EFFECTIVENESS OF IKOTOILETS IN ADDRESSING
SANITATION AMONG PUBLIC TOILET USERS IN
NAIROBI CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT IN KENYA
BY
EMAH MUHAMBE MADEGWA
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIKIKUYU LIBRARY
P. 0. Box 92 - 00902 , KIKUYU
A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER
OF ARTS IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
2012
DECLARATION
This research project report is my original work and has not been presented for a degree
in any other University
EMAH MUHAMBE MADEGWA
REG. NO. L50/63873/2010
) 7 I^Jo I^
DATE
This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University
Supervisor
..... A .':.-....,.--------------
Ms. LYDIAH N. WAMBUGU
LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
___
DATE
II
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my beloved family, my mother, Rose Nafiina Ndombi, my
father Happy M’mbono Madegwa, and my brother Kelvin M’mbono Madegwa who have
relentlessly encouraged me.
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is with tears of joy that I realize I have been in a journey not by myself but with people
so dear to me. I am thankful to the almighty God, for giving me the strength and wisdom
to write this research project. It has been a wonderful learning experience on my
academic life which was filled with challenges and rewards. The completion of this
research study leads to a new beginning and a step forward towards my future. 1 would
like to acknowledge:
My supervisor Ms. Lydia Wambugu, whose encouragement, criticism and friendship
helped to make this project become possible. Am also grateful to her advice and the
scholarly guidance she provided throughout the stages of writing this research project.
I also wish to extend my deep felt gratitude to Ecotact limited management, who offered
support and assistance to make this research project become a reality.
My friends from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Master of Arts in
Project Planning and Management class of 2010/2011 and my loving cousins Faith
Atieno Okhungu and Laura Akinyi Okungu; your opinions and views have added a lot to
my academic life.
To my loving father Mr. Happy M’mbono Madegwa, and brother Mr. Kelvin M’mbono
Madegwa, who guided me and provided me with the suitable resources to make this
research project a reality.
Lastly, to my loving Mother, Ms. Rose Nafuna Ndombi who has been with me
throughout this journey and who relentlessly encouraged me, guided me, prayed for me
and motivated me. Her sincere sacrifices to assist me whenever I was in need have been
inspiring to me. Without you, I would never have experienced the joy of this success.
Thank you for your continuous guidance.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTPage
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENT...........................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................. ix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...............................................................................x
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1
LI
1.2Background to the Study.........................'W I R q b .................................................1Statement of the Problem............................................................................ ..............6
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.61.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
Purpose of the Study......
Objectives of the Study...
Research Questions........
Significance of the Study
P* & Box 92 - •KffCUYIT
Delimitation of the Study............................................................................................8
Limitations of the Study..............................................................................................8
Assumptions of the Study...........................................................................................9
Operational Definition of Significant Term s............................................................9
CHAPTER TW O.................................................................................................................... 11
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................11
2.2 Social Entrepreneurship............................................................................................11
2.3 Addressing Sanitation.............................................................................................. 12
2.4 Ways in which Ikotoilet is Addressing Sanitation Among Public Toilet Users .14
2.5 Measuring Effectiveness.......................................................................................... 17
2.6 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................ 18
v
2.7 Conceptual Framework............................................................................................20
2.8 Summary of Reviewed Literature........................................................................... 23
CHAPTER TH R EE............................................................................................................... 24
RESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY........................................................................................24
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Research Design........................................................................................................24
3.3 Target Population......................................................................................................24
3.4 Sample Size and Sample Technique.......................................................................25
3.5 Research Instruments............................................................................................... 27
3.5.1 Pilot Testing................................................................................................................28
3.5.2 Validity of the Instruments....................................................................................... 28
3.5.3 Reliability of the Instruments...................................................................................28
3.6 Data Collection Procedure....................................................................................... 29
3.7 Data Analysis Technique......................................................................................... 29
3.8 Ethical Considerations.............................................................................................. 30
3.9 Operationalization of Variables...............................................................................31
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................35
DATA ANALYIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS 35
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................35
4.2 Response R ate........................................................................................................... 35
4.3 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents.................................................. 35
4.4 Transforming Social Behaviour among Public Toilet Users in NCBD................38
4.5 Developing Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Public Toilet Users in NCBD....41
4.6 Transforming Urban Scape for Public Toilet Users in NCBD...............................43
4.7 Transforming Conservation Mechanisms for Public Toilet Users in NCBD.......45
CHAPTER F IV E ................................................................................................................... 47
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................... 47
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Summary of Findings...............................................................................................47
5.3 Discussion of Findings.............................................................................................50
vi
5.4 Conclusions of the Study..........................................................................................52
5.5 Recommendations of the Study............................................................................... 53
5.6 Suggestions for Further Research........................................................................... 54
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................51
APPENDICES........................................................................................................................60
APPENDIX I: Letter of Transmittal.......................................................................................60
APPENDIX II: Questionnaire for Lower Cadre Ikotoilet Employees.................................61
APPENDIX III: Interview Guide for Ikotoilet Managers..................................................... 65
APPENDIX IV: Interview Guide for Ikotoilet Users........................................................... 68
APPENDIX V: Krejcie and Morgan Table........................................................................... 70
APPENDIX VI: Research Authorization................................................................................71
vii
LIST OF FIGURESPage
....21Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
LIST OF TABLESPage
Table 3.1: Sample Size........................................................................................................... 25
Table 3.2: Operationalization Table......................................................................................31
Table 4.1: Gender Distribution of the Lower Cadre Employees....................................... 36
Table 4.2: Gender Distribution of the Ikotoilet Users........................................................ 36
Table 4.3: Age Range of the Lower Cadre Employees....................................................... 37
Table 4.4: Level of Education of the Lower Cadre Employees..........................................37
Table 4.5: Number of Years Worked at Ikotoilet for the Lower Cadre Employees........ 38
Table 4.6: The Opinion of the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre Employees..................................... 39
Table 4.7: The Opinion of the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre Employees..................................... 41
Table 4.8: The Opinion of the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre Employees..................................... 43
Table 4.9: The Opinion of the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre Employees..................................... 45
IX
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
NCBD: Nairobi Central Business District
MDG: Millennium Development Goal
SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences
WSP: Water and Sanitation Programme
WHO: World Health Organization
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund
x
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Ikotoilets in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in the Nairobi Central Business District (NCBD). The study focused on Ikotoilets located in the NCBD and was guided by the following objectives: To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming social behavior for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District; To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District; To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming urban scape for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District; and To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District. The literature review covered the general status of social enterprises and sanitation in the world, and explained ways in which Ecotact Limited; a social enterprise is using the Ikotoilet to address sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD.
The research design was descriptive in nature and a mixed method was used, that constituted both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Probability and nonprobability sampling techniques were used to select the sample size which was ninety five (95) in total constituting Ikotoilet management employees, Ikotoilet lower cadre employees and Ikotoilet users. Data was collected by administering questionnaires and use o f interview guides and was then analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data was arranged to enable coding and tabulation before being entered into SPSS. It was analysed through the use of descriptive statistics, which included frequencies and percentages; while the qualitative data that included words was analysed by following key steps of analysing qualitative data: data organization; creating themes; analysing and interpreting information and then writing the report.
Study findings indicated that although it is evident that the Ikotoilet is effective in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in the NCBD through transforming social behavior; developing entrepreneurship; transforming urban scape and transforming conservation mechanisms, there are a few mechanisms that are either not known to the users or are not functioning as stated by Ecotact limited. For instance, the researcher established that tissue paper provided for use was not enough, and that soap is sometimes not available for use. The Ikotoilet users are also not aware of the baby’s changing area in the female toilets, as it is not easily visible. There was a concern that the Ikotoilets are closed very early and thus should at least be opened later into the night and not as early as 6 pm. There are also a number of mechanisms that are not functional, like the radio speakers, light bulbs and the free toilet for disabilities. The researcher recommended to Ecotact Limited that more tissue paper should be provided and that soap should be available all the times. The users, especially the women should also be sensitized about the baby’s changing area and all the mechanisms that have broken down should be repaired. This will ensure that sanitation is entirely addressed among public toilet users in the NCBD. A further study should be carried out with a larger sample that includes Ikotoilets all over Kenya, as different results may be found.
xi UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIKIKUYU LIBRARY
P. 0 . Box 92 - 00902. K I K U Y U
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Sanitation has remained one of the few topics debated in the society, whether at work,
home or even schools. Whenever you needed to visit a public washroom in Nairobi tor
instance, the available choices have been extremely limited, with most distinctly
distasteful and dangerous. According to a research carried by the water and sanitation
programme (WSP, 2004); public toilets provided by the Nairobi City Council were few
and far between. When you entered them, you had to cautiously walk through a wet
slippery floor, struggle to ignore the stench, and had to forgo amenities like toilet paper
and running water to clean up afterwards, not to mention the risk of getting robbed by the
thugs loitering around them.
Sanitation is the provision o f facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine
and faeces. In a joint study by World Health Organization and United Nations Children's
Fund, Safe disposal implies not only that people must excrete hygienically but also that
their excreta must be contained or treated to avoid adversely affecting their health or that
of other people (WHO/UNICEF, 2010). Adequate sanitation, together with good hygiene
and safe water, are fundamental to good health and to social and economic development.
That is in reference to a quote by Mahatma Gandhi who said in 1923, “sanitation is more
important than independence”
Desire for privacy and to avoid embarrassment; desire for convenience and to avoid the
discomforts or dangers of the bush (e.g. snakes, pests, rain), and wanting social
acceptance or status are some of the key motivations for adequate sanitation in a society,
Curti (2005). Lack of sanitation leads to diseases which are particularly correlated with
poverty and infancy and alone account for about 10% of the global burden of disease,
Priiss-Ustun, Bos, Gore, Bartram (2008). At any given time close to half of the urban
populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America have a disease associated with poor
sanitation, hygiene, and water, Satterthwaite (1999). Of human excreta, feces are the
most dangerous to health, John and Sons (1983).
1
Diarrhoeal diseases are the most important of the faeco-oral diseases globally, causing
around 1.6-2.5 million deaths annually, many of them among children under 5 years old
living in developing countries, (Mathers, Lopez, Murray, 2006). In 2008, for example,
diarrhoea was the leading cause of death among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan
Africa, resulting in 19% of all deaths in this age group, (Black, Cousens, Johnson, Lawn,
Rudan, et al. 2008)
Regional disparities in sanitation coverage are huge. Whereas 99% of people living in
industrialized countries have access to improved sanitation, in developing countries only
53% have such access. Within developing countries, urban sanitation coverage is 71%
while rural coverage is 39%. Consequently, at present the majority of people lacking
sanitation live in rural areas; this balance will shift rapidly as urbanization increases.
Worryingly, over the past two decades, provision o f improved sanitation has barely kept
pace with increasing populations (WHO/UNICEF, 2010). It is stated that the world is still
far from meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for sanitation, and is
unlikely to do so by 2015. Only 63% of the world now has improved sanitation access, a
figure projected to increase only to 67% by 2015, well below the 75% aim in the MDGs.
Currently 2.5 billion people still lack improved sanitation. (WHO/UNICEF, 2012)
In Kenya, sanitation countrywide estimates for 2008 by the WHO / UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme indicate that 31% Kenyans had access to private improved
sanitation. In urban areas an additional 51% of the population used shared toilets. In rural
areas, open defecation was estimated to be still practiced by 18% of the population
(WHO/ UNICEF, JMP 2010). In Nairobi, sanitation coverage (water closet or flush toilet
connected to a sewerage system, septic tanks, Ventilated Improved Pit latrine and
ordinary pit latrines) was about 23% in 2006-2007, (WASREB Impact Report, 2009).
According to MDG 7, target 10 states, halve by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. It has been established that
toilets need to be constructed to meet this target.
2
Njoroge (2002), in a study o f the management o f public toilets in Nairobi, found that
there are a total of 138 public toilets in the city o f Nairobi. Eighteen of these facilities are
located within the NCBD - at bus stops, the railway station, recreational parks, and in a
few other locations with heavy human traffic. Most of the city’s public toilets (87
percent) are found outside the NCBD, located to serve residential estates, markets, and
commercial centers. Most o f these toilets have been in a very poor condition; they are
dilapidated, vandalized, and lack privacy (due to missing doors and windows). Roofing
material and floor slabs are often damaged or absent. The water supply and electrical
systems are often broken, following theft of piping, fittings, and other accessories.
