Code DreadKeeping up with ASHRAE and LEED
Stormy Shanks | KJWW Engineering Consultants
Jeff Boldt | KJWW Engineering Consultants
Scott Bowman | KJWW Engineering Consultants
Learning Objectives
• Participants will be able to…
– identify the major changes in ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and why it is important to begin preparing clients for these changes now.
– describe the changes made in ASHRAE 90.1 over the years making for more stringent requirements and an increased need for creative and innovative solutions.
– discuss how a LEED-certified building under one version of the standard would not necessarily be certified under a newer version --and changes required to maintain the projected energy savings.
– identify how energy modeling can help design firms plan for and reach a project’s energy savings goal with respect to ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and LEED v4.
Agenda
• ASHRAE 90.1-2010
– What are the major changes? Where are we going?
• THE PROJECT
– KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion
• ENERGY MODELING
– Progression of modeling through advancing standards
• LEED CERTIFICATION
– Effect of later LEED versions on project
IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES
Scott Bowman, PE
LEED AP BD+C
Principal
Corporate Sustainability
Leader
Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP
LEED AP BD+C
Principal
Director of Engineering
Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP
Mechanical Engineer
Energy Modeling Task
Force Member
Speakers…
Speakers…
We would also like to give special thanks to:
Michael Rosenberg
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
For his wonderful assistance , review, and advice while putting
this presentation together!
Brandon Schnier
KJWW Engineering Intern
Iowa State University
For all the energy modeling required for this project. Hopefully
you will decide to join us after graduation!
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
What are the major changes? Hints to 2013?
DOE 30%
Reduction
Target
Courtesy PNNL
ASHRAE 90.1-2013?
ASHRAE 90-1975 ASHRAE 90A-1980
ASHRAE 90.1-1999
ASHRAE 90.1-2001
ASHRAE 90.1-2007
ASHRAE 90.1-2004
ASHRAE 90.1-1989
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Year 1975 – 2010)E
ne
rgy U
se
In
de
x (
19
75
Us
e =
10
0)
Year
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
50
1995 20152000 20102005
110
100
90
80
70
60
14%
4.5%
.5%
12.3%
4.5%
18.5%
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• More equipment is being regulated
– Computer loads
– Elevators, escalators, and fast-walks
– Domestic water booster pumps
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Roofs:
– Cool roofs required in some climate zones
• Envelope:
– No major changes to R values or SHGFs
– Must have more south glazing than east or west
• Orientation? Land purchases? Campus planning?
• Exceptions for storefront, shaded buildings, shading
from adjacent buildings, alterations with no net change
in glazing
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Skylights (or Clerestories):
– Required in some large, tall, top-floor rooms
• Greater than 10,000 sf
• Directly under a roof with ceiling height over 15 ft
• And space type is office, lobby, atrium, concourse,
corridor, gymnasium, convention center, etc.
• Clerestories facing north save more energy
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Fan power
– Efficient fans required
– Low static systems needed
• Larger ductwork
• Larger air handling equipment
• Fewer and better fittings
– Incentive for energy recovery
• More static pressure allowed
• Linear equation☺
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Reheat
– Loopholes closed
• No more hospitals with constant volume reheat!
– No reheat allowed unless:
• Less than 30% of peak flow (or now 20%/50%), or
• Flow no more than required air changes
– Air changes required by codes or accreditation standards
– Exception if 75% of heat is recovered
– ORs only pressurized when unoccupied
– 2012 IECC is less restrictive, except big mistake
deleting the 30% exception
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Overhead Heating:
– Where return/exhaust are higher than 6 feet
• Limits the heating air temperature to no more than
20°F above space temperature
– Supplemental heat (radiant or convective) may be
needed
– Better envelope to reduce load may be a less
expensive and lower energy option
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Economizers:
– Required in more climate zones
– Required for smaller systems
• Capacity greater than 4.5 tons
• Was greater than 11.5 tons in 2007!
• Energy recovery required for more systems
– Greater than 70% outside air and 5,000 cfm in
2007
– Now greater than 30% OA and 5,500 cfm of EA
– Basically all commercial systems require ER
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Lighting Controls:
– Daylighting control required (first time)
• Defined zones of area around windows and skylights
– More occupancy types required
• Added training, lecture, storage, offices (< 250 sf),
restrooms, locker rooms
• Manual on required, except restrooms, public corridors,
and stairs
• Bi-level required for most spaces (not corridors)
– Parking garages
• Reduce power 30% if no activity in >3600 sf
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Lighting Controls:
– Exterior lighting MUST turn off
• When sufficient daylight is available
• Astronomical timer or daylight sensor
– Façade and landscape lighting
• Off from midnight or closing to 6 am or opening
– Higher LPD allowed with control (5-10%)
– Functional testing required!
