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MADE by
Avinash Kumar SinghSameer Kr Gautam
Tarun Kumar
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ABOUT HAL Type State-ownedenterpriseIndustry
Aerospaceand
defence
Founded1940 (in 1964,company took oncurrent name)
HeadquartersBangalore,Karnataka, India
Chairman Ashok Nayar
Products
AerospaceequipmentMilitary aircraftCommunication &NavigationequipmentSpace systems
RevenueUS$2.35 billion (FY2007)
Employees 30,000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity8/10/2019 HAL [Repaired] - Copy
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HISTORY OF HAL> Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)came
into existence on 1st October 1964. TheCompany was formed by the merger ofHindustan Aircraft Limited with AeronauticsIndia Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot,
Kanpur Late Mr. Seth Walchand Hirachand set up
Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore inassociation with the erstwhile princely Stateof Mysore in December 1940
The Government of India became ashareholder in March 1941 and took over the
Management in 1942.10/30/2014 3
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HAL- PRESENT SCENARIO
MISSION OF HAL To become a global player in the aerospace
industry
> Hindustan Aeronautics Limitedis the largestPSU under the Department of Defense Productionand is a Navaratana Company.
> Presently ranked 34thamong the global defense companies>HAL is one of the largest aerospace companies in Asia with
its annual turnover to be running above US$2 billion.> It has several facilities throughout India including
Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangaloreand Hyderabad.
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SERVICES OF HAL
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ACCESSORIES DIVISIONHAL LUCKNOW
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HAL LUCKNOW
Established in 1970 with the primary objective ofmanufacturing systems and accessories for variousaircraft and engines and attain self sufficiency in thisarea
Presently turning out over 1100 different types ofaccessories
Started with manufacturing various Systems andAccessories-Hydraulics, Engine Fuel System, Air-
conditioning and Pressurization, Gyro & BarometricInstruments, Electrical System items,Undercarriages, Electronic items all under one roof tomeet the requirements of the aircraft, helicopters andengines being produced by HAL
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The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and alsowork against each other.
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THE FOUR FOURCES
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WHAT IS WEIGHT ???
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Newtons 1st
Law Applies
WHAT IS DRAG ???
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WHAT IS LIFT ???
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HOW LIFT IS GENERATED??? Newtons Laws of Motion and Bernoullis
Principle are used to explain lift.
BernoulliBernoullis Principle statesthat, as air speeds up, its pressure goes
down.
He focused his studies on the curvature of
the wing, and the differing air pressureover the top and bottom of the wing.
NewtonNewtons Third Law statesthat for every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
He focused his studies on the deflection ofair or fluid on an object and its reaction.(Newtons 3rdLaw)
To explain the lift phenomena we have to
understand the meaning of Aerofoilstructure10/30/2014 17
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AEROFOIL
An Aerofoil is a device that gets a
reaction from air moving over its
surface. When itis moved through theair it produces lift. Wings, horizontal
and vertical tail surfaces and propellers
are all examples of aerofoil10/30/2014 18
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EQUATION INVOLVED IN FLIGHTTHEORY
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WHAT IS THRUST ???
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SIMPLIFIED AIRCRAFT MOTIONBALANCED FORCES
In order for an airplane tofly straight and level, the
following relationships mustbe true:
Thrust = Drag
Lift = WeightThis is called
Straight and
Level Flight10/30/2014 21
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SIMPLIFIED AIRCRAFT MOTIONUNBALANCED FORCES
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EXPLANATION OF ALL AXES
The Longitudinal Axis-
This is an imaginary line running length wisethrough the micro-light from bow to stern.Movement around this axis is called rolling.
The Vertical Axis- This is a line through the centre of gravity going
downwards and at right angles to the longitudinalaxis. Movement around this axis is called yawing
The Lateral Axis- This is sometimes called the pitch axis. This is
the line through the centre of gravity and runningspan wise from wing tip to wingtip and at rightangles to the longitudinal axis. Movement around
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VARIOUS MOTIONS AROUND THEAXES
Yawing along vertical axis
side to side motion
Pitching along lateral axisup and down motion
(nose up and nose down)
Rolling along longitudinal
axis rolling motion
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Roll Around Longitudinal Axis
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Yaw Around the vertical Axis
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AIRFRAME UNITS
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WINGS
The part of the planethat creates lift andcontrols roll.
Has a rounded
leading edge andtapered trailing edgewhich helps create
lift.The wing design
uses Bernoullis
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PROPELLER
Uses the principle of awing to create thrust tomove the airplaneforward.
Can have differentnumber of blades on
propeller.
Design is similar to anairfoil
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POWERPLANT (JET ENGINE)
Turns thepropeller at highRPMs to
increase thrust
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ENGINE COWLING
Cover to protect theengine and makethe planeaerodynamic
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COCKPIT
Place where thepilot controls theairplane.
The airplanecontrol, gauges,and indicators
are held here.
