H.L.BAJAJ CHAIRMAN
INTRODUCTION*ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY IN INDIA MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD.
*STILL ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS TAKE PLACE IN SPITE OF ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY.
*THIS UNDERLINES THE NEED FOR TIMELY SAFETY.
*IT IS NOT JUST THE ACCIDENTS THAT SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED BUT THE “NEAR MISSES” i.e. ACCIDENTS WAITING TO HAPPEN.
*REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS RESULTS IN AVOIDING LOSS OF LIFE, PROPERTY ETC.
Per Capita Electricity Consumption & Human Development Index (HDI)
Country kWh HDI
Canada 18212 0.943
USA 13241 0.939
Australia 11205 0.946
Singapore 8010 0.902
Korea 6632 0.888
Malaysia 3039 0.793
China 1139 0.793
India 582* 0.595
Pakistan 479 0.497
Bangladesh 115 0.509
Nepal 63 0.504
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index prepared on a scale of 0-1 measured by three key components - longevity, knowledge and income.
Source: Human Development Report, 2004, UNDPWorld Development Indicators, 2002, UNDP
* in the year 2003-2004
WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE IN %
Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development, 2001
OVERVIEW OF
INDIAN POWER
SYSTEM
GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY (MW)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
MW
Hydro 508 940 1917 4124 6905 11384 14460 18308 20506 29850
Thermal 854 1755 2736 4903 9059 16424 27030 43417 57244 81940
Nuclear 0 0 0 0 640 640 1095 1565 1720 2720
Dec-47 Dec-55 Mar-61 Mar-66 Mar-74 Mar-80 Mar-85 Mar-90 Mar-95 Oct-04
114565 MW
on 10-11-2004
All India Generating Capacity
Coal Natural Gas
Hydro Nuclear Oil Wind Total (as on 10.11.2004)
66416 11840 29905 2720 1196 2488 114565
In MW
10%
26%
1%2%
58%
3%
Coal
Natural Gas
Hydro Electricity
Nuclear
Oil
Renew able Energy
Installed Capacity as on 10.11.2004
11456524882720794521196118406641629905ALL INDIA
69006464005ISLANDS
23580012241437513301134N.EASTERN
17909501544417190152372460EASTERN
3031716727801748293926501389310383SOUTHERN
3256563276025846185036207925327WESTERN
313471791180193921532131616410596NORTHERN
TOTALDSLGASCOAL
TOTAL (MW)
WIND NCLRTHERMALHYDROREGION
Generation during April 2004- Oct. 2004 (BU) 339.8
High Voltage Transmission network 1 71 534
(220 KV & above) as on 31 Oct. 2004 (ckm)
Inter regional transfer capacity (MW) 8
400
Outlay for power in Central Sector (Rs. Cr.) 1 44 000 (Xth
Plan)
Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004)
ENERGYRegion Reqmt.
(MU)
Avail.
(MU)
Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)
(MU) %
Northern Region 105929 96888 -9041 -8.5
Western Region 111624 101983 -9641 -8.6
Southern Region 83383 82265 -1118 -1.3
Eastern Region 33308 32900 -408 -1.2
N.Eastern Region 4202 3970 -232 -5.5
All India 338446 318006 -20440 -6.0
Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004)
Peak Demand Region Projected
(MW)
Met
(MW)
Surplus(+)/Deficit(-) (MW) %
Northern Region 26 834 24 125 -2 709 -10.1
Western Region 29 859 24 049 -5 810 -19.5
Southern Region 23 075 21 928 -1 147 -5.0
Eastern Region 8 340 8 320 -20 -0.2
N.Eastern Region 1 247 1 128 -119 -9.5
All India 85 911 77 281 -8 630 -10.0
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Village Electrification
Pumpset Energised
In 1947
1500 6430
As on 30.09.04
496 861(84.6% of Total)
141.97 Lakhs(72.5% of Total)
• Target for 100 % Village Electrification - By 2007
• Target for 100 % Household Coverage - By 2009
Demand as per 16th E.P.S.
NUCLEAR EVENTS * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies
Nuclear Events in the 0 to 7 point International Nuclear Event Scale (INES).
* Event level 0 - “Deviations” (no safety significance).
* Events level 1 to 3 - “Incidents”
* Events level 4 to 7 - “Accidents”.
* No Nuclear accident at level 4 or higher occurred so far in Indian Nuclear Power Plants.
NUCLEAR EVENTS * Two Major Nuclear Accidents.
Three Mile Island (USA 1979)
• Reactor severely damaged.
• Radiation contained.
• No adverse health and environmental impact.
• Rated 5 on INES
Chernobyl (Ukraine 1986)
• Reactor destroyed.
• 31 people killed.
• Significant health and environmental impact.
• Rated 7 on INES
COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT STATISTICS IN PRIMARY ENERGY
PRODUCTIONFUEL IMMEDIATE
FATALITIES (1970 to 1992)
WHO ?
