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SIG Pertambangan(GIS for Geoscience)
Oleh :
Irvani
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Referensi :
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Bonham-Carter, G.F. (1994) Geographic Information System for Geoscientists: Modellingwith GIS. Delta Print ing , Ontario, 398 p.
Harris, J.R. (ed) (2006) GIS For The Earth Sciences. GAC Special Paper 44, Geological
Associati on of Can ada, 616 p.
de By, R.A. (ed) (2000) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC educationalTexbook Series, Netherlands.
Huisman, O. And de By, R.A. (2009) Principles of Geographic Information Systems. ITC
educational Texbook Series, Netherlands.
Mitchel, A. (1999) The ESRI guide to GIS Analysis. Volume 1: Geographic patterns &Relationships, ESRI Press, 186 pp.
Kennedy, H. (ed) (2001) Dictionary of GIS terminolog y. ESRI Press, Redlands, 116 p.
Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2001) Geographic
Informati on Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons, 454 pp.
Maguir e, D. J., Goodch ild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds) (1991) Geographical in formati onsystems: principles and applications, Longman.
Zeiler, M. (1999) Modeling Our Wor ld: the ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design. ESRI Press,
Redlands, 198 p.
ESRI Homepage ( http://esri.com /index.html ) : understand ing GIS, industry applicati ons,
user conference, virtual campus, ESRI Press books
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Materi/Pokok BahasanI Pendahuluan (P.1)
II Overview of GIS (P.2)
III Map Projection and
Coordinate System (P.3-4)
IV GIS for Geoscience (P.5)
V GIS Database (P.6)
VI Theory of Spatial Analysis (P.7-9)
a. Metode AHP
b. Principle Steps
in GIS Spatial
c. GIS Processing
VII Introduction to ArcGIS or
MapInfo (P.10) (Option)
VIII Case Studies/Latihan (P.11-14)
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Geoscience Applications are Very
Difficult Tasks for GIS
1. Geoscientists require 3D modeling
2. Geo-objects are not designed but revealed by
limited samples, or by indicative data
3. Geo-objects are also highly irregular and
complex with many more parameters than
simple geometry
4. Many types of datasets involved
5. GIS is merely sof tware application for general
spatial dataSetijadji-slide
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Geoscience Activities in whichGIS can Contribute
Bonham-Carter (1994, 2000) stressed that there are at least
six core activities in Geoscience in which GIS can be
involved:
data organization,
data visualization,
spatial data search (query),
combining (integration) of d iverse data types,
data analysis, and
prediction to support decision-making based onmultip le factors of spatial information.
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GIS Modeling Levels
2D Display
3D Display (often called
2.5D)
one z value at a singl e
modeling process
stack can create volume
between surface layers, but
each sur face does not have
a thickness
3D Analysis (often
called true, solid 3D)
Surfaces may have
multiple z values for a
x,y location
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Geologic phenomena types
Geographic Field
Geographic Object
for every point a value can bedetermined
spatial analysis: qualitative
e.g., temperature, elevation,gravity field
a geographic phenomenon thatis well distinguishable, discrete,
and sharply bounded entity
spatial analysis: quantitative
boundary accuracy is matter ofconcern
e.g., lithology units, evidencemaps (low-high gravity zones)
Gravity field
Gravity cl asses
gravity high
gravity low
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Spatial Data Models (2D)
Field-based models (e.g. RASTER)
Continuous spatial phenomena
For every point in space a value of the field can
be determined
Object-based models (e.g. VECTOR)
Space is populated by well distinguishable,
discrete, bounded objects
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2D and 2.5D Data Structure Types
Vector
Represents geographic features
with lines, points, and polygons
complex data storage with many
nodes, each has an x,y coordinate
value
spatial analysis: intersection, etc
e.g., coverages and shapefiles
Raster
discrete regular, usually square, cells
or Pixels
simple data storage, regular grids
with unifor mly spaced; each cell i s
located by its row and column position
spatial analysis: maps calculation
(binary maps, weight evidence etc)
e.g., images and grids
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Vector and Raster representations of points,lines and areas
Column Column Column
Row
Row
Row
Vectordatamodel
Rasterdatam
odel
Point Line Area
y y y
x x x
code
code
code
Key for the vector models: intemediate pointnode
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polygon 1polygon 1
polygon 2polygon 2
Vertices polygon 1Vertices polygon 1
Additional vertices polygon 2Additional vertices polygon 2
NodesNodes
Arc 1Arc 1
Arc 2Arc 2
Arc 3Arc 3
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Common Data FormatsVector Formats Geography Markup Language (GML) - XML based open standard
(by OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) - XML based open standard (by
OpenGIS) for GIS data exchange
Auto CAD DXF - Conto ur eleva tion plot s in A uto CAD DXF format
Shapefile - Esri's open, hybrid vector data format using SHP, SHX
and DBF files
Simple Features - Open Geospatial Consortium specificatio n for
vector data
MapInfo TAB format - MapInfo's vector data format using TAB,
DAT, ID and MAP files
National Transfer Format (NTF) - National Transfer Format
(mostly used by the UK Ordnance Survey)
TIGER -To polog ically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
Referencing
Cartesian coordinate system (XYZ) -Simple poin t cloud
Vector Product Format - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
(NGA)'s format of vectored data for large geographic databases.
