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Statistical ReasoningDiscussion Paragraph:
5B1 web
47. Polling Organization48. Harper’s Index
1 world49. Applying the Guidelines50. Believable Results51. Unbelievable Results52. Legal Experts53. Biased Questioning
5C1 web
48. CO2 Emissions49. Energy Table50. Statistical Abstract
1 World51. Frequency Tables52. Bar Graph53. Pie Chart54. Histogram55. Line Chart
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-4
A multiple bar graph has two or more sets of bars that allow comparison between two or more data sets. All the data sets must involve the same categories so that they can be displayed on the same graph.
A stack plot shows different data sets in a vertical stack. Stack plots usually use either stacked bars or stacked line graphs.
Graphics Beyond the Basics
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-5
The following multiple bar graph shows how education affects personal employment.
A Multiple Bar Graph
5-DEducation and EmploymentCN (1a-b)
1. Examine Figure. a. What is its major message? b. Why are the two sets of bars shown separately
that next to each other?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-6
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-7
The following stack plot shows trends in death rates from four diseases.
A Stack Plot
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-8
What was the death rate for tuberculosis in 1930?
About 220 – 100 = 120 deaths per 100,000
Reading a Stack Plot
5-DStack PlotCN (2)
2. What was the death rate for cardiovascular disease in 1980?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-9
5-DInterpreting Geographical DataCN (3)
3. Which state has the highest per capita energy usage?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-10
5-DInterpreting Geographical DataCN (4)
4. Were there any temperatures above 80 degrees Fahrenheit in the US on the date shown?
Where?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-11
5-DThree Dimensional Bird MigrationCN (5-6)
5. About what time was the largest number of birds flying over the east-west
line marked by the seven
cities?
6. Over what part of New
York did most of the birds fly?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-12
5-DOlympic WomenCN (7)
Describe 3 trends shown in this figure.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-13
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-14
Perceptual distortions: Many graphics are drawn in a way that distorts our perception of them.
Watch the scales: It can be visually deceptive if you do not study the scales carefully.
Percentage change graphs: Graphs that show percentage change can be misleading unless you interpret them with great care.
Pictographs: Pictographs are graphs embellished with additional artwork. The artwork may make the graph more appealing, but can also mislead.
A Few Cautions about Graphics
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-15
The lengths of the dollars to the right represent the data, but your eyes tend to focus on the area.
Perceptual Distortion
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-16
Both graphs show the same data, but they look very different because their vertical scales have different ranges.
Different Vertical Scales
5-D
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-17
It appears that the world population has been rising linearly. However, the time intervals on the horizontal axis are not uniform in size.
Different Horizontal Scales
5-DQuick QuizCN (8)
8. Please answer all ten of the quick quiz questions together as a group.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5-18