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Life Critical ProceduresConfined Space
8/8/06
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Introduction
Focus on Incident Prevention when ManagingPermit Required Work
Accident Type Events Injuries FatalitiesAtmospheric 80 72 78
Explosion or Fire 15 49 15
Electrocution or Shock 11 2 9
Caught In/Crushing 10 3 10
Trapped in Unstable Materials 16 0 16
Summary of NIOSH Study of Confined Space
incidents
Basically, if things go wrong it is BAD!
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Definitions
Attendant
- The person stationed outside of a confined space whomonitors the authorized entrants
Authorized Entrant- The employee or contractor who is authorized by the site
leader to enter a permit-required confined space. An affectedemployee becomes an authorized employee when the work
assignment includes servicing and/ or maintenance.
Combustible Material- Material that may readily ignite ifexposed to sparks, heat, open flames,
electrical arch, friction or otherignition sources
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Definitions
Confined Space Entry Permit
-Written or printed document that allows andcontrols entry into a confined space
Entry
- Is considered to have occurred as soon as any body
part breaks the plane of an opening into a confinedspace
Entry Supervisor (Equipment Owner/Operator)-Person responsible for determining acceptable entryconditions. The supervisor will authorize entry,oversee entry operations and will terminate entry ifrequired.
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Definitions
Hot Work-An operation that can produce an ignition sourcehaving sufficient energy to cause ignition wherethe potential for combustible materials, flammablevapors, gases or dust exists.
IDLH- Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health -condition that poses an immediate or delayedthreat to life or that would cause irreversibleadverse health effects or that would interfere witha persons ability to escape.
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Definitions
Inerting
- The displacement of atmosphere in a confined space or lineby a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such anextent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.
Rescue- An established emergency response procedure whereby
both the rescue personnel and all equipment are available atthe incident scene so that rescue can commence within 5minutes on the start of the emergency.
Rescue Team- Employees trained, equipped and drilled to conduct a rescue
from a confined space
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Definitions
Rescue Service
- External persons, contractors, fire department, emergencyservices, or others that are properly trained, equipped anddrilled to safely conduct a confined space rescue.
Vessel Isolation- Providing a positive means to separate and segregate a
vessel from process ventilation, product feed or drain linesto prevent a hazardous condition . This is accomplished by:
Physical separation of couplings or flanges, with miss-alignment of the ends
Installing a blank, or blind
Utilizing a double block and bleed system
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Classifying Confined Spaces
Confined Space
- Space that is large enough that an employee can enter andperform work- Has limited means for entry or exit;- Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy
Permit Required Confined Space- A Confined Space meeting one or more of the following:
Contains or has potential to contain a hazardousatmosphere
Contains a material that has potential to engulf an entrant
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant couldbe trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls
Contains any other recognized serious safety or healthhazard
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Types of Confined Spaces
Examples
Reactors
Stills
Tanks
Receivers
Boiler/Thermal Oxidizer
Trenches/Sewers/Pits
Excavations >5 ft.
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Accountability
HSE Department
-Must evaluate workplace andidentify all potential confinedspaces.
-Provide training materials for theentry supervisor and authorizedentrant training programs.
-Review site permit compliance andprocedures
-Conduct annual audits of all
completed permits and a field auditof an actual confined space entry.
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Accountability
The Entry Supervisor Must:-Complete a documented pre-job planincluding an Emergency Rescue Plan
- Inform the work group of potentialhazards
-Ensure plant equipment and work areaare properly prepared
-Ensure plant equipment and work area ismaintained in a safe condition during theentry
-Formally approve the permit by signaturebefore allowing work to proceed
-Set permit conditions including PPErequirements
-Ensure work is performed according tothe permit
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Accountability
The Authorized Entrant Must:
- Participate in pre-job planning meetings- Have approval from the Entry Supervisor before startingpermitted work
- Review and understand the requirements outlined on permit- Understand potential hazards, including signs/symptoms and
consequences of exposure that may occur in the confinedspace
- Continue to work only if permit conditions do not change- Know how to use gas analyzers used in the space
- Know how to use ventilation equipment- Communicate with the attendant as necessary- Exit the confined space immediately if:
An alarm condition exists
Signs or symptoms of exposure are detected
Instructed by the attendant to do so
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Accountability
The Attendant Must:
- Be familiar with the specific permit conditions- Understand potential hazards, signs and symptoms- Be aware of potential behavioral effects of exposure- Be stationed at the entrance of the space continuously- Only allow authorized entrants into the space
- Only monitor one entry at a time- Communicate with the authorized entrant as necessary- Monitor activities inside and outside of the space in order to
detect unsafe conditions
- Order an evacuation of the space if unsafe conditions aredetected.