Coal 6400 Workers
Natural Gas 1200 Workers & Public
Hydro 4000 Public
Nuclear 31 Workers
(Source : Briefing Paper on Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, Nov.,2003)
FACTS IN PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION
* NUCLEAR DISTINCTLY SAFER TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY.
* OVER ONE THOUSAND PEOPLE DIE EVERY YEAR IN COAL MINES TO PROVIDE FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY.
* MINING AND MULTIPLE HANDLING OF FOSSIL FUEL FOR TRANSPORTATION TO POWER PLANTS INVOLVES MANY HAZARDS.
* SIGNIFICANT HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ARISING FROM FOSSIL FUEL USE.
ANALYSIS OF REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA
YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL1998-1999 3541 1372 1610 615 2137 784 1418 114771999-2000 3141 1532 1543 613 1704 801 1643 109772001-2001 2782 1953 1551 536 1683 857 1043 104052001-2002 3295 1733 1650 585 1703 783 664 104132002-2003 2434 1538 1461 672 1198 675 988 8966
RANGE in % 27 to 32%12 to 19%14 to 16% 5 to 8% 13 to 19%7 to 8% 6 to 15%
1 - Snapping of Conductors 2 - Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment 3 - Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision 4 - Defective appliances/apparatus/tools 5 - Inadequate/lack of maintenace. 6 - Unauthorised work. 7 - Any other reason.
0
2000
4000
Accidents
1. Snapping of Conductors 2. Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment3. Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision 4. Defective appliances/apparatus/tools5. Inadequate/lack of maintenace. 6. Unauthorised work.7. Any other reason.
1998-1999 3662 2948 4867 11477
1999-2000 3781 2540 4654 10977
2000-2001 3568 3090 3747 104052001-2002 3766 2974 3673 104132002-2003 3367 2317 3282 8966
ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA FOR THE YEARS 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02 & 2002-03
YEAR TOTALHUMAN FATAL
HUMAN NON
FATAL
ANIMAL FATAL +
NON FATAL
98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Accidents
HUMAN FATAL HUMAN NON FATAL
ANIMAL FATAL + NON FATAL TOTAL
NEED FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY
* ELECTRICITY is an integral part of today’s modern world but it can also shock you painfully, damage sensitive equipment and ignite combustible materials.
* ELECTROCUTIONS rank 4th (9%) in causes of industrial fatalities (after traffic, violence and construction).
* At the house voltage frequency even lower Voltages can kill while people have withstood 40,000 Volts at a frequency of a million cycle or so without fatal effects.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY
Current
(in mA)
EFFECT
0.5 – 1.5 Perception / Slight sensation
1 – 5 Muscular Contractions
3 – 10 Painful Shock / Muscular control lost
10 – 40 Painful Shock / ‘Let go’ threhold
30 – 75 Respiratory Paralysis
75 – 100 Ventricular Fibrilation
250 – 300 Heart Paralysis
5000 – 6000 Organ Burns
ELECTRICAL SAFETY SYSTEM
THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SHOULD ENSURE:-
*SAFETY TO SELF*SAFETY TO FELLOW WORKMEN*SAFETY TO THE USER OF ELECTRICITY*SAFETY TO PUBLIC*SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT & APPLIANCES*CONTINUITY & RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY
SOME LEADING CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
1. UNSAFE ACTS
There are 2 basic reasons for unsafe acts :- We don’t know better.- We know better but intentionally do something unsafe.
SOME OF THE UNSAFE ACTS ARE AS UNDER :
*Use of improper ,unconventional or defective/unsafe tools
*Lack of proper instruction or supervision
*Inadequacy or absence of essential protective devices
* Failure to de-energize, lockout & tagout hazards during
maintenance, repairs or inspections.
*Lack of Training & Job knowledge
*Poor Judgement/Intemperence
*Non adherence to Safety rules/instructions
* Working in an elevated position near overhead lines
*Absence of Caution/Warning boards
*Accidental touch
*Negligence/Carelessness of Workers or Others
* Adverse Mental/physical condition/fatigue of the Workers
2. UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
* Loose Connections and defective parts
* Faulty Insulation
* Improper Grounding
*Non existence of Safety Alarm system
*Ineffectiveness of Safety Interlocks
* Unguarded Live parts
3. HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
* Presence of Flammable Vapours, liquids, gases and combustible dusts
* Presence of Static discharge
* Corrosive & Explosive environment
* Poor Housekeeping – blocked electrical boxes, storage of flammable material in equipment rooms lack of proper hazard signs etc.
