61. Deyeuxia scabrescens - -

62. Muhlenbergia huegelii - Fodder

63. Eragrostis nigra - -

64. Poa annua - -

65. Isachne albens - -



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66. Sporobolus diander - Fodder

Table 2.2 Some of the common pteridophytes in Submergence area and adjoining area of

the project

Sl.No. Species Habit Altitude

(m)

Equisetaceae

1. Equisetum ramosissimum herb Up to 3000

Lycopodiaceae

2. Lycopodium clavatum herb 1800-3000

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella indica herb 1000-2800

3. S. chrysocaulos herb Up to 3000

Gleicheniaceae

4. Dicranopteris montana herb 1000-20000

Lygodiaceae

5. Lygodium salcifolium herb Up to 2000

Osmundaceae

6. Osmunda cinnamomea herb 1200-3000

Plagiogyriaceae

7. Plagiogyria lanuginosa herb 2000-2500

Adiantaceae

8. Adiantum venustum herb 1000-3000

Vittariaceae

9. Vittaria linearifolia epi. herb 2000-3000

10. V. forrestiana epi. herb 1200-3000

Pteridaceae

11. Pteris nervosa herb 1500-3000

12. P. scabristipes herb 1600-2500

13. P. himalayensis herb 1500-2500

14. P. wallichiana herb 1000-2500

Polypodiaceae

15. Lepisorus loriformis epi. herb 1500-3000

16. L. nudus pi herb 1000-3000

17. Pyrrosia lanceolata epi. herb up to 2200



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18. P. mannii epi. herb up to 2200

19. P. beddomeana epi. herb up to 2000

20. Lepidogramitis rostrata epi. herb 1200-2500

Pteridaceae

21. Pteridium aquilinum herb Up to 2700

Dryopteridaceae

22. Dryopteris wallichiana herb 2000-3000

23. Polystachyum squarrosum herb 2000-3000

2.5.2 Power House Site

A surface powerhouse has been proposed on the right bank of river Yalang (Yarjep Chhu)

near Gurudwara Cave. A fairly dense mixed coniferous forest occur in the vicinity of the project

area (Plate 2.4 a & b). The main tree associates in the canopy are Alnus nepalensis, Castanopsis

hystrix, C. tribuloides, Litsea nitida, Michelia oblonga, Prunus cerasoides, Quercus lamellosa,

Q. thomsoniana, Pinus wallichiana and Tsuga dumosa. The next storey consists of few small

trees and shrubs likeAcer laevigatum, Eurya nitida, Lyonia ovalifolia, Photinia cuspidata, P.

integrifolia and Prunus rufa.Undergrowth is dense evergreen with or without small bamboo.

Important shrubs are Berberis asiatica, B. wallichiana, Cotoneaster bacillaris,Lonicera obovata,

Pieris formosa,Salix wallichiana and Thamnocalamus falconeri. Climbers and epiphytes are not

common. Clematis acuminata, Dicentra scandens, Dioscorea bulbifera, Hedera nepalensis,

Tetrastigma serrulatum, etc. are important twiners. Epiphytes are mostly represented by mosses,

lichens and ferns and orchids species such as Bulbophyllum, Colysis, Lepisorus, Pyrrosia, Vittaria,

etc. The ground floor is occupied by seasonal herbs, ferns and grasses like Achyranthes aspera,

Artemisia nilagirica, Commelina benghalensis, Digitaria cruciata, Hedychium coccineum,

Oplismenus compositus, Persicaria capitata, Pilea umbrosa, Saccharum rufipilum and Sporobolus

diander. About 145 species of angiosperms including trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs are

recorded in power house area during biodiversity survey (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3List of flowering plants recorded near Power house area

Sl.No. Plant species Vern./Local name Uses

TREES

Gymnosperms

Pinaceae

1. Pinus wallichiana Tongphu Timber

2. Tsuga dumosa Tengre Sallla Timber



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Cupressaceae

3. Juniperus recurva Shupa Incense

4. Thuja orientalis Morpankhi Incense

Angiosperms

Magnoliaceae

5. Magnolia pterocarpa Bramuthuri-Sopa Fuel-wood

6. Michelia oblonga Bor-sopa Timber

7. M. velutina Gogoi-champa Fuel-wood

Theaceae

8. Eurya nitida - Fuel-wood

9. E. japonica - Fuel-wood

Celastraceae

10. Euonymus theifolius - Fuel-wood

Aceraceae

11. Acer laevigatum Dieng-than -

12. A. hookeri Karsing -

Actinidiaceae

13. Saurauia punduana - Fruit edible

Rosaceae

14. Photinia integrifolia - -

15. P. cuspidata - -

16. Prunus cerasoides Padam Medicinal

17. Prunus cornuta - -

18. Sorbus wallichii - -

Araliaceae

19. Brassiopsis aculeata - -

20. Macropanax dispermus Pani-kesuri Fuel-wood

21. Schefflera impressa - -

Ericaceae

22. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Fuel-wood

23. Lyonia ovalifolia Anyar -

Alangiaceae

24. Alangium chinense Chagli-gach Fuel-wood

Lauraceae



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25. Persea odoratissima Kawla Fuel-wood

26. Litsea sericea - Fuel-wood

Betulaceae

27. Alnus nepalensis Utis Timber

28. Betula alnoides Sheori Timber

Fagaceae

29. Lithocarpus elegans Arkaula Timber

30. Lithocarpus pachyphylla Sungre Katus -

31. Quercus lamellosa Buk -

32. Q. semiserrata Thitcha -

33. Quercus thomsoniana - -

34. Castanopsis hystrix Bara katus Timber

35. C. tribuloides Musre Katus Timber

SHRUBS

Berberidaceae

1. Berberis wallichiana - Medicinal

2. Mahonia acanthifolia - -

Rutaceae

3. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Medicinal

4. Skimmia anquetilia - Medicinal

Rosaceae

5. Cotonearster bacillaris - -

6. Rosa brunonii - -

7. Rubus pentagona - -

8. Neillia thyrsiflora - -

Saxifragaceae

9. Dichroa febrifuga Morru-tow-tong -

Hydrangeaceae

10. Hydrangea robusta - -

11. H. anomala - -

Melastomataceae

12. Melastoma normale - -

13. Osbeckia crinata - -

14. O. stellata - -



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Caprifoliaceae

15. Lonicera obovata - -

16. Viburnum cylindricum - -

17. V. semprvirens - -

Rubiaceae

18. Psychotria monticola - -

Ericaceae

19. Pieris formosa - -

20. Gaultheria fragrantissima - -

21. Vaccinum dunalianum - -

Acanthaceae

22 Strobilanthes echinata - -

Thymelaeaceae

23. Daphne bholua Shoko shing -

Loranthaceae

24. Scurrula elata - -

Urticaceae

25. Boehmeria polystachya - Fuel-wood

Salicaceae

26. Salix wallichiana Bhainshra -

Poaceae

27. Thamnocalamus falconeri Ringal Fibre

CLIMBERS

Ranunculaceae

1. Clematis acuminata - -

Fumariaceae

2. Dicentra scandens - Medicinal

Vitaceae

3. Cayratia japonica - -

4. Tetrastigma serrulatum - -

5. T. rumicispermum - -

Cucurbitaceae

6. Gymnostemma pedata - -

Araliaceae



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7. Hedera nepalensis - Medicinal

Dioscoreaceae

8. Dioscorea bulbifera - Food

Smilacaceae

9. Smilax aspera - -

HERBS

Ranunculaceae

1 Ranunculus cantoniensis - -

Brassicaceae

2 Cardamine macrophylla - Vegetables

3. C. scutata - -

4. Rorippa indica - -

Violaceae

5. Viola canescens - Medicinal

6. V. diffusa - -

Polygalaceae

7. Salmonia cantoniensis - -

Caryophyllaceae

8. Brachystema calycinum - -

9. Stellaria media - -

Hypericaceae

10. Hypericum elodeoids - -

Geraniaceae

11. Geranium nepalense - -

Balsaminaceae

12. Impatiens arguta - -

13. I. racemosa - -

14. I. tripetala - -

Oxalidaceae

15. Oxalis corniculata - Medicinal

Papilionaceae

16. Crotolaria sessiliflora - -

Rosaceae

17. Agrimonia pilosa Taniom -



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18. Duchesnea indica - -

19. Fragaria nubicola - -

20. Potentilla nepalensis - -

21. P. sundaica - -

Saxifraceae

22. Chrysoplenium nepalense - -

Begoniaceae

23. Begonia hatacoa - -

24. B. megaptera - -

25. B. nepalensis - -

Apiaceae - -

26. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - -

27. Oenanthe javanica - -

Rubiaceae

28. Galium asperiuloides - -

29. Ophiorrhiza mungos - -

30. Hedyotis scandens - -

Valerianaceae

31. Valeriana hardwickii - Medicinal

Asteraceae

32. Anaphalis busa - -

33. Dichrocephala integrifolia - -

34. Circium wallichii - -

35. Artemisia nilagirica - Medicinal

36. Conyza bonariensis -

37. Myriactis wallichii - -

Scrophulariaceae

38. Majus delavayi - -

39. Hemiphragma heterophyllum - -

Gesneriaceae

40. Rhynchoglossum obliquum - -

41. Didymocarpus oblongus - -

42. Chirita pumila - -

Lamiaceae



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43. Prunella vulgaris - -

44. Nepeta lamiopsis - -

45. Origanum vulgare - -

Plantaginaceae

46. Plantago erosa - -

Gentianaceae

47. Crowfurdia speciosa - -

Chenopodiaceae

48. Chenopodium botrys - -

Polygonaceae

49. Aconogonum molle - Vegetables

50. Persicaria capitata - -

51. Persicaria nepalensis - -

52. P. chinensis - -

53. Rumex nepalensis - Medicinal

Urticaceae

54. Laportia terminalis Palte sisnu -

55. Elatostema sessile - -

Orchidaceae

56. Bulbophyllum cylindricum - -

57. Calanthe herbacea - -

58. Dendrobium candidum - -

Araceae

59. Arisaema consanguinum - -

60. A. intermedium - -

Cyperaceae

61. Carex myosurus - -

62. C. cruciata - -

63. C. filicina - -

64. Fimbristylis dichotma - -

65. Kyllinga brevifolia - -

Poaceae

66. Digitaria cruciata - Fodder

67. Agrostis gigantea - -



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68. A. himalayana - -

69. A. stolonifera - Fodder

70. Muhlenbergia huegelii - Fodder

71. Eragrostis nigra - -

72. Poa annua - -

73. Isachne albens - -

74. Sporobolus diander - Fodder

2.6 LOWER PLANT DIVERSITY (Cryptogams)

Cryptogamic flora of Arunachal Pradesh is very rich with a diverse species composition.

