LABORATORY MODULE
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
HIGH VOLTAGE AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LAB
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
2016
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MODULE 1
LABORATORY BRIEFING
Laboratory briefing is held on Thursday, September 15 2016 at 6.30 PM located at K301, all
practicants are required to attend the briefing for the reason that it is included in the scoring
system.
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MODULE 2
ELECTRICAL BASICS AND MESH ANALYSIS
I. OBJECTIVE
1. To know definition of electricity, current, and voltage
2. To use mesh analysis in an electrical circuit
3. To understand use of super mesh
4. To simplify solving voltage and current equation of an electrical circuit
II. BASIC THEORY
1. Electrical Basics
Electricity is a form of energy that is caused by displacement of electrical charge. In
discussing about electrical basics, there is a close link with voltage, current, and
resistance.
Voltage (V) is defined as the change of work that is needed to move a charge of 1 C,
which can be formulated to an equation
( )
Current (I) is defined as the amount of charge that flows per unit time, which can be
formulated to an equation
( )
Current requires the presence of voltage source, load, and a conducting wire to flow
(closed loop).
Resistance is the parameter of each element in limiting the flow of electricity. Electrical
resistance can also be defined as collision between free electrons (that flows in the
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conductor) with fixed charges that are in the material’s atomic bond. The magnitude of
resistance depends on density, length, and material’s cross-sectional area. Resistance can
be formulated into an equation
( )
2. Electrical Element
Electrical element can be divided into two types based on their activeness, which are
active element and passive element.
Active element has characteristics which are it can supply power, control current/voltage
on a circuit, as well as having gain function. Examples are batteries, diodes, and
transistors.
Passive element has characteristics which are it can only absorb power, cannot control
current/voltage, as well as not having gain function. Examples are resistor, inductor, and
capacitor.
Power sources can be divided into two types, which are independent sources and
dependent sources.
a. Independent Sources: a source whose magnitude and characteristics are not affected
by other elements.
b. Dependent Sources: a source whose magnitude and characteristics are affected by
other elements.
Dependent sources are divided into four types, which are:
1. Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
2. Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS)
3. Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
4. Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)
3. Fundamental Laws
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a. Ohm’s Law
“The amount of electrical current (I) that flows through a wire or conductor will be
proportional to the potential difference/voltage (V) that is applied to it and
inversely proportional with its resistance (R)”
Or it can be said that the voltage in a resistor is proportional to the current in that
resistor.
Ohm’s law can be formulated into an equation
V = I . R
With V as the voltage, I as the current flowing and R as the resistance in a circuit.
b. Kirchoff’s First Law (Kirchoff’s Current Law, KCL)
“Amount of current that goes into a node is equal to the amount of current that
goes out of that node”
Kirchoff’s First Law is formulated into an equation
c. Kirchoff’s Second Law (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, KVL)
“In a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of electromotive force (E) and the sum of
potential drop is equal to zero”
Kirchoff’s Second Law is formulated into an equation
4. Mesh Analysis
On mesh analysis, some things need to be considered :
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1. Circuit has to be on the same plane
2. Active element used is a voltage source
3. Passive element used is an impedance
4. Uses Ohm’s law and Kirchoff II
5. Determine the current for each closed circuit
6. Create voltage equation
How to acquire Mesh equation :
1. Decide value of each element and source
2. Create clockwise Mesh current on each Mesh
3. If the circuit only contains voltage source, use Kirchoff voltage law around each
Mesh
4. If the circuit only contains current source, temporarily change circuit given by
substituting each source of its type with an open circuit. By using the Mesh currents,
use Kirchoff’s Second Law around each Mesh or super Mesh in this circuit.
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
1. DC voltage Source = 1 piece
2. DC voltmeter = 3 pieces
3. DC ampere meter = 2 pieces
4. Load = 5 pieces
5. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
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Picture 1.
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Arrange experiment circuit based on picture 1!
2. Write down voltage V1, V2, V3 and current A1,A2 for changing voltage source
that matches with the experiment table
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
1. Calculate the value of I1 and I2 with Mesh analysis for each changing voltage
source (V1)
2. Find the measurement error for each changed value of voltage source (V1) and
calculate the average error
3. Draw chart V1 against V2, V3, A1, A2 and write down the equation that states
their connection
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MODULE III
LINEARITY AND NODAL ANALYSIS
I. OBJECTIVE
1. Investigate a linear circuit
2. Use Nodal analysis in an electrical circuit
3. Understand the use of super node
4. Simplify solving current and voltage equations of an electrical circuit
II. BASIC THEORY
1. Linearity
A function or mathematical equation can be considered linear when two quantities are
proportional to one another. There are two ways to prove a linear equation/function,
which are additivity and homogeneity.