GeoMedia - Intergraph's Microsoft Access based format forspatial vector storage.
ISFC - Intergraph's MicroStationb ased CAD solution attaching
vector elements to a relational Microsoft Access database
Personal Geodatabase - Esri's closed, integrated vector data
storage strategy using Microsoft's Access MDB format
File Geodatabase - Esri's file-based geodatabase format, stored
as folders in a file system. Esri also has an enterprise
Geodatabase format for use in an RDBMS.
Coverage - Esri's closed, hybrid vector data storage strategy.
Legacy ArcGIS Workstation / ArcInfo format with reduced support
in ArcGISDesktop lineup
Spatial Data File - Autodesk's high-performance geodatabase format,
native to MapGuide
GeoJSON - a lightweight format based on JSON, used b y many open
sour ce GIS packages
SOSI_Standard - a spatial data format used for all public exchange of
spatial data in Norway
Digital Line Graph (DLG) - a USGS format for vector dat a
Raster formats ADRG - National Geosp atial-Intellig ence Agency (NGA)'s ARC Digitized
Raster Graphics
BIL - Band Interleaved by Line (image format linked w ith satellite derived
imagery)
CADRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Compressed ARC
Digitised Raster Graphics (nominal compression of 55:1 over ADRG)
ECRG - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s EnhancedCompressed ARC Raster Graphics (Better resolution than CADRG and nocolor loss)
CIB - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)'s Controlled Image
Base (type of Raster Product Format)
Digital raster graphic (DRG) -digital s can of a paper USGS topographic map
ECW - Enhanced Compressed Wavelet (from ERDAS). A compressed
wavelet format, often lossy.
Esri grid - proprietary binary and metadataless ASCII raster formats used byEsri
GeoTIFF -T IFF variant enriched with GIS relevant metadata
IMG - ERDAS IMAGINE image file fo rmat
JPEG2000 - Open-source raster format. A compressed format, allows bo th
lossy and lossless compression.
MrSID- Multi-Resolution Seamless Image Database (by Lizardtech). Acompressed wavelet format, often lossy.
netCDF-CF - netCDFfile format with CF medata conventions for earthscience data. Binary storage in open format with optio nal compression.
Allow s for di rect web-access o f subsets/aggregat ions o f maps throu ghOPeNDAP protocol.
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3D Data Structure Types
Surface rendering Equal to vectorin 2D
Volume rendering Equal to rasterin 2D
volume elements (voxels)
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Point Interpolation for surface creation and
contouring
GriddingTriangulation
Point data
ContourContour
MapMap
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Comparison Gridding and Triangulation MethodsGridding (raster) method Triangulation method
Focus Modeling continuous
phenomena
Efficient representation of a
surface
Amount o f data Few, sp arsely dist ributed
point data
Dense, relatively evenly
distributed data
Interpolation
techniques
Applied Not appl ied
Geostatist ics Applied Not applied
Honoring the original
data and position
No Yes
Contouring method Detecting a contour l ine
crossing into or intersectingthe edge of a given grid-
square and drawing the line
through t hat grid-square.