However, studies on this component of the flora are largely lacking. As many as 54 species of

algae belonging to 23 genera have been reported from the area. The lichen flora of Arunachal

Pradesh is also rich in species composition with nearly 331 species of lichens belonging to 72

genera and 41 families. Pteridophytes are also important constituents of the ground vegetation.

The Botanical Survey of India has recorded about 452 species of fern and fern allies from

Arunachal Pradesh. A list of some woodrotting fungi, mosses, lichens and pteridophytes recorded

during the survey from influence zones and project area are (Plate 2.5a, b, c & d).

Species Habit

Woodrotting Fungi

Gomphidius sp. Woodrotting fungi

Trametes sp. Epiphytic woodrotting fungi

Mosses

Funariaceae

Funaria hygrometrica terrestrial moss

Fissidentaceae

Fissdens sylvatus terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Thuidiaceae

Thuidium cymbifolium terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Leskeaceae

Pseudoleskeopsis zippelii terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Brachytheceae

Eurhynchium muelleri terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Rhynchostegiella scabriseta terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Meteoriaceae



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Aerobryopsis membrancea terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Entodontaceae

Entodon luridus terrestrial/epiphytic moss

Liverworts

Marchantiaceae

Marchantia paleacea terrestrial Liverwort

Hornworts

Athocerataceae

Anthoceros bharadwajii terrestrial Hornrwort

Lichens

Parmeliaceae

Bulbothrix sp. Foliose lichen

Parmelia orientalis Foliose lichen

Physciaceae

Heterodermia lutescens Foliose lichen

Cladoniaceae

Cladonia sp. Fruticose lichen

Usneaceae

Usnea baileyi Fruticose lichen

Pteridophytes

Equisetaceae

Equisetum ramosissimum terrestrial herb

Lycopodium clavatum terrestrial herb

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella indica terrestrial herb

S. chrysocaulos terrestrial herb

Gleicheniaceae

Dicranopteris montana terrestrial herb

Lygodiaceae

Lygodium salcifolium terrestrial twiner

Osmundaceae

Osmunda cinnamomea terrestrial fern

Plagiogyriaceae

Plagiogyria lanuginosa terrestrial fern



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Adiantaceae

Adiantum venustum terrestrial herb

Vittariaceae

Vittaria linearifolia epiphytic herb

V. forrestiana epiphytic herb

Pteridaceae

Pteris nervosa terrestrial herb

P. scabristipes terrestrial herb

P. himalayensis terrestrial herb

P. wallichiana terrestrial herb

Polypodiaceae

Lepisorus loriformis epiphytic herb

L. nudus epiphytic herb

Pyrrosia lanceolata epiphytic herb

P. mannii epiphytic herb

P. beddomeana epiphytic herb

Lepidogramitis rostrata epiphytic herb

Pteridaceae

Pteridium aquilinum terrestrial fern

Athyraceae

Athyrium attenuatum terrestrial fern

A. drepanopterum terrestrial fern

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris wallichiana terrestrial fern

Polystachyum squarrosum terrestrial fern

*Mudgal & Hajra (1997); Ghosh & Ghosh (2004); Dandotiya et al (2011)

2.7 RARITY AND ENDEMISM

As per IUCN red list, Cephalotaxus griffithii is a single threatened plant species observed

in near the influence area of the project (Plate 2.6). Due to the various ongoing anthropogenic

activities a large number of rare and endemic plants in the state are being lost rapidly. In the

Eastern Himalaya, especially Arunachal Pradesh, there are around 80 species of flowering plants

have entered the Red Data Book of Indian Plants (Pandit, et al 2007). Somerare and endemic

species viz., Cymbidium eburnum, Livistona jenkinsiana, Paphiopedilum fairrienum, Phoenix



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rupicola, Vanda coerulea, etc. have been reported fromlow hills of Arunachal Pradesh and

adjoining part of north-east in the altitudinal range of 300-1500 m elevation (Nayar and Sastry,

1987-1990). Many of these plants are also known to be in the catchment of the proposed project.

Therefore, these primary forests of sub-tropical and temperate zones are major concern in the

area from conservation point of view.

2.8 EPIPHYTES

Epiphytes are often attached to the trunks, branches and rocks of the forest. Angiospermic

epiphytes in the project area mostly belong to the families Orchidaceae and Araliaceae. Among

orchids are species of Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium. Epiphytic ferns are Lepisorus loriformis,

L. nudus, Pyrrosia beddomeana, P. mannii,Vittaria linearifolia, etc. In addition to these, a large

variety of mosses and lichens are also seen growing abundantly on the barks of many trees in the

forests.

2.9 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

The floral elements in Pemashelpu project area were analysed for their floristic

similarities with other regions of the world and to find out the nature and composition of the

flora. Clarke (1889) suggested that Eastern Himalaya and Assam are distinct sub areas based on

his studies on the distribution of the family Cyperaceae. Hooker (1906) in his botanical divisions

of India treated Eastern Himalaya as a separate area and merged parts of Assam, Shillong plateu,

Naga and Manipur hills with Myanmar. Rao (1974) described close affinities between the flora

of Assam and Myanmar and treated them as a part of the Eastern border lands. Takhtajan (1986)

placed Arunachal Pradesh in the Eastern Himalayan Province within Eastern Asiatic region of

Boreal sub-kingdom along with parts of eastern Nepal in the west up to Kali river valley,

Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhutan, large parts of Assam Himalaya, certain south and southern parts of

Tibet.

The flora of this region of Arunachal Pradesh has close affinities with tropical South-East

Asian-Malayan, temperate Himalayan-Chinese and Japanese floras and has some elements

common with Euro-Siberian region. Floral elements from South East Asian region, which

include Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China, Indonesia and Malaysia include trees and shrubs such

as Brassiopsis aculeata, Hedychium coccineum, Lithocarpus elegans, etc. Himalayan – Chinese -

Japanese elements such as Lyonia ovalifolia, Litsea sericea, Neillia thyrsiflora, Quercus spp. are

quite common in this region. There are some Pan Himalayan taxa distributed from NW to East



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Himalaya but absent from China and Japan are Arisaema intermedium, Lespedza gerardiana,

Pinus wallichiana,Potentilla nepalensis, Tsuga dumosa, etc. The European and Mediterranean

elements are represented by the species of Anemone, Artemisia, Ranunculus, etc.

2.10 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS

Arunachal Pradesh harbours rich diversity of flowering plants and may be regarded as a

store house of large varieties of economic plants. The majority of the population in the state is

tribal and totally depends on the forest for medicine, food, fuel, timber and to some extent

horticultural purposes. The usage of various plant species by the local tribes varies with the

altitude and availability of resources in the surrounding areas. A comprehensive account of these

plant resources is given below:

2.10.1 Medicinal Plants

The tribal communities in Mechuka valley i.e Memba, Adi, Ramo are the main forest

dwellers who have accumulated a rich knowledge on the use of plants and plant products in

curing various ailments. However, a literature survey reveals that the existing information is

insufficiently documented with regard to their floral wealth used in curing diseases (Haridasan

et.al, 1990; Kaul & Haridasan, 1987; Chowdhery, 1998; Rawat et al, 1996; Kala, 2005).

Different tribal communities practice different types of traditional healing practices. They use

locally available herbs in form of fresh drug, crushed juice, decoction of drug part and powdered

medicine for oral intake and paste for application on skin diseases and wounds. They have also

faith on divines worships for cure of ailments.

