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ECOSYSTEMCreated by:Kush Sehgal
Class XII scienceRoll number : 2
Session: 2!"#$
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Session: 2!"#
a sEcosystem
'n ecosystem is acommunity o) li*ingorganisms +,lants-animals and
microbes. incon/unction 0ith thenonli*ing com,onentso) their en*ironment
+things li1e air- 0aterand mineral soil.-interacting as asystem
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3iche *4s habitat
5abitat:
The natural home oren*ironment o) an animal-
,lant- or other organism
3iche:
' role ta1en by a ty,e
o) organism 0ithin itscommunity
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6iotic 7actors 6iotic com,onents
These are the li*ing things that sha,e an ecosystem' biotic )actor is any li*ing com,onent that a8ects anotherorganisms- including animals that consume the organism in9uestion- and the li*ing )ood that the organism consumes
Eam,le :
a )resh 0aterecosystemsho0ing ,rey
and a ,redator
b i i
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More 'bout 6iotic
Com,onents 6iotic com,onents are contrastedto abiotic com,onents- 0hich arenon$li*ing com,onents o) anorganism;s en*ironment- such astem,erature- light- moisture- aircurrents- etc 6iotic com,onentsusually include:
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'biotic )actors In biology and ecology- abiotic com,onents
include ,hysical conditions and non$li*ing resources that a8ect li*ing organisms interms o) gro0th- maintenance- and re,roductionResources are distinguished as substances orob/ects in the en*ironment re9uired by oneorganism and consumed or other0ise made
una*ailable )or use by other organismsCom,onent degradation o) a substance bychemical or ,hysical ,rocesses- eg hydrolysis'll non$li*ing com,onents o) an ecosystem is
called abiotic com,onents
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,roducti*ity In ecology- ,roducti*ity or ,roduction re)ers to the rate
o) generation o) biomass in an ecosystem It is usuallye,ressed in units o) mass ,er unit sur)ace +or *olume.,er unit time- )or instance grams ,er s9uare metre
,er day +g m$2
d$"
. The mass unit may relate to drymatter or to the mass o) carbon generated
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E3ER@Y 7AO& Food chain
' linear se9uence o) lin1s in a )ood0eb starting )rom s,ecies that are called
,roducers in the 0eb and ends at s,ecies thatare called decom,osers in the 0eb ' )oodchain also sho0s ho0 the organisms arerelated 0ith each other by the )ood they eat '
)ood chain di8ers )rom a )ood 0eb- becausethe com,le ,oly,hagous net0or1 o) )eedingrelations are aggregated into tro,ic s,eciesand the chain only )ollo0s
linear mono,hagous ,ath0ays
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Ty,es o) )ood chainGrazing food chain$ The graBing )ood chain begins 0ith
the ,hotosynthetic ation o) light- carbon dioide- and0ater by ,lants +,rimary ,roducers. 0ho ,roduce sugarsand other organic molecules Once ,roduced- thesecom,ounds can be used to create the *arious ty,es o)
,lant tissues
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the obser*ed,rocess o) change in the s,ecies structureo) an ecological community o*er time The
time scale can be decades +)or eam,le-a)ter a 0ildre.- or e*en millions o) yearsa)ter a mass etinction
The community begins 0ith relati*ely)e0 ,ioneering ,lants and animals andde*elo,s through increasing com,leityuntil it becomes stable or sel)$,er,etuating
as a clima community
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Secondary succession is one o) the t0o ty,eso) ecological succession o) ,lant li)e 'so,,osed to the rst- ,rimary succession-secondary succession is a ,rocess started by an
e*ent that reduces an alreadyestablished ecosystem to a smaller ,o,ulationo) s,ecies
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3utrient cycle
' nutrient cycle +or ecological recycling. is the mo*ementand echange o) organic and inorganic matter bac1 intothe ,roduction o) li*ing matter The ,rocess is regulatedby )ood 0eb ,ath0ays that decom,ose matter
intomineral nutrients 3utrient cycles occur 0ithinecosystems Ecosystems are interconnected systems0here matter and energy o0s and is echanged asorganisms )eed- digest- and migrate about Minerals andnutrients accumulate in *aried densities and une*en
congurations across the ,lanet Ecosystems recyclelocally- con*erting mineral nutrients into the ,roductiono) biomass- and on a larger scale they ,artici,ate in aglobal system o) in,uts and out,uts 0here matter isechanged and trans,orted through a larger systemo) biogeochemical cycles
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a r o n cy c l e The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by
0hich carbon is echanged among thebios,here- ,edos,here- geos,here- hydros,here-and atmos,here o) the Earth
The global carbon budgetis the balance o) theechanges +incomes and losses. o) carbonbet0een the carbon reser*oirs or bet0een ones,ecic loo, +eg- atmos,here F bios,here. o)
the carbon cycle 'n eamination o) the carbonbudget o) a ,ool or reser*oir can ,ro*idein)ormation about 0hether the ,ool or reser*oiris )unctioning as a source or sin1 )or carbon
dioide
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Phosphorus cycle
The ,hos,horus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describesthe mo*ement o) ,hos,horus throughthe lithos,here- hydros,here- and bios,here Gnli1e many otherbiogeochemical cycles- the atmos,here does not ,lay a signicantrole in the mo*ement o) ,hos,horus- because ,hos,horus and
,hos,horus$based com,ounds are usually solids at the ty,icalranges o) tem,erature and ,ressure )ound on Earth The,roduction o) ,hos,hine gas occurs only in s,ecialiBed- localconditions
On the land- ,hos,horus +chemical symbol-
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