Njoroge (2002),
There is however considerable potential for private sector participation in public toilet
management in Nairobi to tum this challenge into values. This is through social
entrepreneurship, which is the work of a social entrepreneur, who recognizes a social
problem and uses entrepreneurial principles to organize, create and manage a venture to
make social change. A social entrepreneur accesses success in terms of the impact s/he
has on the society. The primary focus is to maximize benefits for society and the
environment by implementing innovative approaches to the key challenges the world is
facing. Social entrepreneurship might be a way to help cope with the different issues
Africa has to face every day by championing the Government to start looking at social
enterprises as another avenue of delivering public service.
Social entrepreneurship can be termed as having profound implications in the economic
system: creating new industries, validating new business models, and allocating resources
to neglected societal problems, Drayton (1990). In India, for instance, Sulabh
International, a social enterprise, is improving India’s sanitation, weakening the caste
system, and helping those in the “untouchable” caste move into safer, more dignified
jobs. Social entrepreneur Bindeshwar Pathak, established the enterprise which has
developed the Sulabh Shauchalaya twin pit; pour flush toilet system and is now in use in
more than 1.2 million residences and buildings built by Sulabh. This technology has been
declared a Global Best Practice by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme
3
(UN-HABITAT) and is now recommended by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) for use by more than 2.6 billion people around the world.
In Kenya, Ecotact Limited, a social enterprise incorporated in 2006 in Nairobi, is a clear
picture of how public-private partnerships can work on behalf of all people in providing
innovative solutions to pressing social problems. Ecotact’s fundamental purpose is to
develop and stimulate local investments in social and environmental ventures that offer
immense life-impacts to the general citizens. This includes investing in innovations to
solve the problems of sanitation in urban centers, urban slums and public schools in
Kenya and the region, in a sustainable way.
The enterprise has developed transformed aspects for public toilets to address sanitation
by investing in the innovative Ikotoilet-//zz>j/:wg beyond a toilet’, strategic partnerships;
cutting edge technologies; a unique approach to social marketing and behavior change;
innovative sanitation knowledge management; and waste management initiatives.
Establishment of Ikotoilets is aimed at providing public conveniences that ensure
consistency, cleanliness and conservation. It is a model that looks beyond the toilet and
offers social transformations on our attitude towards public sanitation. Ikotoilets stresses
the inseparable ties between sanitation and humanity.
Derived from ecological sanitation-/^ is a Swahili word depicting, existing. The
Ikotoilet focuses on providing low-flush toilets in both the ladies and gents toilets;
waterless urinals in gent’s toilets; shower facilities; water saving taps and soap
dispensers; dry toilet system - a facility for urine harvesting and water conservation; a
free-of-charge toilet for the disabled; tanks for rain water harvesting; a changing area for
babies; sanitary bins; full length mirror; music; snack shop; and shoe shine vendors. In
doing so, the Ikotoilet initiative is trying to positively transform the public approach to
maintaining a healthy living, while creating jobs and investing in social entrepreneurship
activities. The introduction o f micro enterprises that are compatible with sanitation adds
the convenience perspective o f a toilet thus breaking the cultural barriers associated with
use o f toilets in most developing countries. Ikotoilet integrates other add-ons depending
4
on viability and context in order to ensure sustainability. It has set up high hygienic
standards, sanitation hospitality and an ambiance of convenience in the urban areas
serving users in markets, parks and bus parks.
The main objective of the Ikotoilet is to address sanitation among public toilet users
through:
Transforming urban scape by establishing a unique urban street-scape in terms of built
form that enable users to link, utilize and associate closely with the toilet;
Transforming sanitation services by setting up hygienic standards, sanitation hospitality
and an ambience of convenience;
Transforming social behavior by investing in fashionable campaigns, interactions with
opinion leaders, policy makers and use of creative marketing;
Transforming conservation by developing cutting-edge conservation innovations
including a bio-digestion & urine harvesting system; water saving mechanisms like
waterless urinals, low flush cisterns and water saving taps;
Developing entrepreneurship by setting up direct operations & management of Ikotilets,
youth enterprises, enterprise franchise models and introduction of micro enterprises
Ecotact limited launched the first Ikotoilet in 2007 and has since invested more than
US$1.2 Million in construction of 50 facilities in 12 Municipalities in Kenya and serving
an average of 300,000 people daily with safe water and sanitation. Some of the facilities
are operational, some are still under construction while the rest are awaiting official
opening to start operating. Ecotact limited, through the Ikotoilet project, envisions
building more than 100 units in Kenya by the year 2015. This research was therefore
intended to focus on the extent to which objectives for the establishment of the Ikotoilets
have been effective in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in Nairobi central
business district.
5
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The treatment and disposal of human waste is becoming increasing important as the
world population increases. 30% of Kenya's disease burden is sanitation-related, with
many children dying from diarrheal diseases including dysentery, cholera and typhoid,
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (2009), and the main source ot diarrhoeal
infection is human excreta (Cairncross, 1999). Such deaths can be prevented through
investment in toilets, water and hygiene.
Toilet coverage has to reach 90% of a population to have an impact on community health
(Ikin, 1994). In Kenya toilet cover is still low, with latrines available to less than 50% of
the population (Mulama, 2009). Public toilets in Kenya have been characterized by
overcrowding and poor lighting. They have also been inaccessible, unhygienic, lacked
privacy, security and as a result, human waste is disposed of at informal drains.
It has been under these conditions that Ecotact Limited, a social enterprise, was founded
to mitigate the lack of access to safe sanitation. In addition following the history public
toilets in Kenya, there is a need to change the perception in which the public has on
toilets. The Ikotoilet concept therefore provides a different perception; that of a toilet
mall and simply looks at toilets for what they are-neat solutions to social problems.
It is prudent to know the extent to which the Ikotoilet is achieving its objectives. A study
was therefore required to find out if the Ikotoilet model has been effective in
transforming social behavior; developing entrepreneurship; transforming urban scape;
and transforming conservation in Nairobi. This research focused on the extent to which
objectives set for the establishment of the lkotoilets have been effective in addressing
sanitation among public toilet users in Nairobi central business district.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The study intended to assess the effectiveness lkotoilets in addressing sanitation among
public toilet users in NCBD.
6
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study were:
1. To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
social behavior for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District.
2. To analyse the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing
entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business
District.
3. To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
urban scape for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District.
4. To determine the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District.
1.5 Research Questions
1. What mechanisms has Ikotoilet used to transform social behavior among public toilet
users in Nairobi Central Business District to address sanitation?
2. What entrepreneurial opportunities has Ikotoilet developed for public toilet users in
Nairobi Central Business District to address sanitation?
3. What mechanisms has Ikotoilet used to transform urban scape for public toilet users
in Nairobi Central Business District to address sanitation?
4. What mechanisms has Ikotoilet used to transform conservation for public toilet users
in Nairobi Central Business District to address sanitation?
1.6 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will help the management of Ecotact Limited determine if the
Ikotoilet model is effective in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD.
The findings will also help current funders understand the extent to which their funding
has been resourceful and if the stated objectives are being met. It may also attract
replication of the Ikotoilets as well as construction of sanitation/abolition blocks in
Nairobi and other towns from potential funding agencies through provision of additional
funding.
7
The Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation in Kenya’s mission is ‘to provide effective
leadership and participate in provision of quality public health and sanitation services that
are: equitable, responsive, accessible and accountable to Kenyans. The findings will
therefore seek to assist the government to understand if private sector participation in
public toilet management in Nairobi benefits the society.
Ecotact is in partnership with Roto Moulders Ltd, a local company specializing in plastic
containers and related products to supply water tanks at a subsidized rate. These in turn
are used to store harvested rain water. The UV Trojan East Africa company supports the
provision of the ultraviolet (UV) drinking water fountain for the public in Ikotoilets,
while Ecotact also has a contract with Tropical Promoters to provide the shoeshine
infrastructure for the shine centers. In this regard, the findings will seek to assist the
suppliers establish if the products provided assist in achieving objectives set.
To the youth, the findings will assist them recognize the micro enterprises available in the
Ikotoilets which will result in exploitation of employment opportunities. To the general
public, the findings will assist them realize the importance of the Ikotoilet in transforming
their social behavior towards public toilets in order to address sanitation.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
The study mainly focused on the Ikotoilet Project. The Ikotoilet was selected as a social
enterprise model operating in Nairobi due to its quest to addressing a problem that society
was reluctant to address by introducing transformed aspects in a public toilet. The study
only concentrated on the Ikotoilets in Nairobi Central Business District, an area where the
Ikotoilet was first established in 2007.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The researcher envisaged the following limitations that hindered the successful
achievement of the research objectives and affected the subsequent answering of the
research questions. During data collection, it was difficult to interview users of the toilet
who were in a hurry to use the toilet and quickly leave without having time to answer any
8
—
question. To overcome this, the researcher used convenience sampling where respondents
were selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the Ikotoilet.
1.9 Assumptions of the Study
It was assumed that the time for the research study would be sufficient and that the
Ikotoilet users and Ikotoilet employees would contribute and respond effectively in
answering the questions correctly and truthfully. It was also assumed that the sample
represented the population and that the data collection instrument had validity and would
measure the desired constructs.
1.10 Operational Definition of Significant Terms
Effectiveness: This is the extent to which objectives of the Ikotoilets have been met.
Sanitation: These are the measures that Ecotact limited, through the use of the ikotoilet,
is using to promote proper disposal of human waste, for improving and protecting the
health and wellbeing of the public toilet users.
Transforming: Refers to changing in character or condition of how things are. Ecotact is
changing the condition of how the public views toilet through transforming social
behavior, transforming conservation, and transforming urban scape.
Social Behaviour: Refers to behaviour controlled by Ecotact Limited to influence the
users of the Ikotoilet.
Social Entrepreneur: Refers to Ecotact’s Chief Executive Officer who is undertaking
innovations, finance and business expertise in an effort to transform innovations into
economic goods such as the Ikotoilet.
9
Urban Scape: This means urban landscape. It is the location surrounding the Ikotoilet
structure, which welcomes the public to its doorstep. It is the visible and unique features
of the Ikotoilet structure considered in terms of its aesthetic appeal.
Conservation: This refers to the materials on conservation and energy conservation,
which are seen in the Ikotoilet as important to protect the natural world.
Nairobi Central Business District: This refers to the commercial and geographic heart
of Nairobi City.
10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter gives an overview of literature that is related to the research problem
presented in the previous chapter. It introduces the concepts of social entrepreneurship
and sanitation; and explains the ways in which Ecotact Limited; a social enterprise is
using the Ikotoilet to address sanitation among public toilet users in Nairobi Central
Business District (NCBD). It further explains how one can measure effectiveness of
toilets that address sanitation among public toilet users.
2.2 Social Entrepreneurship
The terms social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship came into widespread use in
the 1980s and 1990s, and was promoted by Bill Drayton, the founder of Ashoka:
Innovators for the Public. Social Entrepreneurs generally are considered as individuals
who have a vision for social change and who have the financial resources to support their
ideas, Drayton (1990). In this study social entrepreneurs will be used as change agents
with potential opportunities for influencing and changing the performance capacity of
societies. For instance, a social issue on sanitation, social entrepreneurs envision how to
solve an issue in a sustainable way”, “who are the most needy people they can employ”,
“how can they empower individuals in the area and educate them to the need for
sanitation”, “how can they recycle the waste” and of course “how can they achieve the
maximum social / profit impact”. They therefore develop transformed aspects for public
toilets in order to address sanitation, Drayton (1990).
Johnson (2000) views social entrepreneurship in three perspectives; Firstly, as a process
of creating value by combining resources in new ways (Stevenson, at el, 1989;
Schumpeter, 1934). Second, these resource combinations are intended primarily to
explore and exploit opportunities to create social value by stimulating social change
(Alvord et al., 2004) or meeting social needs and third, social entrepreneurship as a
process, involves the offering of services and products but also refer to the creation of
new organizations.
11 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBJKIKUYU LIBRARY
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Social entrepreneurship has the potential for generating new energy, creating new
intellectual capital, and providing new methods for solving old problems. Social
entrepreneurship is aimed at improving personal and collective wellbeing in reducing
inequalities and increasing social cohesion, as well as benefiting the community. Reis
(1999), comments that this is done mainly through: Creation o f decent jobs for
marginalized and excluded people; Reintegration o f people with difficulties into the labor
market; Provision and delivery of collective goods and social services for low income
individuals; Increase of social capital and Dissemination of social innovations. Social
entrepreneurship is redefining problem solving by breaking and building new models,
and therefore changing the equilibrium of the marginalized. Ecotact Limited, through the
innovative Ikotoilet model, is addressing all these concerns.