Different parts of medicinal plant species were used by local tribe as medicine. Some of

the important medicinal plants like Acorus calamus, Artemisia vulgaris, Circium falconeri,

Hedychium coccineum, Hydrocotyle nepalensis, Lyonia ovalifolia, Prunus cerasoides, Valeriana

hardwickii, Viola betonicifolia and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium are quite common in the

proposed project area (Plate 2.7a & b). The list of some medicinally important plant species and

their parts used are given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Some important medicinal plants of project area

Sl. Bot. name Vern./ Local Name Part/s used

(m)

Illiciaceae

1. Illicium simonsii - Fruit



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Berberidaceae

2. Berberis asiatica Rasut Bark, root

3. B. wallichiana - -do-

Oxalidaceae

4. Oxalis corniculata - Whole plant

Rutaceae

5. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Yokhung Whole plant

6. Tetradium fraxinifolium Bora-asing Fruits

Rosaceae

7. Potentilla nepalensis - Root

8. P. sundaica - Whole plant

9. Prunus cerasoides Padam Bark

Melastomataceae

10. Melastoma normale Padiraju Leaves

Apiaceae

11. Hydrocotyle nepalensis - Whole plant

Araliaceae

12. Hedera nepalensis - Stem

Rubiaceae

13. Hedyotes scandens Bhedeli Whole plant

Valerianaceae

14. Valeriana hardwickii Tagar Root

Asteraceae

15. Artemisia vulgaris - Leaves, Twigs

16. Circium falconeri - roots; seeds

Ericaceae

17. Lyonia ovalifolia Ayanr Leaves

18. Rhododendron arboreum Burans Flower

Amaranthaceae

19. Achyranthes aspera Chir-chita whole plant

Polygonaceae

20. Rumex nepalnesis - Leaves

Zingiberaceae

21. Hedychium coccineum - Root



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Dioscoreaceae

22. Dioscorea bulbifera - Tuber

Acoraceae

23. Acorus calamus Vacha Rhizome

Araceae

24. Arisaema intermedium - Tuber

2.10.2 Food Plants

Apart from the cultivated plants, many wild plants are used by the local people as

vegetables and fruits. Among the plants commonly used as vegetables are the leaves and young

twigs of Aconogonum molle, Amaranthusspinosus, Fagopyrum esculentum, Girardinia

diversifolia, Rumex nepalensis, etc. The tubers and rhizomes of Colocasia esculenta and

Dioscorea bulbifera are commonly consumed as vegetables. Fruits of Prunus cerasoides, Rubus

spp., Saurauia punduana, etc. are eaten after ripening. The important crops of the region are

finger millets, rice, maize, potato, etc.

2.10.3 Fodder Plants

For feeding the livestock, the preferred species of trees include Alangium chinense,

Brassiopis aculeata,Litsea nitida,Morus laevigata and Quercus spp. In addition to these, there

are many herbs and shrubs viz., Digitaria cruciata, Eleusine coracana, Oryza sativa,Setaria

palmifolia, Thamnocalamus falconeri, etc are also used for this purpose (Plate 2.8a & b).

2.10.4 Timber Trees and Fuel wood

The most important timber yielding species in the surrounding area include Altingia

excelsa (Jutli), Castanopsis hystrix (Hingori), Pinus wallichiana (Tongphu), Quercus lamellosa

(Aule Katus), Schima wallichii (Makrisal), Tsuga dumosa (Tengre Sall), etc.In addition to these

trees, a small woody bamboo such as Thamnocalamus falconeri are is used for this purpose

(Plate 2.8a & b).

2.11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Mechuka valley, one of the most beautiful picturesque destination or paradise in

Arunachal Pradesh, is well known for its rich and diverse flora including many economically

important plants such as timber trees, medicinal herbs and also many attractive horticultural

important groups such as Ericaceae, Poaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The ecosystem of Mechuka



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valley has a unique feature due to its mesmerising landscapes, high hills, snow-capped mountain

and river Yarjep Chhu. The mixed and dry coniferous forests are surrounded by the broad-leaved

temperate forest along the Yarjep Chhu and hilltops. Along the stream banks and open slopes

there are a lush growth of herbs like Anaphalis, Anemone, Arisaema, Digitaria, Fragaria,

Primula, Potentilla, Ranunculus,Scirpus,Senecio, etc. High altitude small bamboo

(Thamnocalamus falconeri) present as an underwood to the broad-leaved forest (oak and

Rhododendron) and mixed coniferous forest above 2400 m.

The valley is well known for a variety of rhododendron, oaks, pines and ferns. About 9

species of Rhododendron are found growing here. Recently a new species Rhododendron

mechukae has been discovered from the Yarjep Chhu catchment area between Mechuka and

Yarlung. Among excessively timber yielding conifers in the area are Pinus wallichiana and

Tsuga Dumosa. Other useful and overexploited species of conifers include Cephalotaxus

griffithii and Juniperus recurva in the catchment. Species of Dryopteris and Polysticheum form

beautiful and dense carpet in forest floor of mixed coniferous forest.

A variety of medicinal and herbal plants are also present in the catchment area. Acorus

calamus, Berberis wallichiana, Circium falconeri, Dioscorea spp., Valeriana hardwickii, Viola

betonicifolia, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, etc., are sources of many medicines and

pharmaceutical formulations. However, unscientific extraction of these plants and their parts

from forest leads to disease and death of the plants. At present much of these activities are done

by the local people inhabiting in the vicinity.

The major impact on the floristic diversity in the valley are extraction of fuel-wood and

timber, medicinal plants, grazing by domesticated animals and increased infrastructure

development such as urbanization, hydro-electric projects, agriculture, etc. As local people

depend for their needs on such resource forests, it is imperative to provide adequate conservation

measures.

From the conservation point of view, the temperate mixed coniferous forest and dry

temperate coniferous forest in the valley which constitute the habitats of unique and endemic

plants are the major concern in the area. Some biologically rich spots in the catchment that need

to be protected are: (i) area near Gurudwara Cave and above Hanuman camp comprising of

mixed coniferous forest and temperate broad-leaved forest. It is an important habitat for oaks,



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Rhododendron, Acer, Michelia, Gaultheria, Vaccinum and Thamnocalamus falconeri (high

altitude small bamboo) (ii) area below Yorku having temperate dry coniferous forest is a rich

habitat for Acer campbelii, Cephalotaxus griffithii, Magnolia pterocarpa, Michelia spp., Pinus

wallichiana, Rhododendron arboreum, etc.

Plate 2.1a Downstream influence area (above Mechuka)

Plate 2.1b Downstream influence area (near Yorku valley)

Plate 2.2a Catchment area near Yarlong

Plate 2.2b Dense forest view in Upstream of barrage site

Plate 2.3a Panaramic view of broad-leaved forest near barrage site

Plate 2.3b A view of mixed coniferous forest in the surrounding of barrage

Plate 2.4a A mixed coniferous forest view

near Power house site

Plate 2.4b Guru Nanak Cave in the surrounding of

power house area

Plate 2.5a Gomphidius sp. (Woodrotting Fungi) Plate 2.5b Epiphytic mosses, lichens and ferns on

branches and trunks of trees

Plate 2.5c Lycopodium clavatum growing with

mosses

Plate 2.5d Polystichyum sp. (terrestrial fern) growing

on forest floor near Powerhouse area

Plate 2.6 Cephalotaxus griffithii (threatened

plant species)from the influence area

Plate 2.7a Hydrocotyle nepalensis (medicinal herb)

growing withCarex sp.

Plate 2.7b Circium falconeri(medicinal herb)

growing with Thamnocalamus falconeri

Plate 2.8a Thamnocalamus falconeri (high altitude

bamboo) in surrounding area of the project

Plate 2.8b Thamnocalamus falconeri with Pinus wallichianain the surrounding area of project

Chapter 3

FAUNAL ELEMENTS

Biodiversity Studies –Fauna


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3 FAUNA

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Arunachal Pradesh in general is located in the centre of Indo-Burmese regions, is a part of

Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hot spot and one among the 200 globally ecoregions (Rodgers &

Panwar, 1988; Myers et al., 2000; Olson & Dinerstein, 1998). The undulating topography having

an elevational gradient between 100 m to 7090 m and diverse climatic conditions constitute it

conducive for diverse biodiversity. Arunachal Pradesh is abode of northernmost tropical forests

(Mishra et al., 2006) however, at the local scale Arunachal Pradesh can be divided into other sub

eco regions. The high altitude regions of Arunachal Pradesh can be separated from this general

categorization as it harbours temperate and alpine forest instead of tropical rain forests, however,

large part of the state is covered under mid and lower elevations and stand for tropical rain

forests.

Due to poor infrastructure in Arunachal Pradesh, the remotely located areas are highly

unexplored zoologically, and maximum studies come from mid and lower elevations. The

proposed Pemashelpu H.E. project is located about 20 km upstream of Mechuka town (barrage

site: Latitude 28° 39' 45.19"N to 28°39’46.42"N; Longitude 94° 00’ 8.72’ E to 94° 00’ 9.06’ E),

thus influence zone extends from about 1800 m to 4000 m; and dominated by temperate pine

forests and alpine pastures. Faunal elements of Arunachal Pradesh mainly show affinities with

Indo-Malayan region, however, high altitude fauna are more close to Indo-Chinese and

Palaearctic region. Considering the fauna of influence zone of Pemashelpu H.E. project, it

receives mostly high altitude fauna.

The area is sparsely surrounded by Memba tribe, a sect of Mahayana Buddhism. They are

primarily agriculturists but have good traditional knowledge of ethnobotany, thus, they are

closely associated with forest resources. However, hunting pressures in the Memba inhabited

area are relatively low as compared to adjacent areas like Adi’s and Galo’s habitations. Also,

intensity of shifting cultivation is low which can be attributed to the different types of land use in

the surroundings. This chapter deals with the faunal species composition, distribution,

conservation status etc.



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3.2 METHODS

Biodiversity studies for Pemashelpu H.E. project was conducted in the month of

December (2014). The study was focused to obtain the comprehensive information on the

biodiversity attributes like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian, butterflies and other

invertebrates from the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project. The data was collected with

the help of secondary literature and by conducting primary surveys. Secondary data on faunal

elements of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project is not available as such, therefore, the

secondary data from high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh was collected as the proposed project is

located in similar zoogeographical region. The secondary literature comprises of Mishra et al.

(2004, 2006), Choudhury (2010), De et al. (2006), Sanyal & Gayen (2006), Sarkar & Ray (2006),

and Ali & Ripley (1983).

