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High Yield Soybeans
Chad Lee, Ph.D.Grain Crops Extension | University of Kentucky
[email protected] | www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops
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Soybean Yield
• Seed Number x Seed Size = Yield
• Plants/A x Pods/Plant x Seeds/Pod = Seed Number
• Seeds/lb x lb/bu = Seed Size
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Soybean Yield
Plants /APods/ Plant
Seeds /Pod
Seed Size,
seeds/lb
Test Weight, lb/bu
Yield, lb/A
( 140,000 x 40 x 2.5 ) / ( 5,000 x 60 ) = 47
( 140,000 x 60 x 2.5 ) / ( 5,000 x 60 ) = 70
( 140,000 x 40 x 2.5 ) / ( 4,000 x 60 ) = 58
( 140,000 x 60 x 2.5 ) / ( 4,000 x 60 ) = 88
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Soybean Yield
Plants /APods/ Plant
Seeds /Pod
Seed Size, seeds/lb
Test Weight, lb/bu
Yield, lb/A
( 140,000 x 40 x 2.5 ) / ( 5,000 x 60 ) = 47
( 140,000 x 83 x 2.5 ) / ( 3,000 x 60 ) = 161
( 140,000 x 88 x 2.5 ) / ( 3,000 x 60 ) = 171
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Common practices of high yield soybean plots
• Irrigate• Manure• Fertigate, including N• Fungicide• Insecticide• Other products mentioned
– Inoculants– Stimulants– Stress reducers– Stress inducers– Sugar
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108.759 bu/A
• Perry Galloway
• Pioneer 46T21 RR
• 4/30/15
• 140,000 seeds/A
• 38 inch twin rows
• Dubbs soil
• PPST, Graph EX SA
• 2 tons poultry litter
• BioForge, Ureamate, Sugar Mover
• Valor, Gramoxone
• Pre-Fix, Dual, Blazer
• Lambda, Prevathon
• Priaxor, Quadris Top
• 6 x furrow irrigation
• Paraquat 0.5 pt/A
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Chicken Litter: 55-55-45(Highly variable)
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108.717 bu/A
• Matt Miles• Pioneer 47T46 RR• 4/7/15• 160,000 seeds/A• 38 inch twin• Silt loam soil• Cruiser Max• 1.75 T Chicken Litter,
150 lb K2O/A, AMS at R3
• Leadoff, Touchdown• Verdict, Touchdown• Prefix, Touchdown• Tundra, Acephate• Priaxor, twice• Furrow irrigation, 7x• Salt + Sharpen harvest
aid
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Chicken Litter: 55-55-45(Highly variable)
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90
180
270
360
450
3366
99132
165
0
100
200
300
400
500
30 60 90 120 150
lbs N/acre
Yield, Bu/A
Soybean Seed Nitrogen RemovalN P2O5 K2O Zn S
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Soybean Yield LimitationsMy Opinion on Main Factors
1. Lack of water during seed fill
2. Soil Compaction
3. Potassium (K) deficiency
4. Weeds too big
5. Second fiddle to corn
6. SCN
7. Frogeye Leaf Spot
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8. Delta Soils: too much water in the spring
High yield system
1. Productive soils (deep, adequate fertility, no compaction)
2. Adequate, timely rainfall (or irrigation)3. Excellent genetics4. Rotating crops5. Planting on time (not necessarily early)6. Planting in narrow rows (20 inches or less)7. Adequate Population, but not overly excessive8. Capturing 95% sunlight at by about R19. Getting excellent weed control (no trophy-hunting)10. Scouting for diseases and pests
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Agronomic Maximization of Soybean Yield and Quality
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USB 1 “SOYA” – Adding Inputs
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USB 1 “SOYA”: Systematic Optimization of Yield-Enhancing Applications
• Seed Treatements (ST):– Untreated control (UTC)
– Fungicide seed treatment (Fung ST) Acceleron®(45ml/100 lb)
– Fung ST + Insecticide ST + Nematicide & Biological ST AcceleronTM IX-409 (w/ Imidacloprid) (118ml/100 lb) + Poncho®/VOTiVO® (P/V) (59ml/100 lb)