2.3 Addressing Sanitation
Sanitation is the access to, and use of, excreta and wastewater facilities and services that
provide privacy while at the same time ensuring a clean and healthful living environment
both at home and in the immediate neighborhood o f users, UN Water Task Force (2008)
Earthwatch, (2008), states that in 2004, only 59% of the world population had access to
any type of improved sanitation facility. In other words, 4 out of 10 people around the
world have no access to improved sanitation. They are obliged to defecate in the open or
use unsanitary facilities, with a serious risk of exposure to sanitation related diseases.
While sanitation coverage has increased from 49% in 1990, a huge effort needs to be
made quickly to expand coverage to the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target
level of 75%. Investing in sanitation infrastructure involves a long project cycle. If the
MDG sanitation target is to be achieved, innovative approaches need to be developed to
reduce the time span from policymaking to services delivery. Earthwatch, (2008), adds
that in the global statistics on sanitation, regions presenting the lowest coverage are sub-
Saharan Africa (37%), Southern Asia (38%) and Eastern Asia (45%). Western Asia
(84%) has the highest coverage among developing regions. Out of every three persons
unserved, two live in Southern Asia or Eastern Asia.
12
Of the nearly one billion Africans, only 360 million (36%) have access to improved
sanitation facilities, Earthwatch, (2008). Only 10 million gain annually access to
improved sanitation facilities. To meet the MDG 7 target 10 for drinking water and
sanitation, Africa will need to provide annually from 2008 to 2015 access to improved
sanitation facilities for 45 million people. At the current rate of 10 million people that
annually gain access to improved sanitation facilities, five-fold increase on current rate is
demanded (Earthwatch, 2008).
In Kenya, World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2002, 52% of Kenyans
did not have access to improved sanitation. In rural areas, 57% of people lacked
sanitation coverage, WHO, (2004). About 11% o f all Kenyans use flush toilets. The most
common form of sanitation facility is a pit latrine, which is used by nearly 64% of the
population, while more than 16% have no facility and defecate in the bush, a field or in
the open. Apart from those that do not use a latrine, 49% share their toilet with other
households (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004). The constitution of Kenya (2010),
chapter four-the bill of rights: article 43 on Economic and Social Rights (b) clearly states
that “everyone has a right to a reasonable standard of sanitation”. Ecotact Limited, one of
the many social enterprises strives to develop innovative transformed aspects of public
toilets to address the growing environmental sanitation cry in Africa and globally.
The joint monitoring report by World Health Organization and The United Nations
Children's Fund (WHO/UNICEF) (2004) figures show that all sanitary facilities used,
most are private, providing ready access to members of a household. In urban areas in
developing countries though, many households share a toilet or use a public facility.
Usually this proportion is less than 20% but in Kenya, the demographic Health Survey
(2003) found that over 63% of the urban households shared an improved toilet facility. In
Ghana, the world Health Survey (2004) found that 84% of those households that used a
covered dry pit latrine shared the facility. Increasingly, in poorer urban areas and
informal settlements, millions of people have no choice but to rely on public or shared
toilets or practice open defecation or defecation into bags or waste materials (wrap and
13
throw, or flying toilets) as there is often no space on the plot where they live for a private
facility.
WHO/UNICEF (2004) joint monitoring report’s concerns regarding shared or public
facilities are with their cleanliness (which often affects the likelihood of people using
such facilities), and with the health risk to their users. It can be argued that the use of a
public or shared facility is preferable to open defecation. With increasing urbanization,
growing concentrations of people with very low incomes, and greater numbers of tenants
and informal settlement, it is likely that more and more urban dwellers will rely on public
or shared facilities. Even though 1.8 billion people have gained access to improved
sanitation since 1990, according to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Report (2012),
the world remains off track for the sanitation target. It is essential to accelerate progress
in the remaining time before the MDG deadline, and it is therefore important to
encourage formation of social enterprises in building public toilets to address sanitation.
2.4 Ways in which Ikotoilet is Addressing Sanitation Among Public Toilet Users
The treatment and disposal o f human waste is becoming increasing important as the
world population increases. Human excreta should be managed as a potentially dangerous
material. The construction o f latrines is a relatively simple technology that may be used
to control the spread of infectious diseases. Studies have shown that latrine coverage has
to reach 90% of a population to have an impact on community health (Ikin, 1994).
In Africa, Ecotact a social enterprise in Kenya is spearheading sanitation and
environmental interventions with a business perspective. Ecotact builds “Ikotoilet” malls
in places where municipalities cannot keep up with the rapid pace of urbanization, while
their high-profile social marketing campaigns raise awareness of hygiene and water
conservation. The malls have become popular meeting places that provide ecologically
sensitive sanitation together with other small business services. The Ikotoilet is a unique
urban streetscape intervention aimed at creating memory and link space and service, thus
promoting interactions on the streets, (Kuria, 2009) Ecotact Limited has invested in key
transformations to address sanitation. These transformations include;
14
2.4.1 Transforming Social Behaviour
Social transformation is a critical aspect for toilet use. Ecotact moves away from the
traditional focus that a toilet is a space that cannot link with other day to day interactions
(rural approach- toilets are located in far corners). The Ikotoilet is stimulating social
transformations in order to achieve significant sanitation milestones. Ecotact intends to
make sanitation beauty, sexy, and fashion product, and to achieve this they have
collaborated with a Miss Earth Kenya organization with an aim of developing a
community outreach model to demonstrate the beauty and value of sanitation. They have
also engaged in innovative campaigns, sports and awards for slums and the public in all
Ikotoilet facilities. Other key activities include investing in fashionable campaigns,
creative marketing, production of knowledge products, interactions with opinion leaders,
policy makers and the so called ‘noble’ personalities in the society and a well trained
workforce. Ikotoilet ensures the public understand and appreciate behavior
transformation as a critical aspect for sustained clean toilets. Integrated add-ons also
strengthen the interaction between the facilities and the public.
2.4.2 Developing Entrepreneurship
Ikotoilet is evolving an enterprise model that is driven by local need to improve urban
environment through investment in environmentally responsive projects, including both
sanitation facilities in urban and low income settlements. The Ikotoilet is a complete
toilet mall- within the space, toilets and showers, cold refreshments with snacks, shoe
shinning services, air time vending, newspaper vending. The introduction of micro
enterprises that are compatible with sanitation adds the convenience perspective of a
toilet thus breaking the cultural barriers associated with use of toilets in Africa. Ikotoilets
integrates other add-ons depending on viability and context in order to ensure
sustainability. Ikotoilet sets up high hygienic standards, sanitation hospitality and an
ambiance of convenience in the urban areas serving users in markets, parks and bus
parks. Ikotoilet’s entrepreneurship development is expected to improve sanitation.
15
2.4.3 Transforming Urban Scape
By thinking beyond the toilet, Ikotoilet model offers a unique urban scape intervention
that aims at creating memory and link of space and service-promoting interactions on the
streets. Ikotoilet offers an architectural piece, unique color and finish that are uniform for
cognizance. The form, a strong solid frame with slanting walls with recess, protruding
suspended canopy offering a visible reception-has been mistaken by many as a small
restaurant-but the point is not missed. The interiors have been recessed for strategic
corporate branding, which also form a basis for major revenue boost.
Environmental concerns forms the core focus o f the Ikotoilet and thus the architecture
aims at being a matrix of both space and environment. This is strengthened by use of
waterless systems and harvesting of urine for agricultural utilization, increased usage of
natural lighting and ventilation, increase in rainwater harvesting and overall landscaping.
Ikotoilet’s transformed urban scape is expected to improve sanitation.
2.4.4 Transforming Conservation
The Ikotoilet model has developed cutting-edge conservation innovations. These include
development of a complete Dry-toilet system, a bio digestion system and urine harvesting
system. The initiative has provided innovative access to technologies in order to
consolidate behavior and stimulated an enabling environment in improving water,
sanitation and hygiene conditions leading to risk reduction of diarrheal disease and other
related illnesses. By providing the necessary hardware behavior development is
improved. Ikotoilet is keen on exploring and demonstrating potentials for nutrient and
energy recovery from human waste and the biogas produced in the Ikotoilets is used for
cooking and lighting. Ikotoilet also provides access to clean, safe, hygienic and
sustainable sanitation facility where the users can also get safe, clean Ultra Violet treated
water for drinking.
In addition, Ecotact is developing a wide menu o f options for disposal systems of human
waste, with a focus to optimizing recovery and utilization of waste, through bio
digestion, composting and urine harvesting. The collection and handling of urine at the
16
toilet is done while adhering to the highest health and safety standards. These cutting
edge transformed conservation innovations are expected to improve sanitation.
Ikotoilet-thinking beyond a toilet, the idea and implementation framework, social,
economic and political influencing strategy has won in the last three years: Winner of the
2010 UN Dubai Best Practice Award; Guinness World Record on Hygiene 2010; Africa
Social Enterprise of the Year 2009; Schwab Fellowship on social entrepreneurship 2009;
World Toilet organization Hall of Fame 2008; Lemelson Fellowship on technological
innovations; and Ashoka Fellowship on Public Innovation for 2007.
2.5 Measuring Effectiveness
Erlendsson (2002) defines effectiveness as the extent to which objectives are met-‘doing
the right things’. Cameron (2000) stipulated four generic approaches in which one can
assess an organization’s effectiveness. He says that an organization can be measured
using either one the following four attributes.
The effectiveness o f toilets that address sanitation among public toilet users can be
measured by comparing results or outputs with previously stated goals or objectives. This
approach is appropriate when goals are clear, consensual, time bound and measurable.
Effectiveness may be gauged on how well a social enterprise is able to acquire all the
resources it requires to deliver fully. This is appropriate when the amount of results is
pegged on the inputs (Cameron, 2006).
There is also the internal process where this factor measures the ‘health’ of the systems in
an organization. It seeks to establish whether there is smooth flow information, and if
employee loyalty, commitment, job satisfaction and trust prevail. Also, the strategic
stakeholders satisfaction seeks to measure the level of fulfillment by the relevant
stakeholders. However in many situations, stakeholders may have conflicting interests.
Therefore the social enterprise would need to establish a strategic balance (Todnem,
2005). This research therefore focused on the extent to which objectives of the Ikotoilet
have been effective in addressing sanitation among public toilet users.
17
2.6 Theoretical Framework
Schaefer and Lamm (1992) define a theory as "a set of statements that seek to explain
problems, actions or behavior." Sociological theories are complex theoretical frameworks
that sociologists use to explain and analyze various social actions, social processes and
social structures. This research was grounded in theory of Adoption and diffusion model
to explain the theoretical framework of the study.
Diffusion as defined by Rogers (2003) is a “process by which an innovation is
communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social
system.” This process consists essentially in the communication of new ideas, whether it
occurs autonomously, irrespective of any intervention, or directed and managed. The
Diffusion theory by Rogers is grounded in sociology and describes the social process by
which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the
members of a social system. Diffusion can be seen as a process of personal and social
change. It is a process by which alteration occurs in the structure and foundation of a
social system. When new ideas are invented, diffused and adopted (or rejected), leading
to certain consequences, social change occurs.
Adoption is seen as the first or minimal level o f behavioral utilization, Rogers (2003).
Adoption is the decision of a specific decision unit (individual, group or firm) to begin
using a new technology. It is the culmination o f the mental processes of shaping a
positive opinion or attitude towards a new idea. From the point of first awareness the
individual goes through a process of information processing and develops a persuasion
that depends on individual characteristics, the environment or the characteristics of the
innovation and leads finally to implementation (or rejection) of the new technology. The
model built heavily on normative theories about decision making models and considered
the following stages: Awareness-of the existence o f a new innovation or policy measure;
Interest-collecting further information about it; Evaluation- reflection on its advantages
and disadvantages; Trial-trial innovations/ behavior changes on a small scale;
Adoption/acceptance-applying innovation/behavior changes.
18
The four main constructs o f the diffusion of innovations theory are innovation,
communication channels, time and social system. Rogers defines an innovation as an
idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of
adoption. A communication channel is the means by which messages get from one
individual to another. Time is the innovation-decision period that is, the length of time
required to pass through the innovation-decision process, while a social system is defined
as a set of interrelated units that are engaged in joint problem solving to accomplish a
common goal.