The secondary data was supplemented by primary survey. The primary surveys were

based on the direct evidences and indirect evidences. The direct evidences included the sightings

of animals. The data on birds and butterflies were mostly based on the primary surveys following

the standard methods. Indirect evidences included the interaction with local people, presence of

trophies in households, calls, the presence of pellets and hides. After the preparation of

inventory, each species was subjected to IUCN redlist (2014) and Schedule list of IWPA (1972,

amended, 2002) to assess their conservation status.

3.3 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION

3.3.1 Mammals

Zone of influence of Pemashelpu H.E. Project falls under the temperate and sub alpine

zone, which harbour relatively lower species richness as compared to sub tropical and tropical

zones due to harsh climatic conditions. However, such areas are inhabited by essentially unique

species composition as various species are restricted to high altitudes. In the influence area of

Pemashelpu H.E. project, a total of 32 mammalian species from 14 families could be confirmed

through various sources (Table 3.1).

Family Cercopithetidae includes 2 species (Macaca assamensis and Macaca mulatta),

both are widely distributed in influence area. Their distribution range extends up to 2500 m.

These species are hunted by tribes for food, hides and game.



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Order Artiodactyla is represented by 8 species of 3 families. Moschus chrysogaster

(Moschidae) inhabits the area above 3000 m in the influence area. Its hunting is not frequent in

the region, however, active hunters are well aware of its habitat and economic value and launch

special schedule for its hunting. Muntiacusmuntjak (Barking Deer) is widely distributed in the

area from lower to upper reaches. It is one on the common species of Artiodactyla and one of the

most hunted species (Plate 3.1). Bovidae includes 5 species, of which Pseudois nayaur (Blue

Sheep) is restricted above 3500 m and inhabit alpine pastures and morains. Naemorhedus

caudatus (Long-tailed Goral) is found in the high altitudes above 2000 m, while Naemorhedus

goral (Goral) and Capricornis sumatraensis (Serow) occupies wide altitudinal gradient. Among

the Bovidae Goral is most hunted species. Suidae is represented a single species – Sus scrofa

(Wild Boar). It is common in the lower fringe of influence area and is one of the most hunted

animal species in the region.

Carnivora is largest order, represented by 12 species of 6 families. Panthera pardus

(Common Leopard), Felis chaus (Jungle Cat) and Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat) are

common in the distribution; they are generally inhabit the lower half of the influence zone and

are found in open places. Their presence was confirmed by the local people during the survey.

Panthera uncia (Snow Leopard) is restricted to the upper reaches (above 3500 m) while Neofelis

nebulosa (Clouded LeopardI inhabits inner and dense forests. Canis aureus (Asian Jackal)

occupies open places and is widely distributed. Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) and

Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) are relatively common in the area. Both species inhabit dense

forests. Black Bear is one of the most hunted species in the region (Plate 3.1). Marten is common

in the study area, it is generally found in open and rocky sites. Civet species are widely

distributed in the region. They inhabit dense forests and also hunted by active hunters for food

and their hides.

Among the rodents, Family Sciuridae comprises 4 species. Marmota himalayana

(Himalayan Marmot) is restricted to upper reaches above 3000 m in alpine meadows. Petaurista

mechukaensis (Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel) is also found in upper reaches while other

squirrel species are widely distributed. The species belonging to Family Muridae are common

and widely distributed. They occupy open places, agricultural fields and settlement areas. Family

Ochotonidae includes 4 species, all 4 species are common in upper reaches and influence area of

the propoed project.

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Table 3.1 Mammalian species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Family/Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status

IUCN (2014) IWPA (1972)

Cercopithetidae

1. Macaca assamensis Assamese Macaque NT Schedule II

2. Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque LC Schedule II

Moschidae

3. Moschus chrysogaster Alpine Musk Deer EN Schedule I

Cervidae

4. Muntiacusmuntjak Barking Deer LC Schedule III

Bovidae

5. Pseudois nayaur Blue Sheep LC -

6. Naemorhedus caudatus Long-tailed Goral VU -

7. Naemorhedus goral Goral NT Schedule III

8. Capricornis sumatraensis Serow VU Schedule I

9. Bos frontalis Mithun - -

Suidae

10. Sus scrofa Wild Pig LC Schedule III

Felidae

11. Panthera pardus Common Leopard NT Schedule I

12. Panthera uncia Snow Leopard EN Schedule I

13. Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard VU Schedule I

14. Felis chaus Jungle Cat LC Schedule II

15. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat LC Schedule I

Canidae

16. Canis aureus Asian Jackal LC Schedule II

Ursiade

17. Ursus thibetanus Himalayan Black Bear VU Schedule II

Ailuridae

18. Ailurus fulgens Red Panda VU Schedule I

Mustelidae

19. Martes flavigula Yellow-Throated Marten LC Schedule II

Viverridae

20. Paguma larvata The Himalayan Civet LC Schedule II



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21. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Asian Palm Civet LC Schedule II

Sciuridae

22. Marmota himalayana Himalayan Marmot LC Schedule II

23. Belomys pearsonii Hairy-Footed Flying Squirrel DD Schedule II

24. Petaurista mechukaensis Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel - Schedule II

25. Tamiops macclellandi Himalayan Striped Squirrel LC Schedule IV

Muridae

26. Mus booduga Common Indian Field Mouse LC Schedule V

27. Mus musculus House Mouse LC Schedule V

28. Rattus rattus Black Rat LC Schedule V

Ochotonidae

29. Ochotona macrotis Large-Eared Pika LC -

30. Ochotona thibetana Moupin Pika LC -

31. Ochotona roylei Royle’s Pika LC -

32. Ochotona nigritia Black Pika DD -

DD = dada deficient, LC = Least concern, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered

Site Specific Studies: During the survey three species of mammal were directly spotted from the

various sites. All three species, viz. Canis aureus (Asian Jackal), Macaca assamensis (Assamese

Macaque) and Tamiops macclellandi (Himalayan Striped Squirrel) (Plate 3.1) were spotted in

the forest stretch between Mechukha and Rego village. In addition, the presence of mammalian

species in the surrounding areas was also confirmed through the availability of hides and trophies

in the households. A household survey revealed the common presence of Naemorhedus goral

(Goral), Panthera pardus (Common Leopard), Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

Muntiacusmuntjak (Barking Deer), Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) etc. In the

influence area especially in the lower parts (Plate 3.1)

Conservation Status: High altitude areas in Himalaya are generally considered as ecologically

fragile because the climatic conditions are harsh and inhabited by unique species having

restricted distribution. The influence area of Pemashelpu and its catchment area is covered within

temperate and alpine zone thus expected to harbour various threatened and Schedule I species.

Out of 32 species inhabiting the influence zone 30 are included in IUCN redlist (IUCN, 2014).

Only Bos frontalis and Petaurista mechukaensis have not been assessed for their conservation

status. A total of 18 species were categorised under ‘Least Concern’. The category of

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‘endangered’ animals includesPanthera uncia (Snow Leopard) and Moschus chrysogaster

(Alpine Musk Deer). Both species inhabit elevation range above 3000 m. and not under serious

hunting pressure as compared to other species in lower reaches. In the ‘Vulnerable’ category

Ursus thibetanus (Himalayan Black Bear) and Naemorhedus caudatus (Long-tailed Goral) are

relatively most hunted species while Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda), Neofelis nebulosa (Clouded

Leopard) and Capricornis sumatraensis (Serow) generally inhabit inner and dense forests and

difficult to trap by active hunters.

Out of 32 species a total of 25 species are considered under the Schedule list of IWPA

(1972). Of 25 species, 7 and 11 species are categorised as Schedule I and Schedule II,

respectively. Panthera pardus (Common Leopard) and Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

are more common and relatively most hunted Schedule I species.

3.3.2 Avifauna

Avifauna of surrounding area during the study period comprises of a total of 55 species

belonging to 29 families. Except Lophophorus sclateri and Lophura leucomelana all avifaunal

species mentioned in Table 3.2 are directly spotted in the surrounding areas of Pemashelpu H.E.

project. The presence of Lophophorus sclateri was confirmed by local people in the catchment

while a hunted specimen of Lophura leucomelana was recorded in the Mechuka market. Though,

a few more species like Tragopan temminkii and Tragopan blythii are anticipated high altitudes

of influence area, but their presence through primary and secondary evidences could not be

confirmed.

Order Passeriformes is predominant, accounted about 85% of the total species. Nearly

one-third of passerines come from families Muscicapidae and Timaliidae. Except a few species

recorded during the survey, viz. Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal), Columba leuconota

(Snow Pigeon), Prunella strophiata (Rufous-breasted Accentor) and Carduelis spinoides

(Himalayan Greenfinch) are commonly distributed below 2500. The species mentioned above

inhabit a relief above 2500 m.

Majority of the bird species is local resident (50%) and widespread resident (39%). The

higher number of local resident birds coincides with the location of project in high altitude area

where climatic conditions considerably vary from lower reaches. Hunting pressure on the

avifauna in the area is not prevalent as compared to the mammalian species and to the other areas



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in low reaches of Arunachal Pradesh. However, hunters showed their fondness to hunt game

birds especially galliformes. During an earlier survey, survey team recorded a hunted kaleej

pheasant in the Mechuka market for sale.