Additivity : f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y).
Homogeneity : f(αx) = αf(x) for every α.
Linear circuit can be formed from independent sources, dependent sources and linear
elements. The magnitude of voltage given to a linear circuit will be proportional to the
magnitude of current that flows in the circuit.
Examples of linear elements are resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Whereas examples
of non-linear are BJT, Diode, and Transistors.
2. Nodal Analysis
On Nodal analysis, a few things need to be considered :
1. Active element used is current source
2. Passive element used is admittance
3. Uses Ohm’s law and Kirchoff I
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4. Determine node voltage
5. Create current equation
How to acquire nodal equation :
1. Show values for all elements and sources. Every current source has reference value.
2. Choose one of the nodes as reference. Write down node voltage on every node that
was measured against the reference.
3. If only current source is present, use Kirchoff First Law on every non reference
node.
4. If the circuit contains voltage source, temporarily change the given circuit by
substituting every source of that type with a short circuit. By using node voltage to
determined reference. Use Kirchoff I on every node or current super node in the
changed circuit
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
a. DC voltage Source = 1 piece
b. DC voltmeter = 3 pieces
c. DC ampere meter = 3 pieces
d. Load = 5 pieces
e. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
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Gambar 1
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Arrange experiment circuit based on picture 1!
2. The controlled value is the current that flows out of the DC power supply, so that value
V0 is controlled by changing voltage on DC power supply
3. Record voltage V1, V2, V3 and current A1, A2 for changing current source (A0) that
matches with experiment table
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
Linearity
1. Create chart V (t) vs I (t) based on experiment on millimeter blok!
Nodal Analysis
1. Calculate value of V1, V2, and V3 with nodal analysis for every current source
change.
2. Find measurement error for every changed value of current source and calculate
its average error.
3. Draw chart of current source magnitude against V1, V2, V3, A1, and A2 and
write down the equation that states their connection.
EXPERIMENT IV
SUPERPOSITION ANALYSIS AND THEVENIN
I. OBJECTIVE
1.Determine voltage on a linear circuit when there are more than one voltage source
2.Understand the use of Thevenin theorem
3.Prove Thevenin theorem on an electrical circuit
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4.Simplify solving voltage and current equation of a circuit
II. BASIC THEORY
In terms of electrical, electrical components can be categorized to be linear and non-
linear. Examples of linear components are resistor, inductor, and capacitor, while examples
of non-linear components are transistor and diode.
In a linear circuit, there are a few theorems that can be used to simplify analysis and
circuit calculation:
1. Superposition
In every linear networks that contains a few sources, voltage or current that flows
through every load or source can be calculated by performing algebraic sum of every
voltage or current that is produced by each independent source that operates alone, with
every independent voltage source changed with short circuit and every other current
source changed by open circuit.
2. Thevenin Theorem
NA NB
i(t)
Picture 1
NA : Circuit that contains passive and active elements
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NB : Circuit that contains onlh passive elements
From NA to NB flows current i(t)
1. Place voltage source V(t) that has a value which such a way that current doesn’t
flow from NA to NB
NA NB
V(t)+ - 1
1'
Picture 2
.
2. i(t) = 0 means NA and Nb can be terminated on terminal 1 – 1’
3. Voltage equation on 1 – 1’ in an open circuit state:
4. -V1-1’ + V(t) = 0; V(t) = V1-1’
5. V1-1’ is the circuit voltage in open circuit state(V open circuit)
6. Calculate V(t) = V1-1’
7. Reverse polarity V(t) and erase voltage/current source on NA
8. So that from NA to NB flows current i(t) that is same as before
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
a. DC voltage source = 1 piece
b. DC voltmeter = 1 piece
c. Dc ampere meter = 1 piece
d. Load = 4 pieces
e. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
Thevenin Theorem
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Gambar 1
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Create circuit based on picture 1
2. Turn on power supply and do warm up for a few moments and adjust position of voltage
source
3. Insert S1&S3 to position 1 and then insert S4. Record Va and load current IL close loop.
Repeat for different voltages
4. Return magnitude of power supply to position 0
5. Open S4 and then place voltmeter with pole (+) on the tip of the Thevenin circuit and
pole (-) on reference (Voc in the picture). Record Voc with Vs same as step 3
6. Return magnitude of power supply to position 0
7. Move S1&S3 to position 2 and insert S2, after that move position of voltmeter with pole
(+) to the tip of the load and pole (-) to the tip of the Thevenin circuit(VTH in picture).
