HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER.
GROUP 1
MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS
Computer technology emerged in nursing in response to the changing and developing technologies in the health care industry.
It is analyze according to :1. Six time period2. Four major areas3. Standard initiatives
4. Significant landmarks
PRIOR TO 1960S
The image of nursing was improving Nursing practices improved Services were expanding in scope and
complexity And the number of nurses was increase
1960
Computer technology advanced while the number of health care facilities increased
Added important dimension to the computer system, providing more accessible and user-friendly
1970 Several states and large community
health agencies developed or contracted for their own computer-based management information syste
1980’S
Informatics emerged in the health care industry and nursing
Nursing informatics became a specialty in the field of nursing
HIS emerged with nursing subsystems Order entry Kardex Results reporting Nurse’s notes Discharge planning Microcomputer or personal computer
emerged.
1990’S
Computer technology became an integral part of health care settings
NI was approved by American Nurses Association (ANA) as a new nursing specialty
Brought smaller and faster computers—laptop and notebook
LANs and WANs were developed Internet was started
POST 2000
Wireless point of care was developed Clinical Information Systems became
individualized in the electronic patient record (EPR) and patient specific systems considered for the lifelong longitudinal record or electronic health record ( EHR)
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was enacted
Recommended health care providers to use Provider Identification Number (PIN)
Lead to several federal and private initiatives for health care technologies.
Health Initiative and Institute Consolidated Health Information (CHI)
initiative National Health Information Infrastracture
(NHII) initiative
FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS Nursing practice Nursing administration Nursing Education Nursing Research
NURSING PRACTICE it has evolved and change radically it became an integral part of Electonic
Health Record (HER) Data emerged with the introduction of
nursing terminologies by ANA as coded terminologies usable for the EHR
NURSING ADMINISTRATION It changed the introduction of computer
that link nursing department together in the hospital.
It helps policy and procedure manuals to be access and retrieved by computer
Internet is being used by the urses to access digital libraries, online resources and research pretocol at bedside
NURSING EDUCATION They used computer to enhance
courses, online and distance education in some universities and school of nursing.
With the use of internet and teleconference courses, the time, distance and cost are no longer barrier to educational program
NURSING RESEARCH It provides the impetus to use computer
for analyzing nursing data. With advancement of computer
technology database in supporting nursing research emerged, for online researching and retreiving information.
STANDARDS INITIATIVE
1. Nursing practice standards2. Nursing Data standards 3. Health care data standards
organizatons:
NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS
Developed and recommended by the ANA ANA: Publish the standards of clinical nursing practice which focus
not only on the organizing principles of clinical nursing. Recommended that the nursing process serve as the
conceptual framework for the documentation of the nursing practice.
Joint commission on accreditation of hospital organizatons (JCAHO) :
Stress the need for adequate records on patients in hospital and practice standards for the documentation of care by nurses.
Recommended acuity systems to determine resource use as well as required care plans for documenting nursing care.
Included on there recent manual the required contents of an HER, such as what data should be collected and how the data should be organized I the electronic data base.
NURSING DATA STANDARDS
Emerge as a new requirement for the EHR. ANA : Responsible for the recognition of the
terminologies and for determining if they have met the criteria to be included in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).
HEALTH CARE DATA STANDARDS ORGANIZATONS: American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) A private nonprofit membership
organization. American Society for Testing And
Materials (ASTM) Health Level Seven (HL7) SNOMED International National Committee on Vital And Health
Statistics (NCVSH ) work group on computer-based patient’s record
EARLY COMPUTER-BASED NURSING APPLICATIONDifferent Nursing application
focused on:• documentation of nursing
practice• Management of patient careApplication were designed for:• Hospitals• Ambulatory care settings• Community health agencies
COMPONENTS OF EARLY HISS FOCUSED ON:
a.) Early HISs.b.)Early ambulatory care information
systems.c.) Early community health nursing
information management systems.d.) Early computer-focused nursing
projects.e.) Early education applications.
LANDMARKS EVENTS IN NURSING AND COMPUTERS Computers were introduced into the
nursing profession over 35 years ago.Major Milestones Of Nursing• Interwoven with the advancement of
computer and information technologies• The increased need for nursing data• Development of nursing applications• Changes making the nursing profession
an autonomous discipline.
LANDMARKS EVENTS
Early conferences Meetings Early Academic Initiatives Initial National League for Nursing
Initiatives Early international Initiatives Initial Educational Sources Significant Collaborative Events