The common bird species recorded during the survey were Megaceryle lugubris (Crested

Kingfisher), Dendroscopus macei (Fulvouss-breasted Woodpecker), Falco tinnunculus

(Common Kestrel) Falco sp. (Falcon), Yuhina gularis (Strip-throated Yuhina), Urocissa

flavirostris (Yellow-billed Blue Magpie), Eumyias thalassinus (Verditor Flycatcher),

Pericrocotus ethologus (Long-tailed Minivet), Parus monticolus (Green Back Tit), Rhyacornis

fulginosus (Plumbeous Redstart), Aethopyga nipalensis (Green-tailed Sun bird), Phylloscopus

maculipennis (Ashy-throated Warbler), Motacilla alba (White Wagtail) and Motacilla cinerea

(Grey Wagtail) (Plate 3.2).

Table 3.2 Avifaunal composition in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project.

S.N. Scientific Name Common Name

Migratory Conservation Status

Habit IUCN IWPA

Phasianidae

1. Lophophorus sclateri Sclater's Monal r VU I

2. Lophura leucomelana Kaleej Pheasant R - IV

Cerylidae

3. Megaceryle lugubris Crested Kingfisher R LC IV

Picidae

4. Dendrocopos macei Fulvouss-breasted Woodpecker R LC IV

Falconidae

5. Falco sp. Falcon R LC I

6. Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel RW LC IV

Upupidae

7. Upupa epops Common Hoopoe RW LC IV

Columbidae

8. Columba leuconota Snow Pigeon R LC IV

Corvidae

9. Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle Crow R LC IV

10. Urocissa flavirostris Yellow-billed Blue Magpie R LC IV



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Campephagidae

11. Pericrocotus ethologus Long-tailed Minivet R LC IV

Tephrodornithidae

12. Tephrodornis pondicerianus Common Woodshrike R LC IV

Hirundinidae

13. Delichon dasypus Asian House Martin r LC IV

Sittidae

14. Sitta formosa Beautiful Nuthatch r VU IV

15. Sitta himalayensis Himalayan White tailed Nuthatch r LC IV

Muscicapidae

16. Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher rw LC IV

17. Muscicapa ferruginea Ferruginous Flycatcher r LC IV

18. Eumyias thalassina Verditor Flycatcher R LC IV

19. Cyornis rubeculoides Blue Throated Flycatcher r LC IV

20. Enicurus scouleri Little Forktail r LC IV

21. Niltava grandis Large Niltava r LC IV

22. Rhyacornis fuliginosus Plumbeous Redstart r LC IV

23. Phoenicurus frontalis Blue-fronted Redstart r LC IV

Turdidae

24. Turdus rubrocanus Chestnut Thrush r LC IV

25. Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush R LC IV

Timaliidae

26. Yuhina gularis Strip-throated Yuhina R LC IV

27. Yuhina occipitalis Rufous-vented Yuhina r LC IV

28. Garrulax affinis Black-faced Laughing Thrush r LC IV

29. Garrulax erythrocephalus Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush r LC IV

30. Garrulax monileger Lesser Necklaced Laughing Thrush r LC IV

31. Pteruthius melanotis Black-eared Shrike Babbler R LC IV

32. Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed Sibia r LC IV

Cinclidae

33. Cinclus pallasii Brown Dipper R LC IV

Pycnonotidae

34. Hypsipetes leucocephalus Black Bulbul R LC IV

Phylloscopidae



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35. Phylloscopus maculipennis Ashy-throated Warbler r LC IV

36. Phylloscopus reguloides Blyth's leaf Warbler r LC IV

37. Phylloscopus pulcher Buff-barred Warbler r LC IV

38. Phylloscopus chloronotus Lemon-rumped Warbler rW LC IV

Cettiidae

39. Cettia brunnifrons Grey-sided Bush Warbler r LC IV

40. Abroscopus schisticeps Flycatcher Warbler r LC IV

Sylviidae

41. Seicercus castaniceps Chestnut-crowned Warbler r LC IV

Cisticolidae

42. Prinia hodgsonii Grey-breasted Prinia R LC IV

43. Prinia criniger Himalayan Brown Hill Warbler R LC IV

Aegithinidae

44. Aegithina tiphia Common Iora R LC IV

Leiothrichidae

45. Minla strigula Chestnut-tailed Minla r LC IV

Nectarniidae

46. Aethopyga nipalensis Green-tailed Sun bird r LC IV

47. Aethopyga gouldiae Mrs Gould’s Sunbird r LC IV

Certhiidae

48. Certhia nipalensis Rusty-flanked Treecreeper r LC IV

Paridae

49. Parus xanthogenys Black-lored Tit r LC IV

50. Parus monticolus Green Back Tit R LC IV

Passeridae

51. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow R LC IV

Motacillidae

52. Motacilla alba White Wagtail rW LC IV

53. Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail rW LC IV

Prunellidae

54. Prunella strophiata Rufous-breasted Accentor r LC IV

Fringillidae

55. Carduelis spinoides Himalayan Greenfinch R LC IV

R = widespread resident, r = local resident; LC = Least concern, VU = vulnerable



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Conservation Status: Not many species mentioned in Table 3.2 are included in the IUCN red

list (IUCN, 2014) and IWPA (1972) schedule list. In the IUCN redlist majority of the species are

assessed as ‘least concerned’. Only Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal) and Sitta Formosa

(Beautiful Nuthatch) have been included under ‘vulnerable’ category while Falco sp. along with

Lophophorus sclateri (Sclater's Monal) are included under Schedule I of IWPA (1972). Majority

of the species is included under Schedule IV. No hunting pressure was observed on these

‘vulnerable’ and Schedule I species in the area.

3.3.3 Herpetofauna

A general thumb rule, the areas of low temperature have low herpetofaunal diversity

especially reptiles. The surrounding area is highly unexplored for herpetofauan) . EIA report of

Pemaselpu H.E. Project recorded about 12 species of reptiles (Calotes versicolor, Ptyctolaemus

gularis, Elaphe prasina, Ptyas mucosa, Ptyas nigromarginata, Naja naja kaouthia, Hemidactylus

frenatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Python molurus, Mabuya macularia macularia, Varanus

bengalensis and Ovophis monticola) and five species of amphibian (Amolops formosus,

Duttaphrynus himalayanus, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis and

Fejervarya limnocharis). These species are generally inhabitants of warmer climate, thus,

expected to inhabit lower part of influence area (slightly downhill of Mechuka).

During the present investigation none of the herpetofauna species (except a carcass of a

snake and two amphibian spp.) could be recorded from the entire study area. Such observation

can be attributed to the adverse climatic conditions for herpetofauna because study was carried

out in the month of December when ambient temperature of the surrounding area is measured to

be lowest in the year.

During the present investigation, the herpetofauna in the surroundings included a carcass

of snake (unidentified) (Plate 3.3) and two species of amphibia namely Amolops sp. and

Duttaphrynus sp. Amolops sp. was recorded in the small tributary of Yarjep near Mechuka while

Duttaphrynus was recorded from the lower part of influence area. In addition, local people were

interviewed to gather the information on herpetofauna. The results revealed the presence of three

types of snake, Hemidactylus sp. (House Gecko) and Calotes sp. (lizard) in the surroundings of

Mechuka.



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3.3.4 Butterflies

Butterfly fauna in the study area comprises of more than 32 species (3 species could not be

identified) belonging to 7 families (Table 3.3). Nymphalidae is largest family accounted for

about 28% of the total species. Lower diversity of Lepidopteran fauna is directly related to the

low ambient temperature in the study area as it falls above 1900 m. Also, the sampling was

carried out in the month of December. Attributing to the climatic conditions in the surroundings,

the area is not considered rich in the Lepidopteran diversity. Pieris canidia indica (Indian

Cabbage White), Neptis soma (Sullied Sailer) Mycalesis sp. (Bushbrown), and Ypthima asterope

(Common Threering) were most common species in the surrounding, they were recorded at all

sites of study area. The species which were restricted to upper reaches (above barrage site) were

Zizina antanosa (Dark Grass Blue), Childrena childreni (Large Silverstripe) etc. while other

common and abundant species which were confined to lower reaches of study sites were

Princeps polytes (Common mormon), Pieris canidia indica (Indian Cabbage White), Nacaduba

hermus (Pale 4-Line Blue), Chliaria kina cachara (Blue Tit), Dodona dipaea (Lesser Punch) and

Pithauria murdava (Dark Straw Ace) (Plate 3.4).

In the present scenario when study area stands for a pristine ecosystem, no major threats to

butterfly fauna were observed. The species which are restricted to upper reaches and inhabit

meadows are considered to be highly sensitive; any anthropogenic activities may disturb their

habitat in future.

Table 3.3 Butterfly composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project

S.N. Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status

IUCN (2014) IWPA (1972)

Papilionidae

1. Papilio polytes Common Mormon - -

2. Papilio memnon agenor Great Mormon - -

3. Princeps alcmentor Redbreasted - -

4. Troides aeacus aeacus Golden Birdwing - -

5. Byasa polyeuctes polyeuctes Common Windmill - -

6. Graphium agetes agetes Fourbar Swordtail - -

Pieridae

7. Pieris canidia indica Indian Cabbage White - -

8. Pieris montana Greenvein White - -



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9. Leptosia nina nina Psyche - -

10. Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow LC -

11. Eurema laeta Spotless Grass Yellow - -

Lycaenidae

12. Zizina antanosa Dark Grass Blue - -

13. Prosotas dubiosa Tailes Lineblue - -

14. Chliaria kina cachara Blue Tit - II

15. Surendra todara Silverstreaked Acacia Blue - II

16. Spindasis lohita himalayanus Longbanded Silverline - II

Nymphalidae

17. Neptis soma soma Sullied Sailer - II

18. Neptis hyla vermosa Common Sailer - -

19. Cynthia cardui Painted Lady - -

20. Vagrans egista sinha Vagrant - -

21. Childrena childreni Large Silverstripe - -

22. Vanessa indica indica Indian Red Admiral - -

23. Aglasis cachmirensis Indian Tortoishell - -

24. Melitaea arcesia Blackvein Fritillary - -

25. Argynnis gemmata Mountain Silverspot - -

Styridae

26. Melanitis leda Common Evening Brown - -

27. Melanitis phedima Dark Evening Brown - -

28. Mycalesis malsarida Plain Bushbrown - II

29. Mycalesis sp. Bushbrown - -

30. Yupthima asterope Common Threering - -

Riodinidae

31. Dodona dipaea Lesser Punch - II

Hesperiidae

32. Pithauria murdava Dark Straw Ace - -

LC = Least Concern

Conservation Status: Out of 32 species recorded during the field investigation Eurema brigitta

(Small Grass Yellow) was included in as ‘least concerned’ in IUCN (2014) redlist. This species

is confined to the lower part of influence area and is not common at all sites of the study area. In



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IWPA (1972) schedule list, a total of 6 species are included. All species are placed under

Schedule II (Table 3.3). All schedule II species were rarely recorded from the study area.