– Fung ST + Insecticide ST + Nematicide & Biological ST + LCO ST + LCO (at V4-V6) AcceleronTM IX-409 (w/ Imidacloprid) (118ml/100 lb) + P/V® (59ml/100 lb) + Optimize® (83ml/100 lb) + RatchetTM (4oz/a)
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USB 1 “SOYA”: Systematic Optimization of Yield-Enhancing Applications
• FOLIAR OR OTHER TREATMENTS:– Nitrogen Urea (75 lb/a) w/ Agrotain (3 qt/ton) +
ESN®(75 lb/a) @ V4
– Defoliant Cobra® (12 fl oz/a) @ V4
– Foliar fertilizer Task Force®2 (64 fl oz/a) @ R1
– Antioxidant Bio-Forge® (16 fl oz/a) @ R3
– Foliar fungicide Headline® (6 fl oz/a) @ R3
– Foliar insecticide Warrior II® (1.92 fl oz/a) @ R3• F and I - Priaxor and Endigo in 2013 and 2014
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USB 1 “SOYA”: Systematic Optimization of Yield-Enhancing Applications
• COMBINATION TREATMENTS:– SOYA Complete
– SOYA plus Defoliant @ V4
– SOYA without Nitrogen
– SOYA without Foliar fungicide
– SOYA without Foliar fungicide & insecticide
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Summary
• 60 total site years of data– 28 showed significant treatment effects
• 2012- 5 locations
• 2013- 11 locations
• 2014- 12 locations
– North: 15 out of 21 responsive site-years
– Central: 5 out of 18 responsive site-years
– South: 8 out of 22 responsive site-years
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80.4
84.4
70 75 80 85
UTCBio-forgeFung ST
Fung and Inst. STFung, Inst and Bio…
Foliar FertilizerCobra
Foliar FungicideFoliar Insecticide
Foliar Fung and InstNitrogen
SOYA - CobraSOYA + Cobra
SOYA - NitrogenSOYA - Foliar Fung
SOYA - Foliar Fung + Inst
Yield (Bu/A)
High‐Yield Environments (>75.9 Bu/A)
*Red bars indicate statistically greater than UTC at p ≤ 0.05
ARcol13, ARcol14, ARnew14, ILurb14, INwla14, KYlex13, WIjan13, WIjan141/18/2017 © 2011-2017 Chad Lee, Univ. of Kentucky 40
59.8
64.4
54 56 58 60 62 64 66
UTCBio-forgeFung ST
Fung and Inst. STFung, Inst and Bio ST+Ratchet
Foliar FertilizerCobra
Foliar FungicideFoliar Insecticide
Foliar Fung and InstNitrogen
SOYA - CobraSOYA + Cobra
SOYA - NitrogenSOYA - Foliar Fung
SOYA - Foliar Fung + Inst
Yield (Bu/A)
Average Yielding Environments (n = 46)
Red bars indicate statistically greater than UTC at p ≤ 0.051/18/2017 © 2011-2017 Chad Lee, Univ. of Kentucky 41
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30 35 40 45 50
UTCBio-forgeFung ST
Fung and Inst. STFung, Inst and Bio ST+Ratchet
Foliar FertilizerCobra
Foliar FungicideFoliar Insecticide
Foliar Fung and InstNitrogen
SOYA - CobraSOYA + Cobra
SOYA - NitrogenSOYA - Foliar Fung
SOYA - Foliar Fung + Inst
Yield (Bu/A)
Low-Yield Environments (<48.5 Bu/A)
*Red bars indicate statistically greater than UTC at p ≤ 0.05
ARnew12, ILurb12, IAhum13, KSros13, MIela12, MIela141/18/2017 © 2011-2017 Chad Lee, Univ. of Kentucky 42
Conclusions SOYA Study #1
• Seed treatment and early season products show little value in increasing soybean yield
• Benefit from foliar insecticide and fungicide were greatest in the north
• There did not appear to be a yield level x management interaction– Higher yielding environments may not see additional
benefit from intensive management
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High yield system
1. Productive soils (deep, adequate fertility, no compaction)
2. Adequate, timely rainfall (or irrigation)3. Using good genetics4. Rotating crops5. Planting on time (not necessarily early)6. Planting in narrow rows (20 inches or less)7. Adequate Population, but not overly excessive8. Capturing 95% sunlight at by about R19. Getting excellent weed control (no trophy-hunting)10. Scouting for diseases and pests
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USB 2: Variety x management interactions
• Objectives:
– Determine if cultivar selection interacts with input level
• Does cultivar selection dictate which inputs to use?