Record load current IL with voltage that is the same as with Voc on step 5
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
1. Does load current IL on V.1.3 and V.1.7 have the same magnitude? Explain!
2. By not changing the experiment circuit, can IL on V.1.7 be made to 2 x IL on V.1.3 ?
explain!
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3. Compare measurement results of Voc against the actual calculation result! Calculate
% error!
MODULE V
NORTON ANALYSIS
I. OBJECTIVE
1. Understand the use of Norton Theorem
2. Prove the Norton Theorem on an electrical circuit
3. Simplify solving voltage and current equation from an electrical circuit
II. BASIC THEORY
Norton Theorem
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1. Place current source based on picture 3 that has a value so that i(t) is the same as ig,
and no current flow to NB
NA NBigi(t)
1
1'
Picture 1
2. This means i(t) = ig. Short circuit at terminal 1-1’. NA and NB released at 1-1’.
NA NBi(t)
1
1'
Picture 2
3. Calculate short circuit current ig
4. Reverse polarity of ig and erase all active elements on NA
5. Thus from NA to NB flows current i(t) that is the same as before.
igNA NBi(t)
1
1'
Picture 3
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
a. DC voltage source = 1 piece
b. DC voltmeter = 1 piece
c. DC ampere meter = 1 piece
d. Load = 4 pieces
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e. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
Picture 1
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Arrange circuit based on picture 4
2. Turn on power source and adjust position at voltage source
3. Insert S1 to position1. Record Vs and load current IL (A2) close loop. Repeat for different
voltages.
4. Insert S3. Record short circuit current Isc (a1) with Vs from step 3
5. Return power source to position 0. Close S1, open S3 and move S1 to position 2. Adjust
power source at the position of the current source. Exchange polarity of ampere meter A1
and record load current IL (A2) for the same current (A1) based on step 4.
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
1. Does load current IL on V.2.3 and V.2.5 have the same magnitude? Explain!
2. Is load current IL on Norton and Thevenin experiment the same for the same vs value?
Why?
3. Compare measurement result Isc with calculation result! Calculate the 5 errors!
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4. Find RTH from experiment result and compare with RTH from actual calculation result!
Calculate % error!
5. Create chart Voc vs Isc with the same Vs!
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MODULE VI
TWO PORT CIRCUIT
I. OBJECTIVE
1. Determine the admittance and impedance parameter of a two port circuit
2. Determune the circuit parameter to simplify and systemize network analysis with two
linear layover points
II. BASIC THEORY
Two port cicuit is a circuit that has a pair of terminals on the input and output side. Two port
circuit is used frequently on communication system network, control system, power system,
and electronic circuit. Two port circuit is pictured as follows:
+
--
Ia
Ic
Ib Id
V1 V2
+
Picture 1
The requirement of a two port circuit is port condition where the current coming in is equal
to the current coming out of the same port. A circuit is called reciprocal whenever the voltage
measured on port 2 against current on port 1 is equal to the voltage measured on port 1
against current on port 2. The other requirement is that there is no dependent source on a
reciprocal circuit. While a circuit is said to be symmetrical if input impedance is equal to
output impedance.
Analysis of a two port circuit is based on the relationship between current and voltage on a
network terminal to get the network parameter.
Two port parameter can be categorized as:
a. Admittance parameter (Y)
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b. Impedance parameter (Z)
c. Hybrid parameter (h)
d. Transmission parameter (abcd)
e. Inverse transmission parameter
f. Inverse-hybrid parameter(g)
Admittance parameter can be obtained by writing the current equation as a function of the
network voltage.
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
Y
Y Y
I Y V Y V
I Y V Y V
I Y V
I V
Impedance parameter can be obtained by writing the terminal voltage equation as a function of
the network current.