3.3.5 Other Invertebrates

Like other taxa other invertebrates (ecologically important) made their little occurrence in

terms of diversity. During the investigation 7 species of moths were recorded, which came

mostly from settlement area. All species could not be identified. Beetle comprises of about 6

species, of which one species namely Copelatus sp. could be identified. In addition, invertebrates

fauna comprises of various entomofaunal species belonging to 15 families like Heptageniidae,

Ephemerellidae, Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae, Peltoperlidae, Perlidae, Hydropsychidae,

Chironomidae, Elmidae, Simuliidae etc. They inhabit terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems.

The detailed account on these invertebrates is given separately in this report. Other important

invertebrates having significant ecological importance like earthworm, crabs, and grasshoppers

were not encountered during the field survey.

3.4 CONCLUSION

Proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project is located in temperate region and its influence and

catchment areas extend from temperate to alpine zones. The high altitudes are considered as most

ecologically as well geologically fragile ecosystems. Such areas harbour many faunal species

which are restricted in distribution and adapted to the climatic conditions prevailed to these areas.

The ecological significance of the surroundings of Pemashelpu H.E. Project can be evaluated

through its location, which is very near to Dibang Dihang Biosphere reserve. Considering the

faunal elements of this area, the extension of Dibang Dihang Biosphere reserve up to Mechuka

has been recommended by Choudhury (2010). Also, the influence area forms the part of

Mechuka: Monigong: Jorgging Important Bird Area under the IBA criteria A1 A2.

Threats due to hunting and slash and burn practices are significantly low in this area as

compared to other parts of West Siang district. The area is predominantly inhabited by Memba

tribes, which usually avoid animal killing due to religious beliefs. However, hunters from other

areas sometimes practice in this area.

Tamiopsmacclellandi Hides of Barking dear Hide of Black Bear

Plate 3.1 Direct and indirect evidences of presence of common mammalian species in the influence area

Megacerylelugubris Dendroscopusmacei (Crested Kingfisher) (Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker)

Falco tinnunculus (Common Kestrel) Falco sp. (Falcon)

Yuhinagularis Urocissaflavirostris

(Strip-throated Yuhina) (Yellow-billed Blue Magpie)

Eumyiasthalassinus Pericrocotusethologus

(Verditor Flycatcher) (Long-tailed Minivet)

Parusmonticolus Rhyacornisfulginosus (Green Back Tit) (Plumbeous Redstart)

Aethopyganipalensis Phylloscopusmaculipennis

(Green-tailed Sun bird) (Ashy-throated Warbler)

Motacillaalba Motacillacinerea (White Wagtail) (Grey Wagtail)

Plate 3.2 Common bird species of surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Plate 3.3 A carcass of snake recorded from Mechuka town

Princepspolytes Pieriscanidiaindica

(Common mormon) (Indian Cabbage White)

Zizinaantanosa Chliaria kina cachara

(Dark Grass Blue) (Blue Tit)

Dodona dipaea (Lesser Punch) Neptis soma (Sullied Sailer)

Childrenachildreni (Large Silverstripe) Mycalesis sp. (Bushbrown)

Ypthimaasterope Pithauriamurdava

(Common Threering) (Dark Straw Ace)

Plate 3.4 Common butterfly species of influence area of Pemashelpu H.E.Project

Chapter 4

WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Biodiversity Studies–Water Quality & Aquatic Ecology


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4 WATER QUALITY & AQUATIC

ECOLOGY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Yarjep river is a glacier-fed river and originates from great Himalaya ranges. River flows

in West East direction and join Siyom river (a tributary of Siang river) near Tato. Total length

traversed by Yarjep river is about 79 km. In the downstream course river passes through various

vegetation zones like alpine meadows, sub alpine, temperate, and sub-tropical zones. The

characteristics of the water quality of a river largely depend on the geological features, climatic

features, land use/ land cover and anthropogenic activities prevalent in the surroundings.

Geological, climatic and land use/land cover are natural phenomena but human influence water

quality through many pathway, which can affect the ecosystem services of a water shed and may

result in the ecological, socio-economic and political consequences (Yackulic et. al., 2011).

Considering the forest cover, agricultural practices and settlements in the close proximity of the

proposed project, it can be inferred that the present study area is located in pristine ecosystem as

the river water is exposed to sparse agricultural runoff and negligible sewage outfall. The

Mechuka town in the downstream of powerhouse major source of sewage in the area. The present

study on the assessment of water quality and aquatic ecology is confined to the influence area of

Pemashelpu H.E. project, which extends from 1900 m to 2150 m asl.

4.2 METHODS

The water quality assessment in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project in West

Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh was carried out in the month of December, 2014. A total of 5

sites were selected for the sampling. Sites WQ1 and WQ2 pertained to the proposed barrage site

and powerhouse sites, respectively. The sites are surrounded by dense temperate forest. Site

WQ3 was located in upstream of Mechuka town and is totally devoid of forests. These sites were

located relatively in unaffected area while Site WQ4 and WQ5 were located near Mechuka and

downstream of Mechuka town (near Dorjeeling village), respectively (Plate 4.1). Later two sites

are anticipated to receive the sewage from Mechuka town.

http://deepaknegi.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/0



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4.2.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics

To assess the water quality at project sites a total of 23 physical and chemical

characteristics were selected. In order to collect the samples standard methods were followed.

For each parameter three replicates were obtained and the average value for each parameter at

each site was presented for the final result.

Water temperature was recorded with the help of graduated mercury thermometer. In case

of water, care was taken in measuring the temperature as it was recorded from surface, column

and near the bottom of the river. Average values of these readings were computed for final

results. The water current velocity at all sites was measured with the help of float method. A 20

m stretch of the river was measured and marked at both ends. A float was thrown at upper end

and the time taken by the float to travel the marked distance, was recorded by a stop watch. Three

replicates were obtained and averaged for final results. For the turbidity of water, samples were

collected in sampling bottles from different sites in the field and brought to the laboratory for

analysis. The turbidity was recorded with the help of digital turbidity meter (TN 100; Eutech).

The pH was recorded with the help of pH Scan (Eutech) and pH meter (EI – 132 E) in the

field. The total dissolved solids were measured with the help of TDScan 1 (Eutech) at each site.

Similarly, Electrical conductivity was recorded with the help of TDScan 3 (Eutech) at the sites.

Dissolved oxygen was measured by iodometric titration method using Oxygen test kit

(Aquamerck). Total alkalinity, alkalinity as carbonates and bicarbonates, total hardness, Ca and

Mg contents, and chloride were measured with the help of APHA (2005) and Adoni (1985).

Nitrate (NO3 – N), Silicate and phosphate (PO4 – P) were measured by photometric method using

UV/visible spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 3000). Other ions like Na, and K and a few heavy

metals (Iron, Cu, Cd) were detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA 6300).

4.2.2 Biological Characteristics

Four biotic communities namely phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Phytobenthos and Macro-

invertebrates were sampled to assess the aquatic richness. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton were

collected by filtering 50 liters of water at each site using a sieve of 25µ mesh size. The residue

left in the sieve was collected in a 50 ml vial. Three replicates were taken for each community

and pooled for further analysis. Phytoplankton samples were preserved using Lugol’s solution.

No preservative were added in zooplankton samples. Benthos samples were collected from each

site by scraping the boulder surfaces of known quadrat area (5cm x 5 cm). These samples were




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then preserved and analyzed in the same way as described for the planktons. The macro-

invertebrates were obtained with the help of a square feet Surber’s sampler. The substrate, mainly

stones are disturbed and immediately transferred to a bucket kept under water and later rinsed

thoroughly to dislodge all the attached macro-invertebrates. For the phytobenthos and macro-

invertebrates three replicates for each community were obtained and pooled for further analysis. To

count the organisms the procedure described by Pennak (1953) and Edmondson (1959) were

followed.

Further analysis was conducted in laboratory. The volume of zooplankton, phytoplankton,

and benthos were made up to 100 ml. The total density of zooplankton and phytoplankton were

calculated using ‘Drop-count’ method, described by Adoni (1983). Macro-invertebrates samples

retrieved from the sampling sites were brought to the laboratory all individuals were counted.

The final densities of macro-invertebrates were expressed in the individuals per m2. The relative

abundance of algal species was calculated as:

(Number of cells of a species / Total number of cells counted) x 100.