– Whole-building off required (with exceptions)
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Receptacles:
– 50% of 120V receptacles require automatic
switching
• Offices and computer classrooms
– Options
• Time of day
• Occupancy sensor
• Another control or alarm system
– Some exceptions
THE PROJECT
KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion
Project Facts
• Built in 2007
• 17,500 sf Addition with 2,500 sf remodel
• 75 workspaces added
• 8 private offices
• 4 conference rooms
• Café 623
• Gathering space
• Interior courtyard
Project Facts
• Mechanical:
– High efficiency RTUs (DX/Gas)
– Dedicated Outside Air System (tempered)
– Ventilation direct to stations
– Energy Recovery Ventilator
– Some radiation at windows
• Electrical:
– Indirect lighting with Task Lighting
– Occupancy control
– Top daylighting
H
T
HVAC System Schematic
Ventilation Unit
with ERV
Zone Control Units with
DX and Gas Heat
Return Air Plenum
Humidistat for
Ventilation Override
Zone Control
Thermostats
Ventilation Air Supply
to Workstations
(Conditioned/Dry)
Zone Conditioning
Supply Air
Perimeter Radiation at Windows
LEED v2.2 Certified Silver
LEED v2.2 SILVER
Sustainable Sites 8/14
Water Efficiency 3/5
5/5
Project Total 35/69
7/13Materials & Resources
5/17Energy & Atmosphere
Innovation & Design Process
9/15Indoor Environmental Quality
LEED v2.2 Certified Silver
• Increased open space
• Stormwater
Management
– 26% decrease from pre-
project
– 90% treated on site
• Light Pollution
Reduction
• Over 40% water
reduction
– Exemplary
• Commissioning as
owner
• 98% construction waste
diverted
– Demolished building
– Exemplary
• 20% recycled content
• 24% local materials
• 82% FSC wood
• Lighting controllability
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Design Process
Regional Priority
Integrative Process
Materials and Resources
ENERGY MODELING
Progression of modeling through advancing standards…
Background
• Software used at KJWW
– Trane Trace
– eQUEST
– Sefaira
• Energy Modeling Task Force
– Expertise within all teams
– Engineers doing models
– Building internal dedicated experts
– Now have dedicated modelers for whole firm
ASHRAE 90.1-2004
• Baseline HVAC System Type 3 – packaged rooftop unit with DX cooling and natural gas heating
• Baseline fenestration modeled in uniformly distributed horizontal bands
• Baseline fan power dependent only on system type and supply CFM
• Building area method for lighting
• Seasonal energy rates with winter block rates
• Exceptional calculation for process load <25% of baseline
90.1-2004
2004 Baseline
20%
ASHRAE 90.1-2007
• Baseline HVAC System Type 3
• Baseline fenestration area and distribution
matches design
• Baseline fan power increased due to pressure
drop allowance for MERV 13 filtration
• No change to Building Area Method for
lighting power
• No change in process loads
90.1-2007
2004 Baseline
v2009 Minimum
2007 Baseline
20%
21.4%12.7%
90.1-2007
2004 Baseline
17%
20%
v2009 Minimum
2007 Baseline
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Documentation
– Exceptional Calculation Documentation
• Exceptions added for baseline rotations
• Heating-only baseline system types added
• Requires modeling of shading from adjacent
structures in baseline
• Softened requirements on unmet load hours
• Purchased HW or CW treated like utility – no
trade-offs
General
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Modified baseline systems for DES
• Consistent with LEED DES requirements now
• Allows different level of ventilation in
proposed and baseline design
• New mandatory requirements for lighting
controls and exhaust air energy recovery must
be included in baseline models.
• How LEED v4 will handle Process Loads?
General
ASHRAE 90.1-2010
• Changes for this project to the baseline from
2007 (and 2004)…
– Lighting power density reduced from 1.0 to 0.9
– Baseline fan power calculations
– Envelope improvements
– Equipment efficiency improvements
• Minimum Mandatory Requirement
– Daylighting Control
2004 Baseline
20%
90.1-2010
2010 Baseline
v4 Minimum
20.8%
17%
24.8%
2007 Baseline
90.1-2010
2004 Baseline
2007 Baseline
8%
20%
17%
2010 Baseline
v4 Minimum
LEED CERTIFICATION
How does the project fare moving to later versions of LEED?
Methodology
• Started from known project certification
• Maintain original goal of LEED Silver
• Change from v2.2 to v2009 more predictable
• Reviewed original submittals to new credits
• Looked for lost opportunities
• Definitions;
– Projected = reasonable expectation
– Expanded = possible, with increased cost
• Normalized v2.2 for 110 points
Energy First…
• EAp2 and EAc1 (EAc2 for v4)
• Changes in weighting between versions
• Adjustment in v4 for advanced code
• Lighting controls
• Efficient selections
• Probably does not extend to more complex
systems (particular to THIS project)
EAc1 v2009
EAc2 v4
20%
20%
17%
8%
20%
17%
30%
38%
8%
LEED v2009 Projected
• Modest change in SS
• Modest change in WE
– Even with baseline
change
• Did not meet EAp2 with
base system
– Had to add daylighting
– Recovered some savings
• Loss in MR
– Weighting change?
