Global War on Terror and Post War Development in Iraq
Team Pezzonovante
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
http://bcdks-hs4350.blogspot.com/
October 19, 2011
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 1 / 23
Introduction
Guns Versus Butter.
Particulars India Pakistan China
GDP 1050 420 3100
Defence 21 6.5 44
Percentage 2 4.5 1.2
Source: Govt. Website
Trade off between wastage of resources and security.
Demand for more funds and resource constraints are inevitable.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 2 / 23
Case Study on India
Expenditure on Kargil War (Operation Vijay) and Development Indicatorsover time.
Direct Cost: Rs. 47,701 Crores
Effects of War on India
Hyperinflation
Destruction of Physical Capital
Huge cost for post war problems
Impact on tade volumes
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 3 / 23
Development Indicators
Global HungerIndex 32.7; 66 in84 countries
20,000 farmerscommitted suicideduring 1997-’98(BBC)
HDI rank of 134among 180
350 - 400 m BPL
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 4 / 23
Timeline
War on Terror - a new foreign policy inaugurated.
A grand co-alition of US backed countries.
Figure: A collage of images - Wikipedia
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 5 / 23
Course of Action
World Trade Centre
This marks the direct beginning of War on Terror.
Operation Active Endeavour
The first operations in Mediterranean.
Operation Enduring Freedom
Against Taliban, Al-Qaeda and other militant groups of Central-West Asia.These were carried out in:
Afghanistan
Horn of Africa
Philippines
Trans Sahara
Iraq
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 6 / 23
Iraq and the War
State sponsored terrorism from 1990s.
Operation Desert Fox.
UNSC Resolution 1441 - ”a final opportunity to comply with itsdisarmament obligations” or face ”serious consequences.”
In March 2003, US forms a ’Coalition of Willing’ and invades Iraq.Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 7 / 23
Reactions and Reality
The war against terrorism is a fraud. After three weeks’bombing, not a single terrorist implicated in the attacks onAmerica has been caught or killed in Afghanistan.
- John Pilger, Former Mirror Chief Foreign Correspondant.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 8 / 23
Immediate Reforms
On April 15, 2003 the Office of Reconstruction and HumanitarianAssistance (ORHA) was established in post invasion Iraq.
Restore law and order.
Coalition Provision Authority.
The US and UK were termed as ”Occupying Powers in Iraq”.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 9 / 23
Continuing Reforms
Installation of IGC
The Coalition Provision Authority disbanded the army.
Criticised for the lack of Iraqis in Commission.
The Iraqi Governance Council was installed with Iraqi members in it.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 10 / 23
Post IGC
Formation of TAL.
National Assembly Elections in December 2005.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 11 / 23
Iraq in Context
Saddam assumes power in 1979.
The Iranian Revolution.
The Iran-Iraq conflict (1980-88).
The invasion of Kuwait (1990).
Interventions of UN and US.
Economic sanctions.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 12 / 23
A weakening Economy
The burden of sanctions.
The drain of resources and the Oil for Food programme.
The totalitarian regime and the dilemma of the population.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 13 / 23
Post Invasion
Faulty pre-war calculations.
Replacement rather than reconstruction.
Development lacking in national vision and insensitive to Iraqiaspirations.
Corporatization without benefits.
No institutional mechanisms for trickling down of growth
Iraqi private sector continues in bad shape.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 14 / 23
Moving Forward
Inclusive participation and real democracy.
Security.
Iraqi resources for Iraqi development.
Enabling people first; liberalization can wait.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 15 / 23
Demography
75 percent Arab, 15-20 percent Kurds, Turkmens, Yazidis, andnomadic tribes.
Total population: 22 million.
97 percent Muslims are Sunni Muslims in the North.
65 percent are Shia Muslims.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 16 / 23
Indebted
Reconstruction after War.
33 bn USD in aid.
18.4 bn USD from the US.
EU, Japan, World Bank, IMF.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 17 / 23
Capitalism
Baath regime: socialist, based on Islam.
Concentrated on nation-building, but human rights violations present.
Have to comply with Western ideas.
Oil: key factor in the entire episode.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 18 / 23
Parallels
Protestant ethic and Islam.
Sobriety, self-discipline, diligence, saving, honesty.
Creation, humanity judgement.
Creation is good and what we do is important.
Accountability of physical action.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 19 / 23
Free Market
Allows for expression of innovation and creativity.
Combining doctrines about holiness of creation human responsibility.
Is Islam inherently radical and opposed to modern processes?
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 20 / 23
Islam
Religion based on peace, love and compassion.
Abhors violence and killing.
Radicals are a minority, religion upholds human dignity.
Authentic traditions are misinterpreted, and can be used successfullyin favor of modern processes.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 21 / 23
Conclusion
Muslim country: Islam cannot be avoided.
The basic principles can be used in favor of a free market with timelyinterventions.
System that acknowledges freedom as a restricted license.
Strong leadership that can weed out radicals.
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 22 / 23
The End
Team Pezzonovante (IIT Madras) War on Terror October 19, 2011 23 / 23