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
Z
Z Z
V Z I Z I
V Z I Z I
V Z I
V I
Relationship between two port circuits is called interconnection, there are 3 types of
interconnection on two port circuits which are:
1. Series connected interconnection
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2. Parallel connected interconnection
3. Cascade connected interconnection
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
a. 1 Power Source
b. 2 Amperemeter DC
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c. 2 Voltmeter DC
d. Loads
e. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
1. Admittance parameter
Picture 2
B
I1 I2
V2
+
V1
R1 R2
R3
-
+
-
A1
V
P Q
R
A2
A
S
+ -
+ -
- +
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2. Impedance parameter
Picture 3
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
A. Admittance Parameter
1. Arrange circuit based on picture 4.2
2. Connect point B with R, and point S with P
3. Give power source to V1 and reverse the polarity of A2
4. Turn on Power supply. Record current I1 and I2 for every voltage increase of V1
5. Return power source to position zero(0), turn off power supply
6. Connect point A with R and S with Q
7. Give power source to V2 and reverse polarity of A1 and A2
8. Turn on power supply. Record current I1 and I2 for every voltage increase of V2
9. Return power supply to position zero(0), turn off power supply
V2
+
V1
I1 I2
R1 R2
R3
-
+
-
V
A
V
A - + + -
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B. Impedance Parameter
1. Arrange circuit based on Picture 4.3
2. Give power source to V1
3. Turn on power supply. Record voltage V1 and V2 for every increase of I1
4. Return power source to position zero(0), turn off power supply
5. Give power source to V2
6. Turn on power supply. Record value of current V1 and V2 for every increase of I2
7. Return power source to position zero(0), turn off power supply
VI. Questions and Assignments
1. Explain what is meant by two port circuit?
2. Explain the reason a two port circuit is needed in electric circuit analysis?
3. Create hybrid matrix, inverse hybrid, transmission and inverse trasnmission from
experiment circuit!
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MODULE VII
AC CIRCUIT
I. OBJECTIVE
1. Analyze the difference between AC and DC
2. Analyze AC circuit
3. Analyze the properties of active and passive elements on an AC circuit
4. Solve current and voltage equation of an electrical circuit with AC source
5. Able to apply laplace equation to solve a simple electrical circuit equation
II. BASIC THEORY
1. Alternating Current ( AC )
Alternating current in general is back and forth current, scientifically the meaning of AC
is an alternating current in terms of polarity and its magnitude over time. Generally, AC
chart is illustrated in the form of a sinusoidal chart:
The following factors are what differentiates between AC and DC:
Polarity
Frequency
Power
Power Factor
Generation
Property of L and C element
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2. Inductor
An inductor or reactor is a passive element (mostly torus shaped) that can store energy in
magnetic field that is induced by the electrical current passing through it. The ability of
the inductor to store energy is determined by its inductance, in unit Henry. Usually an
inductor is a conducting wire that is formed into coil, the coil helps to make a strong
magnetic field inside the coil due to Faraday’s law of induction.
3. Capasitor
Capacitor is an electrical component commonly, in physical terms, made from two
conductors that are separated by an isolating material or dielectric. Capacitance is a
measure of the capacitor’s ability to store energy in electric field. Capacitance is
expressed in Farad. 1 Farad describes the capacitor’s ability to store 1 coulomb of electric
charge whenever 1 volt of voltage is applied.
4. Power on AC circuit
Active Power (P)
Is power used to produce actual energy used
Reactive Power (Q)
Is power that appears due to presence of inductive and capacitive components
Apparent Power (S)
Is power that is generated and transmitted by power plants and is the result from
multiplication between rms voltage and rms current in a network.
5. Laplace Transform
Laplace transform is a technique to simplify problem in a system that has an input and
output by doing transformation from one domain to another. This method is used in
analyzing AC circuit to solve current and voltage equation.
III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS
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a. AC power supply = 1 piece
b. Variable capacitor = 1 piece
c. Variable inductor = 1 piece
d. Variable resistor = 1 piece
e. AC Voltmeter = 2 pieces
f. Cables
IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT
V. EXPERIMETN PROCEDURE
1. Arrange experiment circuit based on picture on experiment circuit
2. Record voltage value measured on Voltmeter
3. Repeat step 2 with different inductance and capacitance values
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
1. What will happen if capacitor and inductor are used with DC source? Explain!
2. Find the value of circuit time function by using second order equation!
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MODULE VIII
3 PHASE CIRCUIT
I. OBJECTIVE
1. Understand the definition of phase and polyphase.
2. Know 3 phase system configuration: wye connection and delta connection.
3. Express connections needed in 3 phase load circuit.
4. Differentiate symmetrical load and asymmetrical load.
5. Determine current on phase channel for asymmetrical load.
6. Know wye-delta conversion.
II. BASIC THEORY
Phase represents a change in voltage or current versus time represented in the form of an
angle. In an electrical system , it is commonly used for three-phase circuit on the transmission
and distribution of power . Three phase circuits are used by taking into account the economic
aspect and the optimization of the electrical system . In the generation of three phase requires a
three-phase AC generator . Here is a picture of a three-phase AC generator :
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Three-phase circuit has two configurations , the star circuit and delta circuit .
