IG0011005.1
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Dr. James TurnerDr. James Turner
DOE Assistant Deputy AdministratorDOE Assistant Deputy Administrator
American Nuclear Society PresentationAmerican Nuclear Society Presentation
November 13, 2000November 13, 2000
IG0011005.2
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
• Program mission/goals/historyProgram mission/goals/history• Key program areasKey program areas• Program statusProgram status• Chornobyl closureChornobyl closure• Core conversion projectCore conversion project• Future trendsFuture trends
OverviewOverview
IG0011005.3
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Mission
Implement U.S. nonproliferation and national security objectives by improving the safety of nuclear facilities, reducing weapons-usable nuclear material availability, and enhancing international nuclear cooperation.
Goals
• Reducing risks and improving safety at 65 Soviet-designed reactors in nine countries
• Building host country infrastructure• Supporting Chornobyl safety and closure• Qualifying an independent nuclear fuel supplier for Ukraine• Converting Russian production reactors to produce heat but
not plutonium
IG0011005.4
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Program Participants
U.S. Department of State
U.S. Agency for International Development
U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of International Nuclear
Safety and Cooperation
U.S. NuclearRegulatory
Commission
• Lithuania• Russia• Slovakia• Ukraine
• Armenia• Bulgaria• Czech Republic• Hungary• Kazakhstan
U.S.Industrial
Organizations
Host-CountryOrganizationsand NuclearPower Plants
DOE National Laboratories
Lead Technical and Administrative SupportPacific Northwest National Laboratory
Program Implementation
Policy &
Guidance
Participating
Countries
IG0011005.5
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Program History
• 1988 - The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. sign a Memorandum of Cooperation in the field of civilian nuclear reactor safety
• 1990 - DOE initiates a modest program to improve operational safety at Novovoronezh nuclear power plant in Russia
• May 1992 - U.S. announces the “Lisbon” safety initiative to– Enhance the operational safety of Soviet-designed reactors– Reduce risks at the least-safe designs (RBMKs and VVER 440/230s)– Enhance the capability of regulatory organizations
• July 1992 - U.S. goals are endorsed at the G-7 summit in Munich• September 1992 - Initial funding of $21.9M for DOE is provided under a
U.S. AID/DOE interagency agreement• 1993 - At the Vancouver Summit, President Clinton pledges $100M to
Russia for nuclear safety improvements• Since 1992, the program has expanded to encompass a broad range of
nuclear safety areas including training, safety equipment, safety evaluation, and fire protection in nine countries
IG0011005.6
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Soviet-Designed Reactor Safety (SDRS)
• The U.S. Department of Energy manages a comprehensive program, in cooperation with partners in other countries, to reduce risks at all Soviet-designed nuclear power plants.
• Countries participating in the program are Armenia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine (the host countries).
IG00050105/5/00
BeringSea
Sea of Okhotsk
Bilibino
(EAST) RUSSIA
Legend
VVER-440/230VVER-440/213VVER-1000RBMKBN-350BN-600LWGR-12
Smolensk
Kola
Leningrad
Kalinin
Khmelnytskyy
South UkraineZaporizhzhya
Dukovany
BalakovoKursk
Novovoronezh
Kozloduy
Paks
Black Sea CaspianSea
MediterraneanSea
AtlanticOcean Baltic
Sea
Chornobyl
RivneBohunice
Armenia
TURKMENISTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
ARMENIA
GEORGIA
TURKEY
BULGARIA
UKRAINE
ROMANIAITALY
GERMANYPOLAND BELARUS
LATVIA
SLOVAKIA
CZECHREP.
