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CONTOH KASUS AKIBAT PAPARAN BAHAN TOKSIK
By Yusniar Hanani Darundiati, STP, MKesENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTFACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTHDIPONEGORO UNIVERSITYSEMARANG, INDONESIA
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Chemicals of Concern
PesticidesMercury
DioxinPCBs
Flame RetardantsBisphenol-A
PhthalatesPerflurocarbons
(etc.)(routes of exposure)
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Thalidomide
Introduced in 1956 as sedative (sleeping pill) and to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Withdrawn in 1961
Discovered to be a human teratogen causing absence of limbs or limb malformations in newborns
5000 to 7000 infants effected Resulted in new drug testing rules
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Effects of Prenatal Alcohol
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Lead In Homes
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Recycling Lead
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Hg – Like Water
Page 9Polluting with HG
Discharge in Minamata Bay
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Fetal Effects of MeHg
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Life-Long Effects of MeHg
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Planting Seed with Mercury
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Iraq Mothers with Bread
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Iraq Infant - Effects of Mercury
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Coal Fired Plants – Hg Emissions
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Outbreaks of MeHg Poisoning
Place Year CasesMinamata 1953-60 1000
Nigata 1964-65 646
Guatemala 1963-65 45
Ghana 1967 144
Pakistan 1969 100
Iraq 1956 100
Iraq 1960 1,002
Iraq 1971 40,000
On-going 2001 ???
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Mercury poisoning
Toxic chemicals find way into the womb
Five years ago Molly and Zachery Gray were in the midst of a dark, lonely spiral. It began with Molly's first miscarriage….
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Toxic Cadmium Prompts Recall of McDonald’s Shrek glasses Tuesday, June 08, 2010
the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) announced a voluntary recall of those promotional Shrek Forever After glasses. 12 million of those glasses.."
in the Fiona glass, we detected 1,049 ppm cadmium in the baby’s face. I detected no cadmium in Fiona’s dress (at the sleeve) but did find 10,900 ppm chromium.
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What is endocrine disruption ?
Definition of the EU commission (1998):Exogenic compounds which negatively affect the health of an intact organism or its offspring by interference with its endocrine function.
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are environmental chemicalswhich directly or indirectlyinfluence the hormonal systemand may be active at low concentrations.
Marbuse: The fusion ofSalmakis and Hermaphroditos(early 16th century)
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InsecticidesCarbarylChlordanDDT and DDEDicofolDieldrinEndosulfanLindanMethoxychlorMirexOxychlordanParathionToxaphenPyrethroide
NematicidesAldicarbDBCP (1,2-Dibrom-3-chlorpropan)
FungicidesBenomylFenarimolMancozebManebTributyltin compounds (TBT)Triphenyltin compounds (TPT)VinclozolinZineb
HerbicidesAlachlorAmitrolAtrazin2,4-Dichlorphenoxy-acetic acidMetribuzinNitrofen2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxy-acetid acid
Industrial chemicalsAlkylphenolsBisphenol ADioxine (2,3,7,8-TCDD)PentachlorphenolPhthalatePolybromated Biphenyls (PBB)Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)
Suspected endocrine disrupting compounds
(from Oehlmann & Markert, 1997)
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Evidence in vertebrates
Malformations in sexual organs. Examples: Hemi- and minipenes Hemi- and minipenes
in alligatorsin alligators in Florida,Lake Apopka - causedby a DDT accident
Feminisation in male fishFeminisation in male fish (ovotestes) (ovotestes) in sewage polluted surface waters in North America and Europe
Masculinisation Masculinisation (arrhenoidy) (arrhenoidy) in female carp in female carp downstream of pulp mills
Masculinisation of female fathead minnowsMasculinisation of female fathead minnows downstream of animal farms
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Animal evidence surrounds us
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EDCs
• Drugs such as birth control pills, DES, and cimetidine, especially in sewage water
DES, diethylibestrol, given to mothers to prevent morning sickness, caused genital cancers in their children 20 years later.
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Definition DES
Synthetic estrogen given as a feed additive to livestock and prescribed for pregnant women 1947-1971 to prevent miscarriages (experiments started in 1942) – interferes with normal development of the reproductive tract and fertility of sons and daughters
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Plastic Bottles Release Potentially Harmful Chemicals (Bisphenol A) After Contact With Hot Liquids
ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2008) — When it comes to Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from polycarbonate plastic bottles, it's not whether the container is new or old but the liquid's temperature that has the most impact on how much BPA is released, according to University of Cincinnati (UC) scientists.
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BPA, Chemical Used To Make Plastics, Found To Leach From Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles Into Humans
ScienceDaily (May 22, 2009) — A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to interfere with reproductive development in animals and has been linked with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans.
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Endocrine Disruptors: Babies Absorb the Most Bisphenol A
ScienceDaily (Apr. 6, 2010) — The hormonally active substance bisphenol A is contained in many synthetic and packaging materials. As a result, the substance can find its way into the food chain and the human organism. Just who is exposed and to what extent is shown in a new study from ETH Zurich: babies who are fed with polycarbonate bottles are especially at risk.
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KASUS Suginami (TERUNGKAP di tahun 2000) kawasan pengolahan limbah di pinggiran
kota Tokyo, Jepang - lebih dari 90 senyawa beracun
di sekitar lokasi incinerator
Saksi korban: Keiko Sato, perempuan (67 tahun) pembengkakan payudara lonjakan kadar hormon testosteron– “tumbuh” janggut di dagunya Pada rambut Sato ditemukan arsen, timbal dan merkuri
dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi. “alarm” bagi penggunaan teknologi insinerasi untuk
pengelolaan limbah padat perkotaan
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Girl, 10, is the youngest person in the U.S. to be diagnosed with breast cancer Last updated at 11:15 PM on 19th May 2009
Doctors in California said they believe Hannah, who is at least two years away from typical puberty, is the youngest person to suffer from breast cancer.
Hannah said: 'How could this happen? I am only ten years old. I did not even know what cancer was. I just kept crying and couldn't stop.
Hannah Powell-Auslum, of La Mirada, California, has stunned doctors with her breast cancer diagnosis
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The Potential of Children
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