Identification of planktonic and benthic algae was carried out using permanent slide

mounts of samples from all the sites. The samples are acid digested, centrifuged and thoroughly

rinsed to get the cleared samples. For treatment of samples, the standard method was followed

(APHA, 2005). The permanent slides were prepared by mounting the medium in Euparol. These

slides were examined using standard literature (Lange- Bertalot & Krammer 2000, 2001, 2002;

Hustedt and Jenson, 1985; Sarod and Kamat, 1983).

4.3 WATER QUALITY

Water quality of Yarjep river in the surroundings of Pemashelpu H.E. project is

characterised by low temperature, moderate velocity, low turbidity, moderate dissolved oxygen

concentration, alkaline pH, lower concentrations of total dissolved solids, low alkalinity, low

nutrient concentration and soft water (Table 4.1). Low temperature and turbidity were directly

related to the water discharge in lean season. The samples were retrieved during the month of

December. This time Himalayan rivers retain lean flow and many physical factors like current

velocity, water temperature and turbidity respond to this state of water. Other characteristics like

hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nutrient concentrations and trace metal rely largely on

the geological features and land use/land cover in the catchment. The agricultural practices are

very sparse in the surrounding area, thus agricultural runoff does not play a vital role in




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contributing to the chemical composition of Yarjep river especially nutrients like Nitrate,

phosphate, Na and K.

River water was soft and mainly contributed by calcium ions. Alkalinity was contributed

by the bicarbonates. The nutrient concentrations were low in the river (nitrate was totally nil). In

the heavy elements cadmium was recorded to be below detectable level while iron and copper

concentration were very low.

Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of water at sampling sites in Yarjep River

near proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Parameters/ Sites S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Water Temperature (°C) 7.8 7.2 6.5 7.1 7.3

Turbidity (ntu) 0.16 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.24

Water current velocity (m/s) 1.72 0.63 1.09 1.14 1.25

pH 8.07 7.73 7.84 7.73 7.32

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 10.37 11.03 11.27 11.13 11.19

Electrical Conductivity (µS) 25.90 24.03 29.93 32.20 31.40

Salinity (ppt) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total dissolved solids (mg/ l) 15.8 14.7 18.6 19.6 19.2

Total Hardness (mg/l) 38.00 30.00 36.00 40.00 42.00

Calcium Hardness (mg/l) 29.40 25.20 33.60 36.40 37.20

Calcium Ions (mg/l) 11.77 10.09 13.46 14.56 14.88

Magnesium Hardness (mg/l) 8.60 4.80 2.40 3.60 4.80

Magnesium Ions (mg/l) 2.09 1.17 0.58 0.87 1.17

Alkalinity (mg/l) 34.00 34.00 38.00 36.00 38.00

Chloride (mg/l) 12.00 11.00 13.00 11.00 13.00

Nitrate (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Phosphate (mg/l) 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.013 0.003

Silicate (mg/l) 2.41 0.87 1.24 1.35 1.38

Sodium (mg/l) 3.62 4.21 3.25 4.21 4.24

Potassium (mg/l) 1.21 1.54 1.11 1.65 1.71

Iron (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Copper (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02

Cadmium (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

S1= Proposed barrage site, S2 = Proposed powerhouse, S3 = upstream Mechuka town, S4 =

Mechuka Town; S5 = downstream Mechuka town




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In order to assess the quality of water for various purposes including drinking, the

physical and chemical characteristics especially pH, hardness, alkalinity, BOD, total coliforms,

calcium heavy metals etc. are subjected to drinking water quality standards (IS:10500; 2012)

(Table 4.2). All the parameters assessed during the present investigation were found well within

desirable limit. Though, a few parameters like BOD and COD could not be recorded during the

present investigation due to unavailability of laboratory facilities at the site, however, the data

available in the EIA report of Pemashelpu indicated the low concentration of these parameters.

Table 4.2 Drinking water quality standards (as per IS:10500)

Parameters Desirable Permissible

limit limit

Color (Hz) 5.0 25

Odour Unobjectionable -

Taste Agreeable -

Turbidity (ntu) 5 10

pH 5-8.5 No relaxation

Total coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 0 -

TDS (mg/l) 500 2000

Total hardness (mg/l) 300 600

Total alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600

Chloride (mg/l) 250 1000

Nitrate (mg/l) 45 100

Calcium (mg/l) 75 200

Magnesium (mg/l) 30 100

Copper (mg/l) 0.05 1.5

Iron (mg/l) 0.30 No relaxation

Lead (mg/l) 0.05 No relaxation

Cadmium (mg/l) 0.01 No relaxation

4.4 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES

4.4.1 Density

Himalayan rivers are generally known for the rich phytoplankton, phytobenthos and macro-

invertebrates richness. Zooplanktons are usually low as compared to the phytoplankton. In this

study moderate densities for all biotic communities except phytobenthos were recorded from

various sites (Table 4.3). Coliforms concentration were absent from all the sites. Except




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macroinvertebrates, no definite patterns could be observed along the altitudinal gradient. It can

be attributed to little span of study area.

Table 4.3 Density of biological communities at sampling sites in Yarjep river in the

surrounding of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project

Sampling sites

Biological community S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Total Coliforms (A/P) A A A A A

Zooplankton (cells/ litre) 11 60 48 72 81

Phytoplankton (cells/ litre) 1850 1760 2250 1430 560

Phytobenthos (cells/ cm²) 336 23 342 2046 540

Macro-invertebrates (ind./m2) 244 343 477 467 722

S1= Proposed barrage site, S2 = Proposed powerhouse, S3 = upstream Mechuka town, S4 =

Mechuka Town; S5 = downstream Mechuka town

4.4.2 Community Structure

4.4.2.1 Zooplankton

Zooplankton comprises of rotifers, cladocera and copepods. Rotifers were predominant

taxon comprising of Brachionus spp., Bosmina sp., Filinia spp., Keratella spp. and Lecane spp.

These genera are widely distributed in the Himalayan rivers. Brachionus spp. was the most

diverse taxon in Yarjep river. Copepods included Arctodiaptomus spp. and Cyclops spp. while

Cladocera comprises of Moina sp., Daphnia sp. and Bosmina sp. The species composition in

zooplankton did not indicate the sign of deterioration of water quality of Yarjep river.

4.4.2.2 Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton community comprises of chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae, and

bacillariophyceae. A total 86 taxa of algae were recorded from Yarjep river in the surroundings

of proposed project. Out of 86 taxa, 10 belonged to chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae while 76

taxa came from bacillariophyceae. Such composition (low diversity of filamentous algae and

high diversity of diatoms) is prevalent in the Himalayan rivers, which are known for low nutrient

concentrations. Planktonic community comprised of a total of 73 species, of which 8 species

belonged to filamentous (green and blue green algae) while 65 tax were grouped under

bacillariophyceae (Table 4.4). Spirogyra porticalis, Achnanthes minutissima, Achnanthes




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silvahercynia, Didymosphenia geminata and Synedra ulna were most common species, found at

all sampling sites. Generally all these species are well adapted to higher elevations.

Didymosphenia geminatais a large size diatom species and known as highly invasive in the rivers

of Southern hemisphere (Bhatt et al., 2008). Though, the sign of its dominance as mat formation

in the present study area was not observed. A few taxa especially diatom, viz. Achnanthes exilis,

Achnanthes frigida, Achnanthes minutissima, Synedra ulna and Didymosphenia geminata

dominated various sites accounting more than 9% of total algal species.

4.4.2.3 Phytobenthos

Phytobenthos comprised of a total of 55 algal species, of which 9 were grouped under

chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae and 46 species belonged to bacillariophyceae (diatom) (Table

4.4). Phytobenthos diversity was considerably low as compared to planktonic diversity. The most

common taxa included Synedra ulna, Planothidium lanceolata, Gomphonema parvulum and

Navicula radiosa, though, none of the algal taxon represented all sampling sites in benthic

community. Only Synedra ulna was common diatom species, which represented all sites in

planktonic as well as benthic communities. There were many species which were either specific

to phytoplankton or specific to phytobenthos.

4.4.2.4 Macroinvertebrates

Macroinvertebrate fauna comprised of 13 taxa of 11 families and 4 orders. The density

and diversity of aquatic nymphs gradually increased towards lower elevation in general (Table

4.5). Cinygmula spp. Baetis spp., Ochrotrichia spp. and Ablabesmyia spp. were most common

taxa, except Ablabesmyia sp., all are indicators of good water quality. A few taxa like Antocha

saxicola, Chironomus sp., Ephemerella excrucians and Acroneuria sp. appeared at lower sites

(downstream of Mechuka town); Antocha saxicola and Chironomus sp. are indicators of bad

water quality, however, they made their little appearance. The genera confined to upper stretch of

river were Caenis latipennis and Heterlimnius.