The adoption and diffusion o f an innovation within an institution does not guarantee its
successful integration for its continued use. A strong stable advocacy is needed to ensure
the conditions necessary for technology adoption and diffusion, training in its technical
aspects and application to real needs is crucial to its integration beyond the innovators
and early adopters. Time for experimentation and development o f applications is
essential.
The Relevance of adoption and diffusion perspective in this study is that the theory
focuses on the way social enterprises play a role in ensuring that the society are able to
adopt new technology and methodologies and use them as a way to address sanitation
among public toilet users. The theory looks at empowering users of the Ikotoilet with the
necessary skill, knowledge and technology that will assist them to overcome the negative
attitudes towards public toilets and eventually help in addressing the sanitation issues in
NCBD. The theory also poses a challenge to both the user in that it allows room for one
to create an interest in what the innovative Ikotoilet model is offering: Transformed urban
scape; Transformed social behavior; Transformed conservation; and Developed
entrepreneurship. For the social entrepreneur, it challenges one to being sensitive in
identifying the individual societal needs of the users of Ikotoilet on sanitation issues so as
to be effective.
19
2.7 Conceptual Framework
Chinn and Kramer (1999) define a concept as a “complex mental formulation of
experience”. A conceptual framework is the operationalization of the theory. It’s a
written or visual presentation that explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the
main things to be studied - the key factors, concepts or variables - and the presumed
relationship among them, Miles and Huberman, (1994).
The aim of the researcher’s conceptual framework was to study effectiveness of
Ikotoilets, in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD. The conceptual
framework states the objectives of the Ikotoilets that includes: transforming social
behavior; developing entrepreneurship; transforming urban scape; and transforming
conservation. Under these objectives, there are variables that Ecotact has used to address
sanitation among public toilet users in Nairobi central business district.
20
Independent Variables
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Model
21
In this conceptual framework, for effective sanitation, there are four independent
variables which are the transformed aspects used by Ikotoilet to address sanitation. These
include:
Key transforming social behaviour mechanisms which includes sanitation awareness,
marketing and provision of decent services that Ikotoilet beliefs will stimulate social
transformation in order to address sanitation.
By evolving an enterprise model through trained workforce for Management of Ikotoilet,
introduction of micro enterprises and strategic corporate branding, Ikotoilet envisions that
these operations will establish the benchmark for sanitation.
In thinking beyond the toilet, Ikotoilet model offers a unique urban street scape
intervention that aims at creating memory and link of space and service- interacting with
the street. Ikotoilet, through innovations offers an architectural piece, unique colour and
finish that are uniform for cognizance. This is expected to address sanitation and
positively transform the public approach to maintaining a healthy living, and break the
cultural barriers associated with use of toilets in most developing countries which are
viewed as dirty, unsocial places.
Cutting edge conservation innovations have been used to strengthen sustainability and
especially in Nairobi which is a water scarce city. Ikotoilet has installed waterless urinals,
low flush cisterns, rainwater harvesting and water saving taps to ensure optimal
conservation. Ikotoilet is also keen on the potential for nutrient and energy recovery;
The effectiveness of these four key transformations of the Ikotoilet model are
interchangeable and work hand in hand. Their effectiveness is ultimately envisioned to
address sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD.
22
2.8 Summary of Reviewed Literature
This chapter reviewed the relevant literature in relation to the research questions
presented in this study. It demonstrated the concepts of social entrepreneurship, and gave
examples o f social enterprises that are addressing sanitation. Sanitation among public
toilet users as addressed by different nations was also reviewed highlighting key global,
regional and national statistics and examples. Ways in which Ikotoilets are addressing
sanitation among public toilet users were concretely demonstrated and techniques of
measuring their effectiveness presented.
The research study was grounded in theory of Adoption and diffusion model to explain
the theoretical framework of the study which was elaborated and relevance to the
research study highlighted. Finally, the conceptual framework model related to the
research study was drawn to give a visual presentation of the independent and dependent
variables being studied.
23
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a discussion of the research methodology that was used in this
study. It detailed the research design to be used; the target population of interest; the
sample size and technique; research instruments; data collection methods and analysis;
and presentation techniques of the findings. It also explained the validity and reliability of
the research instruments and ethical conditions that were considered.
3.2 Research Design
A research design is the plan aimed at fulfilling the objectives (Cooper and Schindler,
2000). This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of Ikotoilets in addressing
sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD. A mixed method design sufficed in this
situation, with the use of both qualitative and quantitative research design. Quantitative
research involves data collection, analysis and interpretation. It is mainly a statistical
analysis method to solve the research problem, because data used in it, is mathematical
and statistical form. Qualitative research is based on texts and images, pictures etc.,
Creswell (2003).
The researcher used a descriptive survey as they describe characteristics associated with
the subject population. According to Koul (1984) a descriptive study is useful in
obtaining information concerning the current status of phenomena and describes what
exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The justification for using a
descriptive design was that it enabled the researcher to collect in depth information about
the population being studied. The descriptive design enabled the researcher to
analytically explain findings based on the variables tested and hence enabled proper and
succinct recommendations to be provided.
3.3 Target Population
According to Cooper and Schindler (2000), a target population is the total collection of
elements about which we wish to make inference. In this research study, the target
24
population revolved around the six Ikotoilets in the NCBD including; an Ikotoilet in
Jeevanjee Gardens; Old Nation; Accra Road; National Archives; AgaKhan Walk; and
Uhuru Park.
The target population was all the Ikotoilet employees in the NCBD, constituting of the
management team who are 7 in total (6 supervisors per toilet and I overall manager). It
also constituted the lower cadre employees (toilet cleaners, toilet cashiers, shop keepers
and shoe shiners) who add up to 36 lower cadre employees from all the 6 Ikotoilets. It
also included Ikotoilet users who according to the records of the Ecotact management
(2012) are approximately 3,000 people who visit the Ikotoilets in the NCBD per day.
3.4 Sample Size and Sample Technique
Sampling procedure is a systematic process of identifying individuals for a study to
represent a larger group from which they are selected, Mugenda and Mugenda (2003, p
53). The sample size for this study was as shown below.
Table 3.1: Sample Size
Category Population Sample size
Ikotoilet Management Employees 7 3
Ikotoilet Lower cadre Employees 36 32
Ikotoilet Users 3,000 60
Total 95
The sampling technique used by the researcher was a mixed method of sampling that
included both Probability sampling and non-probability sampling. The researcher used
stratified random sampling to stratify the target population into strata. These strata are
Ikotoilet management employees, Ikotoilet lower cadre employees and Ikotoilet users as
shown in Table 3.1.
25
To select the Ikotoilet management employees the researcher used Purposive sampling.
According Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), purposive sampling technique allows a
researcher to use cases that have the required information with respect to the objectives of
the study. With a total target population of 7 Ikotoilet management employees, the
researcher purposively selected 2 management Ikotoilet employees from any of the 6
Ikotoilets and the 1 overall manager to represent the whole group for sampling, making a
total of 3 management Ikotoilet employees.
Simple random sampling method was used to select the Ikotoilet lower cadre employees
who constitute of shoe shiners, toilet cleaners, shopkeepers, and toilet cashiers.
According to Krejcie and Morgan table for determining sample size from a given
population, a sample size of 32 is selected from a population size of 36. The researcher
therefore selected 32 Ikotoilet lower cadre employees to represent the total population
which was generalized to the larger population, providing equal chances of all Ikotoilet
lower cadre employees to be included in the study without bias. The researcher gave a
number to every Ikotoilet lower cadre employee and placed the numbers in a container
and then picked any number at random. The subjects corresponding to the numbers
picked were included in the sample.
Convenience sampling, which according to (Cooper and Schindler 2000) is a non
probability sample that is unrestricted, was used by the researcher to sample the Ikotoilet
users. Following that during data collection, it was difficult to interview users of the
Ikotoilet who were in a hurry to use the facility and quickly leave without having time to
answer any question; the researcher used convenience sampling where respondents were
selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the Ikotoilet. The
respondent conveniently sampled 10 Ikotoilet users from each of the Ikotoilets, bringing
a total of 60 Ikotoilet users.
26
3.5 Research Instruments
The researcher used research instruments for both quantitative and qualitative collection
o f data. The data collection instruments consisted of questionnaires and an interview
guide.
Questionnaires were used to collect data from the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre employees. The
researcher used the Likert type scale to measure the perception, values and behavior
(Rensis 1932). A matrix of statements was used and the rating scales consisting of
numbers were used to rate subjective and intangible components of the research. The
likert scale comprised o f 1 to 4 response categories. These categories indicated the extent
to which the respondent agreed with the statements where 1= strongly disagree and 4 =
strongly agree.
The questionnaire consisted o f 2 sections; the first section had questions on the
background information about the respondent. The second part highlighted the
effectiveness of the Ikotoilet facility. The questions in this second part were categorized
into four sections that covered the extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by
transforming social behavior for public toilet users in NCBD; extent to which Ikotoilets
have addressed sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet
users in NCBD; extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
urban scape for public toilet users in NCBD; and extent to which Ikotoilets have
addressed sanitation by transforming conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in
NCBD.
The researcher also used oral administration of an interview guide to collect data from the
Ikotoilet management employees and the Ikotoilet users. This entailed a one to one talk
between the researcher and the respondents. Both interview guides consisted of questions
in one section that highlighted the effectiveness o f the Ikotoilet facility. The questions
were categorized into four sections that covered extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed
sanitation by transforming social behavior for public toilet users in NCBD; extent to
which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities
27
for public toilet users in NCBD; extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by
transforming urban scape for public toilet users in NCBD; and extent to which Ikotoilets
have addressed sanitation by transforming conservation mechanisms for public toilet
users in NCBD.
3.5.1 Pilot Testing
The research instruments were pre-tested by conducting a pilot test with a sample of 19
respondents. The respondents included the remaining 4 Ikotoilet managers that were not
part of the researcher’s main study; the remaining 4 lower cadre Ikotoilet employees and
10 Ikotoilet users from all the Ikotoilets. The pilot testing was conducted to find out if the
questions measured what it is supposed to measure and that the respondents could
understand and interpret questions correctly and also to measure how long the questions
will take.
3.5.2 Validity of the Instruments
Validity is concerned with the questions “Am 1 measuring what I intend to measure?”
The problem of validity arises because measurement in the social sciences is, with very
few exceptions, indirect (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996). Professionals and experts from
Ecotact limited were requested to assess and check the instruments measurement
capabilities and ensure that the content was within the linguistic capabilities and
understanding of the Ikotoilet employees and users. The researcher and the professionals
checked how appropriate the content of the instrument is to the study; how
comprehensive the content is in measuring all the constructs of the variable being
measured; if the content logically gets at the intended variable; how adequate the sample
o f items or questions represent the content to be measured; and if the instrument format
was appropriate. For an instrument to be valid, it must be reliable.
3.5.3 Reliability of the Instruments
The researcher did a pre-test on the questionnaires to test reliability. Mugenda and
Mugenda (1999) define reliability as a measure of the degree to which a research
instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials. Split-half technique was
28
used and aimed at determining the coefficient of internal consistency or reliability co
efficient. The research instrument was split into two subsets, one consisting of odd
numbered questions and the other of even numbered questions. The score of all the odd
and even numbered questions o f responses in the pilot study were computed. According
to Hunt, Tyrrell and Nicholson (2000), a correlation greater than 0.8 is described as
strong, whereas a correlation less than 0.5 is described as weak. The results showed a
linear association with reliability of instrument with a Pearson Correlations coefficient
(R) of 0.817 at 95% significance level p=0.05. Given this correlation value, the study
concludes that the reliability of the research instrument is strong.
3.6 Data Collection Procedure
Before collecting data, the researcher cleared with the University of Nairobi and then
proceeded to apply for a permit from the National Council for Science and Technology.
The researcher then proceeded to seek permission from Ecotact limited for data collection
in the Ikotoilets. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected at the Ikotoilet sites
using questionnaires and interview guides.
3.7 Data Analysis Technique
After collecting data from the field, both Quantitative and Qualitative methods of data
analysis were used. The quantitative data was edited for accuracy, uniformity,
consistency and completeness and arranged to enable coding and tabulation before being
entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It was then analysed through
the use o f descriptive statistics, which included frequencies and percentages; while the
qualitative data that includes words was analysed by following key steps: Data
organization which involved reading data thoroughly from field notes which were edited;
Creating themes which involved detecting various categories in the data and then
establishing a relationship among these categories, then generating themes; Analysing
and interpreting information where the researcher evaluated and analyzed the data to
determine the adequacy of information and the credibility, usefulness, consistency and
validation; and then writing the report where the researcher gave a vivid descriptive
account of the situation under study. The analyzed data was presented using tables.