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MAIN LANDING GEAR
A frame withwheels that allowthe plane to take-
off and land.
Some airplaneshave retractable
landing gear.
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NOSE LANDING GEAR
The front landinggear when theplane has three
wheels to land.
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HORIZONTAL STABILIZER
Horizontal withthe fuselage.
Helps airplanemaintain levelflight
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AILERONS AILERON- The ailerons form
a part of the wing and arelocated in the trailing edge ofthe wing towards the tips.The control stick is
connected by means of wiresor hydraulics to the wings
ailerons. By turning the stick,the pilot can change the
positions of the ailerons Located at the top of the
trailing edge of the wings.
Controls rolling.
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ELEVATORS
Elevators are themovable control surfaceshinged to the trailing edgeof the horizontalstabilizer. The controlstick is connected bymeans of wires orhydraulics to the tail
sections elevators. In line with and behind the
horizontal stabilizer.
Controls pitching.10/30/2014 44
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The rudder is a moveablecontrol surface attached to thetrailing edge of the verticalstabilizer. The foot pedals are
connected by means of wires orhydraulics to the rudder of thetail section. The rudder can alsobe used in controlling a bank or
turn in flight. Provides side to side control of
airplane.
Controls yawing.
RUDDER
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Located near at thetrailing edge of the wingnear the fuselage.
Change the shape of wing
Increase Lift and Drag
Used on takeoff andlanding
The Flaps increase lift
FLAPS
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HAL ACCESSORIES DIVISION
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HAL ACCESSORIES DIVISION
LUCKNOWINSTRUMENT FACTORY
CLEAN ROOMS
ASSEMBLY AND TEST SHOP 2 & 3
ELECTRO -ROTATING MACHINE
SHOP
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CLEAN ROOMIn Clean room thosesubunits are assembledand tested that aresensitive to dust,temperature and humidity.
All these parametersare kept undercontrol because thesecan have an adverse effecton their functional
efficiency.The requiredspecification for theinstruments assembledand tested are different
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ASSEMBLY AND TEST SHOP 2 AND 3
The major products of H.A.L. are fighter aircrafts.An aircraft comprises of many smaller units oraccessories, which play significant role in theirsuccessful flight .
Any fault, may lead to a catastrophic end. Herecomes the role of assembly and test unit .itforms an integral part of any manufacturing unit.
The main instruments are KCN-2compass system, flight data recorder, gyro-magnetic compass, fuel gauging system,radio magnetic indicator, DNDU (day and nightdimmer unit), GPPU (ground power protectionunit).
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ROTATING SHOP
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ELECTRO MAGNETIC ROTATING SHOP
In the E.R.M department of the instrumentfactory the assembly and testing is done ofthe dc Starter Generators, AC Generatorsystem, constant speed alternator, regulators,inverter of the Russian and French origin.
These products are basically those productswhich take the principle of theelectromagnetic rotating which can
be elaborated as follows i.e., electrical energyis converted into mechanical energy or viceversa. These products are of mig-21 & mig-27aircrafts which are of Russian origin and
jaguar aircraft of France origin.
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INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS OF ANAIRCRAFT
Instrument Systems:-
Just as in a car, there are instruments that monitor theengine, and instruments that monitor the drive. So inaircraft too there are certain instruments that monitor the
flight. The groups of instrument systems are mainly-
FUEL SENSING/ GUAGING PROBES SYSTEM
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS
GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
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FUEL CONTENT GUAGING SYSTEM
The function of F.C.G is based upon theprinciple that the capacitance of twoconcentric tubes (cylindrical in shape) isdifferent when there is air in between andwhen there is aviation fuel present inbetween them, it acts as a dielectric in
between the gap. The capacitance increase or decrease as
the level of fuel changes in the gap. Thischange in capacitance is measured bymeter.
This system is also known as Fuel low
level warning sensors system as it givesemergency signal on lowering of fuellevel within the tank
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
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FLIGHT INSTRUMENTSThese instruments basically help in controlling andmonitoring the flight parameters.
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENTS-Pitot-static instruments are those that basically work on theprinciple of Pitot and static pressure.
STATIC PRESSURE-Static pressure is the pressure that is
simply the aircrafts surrounding pressure.PITOT PRESSURE- Pitot pressure is the pressure thatcomes into scenario when aircraft flies and goes forward. Itis generally the front pressure that acts against the body of
the aircraft.The three basic Pitot-Static instruments mainly assembled inthe instrument panel of a cockpit are-
Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter and Vertical Speed Indicator
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PITOT-STATIC SYSTEM
Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
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Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
ASI
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Static and Pitot pressure principle based source
Also known as Mach meter
Measure the difference between static pressure and staticpressure (impact pressure)
Shows speed through air (not over ground)
Shows Indicated Airspeed (IAS) in Knots or Miles Per Hour
(MPH, older system)
Aneroid capsule connected to pitot pressure. Caseconnected to static pressure. Aneroid capsule inflates withmore airspeed, moving dial clockwise. Static pressure in
case corrects for altitude.Pitot pressure pushes against a diaphragm inside theairspeed indicator, which will then be able to expand orcontract accordingly. This linear movement of the diaphragm
is then translated into needle movement.