- Know how to use gas analyzers- Know how to use ventilation equipment- Know rescue duties and how to summon rescue personnel
S ifi D ti
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Specific Duties
In general, oxygen deficiency leads to a loss of mental alertness and a distortion ofjudgment and performance. This happens within a relatively short time, without theperson's knowledge and without prior warning. 21 14%Increasing pulse rate, tiredness --------------------------------------------------- 14 11%
-Physical movement and intellectual performance becomes difficult 11 8%
Possibility of headaches, dizziness and fainting after
a fairly short period of time --------------------------------------------------------- 8 6%
Fainting within a few minutes, resuscitation possible
if carried out immediately ----------------------------------------------------------- 6 0%
Fainting almost immediate, death or severe brain damage
-Attendant Must Recognize Effects and symptoms of oxygen depletion
6% v/v fatal16% v/v depletion20.9% v/v normal
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Potential Hazards
Class A
- Situations that are Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health(IDLH)- IDLH Concentrations are listed in NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards
- IDLH Atmospheres include: Oxygen concentration 25%
Explosive or flammable atmosphere >20% of LEL
Toxic substances reaching IDLH values
Additional requirements for work in Class A
- Verbal approval followed by written SMHSE approval isrequired prior to entry into a Class A atmosphere- Entry is limited to only individuals with life support equipment
- Standby at entry point of at least 2 additional employeeswith life support equipment
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Potential Hazards
Class B- Situations with potential for causing injury and illness if
preventative measures are not used but are not IDLH.- Class B Atmospheres include:Oxygen concentration between 16.1% and 19.4%
Oxygen concentration between 21.5% and 25%
Explosive or flammable atmosphere between 5% and 20%of LEL
Toxic substances concentrations greater than OSHAPermissible Exposure Level/ Threshold Limit Value butlower than IDLH values
Additional requirements for work in Class B
- HSE approval is required prior to entry into a Class Batmosphere- Indirect visual or auditory communication with the entrant is
required
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Potential Hazards
Class C
- Situations in which standard confined space proceduresapply- Class C Atmospheres include:
Oxygen concentration between 19.5% and 21.4%
Explosive or flammable atmosphere less than 5%
Toxic substance concentrations lower than OSHA PermissibleExposure Level
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Hazard Types
Toxic Vapors
-A toxic atmosphere exceeds either the OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or theThreshold Limit Value (TLV)
-Ventilation must be used to remove any toxicatmosphere
-Sources of toxic vapors may be: Existing tank conditions Sludge or Scale
Leakage of improperly isolated valves
Materials taken into the space (i.e. solvents for cleaning)
-Chemical analysis is required prior to entry if ahazard is suspected Consider contents of the tank;
Possible by-products of contents;
Adjacent exposures
H d T
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Hazard Types
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
- Oxygen less than 19.5% may not support life. Below 19.5%requires SCBA to enter.- Oxygen deficiency may be caused by:
Chemical absorption
Oxidation of metal
Use of inert gas (by process requirement or by inerting for entry)
Improper or inadequate ventilation during entry
Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere
- Oxygen greater than 21.5%- Combustion is easily supported- Materials not thought combustible will flash and burn
quickly
- Hot Work, electrical equipment and spark producing tools
are prohibited in oxygen enriched atmospheres.
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R l ifi ti f C fi d S
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Reclassification of Confined Spaces
A Confined Space May Be Reclassified if:
- All hazards within the space can be eliminated w/o entry- The atmosphere inside and surrounding the space will notchange
- The atmosphere has been tested and is verified safe- Collecting atmospheric data does not require entry
Control of Atmospheric Hazards by Forced AirVentilation Does Not Constitute Elimination of the
Hazard for Purposes of Reclassification
S f t P ti
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Safety Precautions
Signs
- All Permit Required Confined Spaces must be prominently posted
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S f t P ti
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Safety Precautions
Tools used in Confined Spaces must:
- Be clean and in good condition- Be grounded or double insulated- Have Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs), with the
GFCI remaining outside of the space
- Intrinsically safe if a potential for a flammable atmosphere
exists Portable electrical equipment and lighting must:
- Be operated at 12 volts or less (55V-UK) or;- If 110 volt, it may be used with a GFCI positioned outside of
the space
Portable ladders must be secured at the top andbottom if possible
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Confined Space Entry Requirements
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Confined Space Entry Requirements
Entry preparation must follow the lockout procedureincluding isolation/ separation of hazardouschemicals to prevent the material from entering theconfined space.
If the confined space has an agitator or othermechanical devices inside, these devices must be
locked out and physically secured Pre-Job discussions are required prior to anyone
entering the vessel, must be attended by all personsentering the vessel, and the confined space hazardsmust be assessed or evaluated and the hazards
mitigated. The hazard assessment must bediscussed during the pre-job planning.