29
3.8 Ethical Considerations
Participation in the study was purely voluntary. The interview was conducted in a private
place to ensure that no other person listened to the interviews. Respondents were orally
consented and guaranteed absolute anonymity and confidentiality due to the sensitive
nature of the ethics survey. The respondents were also assured that the information
obtained was only to be used for the purposes of the study and that their names will not
be linked to information they give. It was made clear that the respondents will not
directly benefit for taking part in the interview. However, the information they gave
helped the researcher come up with findings that will be useful in the management of
Ecotact Limited.
30
3.9 Operationa liza tion o f Variables
Table 3.2: Operationalization Table
Research Variable Indicator Measurement Level of Data Type of Level of
Objective scale collection analysis analysis
T o de te rm in e T ran sfo rm in g -S an ita tio n -co n firm a tio n o f N om ina l Q u estio n n a ire Q u an tita tiv e D escrip tiv e
the ex ten t tosocia lb eh a v io r
aw aren ess san ita tio n
w h ich aw aren ess
Q u estio n n a ire Q u an tita tiv eD escrip tiv e
Iko to ile ts -In te rac tio n crea ted R atio
havew ith op in io n leaders
-N u m b er o f
ad d ressed o p in io n leaders
san ita tio n by
tran sfo rm in g
socia l
-C rea tiv em ark e tin g
invo lved
-co n firm a tio n o f
c rea tiv eN om ina l
In te rv iew s Q u alita tiv e
b e h a v io r fo r
-D ig n ified
m ark e tin gIn terv iew s Q u alita tiv e
D escrip tiv e
pub lic to ile t -F eed b ack o f
se rv ices fromN om ina lan d d ecen t
u sers in se rv ices
N C B D u sers
-F e ed b ack from
Ik o to ile t N o m in a l
In terv iew s Q u alita tiv e
D escrip tiv e
em p lo y ees D escrip tiv e
31
Research Variable Indicator Measurement Level of Data Type of Level of
Objective scale collection analysis analysis
To determine
the extent to
which
Developingentrepreneurship
-Trained workforce for Management of Ikotoilet;
-Number of
trained
workforce for
Ratio Interviews Qualitative Descriptive
Ikotoilets have management of
addressed sanitation by
-Availability of Micro
Ikotoilet -confirmation of
NominalQuestionnaires Quantitative Descriptive
developing
entrepreneurialenterprises;
microenterprises
available
opportunities
for public toilet users in
NCBD
-Strategiccorporate
branding
-confirmation of
corporatebranding
NominalInterviews
Qualitative Descriptive
32
Research Variable Indicator Measurement Level of Data Type of Level of
Objective scale collection analysis analysis
To Transforming -Unique color -Level of proper Ordinal Questionnaires Quantitative Descriptive
determine urban scape Maintenance of
the extent to the facility in
which terms of
Ikotoilets -Unique cleanliness
have
addressed
architectural
design
-Level of proper
Functionality of OrdinalInterviews
QualitativeDescriptive
sanitation by equipment in the
transforming -Availability Ikotoilet
urban scape of add-ons, i.e -Number of Qualitative
for public
toilet users
Shop, Shoe
shining vender
employment
opportunities RatioInterviews Descriptive
in NCBD provided
33
Research Variable Indicator Measurement Level of Data Type of Level of
Objective scale collection analysis analysis
To Transforming -Waterless -Number of Ratio Interviews Qualitative Descriptive
determine conservation urinals & Low waterless urinals
the extent to flush cisterns; in use
whichIkotoilets
have
-Number of low flush cisterns in
useRatio
Interviews
QualitativeDescriptive
addressed -Water saving -Number of Qualitative Descriptivesanitation by
transforming
taps water saving taps
-Confirmation of RatioInterviews
conservation -Rain water rain water
mechanisms harvesting tanks; harvesting tanks Questionnaires Quantitative
for public toilet users
-confirmation of a bio digestion Nominal
Descriptive
in NCBD -Bio digestion system;
-Urine
-confirmation of urine harvesting
system Nominal
Questionnaires Quantitative
Descriptive
harvestingsystem Nominal Questionnaires
Quantitative Descriptive
34
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter focused on the presentation, interpretation and analysis of findings based on
primary data collected from the respondents using questionnaires and interview guides.
The research was conducted on Ikotoilet management employees, Ikotoilet lower cadre
employees and Ikotoilet users in NCBD. Data was presented and analyzed in the
following themes; extent to which lkotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
social behavior, developing entrepreneurship, transforming urban scape and transforming
conservation among public toilet users. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive
statistics.
4.2 Response Rate
In regards to the response rate, thirty two (32) questionnaires were sent out to the
Ikotoilet lower cadre employees and all of them responded. Sixty (60) Ikotoilet users and
three (3) Ikotoilet management employees were interviewed. The researcher received
assistance from Ecotact Limited, in order to receive the 100% return rate.
4.3 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
The following section shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents that
included Ikotoilet lower cadre employees, Ikotoilet management employees and Ikotoilet
users.
4.3.1 Gender of the Respondents
Table 4.1 shows the frequency and percentage of the gender distribution of the Ikotoilet
lower cadre employees:
35cox 92 -
kikuyuUU902
Table 4.1: Gender Distribution of the Lower Cadre Employees
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 20 62.5Female 12 37.5
Total 32 100.0
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that 20 (62.5%) of the
respondents were male and 12 (37.5%) were female. This could imply that majority of
the Ikotoilet lower cadre employees who constitute the ikotoilet cashiers, shoe shiners,
shopkeepers and Ikotoilet cleaners, are males.
The Ikotoilet management employee respondent’s data indicated that two (2) of the
respondents were male and one (1) was female. This further shows that Ikotoilet
employees constitute more men than women.
The Ikotoilet users’ respondent’s data indicated that 50% of the respondents were male
and 50% were female. This means that both male and female equally use the Ikotoilet.
Table 4.2 shows the frequency and percentage of the gender distribution of the Ikotoilet
users.
Table 4.2: Gender Distribution of the Ikotoilet Users
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 30 50.0Female 30 50.0
Total 60 100.0
4.3.2 Age of the Respondents
Table 4.3 shows the frequency and percentage of the age of the Ikotoilet lower cadre
employees.
36
Table 4.3: Age of the Lower Cadre Employees
Age Frequency Percentage
Under 20 2 6.320-29 23 71.930-39 7 21.940-50 and above 0 0
Total 32 100.0
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that 23 (71.9%) of the
respondents were between the age of 20-29 years. This concurs to (Drayton 1990) study
that states that social enterprises are allocating resources to neglected societal problems
such lack of job opportunities especially among the youth. From the above data, most of
the Ikotoilet lower cadre employees fall in the age bracket of youths. The Ikotoilet
management employee respondent’s data indicated that two (2) of the respondent’s age
range are between 20-29 years, and one of them has an age range of between of 40-50
years.
4.3.3 Level of Education
Table 4.4 showing the frequency and percentage of the level of education of the Ikotoilet
lower cadre employees;
Table 4.4: Level of Education of the Lower Cadre Employees
Level of Education Frequency Percentage
Secondary level 26 81.3Diploma Level 5 15.6Degree Level 1 3.1
Total 32 100.0
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority of the
respondents, had secondary certificates with a frequency and percentage of 26 (81.3%).
This could imply that for you to qualify to be a lower cadre employee at Ikotoilet, you
need to at least have a secondary school certificate. The Ikotoilet management employee
37
respondent’s data on the other hand indicated that one (1) of the management employees
has a diploma and the other two (2) have degrees.
4.3.4 Number of Years Worked at Ikotoilet
Table 4.5 shows the frequency and percentage of the number of years the Ikotoilet Lower
Cadre Employees have worked at Ikotoilet;
Table 4.5: Numbers of Years Worked at Ikotoilet for the Lower Cadre Employees
Years of work at Ikotoilet Frequency Percentage
Less than 1 year 13 40.61 -2 years 11 34.42-3 years 4 12.53-4 years 3 9.44-5 years 1 3.1
Total 32 100.0
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority of the
respondents have been working at Ikotoilet for less than one year with a frequency and
percentage o f 13 (40.6%), and 11(34.4%) have worked between 1-2 years. The Ikotoilet
management employee respondent’s data on the other hand indicated that two (2) of the
respondents have been working at Ikotoilet between 1-2 years, and the other one (1) has
been working for over 5 years. This shows that most o f the Ikotoilet employees have been
working there for not more than 2 years.
The following section answers the findings of the research questions. Various variables
have been used to establish the effectiveness o f ikotoilets in addressing sanitation,
including: transforming social behavior, developing entrepreneurship, transforming urban
scape and transforming conservation mechanisms among public toilet users in NCBD.
4.4 Transforming Social Behaviour among Public Toilet Users in NCBD
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority of the
respondents strongly agreed that tissue paper, water and soap is provided for use, having
38
the highest frequency and percentage of 27(84.4%), 23(71.9%), and 20(64.5%)
respectively. The percentage index shows that 48.8% strongly agreed and 35.7% agreed
that Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by transforming social behavior among public toilet
users in the NCBD; while 4.7% disagreed and 10.8% strongly disagreed on the same. The
results in the Table 4.6 shows the opinion of the lower cadre employees on the extent to
which Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by transforming social behavior.
Table 4.6: The Opinion of the Lower Cadre Employees
Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed
sanitation
Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Ikotoilet has invested in creative marketing 16(53.3%) 10(33.3%) 0 4(13.3%)
Ikotoilet has engaged in innovative
sanitation campaigns 9(31.0%) 16(55.2%) 0 4(13.8%)
Ikotoilet has brought interactions between
public and the policy makers 3(10.3%) 16(55.2%) 3(10.3%) 7(24.1%)
Ikotoilet has brought interactions between
the public and celebrities 4(14.3%) 13(42.9%) 2(7.1%) 9(35.7%)
The baby’s changing area has attracted
women to change their babies nappies 10(34.5%) 10(34.5%) 4(13.8%) 5(17.2%)
Soap is provided for hand washing 20(64.5%) 10(32.3%) 0 1(3.2%)
Water is provided for hand washing 23(71.9%) 9(28.1%) 0 0
Tissue paper is provided for use 27(84.4%) 5(15.6%) 0 0
Showers are available for use 17(58.6%) 7(24.1%) 3(10.3%) 2(6.9%)
The Ikotoilet is clean and hygienic all day
long 20(62.5%) 11(34.4%) 0 1(3.1%)
The doors in the ikotoilets are lockable 16(55.2%) 11(37.9%) 0 2(6.9%)
The ikotoilets have hooks behind the doors,
to hung bags, coats 9(45.0%) 7(35.0%) 3(15.0%) 1(5.0%)
Percentage Index 48.8 35.7 4.7 10.8
39
The Ikotoilet management employee respondent’s data indicated that Ecotact limited has
transformed Social Behavior by providing, sanitation awareness, creative marketing and
dignified and decent services. Ecotact limited provides to its users: tissue paper and liquid
hand washing soap for use while in the toilet; and bathing soap which is available for
buying if one wants to shower. One of the managers said that “Ecotact has introduced
innovative campaigns like the hand washing campaigns in schools and the management
has developed a partnership with the community to demonstrate the beauty and value of
hygienic defecation.” They have deliberately engaged with religious leaders, policy
makers, celebrities, and comedians to ensure reduction of any socio-religious barriers that
minimize sanitation promotion. For provision of dignified and decent services, Ecotact
has ensured that all the doors in the toilet are lockable and the facility is cleaned
throughout the day. They also have a baby’s changing area in all the female toilets, and a
shower facility in both the male and female toilets.
The Ikotoilet user’s respondent’s data indicated that Ikotoilets have engaged in creative
marketing, and some of the users like the advertisements inside the Ikotoilet, while others
have never seen them. To address sanitation, Ikotoilet has included a baby’s changing
area in the female toilets, of which almost all the female respondents are not aware of as
it is not easily visible. In some Ikotoilets, one of the users said that “this area has been
transformed to a mini store, where crates, buckets and cleaning mops are stored.”