ASI
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ASI WORKING
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Altimeter
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ALTIMETER
Shows height in feet
Measures pressure of outside air (drops withaltitude)
Aneroid capsules (like balloons) inside areset to standard pressure. As altitudechanges, capsules expand and contract,
moving needle on dial.Static pressure is taken as only input
Manufacturer seals the aneroid wafer(s) at aspecific pressure. As the static pressure fillsin the area around these sealed wafers, they
will be able to contract or expandaccordingly.
As the aircraft moves into lower pressure aclimb is indicated
As the aircraft moves into higher pressure a
descent is indicated
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Altimeter OperationAir moves out
Air moves in
Wafers expand
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Air moves out
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GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
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GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
GYROSCOPE-
A Gyroscope is anaccurately balancedflywheel having a mass andfreedom of in one or moreaxis which crossed on apoint at right angle to eachother and having theproperty of RIGIDITY &PRESSION
RIGIDITY- It is the ability of a gyroscope
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to resist any freedom with tends tochange the direction of spin axis
Rigidity depends upon-Speed of gyro(in RPM)Mass of the gyro(rotor)The radius of gyro
rotor/motor.PRECESSION-It is the angular changein the direction of plane of the spin of the
rotor resulting from the application ofexternal torque. The ratio of precessiondepends upon-
The magnitude of applying
torque.
Rotor speed which is directlyproportional to the applied
torqueand inversely proportional
to the rotor speed.
C O
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ALTITUDE INDICATOR
Only instrument that gives
immediate and directindication of the airplanes
pitch and bank attitude.
Gives the rolling andpitching information.
Also known as the Artificial
horizon/ Vertical gyro/ Gyrohorizon.
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TURN CO ORDINATOR (RATE GYRO)
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TURN CO-ORDINATOR (RATE GYRO)
Rate and Rollinginformation is achievedby this.
Slip and Skidparameters aredetermined
INSTRUMENT PANEL
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INSTRUMENT PANEL
ALTERNATOR CONTROL AND
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PROTECTION UNIT (A.C.P.U)
Alternator Control & Protection Unit regulates the
alternator O/P voltage within specified limit undervarious rated load & speed conditions.
The unit is having built in protections againstover/under voltage, over/under frequency, over load
& feeder fault conditions.
Under these faulty conditions, the unit disconnectsthe alternator from AC electrical system by deenergizing the contractor & field.
A.C MASTER BOX
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A.C MASTER BOXExcluding the two alternators and protection unit and static inverter,primary AC distribution systemconsists of following boxes:
AC Master Box1
AC Master Box2
115 V AC Emergency Bus Relay
26 V AC Emergency Bus Relay
During normal operation (both alternator running), complete system1
is powered from alternator1.In case of fault on alternator1, all the buses of system1 are
connected to alternator2, with
alternator1 in failed condition, in the event of short circuits. On amain bus1, it goes disconnected
from alternator2. In case of both alternator fails to supply power toAC main buses, emergency
buses of system1 are powered from static inverter.
In the Aircrafts, 2 AC MASTER BOX are present, if one of them gets failthen other works.
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FILTER TRANSFORMER UNIT
The Filter Transformer Unit (FTU - 01) is for Jaguaraircraft which gives single phase 26 V, 400 Hz lowdistortion O/P, synchronized with phase AB of the threephase 200 VCC O/P, 400 Hz aircraft power source.The unit is being operated from three phase 200 VCC,400 Hz aircraft power source. There are two no. ofFTUs in one A/C. in case of failure of one unit (FTU),
the entire A/C load will be automatically transferred to
another healthy unit (FTU).
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSIONThe joy of flying has fascinated the human race for centuries. Defenseavionics major & Navratana PSU Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is inthe business of building a whole range of aircraft helicopters and jet
trainers. Besides, the company manufactures aircraft components,overhauls fighter planes and trains future pilots .its success in the design
and development of light combat aircraft Tejas and advanced lighthelicopter Dhruv has won admiration. HAL is the backbone of Indias air
defense and continues to occupy the strategic importance reflecting a new
pace of growth.
Today the faster growing sector is the aviation sector & is likely to be aboon for the entire job market. It deals with the manufacture, design &development of aircrafts.
The project is based on the instruments that are used in the manufacture ofthe various aircrafts. A deep knowledge of these instruments is crucial inthe perfect design & manufacture of the aircrafts. The project will benefitthose who have interest in the instrument & will provide the reader with thedeeper knowledge of the topic.
FLY SAFE.!!!!!
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THANK YOU
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