– Quantify input effects on yield components
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Treatments• 6 cultivars
– High-yield potential suitable for each location
• 3 input levels:1. Standard practice (UTC)
• University recommendations for fertilizer and weed control
• No other external inputs
2. SOYA complete • “complete” seed treatment
• Ratchet® + nitrogen fertilizer @ V4
• Foliar fertilizer @ R1
• BioForge®, foliar fungicide, foliar insecticide @ R3
3. SOYA minus foliar fungicide
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2012-2014 YieldSouthern Region
(Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky)
Columns with the same letter are not statistically different at P ≤ 0.05
Input level
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SOYA Study #2 Preliminary Conclusions
• A good cultivar is a good cultivar.– Cultivar interacted w/ management at less than
6% of the sites.
• Biggest yield increase to SOYA in the northern region.
• Yield increases were from BOTH seed number AND seed size.
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USB 3: Population x management interactions
• Objective:
– Is there an interaction between soybean population and management
• Do high-input systems require higher plant populations to maximize yield?
-or-
• Can high-input systems compensate for a low plant population?
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Analysis• Harvest plant populations were used for analysis
• Yield was standardized as a % of the maximum for each environment– 56 Environments total
• The “yield environment” variable was determined by comparison of location the mean to the grand mean (High>1 Std. Dev, Average±1 Std. Dev., Low<1 Std. Dev.)
• Mixed analysis was conducted to determine the effects of yield environment, population and management– SAS V9.3 (P<0.05)
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Harvest Plant Population (PPA)
0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K
% o
f Max
Yie
ld
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2012‐2014 Average Yield Env.(43 Envs.)
UTC: %Max=0.7916(1-e(-0.000059x)) R2= 0.98
SOYA: %Max=0.8524(1-e(-0.000059x)) R2= 0.98
UTCSOYA
95% - 50775 ppa
99% - 78053 ppa
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Harvest Plant Population (PPA)
0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K
% o
f Max
Yie
ld
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2012‐2014 High Yield Env.(8 Envs.)
%Max=0.8644(1-e(-0.000062x)) R2= 0.99
95% - 48318 ppa
99% - 74276 ppa
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Grouping N 95% ofMax
99% of Max
Plants/A Plants/A
High Yield 8 48,000 74,000
Average 43 51,000 78,000
Low Yield 5 88,000 135,000
Responsive 17 UTC 50,000 77,000
SOYA 53,000 82,000
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Populations rounded to the nearest thousand.
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SOYA Study#3 Conclusions
• No interaction between population and management– Separate analysis of 17 management responsive sites confirmed
no interaction between population and management
• High yield environments achieved maximum yields at only slightly lower plant stands in comparison to average yield environments– 99% of Maximum at 74K compared with 78K (High and Average)
• Yield response to population was very small (non-existent) in low yielding environments indicating the presence of other yield limiting factors
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Evaluation ofSoybean Stress and Yield
Gary L. Gregg, Chad D. Lee, and John Orlowski
University of Kentucky | Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Lexington, Kentucky
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2012 Soybean Response to Various Herbicides
Herbicide Rate Timing Yield Contrast
untreated ……. …….. 58.7 NS
Cobra 1x V4 61.8 NS
Cobra 2x V4 60.5 NS
Reflex 2x V4 59.7 NS
Blazer 2x V4 62.7 NS
Cobra 1x V2 66.7 0.004 *****
meristem removal ….. V4 58.2 NS
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Data averaged over 2 locations: Spindletop Farm, Lexington and Larue County, KY, 2012.
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Experiment Design
• Two Years: 2013 & 2014
• Three Locations– Lexington (Spindletop Research Farm)
– LaRue Co.
– Princeton (UKREC)
• Two Maturity Groups – 2.8 RM
– 4.5 RM
• 14 different treatments
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UKRECLaRue
Spindletop
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Results, 2013-2014, 6 site-years, 2 maturity groups
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*=treatments significantly different from the UTC. p <0.10
*
*
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Bu/A
Yield Environment x Treatment Intreactions
High Yield Environments (n=4)
Discussion
• Treatment– Light interception equal during reproductive growth
• 2013, R3, Hodgenville– 26 DAT, 2.8 RM
– 33 DAT, 4.5 RM
• 2013, R3, Lexington– 26 DAT, 2.8 RM
– 34 DAT, 4.5 RM
• Lee, et al., 2008
– Lack of late season stress• Very low pressure from insects and disease
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Conclusion: 2 seasons with good rainfall, reasonable temperatures
• Early season stress ineffective for increasing yield
• Attempting to relieve early season stress was ineffective for increasing yield
• Prescribed application of fungicide and insecticide was ineffective for increasing yield
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