Majority o f the users are aware that there is a shower facility in the Ikotoilet saying that
“it provides convenience for those who need to shower after a long travel.” All the users
agreed that tissue paper is provided for use when visiting the Ikotoilet although some felt
that what is provided is very little for use. The users are aware that there is soap provided
for hand washing after using the Ikotoilet but say that at times the soap is not available.
Water is also provided for hand washing after visiting the Ikotoilet, sometimes through
the water taps, and at times using water stored in buckets. The users say that the Ikotoilet
is clean whenever they visit it, but at times it is very wet, hence a need to be cleaned
severally. The users stated that some of the doors in the facility are lockable, while others
are not. They also stated that there are some doors that have hooks for hanging there
bags/coats but some doors do not have these hooks.
40
4.5 Developing Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Public Toilet Users in NCBD
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority of the
respondents strongly agreed that the shop and the shoe shining services in the Ikotoilet is
benefiting the public having the highest frequency and percentage of 25(78.1%) and
24(75%) respectively. The percentage index shows that 54.4% strongly agreed and 36.6%
agreed that Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities
among public toilet users in the NCBD; while 1.9% disagreed and 4.3% strongly
disagreed on the same. The results in the Table 4.7 shows the opinion of the lower cadre
employees on the extent to which Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by developing
entrepreneurial opportunities.
Table 4.7: The Opinion of the Ikotoilet Lower Cadre Employees
Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed
sanitation
Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Ikotoilet employees are trained by Ecotact
management 14(43.8%) 16(50.0%) 1(3.1%) 1(3.1%)
The shop in the Ikotoilet is benefiting the
public 25(78.1%) 7(21.9%) 0 0
The shoe shinning services in the Ikotoiletis
benefiting the society 24(75.0%) 6(25.0%) 0 0
These job opportunities have attracted more
people to the Ikotoilet facility 17(53.1%) 12(37.5%) 0 3(9.4%)
Ikotoilet has invested in environment
friendly technologies 10(35.7%) 14(50.0%) 2(7.1%) 2(7.1%)
Introduction of shop has changed the
perception of the public on public toilets 13(44.8%) 14(48.3%) 0 2(6.9%)
The shoe shinning services has changed
perception of the public on public toilets 15(50.0%) 13(43.3%) 1(3.3%) 1(3.3%)
Percentage Index 54.4 36.6 1.9 4.3
41
The Ikotoilet management employee respondent’s data indicated that Ecotact limited has
developed Entrepreneurship by training its workforce for Management of Ikotoilet;
providing micro enterprises; and developing strategic corporate branding. One of the
managers stated that “Ecotact has supported young people by providing employment
employees and offer training to all new staff as well as refresher training after every six
months.” Ecotact has developed micro enterprises that include a snack shop, mpesa shop,
shoe shine vendors and Agro vets. Another manager mentioned that “each Ikotoilet has a
shop which serves a great number of customers, especially because the toilets are
conveniently located near markets, bus stations and other highly populated areas.” The
shops also sell various products and services such as snacks, refreshments, airtime e.t.c.
Each Ikotoilet also has shoe shinning services and with the even distribution o f the
Ikotoilets in NCBD, the public can access these services from anywhere. In developing
strategic corporate branding, Ecotact is providing advertising spaces/boards inside and
outside the toilets and companies encouraged to advertise and pay for the service.
The Ikotoilet user’s respondent’s data indicated that the users stated that the shop in the
Ikotoilet is benefiting the public, and also acts as an income generating tool to the
shopkeepers, creating employment. The users also stated that the shoe shinning services
is benefiting the public, as majority of the people use the services daily. Again this is a
form of income generating tool to the shoe shiners and hence creating employment.
Majority of the users stated that “the shop and mpesa services have changed their
perception of public toilets in NCBD as it shows that the toilet has to be kept clean, in
order to run a shop besides it.” The users also felt that these services also set up high
hygienic standards, sanitation hospitality and an ambiance o f convenience in the urban
areas serving users in markets, parks and bus parks. According to Ecotact limited, the
Ikotoilet is a complete toilet mall- within the space, toilets, cold refreshments with
snacks, shoe shinning services, air time vending, and newspaper vending. I he users
therefore felt that the introduction of micro enterprises that are compatible with sanitation
adds the convenience perspective of a toilet thus breaking the cultural barriers associated
with use of toilets in Africa.
42
4.6 Transforming Urban Scape for Public Toilet Users in NCBI)
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority o f the
respondents strongly agreed that, Ikotoilets have been strategically built around the
NCBD, although more Ikotoilets should be added; having the highest frequency and
percentage of 14(70%) and 14(51.9%) respectively.
The percentage index shows that 49.6% strongly agreed and 45.4% agreed that Ikotoilet
is addressing sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities among public toilet
users in the NCBD; while 2.2% disagreed and 2.1% strongly disagreed on the same. The
results in the Table 4.8 shows the opinion of the lower cadre employees on the extent to
which Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by transforming urban scape.
Table 4.8: The Opinion of the Lower Cadre Employees
E x ten t to w hich Ik o to ile ts have a d d re s se d
sa n ita tio n
S tro n g ly
A gree A g re e D isagree
S tro n g ly
D isag ree
The Unique architectural design has
promoted interactions around the ikotoilets 10(40.0%) 14(56.0%) 1(4.0%) 0
Unique colour of the Ikotoilet is pleasant 13(48.1%) 13(48.1%) 0 1(3.7%)
There is music in the Ikotoilet facility 11(37.9%) 14(48.3%) 2(6.9%) 2(6.9%)
The free toilet for persons with disabilities
has encouraged them to use it 18(64.3%) 8(28.6%) 0 2(7.1%)
The ikotoilet’s painting is well maintained 14(51.9%) 12(44.4%) 0 1(3.7%)
Ikotoilet’s hygiene is well maintained 14(50.0%) 12(42.9%) 2(7.1%) 0
Surrounding, overall landscape of Ikotoilet
is well trimmed with flowers 12(41.4%) 14(48.3%)
3(10.3%
) 0
Ikotoilet has natural lighting and ventilation 11(40.7%) 16(59.3%) 0 0
Ikotoilets are strategically built in NCBD 14(51.9%) 13(48.1%) 0 0
More Ikotoilets should be added 14(70.0%) 6(30.0%) 0 0
P e r c e n ta g e I n d e x 49.6 45.4 2.2 2.1
43
The Ikotoilet management employee respondent’s data indicated that Ecotact has
transformed urban scape by providing a unique architectural design and unique color
which offers a unique urban street scape intervention that aims at creating memory and
link of space and service- interacting with the street. The ikotoilets are repainted on a
quarterly basis. One of the managers stated that “the availability of add-ons, i.e snack
shop, shoe shining vender, M-pesa are convenient for those in hurry and want to avoid
queuing in supermarkets and malls.” The radio facility is also another add on in the
ikotoilets which according to the management, the concept looks beyond the toilet and
hopes to achieve social transformations on our attitude towards human excreta. A free
toilet for persons with disability is also available for use hence making the Ikotoilet
innovation all inclusive and free from discrimination.
The Ikotoilet user’s respondent’s data indicated that the users felt that the unique
architectural piece, unique color and finish and add that it makes the facility beautiful. All
Ikotoilets have radio speakers in the facility, but the users are not aware of the music that
plays in the back ground in the toilet, as they hardly hear it and most of the speakers are
out of order. Some of the users stated that they were aware o f the free toilet for persons
with disabilities, which is highly commendable, although others are not aware of this
facility stating that “it has not been easily labelled.” Some say that there is only one
facility for persons with disability in each Ikotoilet, hence making it hard for both male
and female to conveniently use it. The users agree that the Ikotoilets have good natural
lighting and ventilation, however in the evening the toilets get dark as most o f the
lighting bulbs are out of order. Majority of the users think Ikotoilets have been
strategically built around the NCBD and even suggested that more should be built to
avoid queuing in some of the Ikotoilets. Some of the users said that “the ikotoilets are
closed very early and thus should at least be open later into the night.” Ikotoilet model
offers a unique urban scape intervention that aims at creating memory and link of space
and service-promoting interactions on the streets, and most of the users agreed to this.
44
4.7 Transforming Conservation Mechanisms for Public Toilet Users in NCBI)
The Ikotoilet lower cadre employee respondent’s data indicated that majority of the
respondents strongly agreed that the water taps for washing hands after using the toilet
are functional and that water is always available to wash hands and flush the toilet after
use having the highest frequency and percentage of 19(70.4%) and 15(60%)
respectively. The percentage index shows that 36.2% strongly agreed and 31.3% agreed
that Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities among
public toilet users in the NCBD; while 14.2% disagreed and 15.4% strongly disagreed on
the same. The results in the Table 4.9 shows the opinion of the lower cadre employees on
the extent to which Ikotoilet is addressing sanitation by transforming conservation
mechanisms.
Table 4.9: The Opinion of the Lower Cadre Employees
Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed
sanitation
Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
The water taps for washing hands after
using the toilet are functional 19(70.4%) 7(25.9%) 1(3.7%) 0
Water is always available for use to flush
the toilets 15(60%) 9(36%) 0 1(4%)
Water is always available to wash hands
after use of the toilet 17(65.4%) 8(30.8%) 0 1(3.8%)
Rain water is harvested for use 5(20.8%) 6(25%) 4(16.7%) 9(37.5%)
Urine is harvested for agricultural use 2(9.1%) 10(45.5%) 6(27.3%) 4(18.2%)
Biogas is generated for use from the bio
digester 4(17.4%) 3(13%) 10(43.5%) 6(26.1%)
The waterless urinals in the men’s toilets
have helped save water use 9(33.3%) 12(44.4%) 3(11.1%) 3(11.1%)
The toilets are flushable 10(13.3%) 8(29.6%) 3(11.1%) 6(22.2%)
Percentage Index 36.2 31.3 14.2 15.4
45
The Ikotoilet management employee respondent’s data indicated that Ecotact has
transformed conservation mechanisms by developing a bio digestion system; urine
harvesting system; waterless urinals and Low flush cisterns; water saving taps; and rain
water harvesting tanks. The water saving taps only removes water when pressed leaving
no chances o f leakage or water wastage out of carelessness. The low flush toilets
significantly use less water than a full flush toilet as it uses 6 litres per flush as opposed to
the usual 13.2 litres. One of the managers stated that “water is available in the taps to
wash hands and if water is not available, water is placed in buckets for use.” Rain water
is also harvested for use using the water harvesting tanks. For urine harvesting, one of the
managers said that “Ecotact has partnered with Jomo Kenyatta University o f Agriculture
and Technology (JKUAT) to harvest and carry out a scientific research on the use of
urine fertilizer for agricultural purposes.” Some of the Ikotoilets have a biodigestor which
generates biogas for both lighting and cooking purposes.
The Ikotoilet user’s respondent’s data indicated that the users feel that the Ikotoilet model
has developed cutting-edge conservation innovations which include the use of waterless
urinals which the male users are aware of. The users say that water is always available
for use to flush the toilets; however, some said that “water is available in buckets.” Most
of the users use the water saving taps to wash their hands after visiting the toilets. In
cases where the water taps are not functional, the users are forced to use water from a
bucket that has been provided. There are some Ikotoilets in which rainwater is harvested,
and hence water is always available for use according to the users.
46
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes and discusses the findings of the study and presents
conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further research. The purpose of this
study was to establish the effectiveness of Ikotoilets in addressing sanitation among
public toilet users in the Nairobi Central Business District (NCBD).
5.2 Summary of Findings
The summary of findings have been categorized following the study themes; extent to
which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming social behavior, developing
entrepreneurship, transforming urban scape and transforming conservation mechanisms
among public toilet users in NCBD.
5.2.1 Transforming Social Behaviour
The Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has transformed social
behavior by providing, sanitation awareness, creative marketing and provided dignified
and decent services. From the findings, the researcher found that whereas the Ikotoilet
lower cadre employees agree that sanitation services and awareness have been provided,
following that they strongly agreed that tissue paper, water and soap is provided for use,
having the highest frequency and percentage of 27(84.4%), 23(71.9%), and 20(64.5%)
respectively; the Ikotoilet users felt that tissue paper provided for use was not enough,
and that soap is sometimes not available for use.