Interpolating values on each
triangular face, and joiningstraight-line contours across
triangles
Geographic analysis Spatial coincidence
Proximity
Surface analysis
Dispersion
Elevation, slope, aspect
calculation
Volume calculations1717
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Example TIN vs Gridding
Regional heatflow point data of Sundaland, SE Asia
TIN orGridding ?
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Example TIN vs Gridding
Regional heatflow map of Sundaland, SE Asia
Such very limited, sparse point data for a regional study is
better modeled using gridding (right picture) than triangulation
(middle picture)
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Interpolation methods
Inversed Distance Weighted (IDW)
Natural Neighbors (NN)
Moving Average
Spline
Trend Surface
Kriging (Geostatistics)
2020
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3D Data Structure Types
Surface rendering Equal to vectorin 2D
Volume rendering Equal to rasterin 2D
volume elements (voxels)
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Several ArcGIS Extensions for Geoscience
1. ArcPad for field data capture
2. Survey Analyst
3. Geostatistical Analyst
4. Spatial Analyst
5. 3D Analyst
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Geostatistical Analyst : advanced surfacemodeling tools
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Spatial Analyst : raster-based map algebra
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3D Analyst : bui lding surfaces and 3Dvisualizations (2.5D Analysis)
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1. Remote sensing processing
2. Solid 3D modeling
3. Geophysical processing
4. Geological cross-section
But, several applications that are related with
Geoscience are not available with GIS such as
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Summary
Current GIS is capable to fulfill most of
Geoscientists desires, but several applications
are not yet supported by GIS.
At this moment, the most effective way is by
using specialized software already available andfinding a way to integrate those applications to
our GIS
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Implementation Strategy of
Deployment of Full-Scale GIS
System for Geoscience
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For the best benefits for Geoscience applications,
we need to combine GIS and several specialized
systems (according to the needs) as follows
1. GIS is used as the core system (integrator), in
which it is fundamentals for:
a. Data capture
b. Data management
c. Query, spatial analysis
d. Visualization and map generation
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2. Specialized Non-GIS systems (remote sensing,
geophysical, 3D modeling) are linked to GIS
as :
a. Extensions to GIS
b. Different system but share common data
formats
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Examples of integration ways between GISand specialized software
Appl ication Company/
developer
Name of
package
Way o f in tegration
to GIS
Environmental
analysis
Earthsoft EQuIS An extension to
ArcView and ArcGIS
Geologic modeling Rockware Inc. RockWare suite
of applications
Shapefile and interface
through EQuIS
Geologic, chemistry,
and geotechnical
modeling
CTech Development
Corp.
EVS Shapefile and
extension to ArcView
and ArcGIS
Geophysical images
Geosoft Inc.
Earth Resource
Mapping Inc.
Oasis Montaj
ER Mapper
GeoTIFF image form at
Remote sensing
images
Lei ca Geosyst ems ERDAS GeoTIFF and Image
Analysis for ArcGIS
extension
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Mobile/Wireless
Mobile
Devices
ArcIMS
NetworkNetwork
TCP/IP, HTTP, XMLTCP/IP, HTTP, XML
Arc GIS
Extensions
3D Analyst
Geostatistical Analyst
Spatial Analyst
ArcGIS
Arc Explorer GIS Desktops
ArcReader
Clients
Java Viewer
HTML Viewer
Developer Tools
ArcObjec ts
MapObjects
ArcIn foArcEd itor
ArcVi ew
Specialized
Modules
Business Partners
Solutions
Data model, topolo gy
Vectors (geologic map,culture, leases)
Networks
Production data, geochemistry, pipelines
Surveys
(seismic, gravity, borehole)
Imagery (geophysics , gridded
surfaces, remote sensing)
CAD
GIS Servers
Geodatabase
ArcPad
Arc SDE
Remote s ensing
Geophysics
Cross section
Solid 3D
Mine-pit design
Groundwater
Geochemistry
Environment
The Best System
for Geoscience
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Example of the implementation of an integratedsystem for GeoscienceThe integration of satellite image, subsurface geology, facilities, borehole datasets,
and subsurface geochemical datasets. Developed by integration of ArcGIS and
EQuIS from EarthSoft. Animation is created using ArcScene 3D Analyst
Animation
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Terima Kasih
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