Counseling Approaches
Directive Counseling
Non-Directive Counseling
Eclectic Counseling
Stages of Counseling Approaches
Initial Disclosure
In-depth Exploration
Commitment to Action
Counseling Techniques
Common Counselor’s ResponseBy CeLT
CLINICAL COUNSELING WILLIAMSON
INTERVIEW RELATIONSHIP BORDIN
COUNSELOR-CENTERED PRESCRIPTIVE COUNSELING
FOCAL POINT IS THE PROBLEM
COUNSELOR LEADS THE INTERVIEW, VERY ACTIVE
CLIENT SUBORDINATE TO COUNSELLOR, NOT EQUAL
COUNSELOR OWNS ENTIRE RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLVING THECLIENT’S PROBLEM
STRESSES ON THE CLIENT’S INTELLECTUAL PROCESS,NOT THE EMOTIONAL ASPECT
WOLF & WOLF
COUNSELOR GIVES CLIENT INFORMATION ABOUT HIMSELF HIS OPPORTUNITIES & THE GENERAL SITUATION
FOLLOWS AFTER TESTING OF THE STUDENTUSES TEST DATASCHOOL RECORDSREPORTS IN THE INTERVIEW
1. ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF TIME2. COUNSELOR CAN SEE THE CLIENT OBJECTIVELY THAN THE CLIENT HIMSELF3. INTELLECTUAL PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED EASILY
1. CLIENT IS DEPENDENT2. SCARCITY OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE CLIENT CAN CREATE THE POSSIBILITY OF WRONG COUNSELING3. SOME PROBLEMS (EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS) BEST SOLVED USING NON-DIRECTIVE
CLIENT-CENTERED COUNSELEE-CENTERED PUTS THE RESPONSIBILITY ON THE CLIENT ~FOR EXPLORING HIS PROBLEMS ~HIS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT ~HIS ALTERNATIVE
CARL ROGERS
• CONCERNED WITH THE EMOTIONS OF THE CLIENT• NOT A GIVER OF ADVICE• NOT A MORALIST• NOT A JUDGE• NOT SYMPATHETIC SENTIMENTALIST• NOT A PATRIARCH
WOOLF:VERY EFFECTIVE IN EMOTIONAL PROBLEMSMENTALLY ILLCOLLEGE STUDENTSINDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
1. CLIENT COMES FOR HELP
2. COUNSELING SITUATION IS DEFINED
3. COUNSELOR ENCOURAGES FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS
4. COUNSELOR RESPONDS TO THE FEELING UNDERLYING CLIENT’S WORDS
5. FULL EXPRESSION OF NEGATIVE FEELINGS
FOLLOWED BY FAINT & TENTATIVE EXPRESSION OF
POSITIVE FEELINGS
6. COUNSELOR ACCEPTS &RECOGNIZES + - FEELINGS
7. PERIOD OF FREE EXPRESSION OR RELEASE FOLLOWED BY INSIGHT
8. CLIENT RECOGNIZES & ACCEPTS EMOTIONALLY/INTELLECTUALLY HIS REAL ATTITUDES/DESIRES PERCEIVES DECISION9.CLIENT BEGINS TO TRANSLATE INSIGHT INTO ACTION
10. FURTHER GROWTHTAKES PLACE WITH
DEEPER INSIGHT
11. INCREASINGLY INTEGRATED POSITIVE ACTIONS12. DECREASED NEED FOR HELP IS FELT CLIENT WILL DECIDE TO TERMINATE RELATIONSHIP
NON-DIRECTIVECOUNSELING
DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVEBASIC ASSUMPTIONS PROBLEM-BASED CLIENT-BASED
INDIVIDUAL CAN’T OVERCOME THEIR OWN BIAS IN VIEWING HIMSELF
WITHIN EVERY INDIVIDUAL ARE GROWTH FORCES, WHICH WHEN RELEASED WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS WILL PERMIT HIM TO ADJUST TO HIS ENVIRONMENT
EMPHASIS ON INTELLECT EMPHASIS ON EMOTIONAL ASPECT OF PERSONALITY
ROLE OF COUNSELOR-COUNSELLEE IN
THE COUNSELING PROCESS
COUNSELOR HAS SUPERIOR TRAINING/COMPETENT TO SUGGEST OR ADVISE HOW PROBLEMS ARE TO BE SOLVED
COUNSELOR INDICATES HE DOES NOT HAVE THE ANSWERS BUT PROVIDES ATMOSPHERE WHERE CLIENT CAN WORK OUT HIS PROBLEMS
COUNSELOR MAKES DECISIONS FOR THE CLIENT
CLIENT COMES UP WITH HIS OWN DECISION
COUNSELOR BELIEVES PEOPLE IN NEED OF COUNSELING DO NOT KNOW ENOUGH TO MAKE THEIR OWN DECISIONS
COUNCELOR ACCEPTS, REFLECTS & CLARIFY NEW FEELINGS & CHOICES OF CLIENT LEADING TO FUTURE PLANS
DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVE
METHODS USED COLLECTS & USES DATA OF THE CLIENT AND THEN ORGANIZES AND SUMMARIZES IT ON A RECORD FORM
EMPHASIZES CLIENT’S EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN THE COUNSELING PROCESSDIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT USED
USES CLIENT FOLLOW-UP AS WELL AS REFERRAL TO OTHER PERSONAL WORKERS.