Whereas Ikotoilet management employees agree that Ecotact limited has provided
dignified services by providing a baby’s changing area in the female toilets, the Ikotoilet
users say that they are not aware o f this baby’s changing area, as it is not easily visible as
the area has been transformed to a mini store, where crates, buckets and cleaning mops
are stored. Ikotoilet management employees also say that Ecotact limited has addressed
47
sanitation by providing decent services in ensuring that the doors of the Ikotoilets are all
lockable and have hooks for hanging bags/coats. The Ikotoilet users however stated that
some of the doors are lockable, while others are not. They also stated that there are some
doors that have hooks for hanging their bags/coats but some doors do not have these
hooks.
5.2.2 Developing Entrepreneurship
From the findings the researcher found out that Ecotact limited has developed
entrepreneurship by training its workforce for management of Ikotoilet; providing micro
enterprises; and developing strategic corporate branding. The Ikotoilet lower cadre
employees strongly agreed that the shop and the shoe shining services in the Ikotoilet is
benefiting the public having the highest frequency and percentage of 25(78.1%) and
24(75%) respectively. The Ikotoilet users also agreed that the Ikotoilet is benefiting the
public, and also acts as an income generating tool to the shopkeepers, hence creating
employment. They also agree that the shoe shinning services is benefiting the public, as
majority of the people use the services daily and this acts as an income generating tool to
the shoe shiners and hence creating employment.
5.2.3 Transforming Urban Scape
The Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has transformed urban
scape by providing a unique architectural design and unique color which offers a unique
urban street scape intervention that aims at creating memory and link of space and
service- interacting with the street. The Ikotoilet lower cadre employees strongly agreed
that Ikotoilets have been strategically built around the NCBD, although they say more
Ikotoilets should be added; having the highest frequency and percentage o f 14(70%) and
14(51.9%) respectively. The Ikotoilet users also agreed to this and stated that more
Ikotoilets should be built to avoid queuing in some o f the facilities. Some of the users
even suggested that the Ikotoilets are closed very early and thus should be opened at least
later into the night and not as early as 6 pm.
48
Whereas the Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has provided
radios in the Ikotoilets to play music in the background, the Ikotoilet lower cadre
employees agree that the music speakers are there but are all spoilt. The Ikotoilet users
also agree that although there are radio speakers in the Ikotoilets, most of the speakers are
spoilt; and they have therefore never heard the music in the background. In addition,
whereas the Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has provided a free
toilet for persons with disabilities, the Ikotoilet lower cadre employees say that most of
the toilets have broken down and are not in use. The Ikotoilet users state that the free
toilet for persons with disabilities is only one in each facility, it has not been easily
labeled and others are not functional, hence making it hard for both male and female to
conveniently use it.
Despite the fact that according to Ikotoilet management employees who say that Ecotact
limited has built Ikotoilets with natural ventilation and lighting, the Ikotoilet lower cadre
employees say that in cases where it gets dark before the ikotoilets are closed, this is at
6.00 pm, there are light bulbs that have been provided for use with electricity, and while
other ikotoilets use solar bulbs. The ikotoilet users however feel that in the evening the
toilets get dark as most of the lighting bulbs are out of order.
5.2.4 Transforming Conservation Mechanisms
The Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has provided facilities and
services for safe disposal of human urine and faeces by providing transformed
conservation mechanisms having developed a bio digestion system; urine harvesting
system; waterless urinals and Low flush cisterns; water saving taps; and rain water
harvesting tanks. The Ikotoilet lower cadre employees therefore strongly agreed that the
water taps for washing hands after using the toilet are functional and that water is always
available to wash hands and flush the toilet after use having the highest frequency and
percentage o f 19(70.4%) and 15(60%) respectively. Whereas the Ikotoilet users agree
that water is always available for use to wash hands and flush the toilets, the water to
49
flush the toilet is always available in buckets as most of the flush cisterns are not
available.
Despite the fact that the Ikotoilet management employees say that Ecotact limited has
developed a bio digestion system and urine harvesting system, the Ikotoilet users say they
are not aware o f these mechanisms.
5.3 Discussion of Findings
The research study was guided by diffusion and adoption theory by Rogers (2003) and
the theory looked at empowering users of the Ikotoilet with the necessary skill,
knowledge and technology that will assist them to overcome the negative attitudes
towards public toilets and eventually help in addressing the sanitation issues.
5.3.1 Transforming Social Behaviour
From the study results, it can be noted that Ikotoilet has transformed social behaviour, by
providing sufficient water, soap and tissue paper. This shows that adequate services and
products have been provided to address sanitation among public toilet users in NCBD.
According to a research carried by the water and sanitation programme (2004); public
toilets provided by the Nairobi City Council had no amenities like toilet paper and
running water to clean up afterwards. Ecotact limited has now provided these amenities
for use and from the findings; the respondents strongly agreed that these amenities have
actually been provided. The researcher however noted that liquid hand washing soap
provided for use while in the toilet is not always available as there are some instances
where Ikotoilet users have complained of its unavailability.
In a study by Curti (2005), he mentioned that the public toilet users have the desire for
privacy and to avoid embarrassment; desire for convenience and to avoid the discomforts
or dangers o f the bush (e.g. snakes, pests, rain), and wanting social acceptance or status
which are some of the key motivations for adequate sanitation in a society. The
researcher noted that Ecotact Limited concurs to this study, as they have ensured that
there are decent services in the Ikotoilet, including lockable doors and availability of
50
hooks for hanging bags/coats. Some ikotoilets however have doors that are not lockable
and others do not have hooks. In addition, from the findings, dignified services have been
provided, such as the Ikotoilet’s baby’s changing area in the female toilets, but
unfortunately this is not known to the ikotoilet users.
5.3.2 Developing Entrepreneurship
In a study by Drayton (1990), he states that social entrepreneurship is creating new
industries, validating new business models, and allocating resources to neglected societal
problems. From the findings, the researcher noted that the micro enterprises provided by
Ecotact limited such as shop keeping services, shoeshine services, is benefiting the public
and also acts as an income generating tool. This concurs to the study as Ecotact limited is
creating employment by generating new industries, validating new business models, and
allocating resources to neglected societal problems such lack of job opportunities
especially among the youth in Kenya.
5.3.3 Transforming Urban Scape
According to a research carried by the water and sanitation programme-WSP, (2004);
public toilets provided by the Nairobi City Council were few and far between. But now,
from the findings, the Ikotoilet lower cadre employees and Ikotoilet users agree that
Ikotoilets have been strategically built around the NCBD; and this may imply that
Ecotact limited is providing convenient services to the public. In addition, the
respondents request to have more facilities build to avoid queuing in some of the
facilities, or opened at least later into the night, may imply that the public value the
services that the Ikotoilet is providing.
Mulama, (2009) stated that public toilets in Kenya have been characterized by
overcrowding and poor lighting. Ecotact limited has however built Ikotoilets with natural
ventilation and lighting. From the findings, Ecotact limited has put light bulbs in the
Ikotoilets for lighting, although it gets dark at times in the facilities as most of the
lighting bulbs are out of order.
51
5.3.4 Transforming Conservation Mechanisms
According to a report by (WHO/UNICEF, 2010), Sanitation is the provision of facilities
and services for the safe disposal o f human urine and faeces. The Ikotoilet management
employees concur to the statement as they say that Ecotact limited has provided facilities
and services for safe disposal of human urine and faeces by developing a bio digestion
system; urine harvesting system; waterless urinals and Low flush cisterns; water saving
taps; and rain water harvesting tanks. From the study results, although water is always
available for use to flush the toilets, the water is available in buckets as most of the flush
cisterns are not available. In addition, despite the fact that Ecotact limited has developed
a bio digestion system and urine harvesting system, it is not available in all the facilities.
5.4 Conclusions of the Study
Following the research findings from the Ikotoilet management employees, Ikotoilet
lower cadre employees and Ikotoilet users, the researcher concluded, that although it is
evident that the Ikotoilet is effective in addressing sanitation by transforming social
behaviour, developing entrepreneurships, transforming urban scape and transforming
conservation mechanisms among public toilet users in the NCBD, there are a few
mechanisms that are either not known to the users or are not functioning as stated by
Ecotact limited.
1. In transforming social behavior for instance, the researcher concluded that although
liquid hand washing soap is provided for use while in the toilet, Ecotact limited at
times take long to replace the liquid soap. In addition, it also takes long for Ecotact
Management to make repairs, following that there were some doors that were not
lockable. From the findings, the researcher can also conclude that Ecotact limited has
either not provided the baby’s changing area for use as they say they have, or they
have just not ensured that the area is easily accessible for use.
2. In developing entrepreneurship, the researcher concluded that Ecotact limited has
indeed created employment by generating new industries, validating new business
models, and allocating resources to neglected societal problems such as lack of job
52
opportunities especially among the youth in Kenya, who according to the findings are
the majority of the employees in the Ikotoilets.
3. In transforming urban scape, the researcher concluded that the Ikotoilets are effective
among public toilet users as the users agree that they have been strategically built in
the NCBD and even suggest that more should added. The researcher also concluded
that although light bulbs are provided to light the ikotoilets in the evening, it seems
Ecotact limited has not taken the initiative to change the light bulbs that are faulty;
hence it becomes dark in the evenings.
4. In transforming conservation mechanisms, the researcher concluded that although
water is always available for use to flash the toilet and wash hands, Ecotact limited
has removed all the flush cisterns and replaced them with water buckets and jugs to
flush the toilets. The researcher also concluded that the bio digestion system and urine
harvesting system that have been developed for use are currently not fully utilized in
all the facilities.
5.5 Recommendations of the Study
In view of the above findings and discussions of the study, the researcher made the
following recommendations to Ecotact Limited:
1. More tissue paper should be provided for use to the public toilet users visiting the
Ikotoilet and Ecotact Limited should ensure that soap is provided for hand washing at
all times after using the Ikotoilet.
2. Ikotoilet users, especially the women, should be sensitized on the baby’s changing
area. This will encourage mothers with babies to utilize this space. Ecotact limited
should also ensure that this area is easily accessible for use. The public should also be
informed that advertising space has been provided inside the ikotoilets.
3. All the radio speakers in the Ikotoilets should be repaired and music played as stated
and the light bulbs that are not working should be replaced with functional bulbs.
53
4. The broken toilets for persons with disability should be repaired and visibly labeled.
To promote convenience, the management should ensure that there is a separate
facility for both men and women.
5. Lastly, Ecotact limited should consider building more Ikotoilets to avoid the long
queues in some of the facilities and also consider having the facilities open later in the
night.
5.6 Suggestions for Further Research
Based on the findings of the study the researcher made the following suggestions for
further research:
1. A research should be made to compare what transformations other public toilets in
the NCBD have taken to address sanitation among public toilet users. This will be
useful for any new social enterprise that is to be established to concentrate on new
transformations to address sanitation.
2. Following that Ikotoilets have been built all over Kenya; a research should be
undertaken with a larger sample that includes Ikotoilets all over Kenya, as different
results may be found.
54
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59
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: Letter of Transmittal
EMAH MADEGWA
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
P.0 Box 30197
NAIROBI
Dear Respondent,
I am carrying out research on the effectiveness o f ikotoilets in addressing sanitation
among public toilet users in Nairobi central business district. This is in partial fulfillment
of the requirement of the Masters of Project Planning and Management degree program
at the University of Nairobi.
This study uses Ecotact Limited as a social enterprise using the Ikotoilet Model as an
entrepreneurial principal to address sanitation. You have been selected as one of the
respondents and the result of this study will provide the management with the necessary
information.
This is an academic research and confidentiality is strictly emphasized, your name will
not appear anywhere in the report. Kindly spare some time to complete the questionnaire
attached.
Thank you in advance.
Yours sincerely,
Emah Madegwa
60
APPENDIX II: Questionnaire for Lower Cadre Ikotoilet Employees
Kindly answer the following questions. The researcher would like to assure you that the information gathered will be kept confidential and used strictly for the purpose of this research only. Do not write your name anywhere in this paper. However, the usefulness of the information to the researcher will solely depend on your honesty.
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
I. Job Title
2. Gender : Male ( )
3. Education Level:Secondary level ( )
4. What is your age range?Under 20 years ( )40-50 years ( )
Female (
Diploma level ( )
20-29 years ( ) above 50 yrs ( )
Degree Level ( )
30-39 years ( )
5. Years of Work with Ikotoilet:Less than 1 year ( ) 1-2 years ( ) 2-3 years ( )3-4 years ( ) 4-5 years ( )
SECTION B: EFFECTIVENESS OF IKOTOILET
Please put a circle where a question Indicates the extent to which you agree with the statements by using a scale of 1 to 4 where 1= strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree.
6. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming social behavior among public toilet users in NCBD
StronglyAgree
Agree Disagree StronglyDisagree
a) Ikotoilet has invested in creative marketing i.e advertising inside and outside the toilet
4 3 2 1
b) Ikotoilet has engaged in innovative sanitation campaigns for the public.
4 3 2 1
c) Ikotoilet has brought interactions between public and the policy makers (i.e Ministers, Members of parliament)
4 3 2 1
d) Ikotoilet has brought interactions between the public and celebrities (i.e Miss Kenya, musicians, and comedians)
4 3 2 1
e) The baby’s changing area in the ikotoilet has attracted women to change their
4 3 2 1
61
babies nappies
f) Soap is provided for hand washing after using the Ikotoilet
4 3 2 1
g) Water is provided for hand washing after using the Ikotoilet
4 3 2 1
h) Tissue paper is provided for use when visiting the Ikotoilet
4 3 2 1
i) Showers are available for use in the Ikotoilet
4 3 2 1
j) The Ikotoilet is clean and hygienic all day long
4 3 2 1
k) The doors in the ikotoilets are lockable 4 3 2 1
1) The ikotoilets have hooks behind the doors, to hung bags, coats
4 3 2 1
7. Select below products that have been provided for use in the Ikotoilet Hand Soap- Bar ( ) Hand soap - Liquid ( ) Bathing Soap ( ) Tooth paste ( ) Tissue paper ( )Others
8. How many times is an ikotoilet facility cleaned in a day? Once ( ) Twice ( ) Throughout the day ( )
9. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet users in NCBD
StronglyAgree
Agree Disagree StronglyDisagree
a) Ikotoilet employees are trained by Ecotact management on how to operate the ikotoilet
4 3 2 1
b) The shop in the Ikotoilet is benefiting the public
4 3 2 1
c) The shoe shinning services in the Ikotoilet is benefiting the society
4 3 2 1
d) These job opportunities have attracted more people to the ikotoilet facility
4 3 2 1
e) Ikotoilet has invested in environment friendly technologies i.e (waterless urinals, rain water harvesting tanks, bio
4 3 2 1
62
digesters)
0 Introduction of shop has changed the perception of the public on public toilets in NCBD
4 3 2 1
g) Introduction of shoe shinning services has changed the perception o f the public on public toilets in NCBD
4 3 2 1
10. Types of microenterprises availableSnack Shop ( ) Shoe Shine Vender ( ) Newspaper Vender ( )
ATM ( ) Chemist ( ) Mpesa vendor ( )Other
11. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming urban scape for public toilet users in NCBD
StronglyAgree
Agree Disagree StronglyDisagree
a) The Unique architectural design has promoted interactions around the ikotoilets
4 3 2 1
b) The Unique colour o f the ikotoilet is pleasant
4 3 2 1
c) There is music in the ikotoilet facility 4 3 2 1
d) The free toilet for persons with disabilities has encouraged them to use the facility
4 3 2 1
e) The ikotoilet’s painting is well maintained
4 3 2 1
0 The ikotoilet’s general hygiene is well maintained
4 3 2 1
g) The surrounding and overall landscape of the Ikotoilet is well trimmed with flowers
4 3 2 1
h) The Ikotoilet has natural lighting and ventilation
4 3 2 1
i) Ikotoilets have been strategically built around the NCBD
4 3 2 1
63
j) More Ikotoilets should be added in the 4 3 2 1NCBD
12. How often is an ikotoilet repainted?Once a year ( ) Twice a year ( ) other
13. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in NCBD
Strongly
Agree
Agree Disagree Strongly
Disagree
a) The water taps for washing hands after using the toilet are functional
4 3 2 1
b) Water is always available for use to flush the toilets
4 3 2 1
c) Water is always available to wash hands after use of the toilet
4 3 2 1
d) Rain water is harvested for use 4 3 2 1
e) Urine is harvested for agricultural utilization using the urine harvesting system
4 3 2 1
0 Biogas is generated for use from the bio digestor
4 3 2 1
g) The waterless urinals in the men’s toilets have helped save water use
4 3 2 1
h) The toilets are flushable 4 3 2 1
14. Are sanitary bins provided for use?Yes ( ) No ( )
15. Are dustbins provided for use?Yes ( ) No ( )
1. Is there a bio digestion and urine harvesting system in this Ikotoilet?
Yes ( ) No ( )
Thank you fo r participating.
64
APPENDIX III: Interview Guide for Ikotoilet Managers
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Job T itle_______________________________
2. Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )
3. Education Level:
Secondary level ( ) Diploma level ( )
)
4. What is your age range?
Under 20 years ( )
40-50 years ( )
5. Years of Work with Ikotoilet:
Less than 1 year ( )
3-4 years ( )
20-29 years ( )
above 50 yrs ( )
1 -2 years ( )
4-5 years ( )
Degree Level ( ) other (
30-39 years ( )
2-3 years ( )
SECTION B: EFFECTIVENESS OF IKOTOILET
6. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming social
behavior among public toilet users in NCBD.
a) What creative marketing is in the Ikotoilet?________________________________
b) What innovative campaigns has Ikotoilet developed for the public to address
sanitation?
c) Has Ikotoilet brought interactions between public and the policy makers (i.e
Ministers, Members of parliament)______________________________________
d) Has Ikotoilet brought interactions between the public and celebrities (i.e Miss
Kenya, musicians, and comedians)_______________________________________
e) Is there a baby’s changing area in the ikotilet?______________________________
0 Are showers available for use in the Ikotoilet?______________________________
g) What products that have been provided for use in the Ikotoilet
65
Hand soap - Liquid ( ) Bathing Soap ( ) Toothh) Hand Soap- Bar ( )
paste ( )
Tissue paper ( ) others____________________________________________
i) How many times is an ikotoilet facility cleaned in a day?
a. Once ( ) Twice ( ) More than twice ( ) Throughout )
j) Are the doors in the facility lockable?_____________________________________
7. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing
entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet users in NCBD.
a) Does Ecotact provide training to the Ikotoilet employees on direct operations of
ikotoilet facility?_________________________________
b) What types of microenterprises are available in the Ikotoilet Facility?
c) Snack Shop ( ) Shoe Shine Vender ( ) Newspaper Vender ()
ATM ( ) Chemist ( ) Mpesa vendor ( ) other____________
d) Is the shop in the Ikotoilet benefiting the society?__________________________
e) Is the shoe shinning services in the Ikotoilet benefiting the society?___________
0 Has the introduction of (shop, shoe shinning services, air time vending) broken
the perception the public has on public toilets in Kenya?_____________________
g) Has the introduction of (shop, shoe shinning services, air time vending) ensured
sustainability o f the facility?___________________________________________
h) Do the interiors of the Ikotoilet have strategic corporate branding, Yes ( ) No ( )
8. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming urban
scape for public toilet users in NCBD.
1. Has the Unique architectural design promoted interactions around the ikotoilets
2. Has the Unique maroon color promoted interactions around the ikotoilets
66
3. Has the Shop attracted the public to the toilet?_____________________________ .
4. Has the Shoe shining services attracted the public to the toilet?________________
5. Is there music in all the ikotoilet facilities?_________________________________
6. Has the free toilet for the persons with disability encouraged them to use the
facility?__________________________________________________ _____________
7. How often is an ikotoilet repainted?
Once a year ( ) Twice a year ( ) other____________
A. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in NCBD.
a) Are there water saving taps for washing hands after toilet use?
b) Is Safe, clean Ultra Violet treated water provided for drinking to the public?
c) Is water always available for use to flush the toilets?
d) Is water always available to wash hands after using of the toilet?
e) Is Rain water harvested for use using the water harvesting tanks?
0 Is Urine harvested for agricultural utilization?
g) Is there a bio digester in this Ikotoilet? Yes ( )
h) Is there a urine harvesting system in this Ikotoilet? Yes ( )
i) Do the waterless urinals in the mens toilets help save water use?
No ( )
No ( )
67
APPENDIX IV: Interview Guide for Ikotoilet Users
SECTION A: EFFECTIVENESS OF IKOTOILET
A. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming social
behavior among public toilet users in NCBD.
1. Do the ikotoilet employees have good relations with the users?______________
2. Are you aware of the baby’s changing area in the ikotoilet?___________________
3. Are you aware that there is a shower facility in the ikotoilet?__________________
4. Is soap provided for hand washing after using the Ikotoilet?___________________
5. Is Water provided for hand washing after visiting the Ikotoilet?_______________
6. Is Tissue paper provided for use when visiting the Ikotoilet?__________________
7. Is the ikotoilet facility always clean whenever you visit it? ____________________
8. Are the doors in the facility lockable? _____________________________________
B. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by developing
entrepreneurial opportunities for public toilet users in NCBD.
a) Do you think the shop in the Ikotoilet is benefiting the public?________________
b) Do you think the shoe shinning services in the Ikotoilet is benefiting the public?
c) Does the Shop attract you to the toilet?__________________________________
d) Do the Shoe shining services attract you to the toilet?_______________________
e) Do the shop services change your perception o f public toilets in NCBD?________
0 Do the shoe shining services change your perception of public toilets in NCBD?
g) Do you like the advertisements used inside the Ikotoilet?_____________________
C. Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming urban
scape for public toilet users in NCBD.
a) Do you like the unique architectural design of the ikotoilets?_________________
b) Do you like the colour o f the ikotoilets?______________________________
c) Are you aware that there is music that plays in the back ground of the toilet?
d) Are you aware that there is a free toilet for Persons with Disabilities?68
e) Do you think the ikotoilet’s general hygiene is well maintained?_____________ _
f) Do you think the ikotoilet’s wall painting is well maintained?________________ _
g) Does the ikotoilet have good lighting and ventilation inside?__________________
h) Do you think Ikotoilets have been strategically built around the NCBD? ________
I). Extent to which Ikotoilets have addressed sanitation by transforming
conservation mechanisms for public toilet users in NCBD
a) Is water always available for use to flush the toilets?________________________
b) Are you aware that the urinals do not use w ater?____________________________
c) Do you use the water taps for washing hands?____________________________
69
APPENDIX V: Krejcie and Morgan Table
TABLE FOR DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FROM A GIVEN POPULATION
N S N S N S N S N s10 10 100 80 280 162 800 260 2800 33815 14 110 86 290 165 850 265 3000 34120 19 120 92 300 169 900 269 3500 24625 24 130 97 320 175 950 274 4000 35130 28 140 103 340 181 1000 278 4500 35135 32 150 108 360 186 1100 285 5000 35740 36 160 113 380 181 1200 291 6000 36145 40 180 118 400 196 1300 297 7000 36450 44 190 123 420 201 1400 302 8000 36755 48 200 127 440 205 1500 306 9000 36860 52 210 132 460 210 1600 310 10000 37365 56 220 136 480 214 1700 313 15000 37570 59 230 140 500 217 1800 317 20000 37775 63 240 144 550 225 1900 320 30000 37980 66 250 148 600 234 2000 322 40000 38085 70 260 152 650 242 2200 327 50000 38190 73 270 155 700 248 2400 331 75000 38295 76 270 159 750 256 2600 335 100000 384
Note: “N” is population size“S” is sample size.
Krejcie, Robert V., Morgan, Daryle W., “Determining Sample Size for Research Activities”, Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1970.
UNIVERSITY QF NAIROBI KIKUYU LIBRARY
P. 0. Box 92 - 00902, KIKUYU
70
APPENDIX VI: Research Authorization
REPUBLIC OF KENYA
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RE: RESEARCH AUTHORIZATION
hollowing your application for authority to carry out research on **Effectiveness of Iko/oilets in addressing sanitation among public toilet users in Nairobi Central Business District" I am pleased to inform you that you have been authorized to undertake research in Nairobi for a period ending 31“ July, 2012.
You arc advised to report to the Provincial Director of Education ,thc Provincial Commissioner, Nairobi Province and the Town C lerk, Nairobi City Council before embarking on the research project.
()n completion ol the research, you are expected to submit two hard copies and one soft copy in pdf of the research report/thesis to our office.
I>K. M. K. KU<;DCPI TV COl'NCII. SECRETARY
Copy to:
Provincial Director of Education Provincial Commissioner Nairobi
TetepMxw J M u o ; : u i i ’ l 254 020 310571. 22U123 219420 Fax 254420-318245. 318245 W6«n replying picas* Quota tcartaryPnat 8° k*
t»0 Hot 30623-00100 MAIpOeiUNYA Website www r,«.st.gc W
22nd June 2012
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