Mechanical Ventilation
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Mechanical Ventilation
Confined Space Entry Requirements
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Confined Space Entry Requirements
Communication maintained between Attendant,Entrant and Rescue Service- Alternate communication methods are required if supplied
air is used
Line of sight and hand signals - hand signals reviewed with team priorto entry
Radios
Loud verbal communication if feasible
- An alarm is required to signal entrant evacuationAir horn or other equivalent method
All affected personnel must know work is to stop and evacuate
Entrants and attendants must be listed on the permit- Entrants must sign in and out of the space
Confined Space Entry Requirements
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Confined Space Entry Requirements
Barricades
-When making an entry, the areaaround the space must bebarricaded with traffic cones,barrier tape or other means.
- Barricades should preventunauthorized personnel fromentering the area
- Barricade tape is to beinstalled across the openingof confined space where noentry is made and noattendant is standing by.
Confined Space Entry Requirements
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Confined Space Entry Requirements
Pre-Entry Safety Training
- All Involved EmployeesInformed of: Permit Conditions
Atmospheric Test Results
Potential Hazards
Signs/Symptoms and
Consequences of Exposure
Safety Precautions
Emergency Procedures
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Post Entry Procedures
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Post Entry Procedures
Post Entry Review (after confined space entry iscompleted)- Conducted and documented on permit following entry- Verifies all persons accounted for- Work is complete- Confined space is secure
Rescue Planning
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Rescue Planning
Prior to Entry
- A Rescue Plan must be developed and documented- Plan must be specific to the space being entered- Plan reviewed during pre-job discussion
Rescue plan must include- How to summon team in a timely manor (appropriate for type
of space and hazards identified)- Methods of rescue for retrieval
Mechanical retrieval
Manual retrieval (for horizontal entry points)
Rescue team
- Types, availability and responsibility for Equipment required
Rescue Planning
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Rescue Planning
Rescue Planning Policies- Attendant must never enter the space
Attendant must immediately call for rescue if an employee becomesunconscious, sustains an injury or otherwise cannot self rescue.
Attendant may perform non-entry rescue only after summoningrescue team
- Rescue Equipment Mechanical lifting device required for vertical rescues >5 ft Safety harness attached with life line near center of entrants back
Wristlets or anklets may be used for small openings
Lifelines must be attached to fixed point outside the space
The Attendant Must Not Enter the Confined Space
Types of Rescue Teams
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Types of Rescue Teams
Honeywell Rescue Teams
- Onsite Company Employees Trained, certified and equipped to perform rescues
Must participate in annual documented rescue drill
Must be notified prior to entry to ensure availability
- Outside Rescue Services
Local emergency services, fire department, contracted service Written document demonstrating agreement and training
Team and equipment must be available within a timely manner
Rescue must be able to start within 5 minutes of the emergency
Must be familiar with and capable of rescue from sites spaces
Must be notified prior to entry to ensure availability
Should participate in onsite annual documented rescue drill
Must be onsite during entry unless:
Non-Entry rescue can be completed by Attendant
Non-Entry rescue can be completed by Onsite Rescue Team
Atmospheric Testing Procedures
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Atmospheric Testing Procedures
Equipment Verification
- Atmospheric analyzers require documented Checks Verified per manufacturers directions Bump Test with Span Gas
Test verification results documented on Entry Permit
Bump check the Monitor daily to ensure proper operation
Equipment Requirements
- Multi-gas analyzer is required Capable of monitoring Oxygen and LEL at minimum
Additional capabilities required for toxic gases, Carbon Monoxide, etc.
Atmospheric Testing Procedures
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Atmospheric Testing Procedures
All confined spaces must be tested prior to entry,and monitored continuously during entry.
Test must be completed in this order1. Oxygen
2. Flammable Gas
3. Toxic Gases
Taking initial sample- Sample from a small opening- Position self upwind from opening
Ventilation may be required to ensure pockets of
contaminated air are eliminated.
Sample Oxygen First. Other Tests May Not BeAccurate if Oxygen Values are Low.
Atmospheric Testing Procedures
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Atmospheric Testing Procedures
Test all vertical levels of thespace
If horizontal area cannot betested without entry- Tester must use supplied air- Rescue equipment must be
provided. With long test probe, allow
pump to run min. of 1 secondper foot of tube
Testing must be documented
at least every 2 hours Retest required if entrant
leaves for more than 30minutes
Training Requirements
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Training Requirements
All involved personnel must be trained annually
Training Elements- Safe Work Practices- Confined Space Procedure- Entry Permit- PPE, tools, Hot Work, Communication
- Calibration and use of gas meters- Duties (Entry Supervisor, Entrant, Attendant, Rescue)- Rescue Planning, Emergency Action- Chemical and physical hazards
- Ventilation- Isolation and hazardous energy control- Rescue Equipment (harness, lifeline, mechanical extraction)
Training Requirements
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Training Requirements
Rescue Team
- In addition to other training requirement: Trained on use of rescue equipment (winches, lifelines, etc.) Current in First Aid, CPR, Blood borne Pathogens
Completed rescue drill for various types of scenarios
Retraining is required Annually
Contractors- Must provide documentation of similar training if involved in
Confined Space Entry and follow requirements equallyrestrictive as Honeywell.
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