NO NEED FOR FURTHER COUNSELING WHICH THEY VIEW AS A “TEMPORARY CRUTCH.” IF THE CLIENT HAS GAINED THE PROPER INSIGHT, HE WILL BE ABLE TO MAKE HIS OWN DECISIONS, GOALS AND TAKE POSITIVE STEPS.
INDIVIDUALS NEED & WANT INFORMATION
EMPHASIS ON FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELING OR “PERMISSIVENESS”
F.C. THORNE
F.C. THORNE
F.C
THO
RNE,
“PR
INCI
PLES
OF
PERS
ON
ALI
TY C
OU
NSE
LIN
G
CLIENT AND COUNSELOR DO NOT KNOW EACH OTHERCLIENT IS ANXIOUS ON HOW THE COUNSELOR WILL ACCEPTNEITHER OF THEM KNOWS IN ADVANCE THE DIRECTION WHERE THEIR DISCUSSION WILL ULTIMATELY TAKEWITHOUT DISCLOSURE COUNSELING IS AN EMPTY PROCESS
TRUST-PROMOTING CONDITIONS (ROGERS, 1951)1. EMPATHY – Understanding/ putting yourself in the shoes of the counselee2. GENUINENESS OR CONGRUENCE – Being as dependable and consistent3. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD – Caring without conditions attached 4. CONCRETENESS (EGAN,1988) – Using CLEAR LANGUAGE to describe the client’s life situation
TRUST SHOULD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPEDCOUNSELOR BEGINS TO SUBTLY TELL HIS DIAGNOSTIC IMPRESSIONS ON THE CLIENT’S DYNAMICS & COPING BEHAVIORAS RELATIONSHIP BECOMES SECURE COUNSELOR TALKS ON HIS CLIENT’S GOALS BEHAVIOR SOMETIMES BECOME MORE EMOTIONALLY STRESSFULL TO THE CLIENT
1. CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION > Client’s EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR based on the counselor’s observations is discussed
2. IMMEDIACY (EGAN) Counselor discusses the PROGRESS of the counseling
Counselor gives an immediate response to the client’s statements
Counselor shares personal experiences relevant to the discussion
TRY SOME NEW
BEHAVIOR
COUNSELOR + COUNSELEE
MONITORS NEW BEHAVIOR
CLIENT REINFORCEDTO BEHAVE IN
NEW WAYS
LISTEN FOR MEANINGCOUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT
CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST
LISTEN FOR MEANINGCOUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT
CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST
http://www.esdproj.org/site/DocServer/Counseling_Techniques_FINAL_11-12-08.pdf?docID=2282
TO GET LOTS OF INFORMATION
TO GET LOTS OF INFORMATION
CLOSEDQUESTION:
can normally be answered
with either a single
word or a short
phrase
CLOSEDQUESTION:
can normally be answered
with either a single
word or a short
phrase
So let’s say counselor Joan is seeing client Mary. Mary, has been speaking for 20 minutes – she is depressed, failing school, concerned
about her boyfriends dedication to her, and overwhelmed by parents’ demands. Here is what a succinct, tentative summary would sound
like.
1. You came in today because you are feeling depressed. 2. Your school work is not going well. 3. You worry your boyfriend doesn’t love you. 4. You are also unhappy with the amount of stress your parents are putting on you to get A’s. Would you say this is accurate?
COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to get around and talk to people, and even when I’m talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel
inferior around a number of people.
COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to get around and talk to people, and even when I’m talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel
inferior around a number of people.
COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My education is what’s really stopping me from
being able to hold a conversation, a good conversation and feeling comfortable.
COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My education is what’s really stopping me from
being able to hold a conversation, a good conversation and feeling comfortable.
COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable because of the job situation – your lack
of education.
COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable because of the job situation – your lack
of education.
COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time though, don’t most of the people at the
shop have the same educational background?
COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time though, don’t most of the people at the
shop have the same educational background?
COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.
Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things
in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I
find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well
why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”
COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.
Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things
in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I
find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well
why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”
COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to communicate with them...
COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to communicate with them...
COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel embarrassed because you can’t
communicate with the people you don’t have something directly in
common with.
COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel embarrassed because you can’t
communicate with the people you don’t have something directly in
common with.
COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this is going to be something easy, or is
it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?
COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this is going to be something easy, or is
it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?
COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If you want to come back next week, we can
talk a little bit more about it.
COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If you want to come back next week, we can
talk a little bit more about it.
COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say, you know.
COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say, you know.
COUNSELEE: We have to talk some more and everything.
COUNSELEE: We have to talk some more and everything.
COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for
next week, and we can talk further.
COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for
next week, and we can talk further.
COUNSELEE: OK.COUNSELEE: OK.