Download - Healthifying Exergames (CHI2014)

WHAT IF…

You could become healthier by changing

ONLY your thoughts?

EXERGAME !

DEFN A video game that is also a form of exercise

Wikipedia

“HEALTHIFYING” EXERGAMES: IMPROVING HEALTH ��OUTCOMES THROUGH INTENTIONAL PRIMING

Frank Chen Abby C. King Eric B. Hekler

TAKEAWAY

It's the little details that are vital. Little things make big things happen.

John Wooden

HOW ARE EXERGAMES TYPICALLY PLAYED?!

2014/4/29 @frankc 5

LIKE THIS?!

2014/4/29 @frankc 6

Photo credit: examiner.com

LIKE THIS?!

2014/4/29 @frankc 7

Photo credit: nintendo.com

MORE LIKE THIS?!

2014/4/29 @frankc 8

Photo credit: nintendo.com

ACTUALLY PROBABLY LIKE THIS !

2014/4/29 @frankc 9

Photo credit: 42green.com

DOES EXERGAME USE →!RECOMMENDED 150 MINS MVPA?!

2014/4/29 @frankc 10

ACSM. 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines Photo credit: flickr.com/bass_nroll

EXERGAMES !

2014/4/29 @frankc 11

Photo credit: flickr.com/dcmaster

EXERGAMES !

Most experiences are “gamifying”

Points, tokens, badges as feedback

2014/4/29 @frankc 12

Baranowski, T., et al. 2008. Playing for real…

EXERGAMES !

Wii-fit Usage over three months decreased for eight families

No significant health change

2014/4/29 @frankc 13

Owens, S. G., et al. 2011. Changes over three months…

EXERGAMES !

Exergames may be a gateway…

Either towards vigorous exercise or other games

2014/4/29 @frankc 14

Schwanda, V., et al. 2011. Side effects and 'gateway' tools

PRIMING !

Priming is the visual, audio, or other sensory cues that provide a subtle shift in attitude, believes or behavior. Prior work has shown explicit intention has an impact on behavior and sustained engagement.

2014/4/29 @frankc 15

PRIMING !

2014/4/29 @frankc 16

Crum, A. J. & Langer, E. J. 2007. Mind - set matters Photo credit: istockphoto.com/asiseeit

PRIMING !

N = 84 hotel maids. 4 weeks. 66.6% no regular PA

2014/4/29 @frankc 17


PRIMING !

N = 84 hotel maids. 4 weeks 66.6% no regular PA Improved BMI, body fat %, blood pressure No reported behavior change

2014/4/29 @frankc 18


HYPOTHESES !

2014/4/29 @frankc 19

Photo credit: flickr.com/shuGerhack

HYPOTHESES !

Exercise:

More intense; shorter ; decreased positive affect

Gaming: Less intense; longer; increased positive affect

2014/4/29 @frankc 20

Dishman, R.K., et. al. 1985. The determinants of physical activity and exercise.

METHODS !

N = 44. Stanford students, staff, post-docs 70% reported regular exercise Measurements: RPE, EE, Duration, PA

2014/4/29 @frankc 21

METHODS !

Used Dance Central

2014/4/29 @frankc 22

FACTORS: PRIMING X FEEDBACK !

Priming “You’re exercising” “You’re playing”

2014/4/29 @frankc 23



“Workout” mode

“Perform It” mode

Feedback

2014/4/29 @frankc 24

FACTORS: FEEDBACK !


2014/4/29 @frankc 25

Photo credit: ign.com

FACTORS: FEEDBACK !

“Workout” mode

2014/4/29 @frankc 26

Photo credit: ign.com

FACTORS: PRIMING !

(Default) “You’re playing”

2014/4/29 @frankc 27

FACTORS: PRIMING !

“You’re exercising”

2014/4/29 @frankc 28

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 29

Recruit “Kinect as Stress Reliever”

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 30

Recruit Pre-randomized

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 31

Recruit Pre-randomized Instrumented

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 32


Pre-Survey

Instrumented

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 33


Priming “Please play” “Please exercise”

Pre-Survey

Instrumented

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 34


Feedback “Perform” “Workout”


Pre-Survey

Instrumented

“Break it down”

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 35




Pre-survey

Instrumented

“Break it down” Post-survey / interview

DESIGN !

2014/4/29 @frankc 36




Pre-survey

Instrumented

RESULTS !

People “exercised” about 25% longer in a single session

0

20

40

60

Game prime Exercise prime

Dura%o

n of Use (m

inutes) Gaming feedback

Exercise feedback

M = 39.3 ± 3.0 min < M = 49.2 ± 2.0 min 2014/4/29 @frankc 37


2014/4/29 @frankc 38


“Workout” mode


Feedback


2014/4/29 @frankc 39

+25% duraLon


“Workout” mode


Feedback

“TELL US ABOUT YOUR SESSION” !

“I played through many songs […] I really liked and had a lot of fun. I found myself becoming very competitive, more than I had imagined I would [because I do not play a lot of games]." <M, G×nH>

2014/4/29 @frankc 40

“TELL US ABOUT YOUR SESSION” !

“This could be one of the things I do to train. What you see a lot on dance teams is it’s difficult to learn new routines due to lack of feedback on what I’m actually doing…” <F, E×nH>

2014/4/29 @frankc 41

DUAL BENEFITS !

“I think this is a great game. I typically run and do strength training and burn about 360 calories at the gym per session. You could have used a different game… It’s still not as efficient as a workout at the gym.” <M, E×nH>

•  Eight in exercise priming; three in gaming priming

2014/4/29 @frankc 42

“GAMIFICATION” !HEALTH FEEDBACK IN EXERGAMES !

No participants mentioned health feedback as particularly insightful or motivating “I did not use the feedback […] I play sports. I don’t run or lift weights. Exercise is boring, rather than doing something monotonous I like to play games.” <F, E×H>

2014/4/29 @frankc 43

ADDED BENEFIT !WITH PRIOR EXPERIENCE!

Excellent as learning cues “This could be one of the things I do to train. What you see a lot on dance teams it’s difficult to learn new routines due to the lack of feedback on what I’m actually doing.” <F, E×nH>

2014/4/29 @frankc 44

RESULTS !

Exertion = 4.5 MET ~ MVPA We saw no significant effect on RPE, EE, or PA

2014/4/29 @frankc 45

LIMITATIONS !

Single session

70.4% of our participants reported regular activity ��48.4% for the rest of the US

2014/4/29 @frankc 46

CDC. 2011. Health, United States.

HEALTHIFICATION!

Gamification is not enough without embedding this activity deeply in the activity. Cannot be “bolted on” Healthifying = Emphasizing dual benefits of the activity so it's more engaging to the individual

2014/4/29 @frankc 47

“HEALTHIFYING” EXERGAMES !

@frankc

Intentional priming emphasized the dual purpose of Dance Central Framed a strong game as exercise and increased duration of use by 25% Gamification might be too blunt of an instrument. Psychology offers a rich set of tools and principles that lead to long-term healthful impact.

@ehekler