• Loss in IEQ
– Weighting change?
• Recovered some with
Regional Priority
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Design Process
Regional Priority
Integrative Process
Materials and Resources
LEED v2009 Expanded
• Waterless Urinals
– 10% increase in WE
• Energy Systems
– Daylighting Control
– Improved Envelope
– Reduced lighting density
• Green Power
• IEQ Testing
• Low Mercury Lamps
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Design Process
Regional Priority
Integrative Process
Materials and Resources
LEED v4 Projected
• Loss in LT/SS
– Density
– Green parking
– Heat island
– Open space
• Energy Systems
– Daylighting control
required for 90.1-2010
• Loss in MR
– Unsure of changes?
• Loss in IEQ
– Controllability
– Gain acoustic point
• Lost all Regional Priority
Credits!
– Change in Illinois focus
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Design Process
Regional Priority
Integrative Process
Materials and Resources
LEED v4 Expanded
• Site Assessment
• Waterless Urinals
– 10% increase in WE
– Add meter
• Energy Systems
– Geothermal
– Improved envelope
– Reduced lighting density
• Commissioning
– Envelope commissioning
• Green Power
• IEQ Testing
• Low Mercury Lamps
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Design Process
Regional Priority
Integrative Process
Materials and Resources
SUMMARY
What did we learn?
What did we learn?
• LEED is definitely advancing
– Silver today, Certified tomorrow?
• A major shift will be required to continue
improving energy performance
– More aggressive measures will be needed
– Some strategies today are required tomorrow
• Clients will need to be educated
– Expectations may need to change
What can you do?
• Early and robust energy modeling
– Review orientation
– Shading and/or low SHGFs
• Consider system optimization
– Larger ductwork and air handling equipment
– Heat recovery for reheat
– Dedicated outdoor air systems
• High performance envelopes
– Commission envelopes
Scott Bowman, PE
LEED AP BD+C
Principal
Corporate Sustainability
Leader
Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP
LEED AP BD+C
Principal
Director of Engineering
Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP
Mechanical Engineer
Energy Modeling Task
Force Member
Speakers…
COSTS
What additional costs would be incurred?
Project Costs
• Original project was modest at $127/sf
– Mechanical = $6.62/sf
– Plumbing = $7.98/sf
– Electrical/Technology = $13.30/sf
• Some costs would be required to meet
mandatory portions of 90.1-2010
• Plug load control would be required, so the
energy savings are built into baseline
• Technology has advanced, as well as prices
Minimum Additional Costs
LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007
• No changes required to
meet minimum code
• Changes required to meet
LEED Prerequisite
– Daylighting control
• Sensor Controller
• Dimmable Ballasts
• Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3%
• Payback = 4.3 years
LEED v4 / 90.1-2010
• Changes required to meet
mandatory requirements
– Plug load control
• Occ Sensor Plug Strips
– Daylighting control
• Sensor Controller
• Dimmable Ballasts
• Increase of $0.75/sf, 0.6%
• Payback = 7.4 years
Maximum Additional Costs
LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007
• Water Efficiency
– Waterless Urinals
– Pressure Assist Toilets
• Energy Systems
– Enhanced Envelope
• Wall R24 to R30
• Roof R26 to R40
– Reduced Lighting Density
• T5 High Output Lamps
• LED Task Lighting
• Additional Meters
• Green Power
• IEQ Testing
• Low Mercury Lamps
• Increase of $2.58/sf, 2.0%
– LEED $0.15/sf, 0.1%
• Payback = 14.7 years
Maximum Additional Costs
LEED v4 / 90.1-2010
• Water Efficiency
– Waterless Urinals
– Pressure Assist Toilets
• Energy Systems
– Enhanced Envelope
• Wall R24 to R30
• Roof R26 to R40
– Geothermal Heat Pumps
• 40 tons
– Reduced Lighting Density
• T5 High Output Lamps
• LED Task Lighting
• Site Assessment
• Envelope Commissioning
• Additional Meters
– Water and Energy
• Green Power
• IEQ Testing
• Low Mercury Lamps
• Increase of $8.89/sf, 7.0%
– LEED $1.28/sf, 1.0%
• Payback = 26 years
Cost Summary
LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007
• Silver
– Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3%
– Payback = 4.3 years
• Gold
– Increase of $2.58/sf, 2.0%
– Payback = 14.7 years
LEED v4 / 90.1-2010
• Not Certified
– Increase of $0.75/sf, 0.6%
– Payback = 7.4 years
• Silver
– Increase of $8.89/sf, 7.0%
– Payback = 26 years