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Table 4.4 Species composition and relative abundance of algal species in planktonic and benthic communities of Yarjep river in study area

Biotic Communities

Taxa Phytoplankton Phytobenthos

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Chlorophyceae

Cosmarium sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.72 3.22 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

Closterium parvulum 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.35 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

Spirogyra porticalis 2.26 2.08 1.29 1.71 1.35 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 2.78

Spirulina sp. 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Ulothrix zonata 1.13 2.08 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 4.17 0.00 1.71 0.00

Cyanophyceae

Anabaena naviculoides 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00

Aphanocapsa montana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lyngbya versicolor 0.78 2.08 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00

Oscillatoria limosa 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.56 2.78

Limnothrix sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 1.35 0.00 0.00 1.71 2.56 2.78

Bacillariophyceae

Achnanthes acares 5.26 4.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes biasolettiana 0.00 2.08 5.56 0.00 0.00 3.22 0.00 0.00 6.84 0.00

Achnanthes biasolettiana var. atomus 0.00 0.00 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes biasolettiana var. biasolattiana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 5.56

Achnanthes curtissima 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes exilis 0.00 0.00 6.35 4.27 12.16 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.85 5.56




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Achnanthes fragilaroides 1.13 4.16 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 3.57 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes frigida 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes grischuma 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes helvetica 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56

Achnanthes islandica 0.00 2.08 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00

Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes lapidosa 1.88 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes linearis 0.00 0.00 6.35 4.27 5.41 3.22 0.00 0.00 10.26 5.56

Achnanthes marginulata 5.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes microcephala 0.00 0.00 3.17 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes minutissima 6.77 2.08 3.97 5.98 9.46 9.68 0.00 0.00 6.84 0.00

Achnanthes minutissima var.cryptocephala 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes minutissima var. minutissima 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.84 8.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes plonensis 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56

Achnanthes plonensis var. plonensis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes ricula 5.64 4.15 0.00 4.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes rosentockii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78

Achnanthes rostellata 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33

Achnanthes saccula 0.00 0.00 5.56 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.28 0.00

Achnanthes scotica 3.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes silvahercynia 3.76 4.15 3.17 2.56 0.00 16.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Achnanthes thermalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 2.78




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Adlafia sp. 0.00 0.00 3.97 0.00 2.70 0.00 4.17 0.00 1.71 0.00

Adlafia suchlandtii 4.51 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cocconeis placentula 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Craticula elkab 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cymbella gracilis 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cymbella laevis 0.38 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cymbella sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00

Diatoma mesodon 0.38 0.00 3.17 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56

Didymosphenia geminata 3.76 16.67 2.38 1.71 1.35 3.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Eolimna minima 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fragilaria capucina 1.88 4.15 0.00 4.27 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fragilaria sp. 3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 11.11

Fragilaria vaucherae 3.38 0.00 2.38 4.27 4.05 0.00 0.00 14.29 0.00 0.00

Geissleia sp. 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Geissleria acceptata 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Geissleria cummerowi 3.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Geissleria cummerowi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00

Geissleria kriegeri 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gomphonema angustatum 5.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00

Gomphonema bohemicum 0.75 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00

Gomphonema bohemicum var. angustiminus 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.98 0.00

Gomphonema micropus 2.26 0.00 2.38 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00

Gomphonema micropus var.acquale 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00




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Gomphonema olivaceum 0.00 0.00 2.38 5.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gomphonema parvulum 1.88 2.08 5.56 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 28.57 1.71 11.11

Gomphonema sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gomphonema sphaerophorum 0.00 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hanneae arcus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00

Hanneae arcus var. amphioxys 1.13 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00

Hippodonta sp. 0.00 0.00 1.59 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mayamaea aliena 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mayamaea fossalis 5.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 0.00

Navicla microcari 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Navicula aquaedurae 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Navicula cryptocephala 0.00 4.16 3.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 2.78

Navicula cryptotenella 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78

Navicula microcephala 0.00 2.08 6.35 4.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 0.00

Navicula perminuta 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00

Navicula radiosa 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.00 6.45 0.00 3.57 3.42 2.78

Navicula reichardtiana 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 2.56 0.00

Navicula sp. 0.00 2.08 1.59 0.00 4.05 3.22 0.00 0.00 2.56 0.00

Navicula tenelloides 0.00 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00

Planothidium lanceolata 7.14 0.00 3.97 4.27 0.00 16.10 0.00 3.57 1.71 11.11

Surirella sp. 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.34 0.00 0.00 0.00

Synedra sp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Synedra ulna 5.64 16.66 3.17 1.71 0.00 16.15 0.00 3.57 5.13 1.79




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Table 4.5 Density of different macroinvertebrate taxa in Yarjep river within study area

Sampling sites

Order Family Genus S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Cinygmula 89 133 67 278 311

Cinygma 0 0 11 0 122

Ephemerellidae Ephemerella excrucians 0 0 0 0 56

Baetidae Baetis 56 33 22 22 56

Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia 22 0 0 0 11

Caenidae Caenis latipennis 11 0 0 0 0

Plecoptera Perlidae Acroneuria 0 0 0 0 11

Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Ochrotrichia 22 44 22 0 44

Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche 0 22 11 0 56

Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus 0 0 0 0 22

Ablabesmyia 33 111 344 156 33

Elmidae Heterlimnius 11 0 0 0 0

Tipulidae Antocha saxicola 0 0 11 0

Density (indiv./m2) 244 343 477 467 722

4.5 CONCLUSION

River Yarjep within the surrounding area of proposed Pemashelpu H.E. Project

traverses through fairly pristine landscape, which is intact of much human activities. The

river Yarjep in catchment is not prone to agricultural runoff and any other point as well as

diffuse sources of pollution. However, in the downstream stretch of the river Mechuka town

is major settlement, which is considered to add the major sewage outfall to river Yarjep.

Though, it is not anticipated to deteriorate the water quality significantly. All such landscape

features are found to reflect in the water quality of Yarjep river, which stands for good water

quality evidenced by its physical and chemical characteristics.

The water quality of the rivers can be assessed using different biotic communities.

Majority of the algal as well as macroinvertebrate taxa recorded from Yarjep river were well

adapted to high altitudes and were intolerant of organic pollution. A few taxa like Diatoma

mesodon, Cymbella laevis, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula radiosa (algae), Chironomus

Antocha saxicola, Heterlimnius, etc (aquatic nymphs) found in the study area are considered

to inhabit disturbed water, however, they made their little fragmented appearance.


a) Sampling location at powerhouse site

b) Sampling site downstream Mechukha town

Plate 4.1 Samplings of water quality in Yarjep river

Chapter 5

FISH & FISHERIES

Biodiversity Studies –Fish & Fisheries


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5 Fish & Fisheries

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Fish diversity in Himalaya varies along the elevational gradient and generally decreases

from lower to higher elevations. Fish fauna essentially responds to the physical, chemical and

climatic conditions of water. Apparently towards the higher elevations of Himalaya climatic

conditions are adverse to sustain much aquatic diversity especially fish. The Yarjep river within

the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. project flows in higher elevation where water

temperature goes below 120C in winter season and is not considered conducive for high fish

diversity. Only species which are adapted to low temperature are anticipated to inhabit Yarjep

river in the study area. This chapter deals with the exploration of fish fauna and fishing activities

in the surrounding area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project.

5.2 METHODS

Fishery survey with respect to influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. Project was conducted in

the month of December (2014). In order to collect the secondary data EIA report of Pemashelpu and

Darsan et al. (2014) were consulted. Except, a few information, no other secondary information was

available from the present study area. For primary survey, fishermen were hired to fish in the Yarjep

river and its tributaries. The fish were landed with the help of cast net.

5.3 FISH COMPOSITION

The presence of only five species could be confirmed from the influence area of

Pemashelpu H.E. Project (Table 5.1). Schizothorax richardsonii was landed from the lower

stretch of Yarjep river in the influence area (Plate 5.1). It is dominant species in the lower part

and probably is not found in the close surrounding of proposed powerhouse and barrage sites.

Garra naganensis(?) was also observed from the lower part and is not of much fishery interest.

Onchorhynchus mykiss is an exotic species and is predominant species of upper stretch of Yarjep

river in the close surroundings of project areas and Mechuka town (Plate 5.1). It seems to

develop its self sustaining population in Yarjep river and is generally fished for game and food.

Landing of an 8 kg fish (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was reported by fishermen in Yarjep river

between proposed power house and barrage site. The presence of Creteuchiloglanis payjab near

Mechuka was reported by Darsan et al. (2014). It is a cat fish and is not of fishery interest.

Biodiversity Studies –Fish & Fisheries


CISMHE

Glyptothorax annandalei was record from lower stretch, however, it has a possibility to occur in

the upper stretch of the river.

Table 5.1 Fish species composition in the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

Family/ Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status

(IUCN, 2014)

Cyprinidae

1. Schizothothorax richardsonii Snow Trout VU

2. Garra naganensis Garra LC

Salmonidae

3. Onchorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout -

Sisoridae

4. Creteuchiloglanis payjab Payjab Cat Fish

5. Glyptothorax annandalei Cat Fish LC

LC = Least Concern, VU = Vulnerable

5.4 CONSERVATION STATUS

Out of 5 species, 3 have been assessed for their conservation status under IUCN (2014) redlist.

Schizothorax richardsonii is categorised as ‘vulnerable’ species while 2 others are ‘least concerned’.

Main capture fishery in the lower part of influence area comprises of Schizothorax richardsonii.

5.5 FISHERIES

During the survey no fisherman could be located to fish in the Yarjep river and its

tributaries in the influence area. In order to collect the data, fishermen were hired to fish in the

surrounding areas. Due to religious beliefs, Memba tribe is generally not involved in the fishing

activities. However, fishing activities by other tribes occur in the area especially in lower

stretches. Occasionally anglers from Aalo visit this area for game fishing especially exotic trout.

It can be concluded that the fishing activities is very low in this area, however, main sustenance

fishery comprises of Schizothorax richardsonii and Onchorhynchus mykiss.

5.6 MIGRATION AND SPAWNING

Fish data from the influence area revealed that the river stretch along the Mechuka town

and its upstream is dominated by exotic trout and they spawn in the same stretch. The

Schizothorax richardsonii is found in the lower fringe of influence area and hardly move up to

Mechuka town. They generally prefer to spawn in the tributaries.

Schizothorax richardsonii (Snow Trout)

Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout)

Plate 5.1 Predominant fish species of the influence area of Pemashelpu H.E. project

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Pemashelphu H.E. Project, Arunachal Pradesh B-1

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