A. Delta connection
In the delta circuit , the three impedances of the load is connected in series with each other . The
three phase line are each connected by a node between the two loads .
If all three phase loads of the three phase are identical , this is called symmetrical load . If the
three loads are different , it is called asymmetric loads.
In delta connection , line voltage and phase voltage has the same value , then Vline =
Vphase . But the line currents and phase currents are not equal , and the relationship between the
two currents can be obtained by using Kirchoff's law , so Iline = √3 Iphase.
B. Wye connection
In a star load circuit, the end of the three loads from each phase are connected to a single
node where the neutral wire is connected. And at the other end of the three loads of each phase is
connected with line which is the in/out line current (A, B, & C).
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If the load value of each phase of a three phase is identic (same value and angle),
therefore this is called a symmetrical load. And if the values are different it is called
asymmetrical load.
On a Wye connection, line current and phase current have the same value, therefore Iline
= Iphase. But line voltage and phase voltage are not the same because Vline = √3 Vphase.
Delta-Wye Conversion
A delta circuit can be converted to a wye(star) circuit, and vice versa. The conversion
method is by using the formula below.
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III. EXPERIMENT TOOLS:
a. 1 set 3-Phase Power Supply
b. 1 set Transformer Circuit
c. 4 pieces Amperemeter
d. 1 piece Multimeter
e. 3 pieces Variable Resistor
f. 1 set Connector Cable
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IV. EXPERIMENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Delta Connection
Wye Connection
V. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT ON DELTA CONENCTION
Experiment 1
1. Arrange delta connection experiment circuit ( picture 5) with R1 = R2 = R3 = 220 ohm
(symmetrical).
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2. Measure line current IL on the three phase line and phase current Iph on three phase
resistors using an ampere meter.
3. Measure line and phase voltage by using a multimeter.
4. Compare line current and phase current.
Experiment 2
1. Arrange asymmetrical experiment circuit by replacing the value of R3 to 110 ohm.
2. Measure phase current and line current.
3. Measure phase voltage and line voltage.
4. Compare line current with phase current.
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT ON STAR CONNECTION
Experiment 1
1. Arrange wye connection circuit (Picture 6), with R1 = R2 = R3 = 220 ohm
(symmetrical).
2. By using amperemeter, calculate line current Il and phase current Iph, and also neutral
current In.
3. With multimeter, calculate phase voltage Vphase and line voltage Vline (voltage
between phases).
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4. Compare line voltage and phase voltage.
Experiment 2
1. Arrange asymmetrical experiment circuit by replacing the value of load R3 to 100 ohm.
2. Calculate current on each phase , neutral current, phase voltage and voltage between
phases.
VI. QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS
A. Delta Connection
1. Write the relationship between line current and phase current and between line
voltage and phase voltage in a symmetrical delta connection!
2. What happens if one of the phases is removed from the delta connected circuit?
3. What happens if two phases are removed on a delta connected circuit?
4. What happens if one of the lines is removed on a delta connected circuit?
B. Star Connection
1. Write the relationship between line current and phase current and between line
voltage and phase voltage in a symmetrical star circuit!
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2. What happens if the neutral line wire on an asymmetrical star circuit is removed
from the circuit?
3. Draw the phase voltage vector diagram when the neutral wire is removed from the
circuit!
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MODULE 9
POST TEST
Post test is the final test regarding material that have been tested in Electric Circuit Laboratory.
All lab attendees are obligated to join the post test because this is part of scoring component.
Time and place of post test will be informed later.
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Referensi
- Johnson, David E. Electric Circuit Analysis.1997. Prentice Hall
- Ramdhani, Mohammad. RANGKAIAN LISTRIK. 2008. Penerbit Erlangga
- dan sumber buku lain
Laboratorium TTPL
Departemen Teknik Elektro FTUI
2016