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Realism: the state, national interest
and foreign policyTopik 3 Rabu 16 Sept 21!
"rodi #" $ohort 2
"rof% &antarto &andoro
"rodi #iplomasi "ertahanan
'nhan
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The Realist "aradigm* +ans )orgenthau
Si principles of political realism -)ongenthau, Politics Among Nations.
The tenets of Realism
The notion of state
The international system
States/ foreign policy formation
* "atterns of foreign policy
* Relati0e poer capability base
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Si principles of political realism
1% "olitics is go0erned by obecti0es las 4R theory is arational theory that reflects these las
2% "olitics is an autonomous sphere, independent ofeconomics and personal morality
3% 4nternational politics is about national interests thoughthese interests reflect the political and cultural contetithin hich foreign policy is formulated
5% The political ethics is different from the uni0ersal moralprinciples
!% "articular nations cannot impose their nationalaspirations on other nations
6% "essimistic knoledge of human nature is in the centreof international politics
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The tenets of Realism*the notion of
stateThe notion of state defined through poer: states are about pursuit and
maimisation of poer:
1% acuiring it,
2% increasing it,
3% proecting it
7ational interest:
5% acuisition of poer
!% obecti0e national interest in terms of optimi8ation of political
influence of a country in the international political en0ironment
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The tenets of Realism*the notion of
international system
Self*help system:
Refers to the ultimate dependence of state on its on resources
to promote its interests and protect itself
1% 9narchy
2% ero*sum competition
3% &alance of poer
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States/ foreign policy formationRationale of state foreign policy:
to ad0ance state/s interests and sur0i0al
"atterns of foreign policy:
1% Status uo2%4mperialist
3% "restige
Relati0e poer capability base:
Resource base:
1% capital and industrial base
2% military capability
3% population si8e and education le0el
5% natural resource base
!% technological base
6% internal market capacity transstate resources
)obilisation base: domestic control system and political regime nationalist predispcommunity
Superordinate actors on international stage: foreign policy makers as rational problem
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"attern of foreign policy
1% Status uo 2%4mperialist
3% "restige
Relati0e poer capability
Resource base:
1% capital and industrial base2% military capability
3% population si8e and educationle0el
5% natural resource base
!% technological base
6% internal market capacitytransstate resources
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-)obilisation base:
1% domestic control system and political regime
2% nationalist predisposition of the community
Superordinate actors on international stage:foreign policy makers as rational problem* sol0ers
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?0er0ie
#efining(redefining national security
Theori8ing national security
Realism and national security
Security studies and national security
7ational security and 9merican grand strategy
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@hat is securityA
Take a minute and ot don the key ideas that come to
mind hen you think of concept of securityA
Think about ho these different ideas might impact the
ay a decision maker approaches foreign policy
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#efining national security
$rucial concept for foreign policy but no uni0ersal
definition of hat it is
Traditional meaning of national security: protecting and
securing the physical sur0i0al of the state from eternal
-military. threats
"rotecting territory from foreign in0asion
Security redefined -e%g% @olfers, &u8an. epanded from
military: health, economics, en0ironment, etc% T+B
$?"B7+9CB7 S$+??D
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@hose security and from hatA
$larify the Ereferent obect/ of security -hose
securityA.
+uman security: indi0iduals as referent obect
-and state itself as possible threat.
Threats: -security from hatA. subecti0ely defined,
and idened, like security itself
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#eepening F &roadening of Security
Thus, see concept of security mo0ing in to directions:
#eepening * from state to indi0idual
&roadening * from military threats to things like health,
en0ironment, economy etc%
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Theori8ing national security
Realism: focuses on the eternal sources of national security threats
-outside the boundaries of so0ereign state, from the anarchical
system.
Critical Theory: analy8es threats inside andoutside the state -Threat of
po0erty, en0ironmental degradation and domestic repression ofessential human rights, all reside inside the state%.
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$ont/
Constructivism:
security and threats as social constructions
ho e understand these concepts and processes that can change
our understanding
en0isages security communities hereby states share the collecti0e
sense of identity and security
Integrative approaches:
combining internal and eternal factors into a comprehensi0e
national security policy -Deffler.
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Realism and national security
=or realists, the fundamental national interestof all states isnational
security% The three S/s/:
Statism:
states as central actors makes security a per0asi0e element of
foreign policy
Sur0i0al:
central goal of all foreign policyuse force as a legitimate
-element. instrument of statecraft
"oer 0s security debate
-offensi0e 0s% defensi0e realism.
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Realism and national security
Self*help:
take appropriate steps to ensure sur0i0al,
balance of poer as enduring structural feature
The security dilemma
efforts to build defensi0e capabilities in one state can
be percei0ed as threatening to others, hich causesthem to build their on defenses, hich can in turn be
threatening to the original state
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1>s,
hich placed indi0iduals at the centre of security strategies%
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7ational security and 9merican grand
strategy
Grand strategy
is a crucial component of a state/s foreign policy
it is the o0erall 0ision of a state/s national security goals,
and
a determination of the most appropriate means by hich
to achie0e these goals%
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$ont/
4t entails a 3-stepprocess:
1% #etermine the state/s 0ital security goals%
2% 4dentify the main source of threats to these
goals, internal and eternal%
3% 9scertain the key political, economic and
military resources that can be employed as
foreign policy options to reali8e national security
goals%
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9merican grand strategy
9 0ariety of different grand strategies can be
identified for the 'nited States:
1% 7eo*isolationism: interest based foreign polic
2% Diberal internationalism
3% "rimacy
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9merican grand strategy
Neo-isolationism: 9merica should focus on its
on national interests%
9cti0ist, globalist role is no longer needed in
post*$old @ar era%
'S is secure from eternal threats ith
poer to guarantee its security%
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$ont/Liberal internationalism: an epansi0e 9merican national interest, -that
includes orld peace., necessitates multilateral engagement in
pursuit of common goals%
The 'S not immune from military threats%
$entral:
democracy,
human rights,
interdependence and
role of institutions
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Primacy:
1% "reser0ing 'S poer as the undisputed pre*eminentpoer in the international system%
2% 'S must ensure its military dominance, pre0enting
emergence of a multi*poer structure%
3% 4nstitutions seen as restraining unilateral options
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Guestion for the class
@hich of the three do you think the 'S has taken
in recent yearsA
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The anses is :
There is a good deal of e0idence to suggest that 'S
has based its foreign policy on a grand strategy ofprimacy
4t is orthhile to ask hether this strategy is
sustainable as e0idence suggests that attempts tocounterbalance the 'S are underay%
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States feel insecure
States feel insecure, leading them to increase
their military capabilities%
Realists ad0ocate a policy of offshorebalancing that attempts to maintain 9merica/s
relati0e poer and national security in an
emerging multipolar orld%11(3(1!
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Thank you and good luck
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