4. OTHER CAUSES
*Absence of fencing, guards, wall/barriers
*Unauthorised/unwarranted entry of human beings and animals
*Lack of public awareness
*Inadequate lighting at Workplace
SAFE INSTALLATIONS
VARIOUS WAYS OF PROTECTING PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT
*PROPER INSULATION & GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS/ INSTALLATION
*GUARDING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
*USE OF CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES WITH ADEQUATE INTERLOCKS
*STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH SAFE WORK PRACTICES
TOOLS AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
TOOLS USUALLY REQUIRED ARE:*LADDERS*SAFETY BELTS*RODS*GLOVES, COATS, BLANKETS, MATS OF APPROVED INSULTING MATERIAL*HELMETS & EYE PROTECTIONS*HAND LINES*CANVAS TOOL BAGS*PROTECTIVE CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR
EVOLUTION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM
*TRADITIONAL SYSTEM• One Device required per function
*MODERN SOLUTION • Numerical Technology based on hardware platforms and functional software libraries• Enhanced Communication Capabilities.• Allows the development of new solutions and higher degree of integration.• Efficient management of the network.• Reduces Outages.• Better Fault Analysis.• Higher quality of monitoring functionality.• Reduction of Cost.
GOOD REASONS FOR PRACTICING ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1. Personal Reasons
- Affect everyone as caring individuals and employers
2. Business Reasons
- Safety makes good business sense
3. Regulatory and Legal Reasons
- Violations can result in fines, legal action etc.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES Plan every Job.
Anticipate unexpected Events.
Use the right tool for the job.
Isolate the Equipment.
Minimize the hazard.
Protect the personnel.
Assess abilities of the personnel.
Audit the above Principles periodically.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICY AT WORK PLACES
THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE IMPLEMENTED.
SUPPORT OF TOP MANAGEMENT ESSENTIAL.
THE MAIN FEATURES ARE:
* AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM PUT IN PLACE FOR OVERALL SAFETY DIRECTIONS IN FACILITY ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ELECTRICAL WORK.
* SAFETY INCHARGE VESTED WITH NECESSARY POWERS AND TESTING RESPONSIBILITIES .
*ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAMS TO BE INTEGRATED WITH AN OVERALL SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM.
*SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKMEN:
THE USER OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT /APPLIANCES TO ENSURE ITS SAFETY BY PROPER INSPECTION & TESTING.
*AUTHORISATION:
ONLY AUTHORISED PERSON BE ALLOWED TO WORK.
* TRAINING :
ALL PERSONNEL TO HAVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING APPROPRIATE TO THEIR ASSIGNED JOBS.
*ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY RESCUE PROCEDURES:
• SYSTEM IN PLACE FOR PROMPT ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES OR ACCIDENTS.
•THE RESPONSE TIME SHOULD BE MINIMUM.
* FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS:
• ADEQUATE FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS .
•THE STAFF BE PROPERLY TRAINED IN FIRST AID e.g. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION ETC.
* TECHNICAL SUPPORT :
ACCESS TO QUALIFIED ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION OR IN-HOUSE COMPETENT ENGINEERS TO GUIDE ON ALL ASPECTS OF OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY.
*ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT:
•TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.
•TO BE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS.
• TO IDENTIFY NEW OR REVISED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON REGULATIONS, STANDARDS OR NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY- SUGGESTIONS
* USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS OF STANDARD DESIGN AND QUALITY.
*DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AS PER STANDARD NORMS WITH ADEQUATE PROTECTION & INTERLOCK FACILITIES.
* ESTABLISHMENT AND STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM.
* UTILISATION OF GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY OF PERSONNEL.
*USE OF GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCIs) FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY- SUGGESTIONS (Contd.)
* USE OF EXTREMELY FAST EARTH FAULT DIVERTERS HAVING OPERATING TIME AS LOW AS 2.0 MILLI-SECONDS.
* ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS SUCH AS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, UNDERGROUND COAL MINES etc.
* DEPLOYMENT OF QUALIFIED ELECTRICAL SUPERVISORS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SAFETY WATCH DURING EXECUTION OF HAZARDOUS ELECTRICAL WORK.
STATUTORY MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY
*THERE IS IN PLACE WELL-ESTABLISHED, TIME TESTED INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY MAINLY IN THE FORM OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956.
*ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS OF THE STATE GOVT. AND CENTRAL GOVT. DEPARTMENTS LIKE DEFENCE, TELECOMMUNICATION, RAILWAYS, MINES ETC. CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF ENFORCEMENT OF THESE RULES.
*UNDER SECTONS 53, 73(c) & 177(2) OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003, CEA HAS TO NOTIFY THE REGULATIONS RELATING TO SAFETY AND ELECTRIC SUPPLY.
*CEA IS PREPARING SAFETY REGULATIONS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF :
- THERMAL POWER STATIONS - HYDRO POWER STATIONS ; AND- TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION OF POWER INCLUDING USE OF ELECTRICITY.
*TILL THE NEW REGULATIONS ARE NOTIFIED THE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956 WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN OPERATION AS PER SECTON 185 OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003.
THOUGH STATUTORY MECHANISM – RULES, SAFE WORK PRACTICES etc. EXIST BUT THEY ARE NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR A DEVELOPED CULTURE OF SAFETY WITHIN THE ORGANISATION WHICH IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING ACCIDENTS.