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Excavation equipments(Excavators):
Machines that are used in digging excavations
and in trenching operations.
Selection of excavation equipments based on:
1. Depth of excavation.
2.Quantity and disposal area of excavated
material (large excavator are able to dump
excavated material away from excavation site.)
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Different excavation equipments used-
The ancient way of excavating
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Ancient tools used In excavation:
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Excavators
These are equipped with high power diesel
engines .
These are mounted on wheels or on tracks formoving from place to place.
The operation of the excavator done bymovement of a series of levers and pedals byoperaters from his cab.
A series of winches , brakes, clutches and wireropes to translate all these movements intowork i.e movement of earth.
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Currently using excavators:
Loader
Bulldozers and scrapers
Back hoes
Dragline
Shovel
Skimmer
Clamshell
Pile rigs, Augers
Trench diggers etc
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Hydraulic excavators Provided rotating superstructure which are
somewhat different from cable actuted machineseg. Dragline etc.
Various digging actions are powered by hydrauliccylinders ,motors and are controlled by hydraulic
valves or variable stroke pumps. Hydraulic excavator has advantage that its digging
force do not tend to lift the bucket .
They need slightly larger engine as compared tocable operated machines.
Due to pressure drop in line & valve hydraulicpumps are slightly less efficient than gear and
chain drive.
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Back hoe loaders
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Back hoe loaders
Three construction machines are combined
into one unit i.e a tractor, a loader and a hoe.
Used excellently in digging loosely packed
moist clay and sandy clay.
Not suitable for continuous high impact
digging such as with hard clay or caliche.
function of Loader :
loader bucket attached to front of tractor
which enables it to excavate above wheel
level.
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Back hoe loaders
funcion of Back hoe :
- A hoe attached to the rear of the tractor
enables it to excavate below wheel level.
- Hoe bucket can be replaced with a breaker or
hammer.
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Crawler mounted hydraulic hoe
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Crawler mounted hydraulic hoe
They are superior to draglines in operating on
close range work and loading into haul units.
Maximum depth of digging for larger
machines is more than 25 ft.
Selection of hoe:
1. max. excavation depth required.
2. max. working radius required for digging and
dumping.
3. max. dumping height required.
4. Hoisting capability required.
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This durable under carriage
absorbs stresses & provideexcellent stability.
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Long reach crowler mounted excavator
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specifications
336D 385C
Net power at 1800 rpm 270 hp 530 hp
Operating weight 38.4-40 mt 88.33-88.5 mt
Max. reach 15.8-18 m 18-21.3 m
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For small excavation,trenching and
loading work such models are used
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Loaders
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Loaders
Extensively used in construction work to
handle ,transport bulk material and also to
excavate earth.
Designed to excavate at or above wheel or
track level.
During working hydraulic activated lifting
system exert max. breakout force with an
upward motion of bucket.
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Loader types
Crawler-tractor mounted type
Wheel tractor mounted type
Further grouped by capacities of their bucketsor weights that bucket can lift.
To increase stability during load lifting ,thetrack of crawler are usually longer and widerthan other types.
Bucket shape and size depends on thematerial to be excavate or remove and onloads also.
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Bulldozers and Scrapers
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Bulldozers and Scrapers
Sometimes used in excavation operation
either for entire excavation or removing top of
the excavation for subsequent excavation by
an excavators or back hoe.
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Hydraulic Front Shovel
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Hydraulic Front Shovel Used for hard digging above track level and for
loading haul units.
Size of shovel is indicated by size of bucket
and expressed in cubic meter.
Basic parts of shovel are
substructure(mounting), cab, boom, stick,
buckets
Selection of front shovel depends on
1. Cost per cubic meter of material excavated
2. Job conditions under which shovel operate
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Hydraulic Front Shovel
If material hard to excavate then bucket
which exert higher pressure used.
If blasted rock to be excavate then larger size
bucket to handle large pieces.
Size of available hauling units should be
considered.(generally haul unit capacity
should be approx. five times excavator bucket
size)
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It is necessary to select a shovel that has thephysical dimensions that enables placementof the bucket for dumping at a height abovethe haul units structure.
Typical cycle element times under average
conditionsLoad bucket 7-9 sec
Swing with load 4-6 sec
Dump load 2-4 secReturn swing 4-5 sec
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