LITHUANIA
RUSSIA
FINLAND
SWEDEN
NORWAY
Beloyarsk
Aktau
Ignalina
HUNGARY
Moscow
Mochovce
IG0011005.7
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
SDRS Program RationaleSDRS Program RationaleProblems:Problems:• Inadequate operating procedures and trainingInadequate operating procedures and training
• Design deficienciesDesign deficiencies
• Lack of infrastructure to sustain safe operationLack of infrastructure to sustain safe operation
• Nuclear regulatory authority not centralizedNuclear regulatory authority not centralized
• Host-country need for electricity from the plants is Host-country need for electricity from the plants is greatgreat
Percent of Electricity from Nuclear Power (1999)
80
60
40
20
0Russia Czech
RepublicUkraineBulgariaHungary Slovakia Lithuania
1421
474438
47
73
Armenia
36
0.15
Kazakhstan
IG0011005.8
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Making Operations SaferMaking Operations Safer• Training CentersTraining Centers
–Established: Balakovo and KhmelnytskyyEstablished: Balakovo and Khmelnytskyy
–Training methodology being transferred to plants Training methodology being transferred to plants in Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Lithuania, and Armeniain Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Lithuania, and Armenia
• Analytical SimulatorsAnalytical Simulators–Chornobyl, Balakovo, Novovoronezh, BilibinoChornobyl, Balakovo, Novovoronezh, Bilibino
• Full-Scope SimulatorsFull-Scope Simulators–Khmelnytskyy, Rivne, South Ukraine, Khmelnytskyy, Rivne, South Ukraine, Zaporizhzhya, Kola, KalininZaporizhzhya, Kola, Kalinin
• Emergency Operating InstructionsEmergency Operating Instructions–Rivne, Zaporizhzhya, Chornobyl, Novovoronezh, Rivne, Zaporizhzhya, Chornobyl, Novovoronezh, Kola, Balakovo, Leningrad,Kola, Balakovo, Leningrad,Ignalina, KozloduyIgnalina, Kozloduy
• Safety Maintenance TechnologiesSafety Maintenance Technologies–Chornobyl, Kursk, Leningrad, Smolensk, Chornobyl, Kursk, Leningrad, Smolensk, Ignalina, Bilibino, ArmeniaIgnalina, Bilibino, Armenia
• Ultrasonic Inspection EquipmentUltrasonic Inspection Equipment–Chornobyl, Khmelnytskyy, Zaporizhzhya, South Chornobyl, Khmelnytskyy, Zaporizhzhya, South Ukraine, Rivne, Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Ukraine, Rivne, Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Kalinin, Kola, Kursk, Novovoronezh, Smolensk, Kalinin, Kola, Kursk, Novovoronezh, Smolensk, LeningradLeningrad
IG0011005.9
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Making Plants SaferMaking Plants Safer
• Safety Parameter Display Safety Parameter Display SystemsSystems– Chornobyl, Khmelnytskyy, Chornobyl, Khmelnytskyy,
Zaporizhzhya, South Ukraine, Zaporizhzhya, South Ukraine, Rivne, Kursk, NovovoronezhRivne, Kursk, Novovoronezh
• Fire Protection EquipmentFire Protection Equipment– Chornobyl, Zaporizhzhya, Chornobyl, Zaporizhzhya,
Smolensk, Leningrad, Kozloduy, Smolensk, Leningrad, Kozloduy, ArmeniaArmenia
• Emergency Power Supply Emergency Power Supply SystemsSystems– Kola, Kursk, KozloduyKola, Kursk, Kozloduy
• Emergency Water Supply SystemsEmergency Water Supply Systems– Kursk, Novovoronezh, ArmeniaKursk, Novovoronezh, Armenia
IG0011005.10
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Building Infrastructure to Sustain Safety Building Infrastructure to Sustain Safety ImprovementsImprovements
• Safety Analyses
• Probabilistic Risk Assessments
• Plant specific assessments
• Validating analysis codes
• Fire Hazards Analyses
• Regulatory Support
IG0011005.11
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
International Safety Centers
Objectives:• Open exchange of nuclear information
• Developing enhanced nuclear safety technology
• Maintain in-country expertise in the nuclear sciences
• Coordinating work on safety of nuclear facilities
RINSCRussian International Nuclear Safety Center
KINSCKazakhstan International Nuclear Safety Center
INSCInternational Nuclear Safety Center
ICCInternational
Chornobyl Center
IRLInternational Radioecology Laboratory
SLIRTSlavutych Laboratory of International Research and Technology
IG0011005.12
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
SDRS Program StatusSDRS Program Status
• Roughly halfway through overall safety improvement effortRoughly halfway through overall safety improvement effort• Significant work lies aheadSignificant work lies ahead• Some work beginning to flow from safety assessmentsSome work beginning to flow from safety assessments
– Example, Ignalina Control and Protection SystemExample, Ignalina Control and Protection System• Host country economic problems make it difficult for the Host country economic problems make it difficult for the
plants to purchase safety equipment and technologyplants to purchase safety equipment and technology– Example, fire doors in UkraineExample, fire doors in Ukraine– Local company set up to manufacture doors, but plants Local company set up to manufacture doors, but plants
lack funds to purchase doorslack funds to purchase doors– Result: U.S. must provide both financial and technical Result: U.S. must provide both financial and technical
assistanceassistance
IG0011005.13
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
SDRS Significant Benefit Continues SDRS Significant Benefit Continues
• Reducing the likelihood of a nuclear accident that could destabilize new Reducing the likelihood of a nuclear accident that could destabilize new democratic governments, require a massive influx of international aid, democratic governments, require a massive influx of international aid, and threaten the viability of nuclear power worldwideand threaten the viability of nuclear power worldwide
• Promoting a stable business climate for international investments in Promoting a stable business climate for international investments in countries with Soviet-designed reactorscountries with Soviet-designed reactors
• Providing protection for the public, the economy, and the environmental Providing protection for the public, the economy, and the environmental health of host countries, European neighbors, and the world.health of host countries, European neighbors, and the world.
• A safety culture which will endure after the assistance has ended is A safety culture which will endure after the assistance has ended is being embeddedbeing embedded
IG0011005.14
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
• On June 5, 2000, Ukrainian President Leonid D. Kuchma On June 5, 2000, Ukrainian President Leonid D. Kuchma announced the closure of the Chornobyl nuclear power announced the closure of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant by December 15, 2000.plant by December 15, 2000.
• Closure of the last operating unit, Unit 3, at Chornobyl Closure of the last operating unit, Unit 3, at Chornobyl represents a major milestone for Ukraine, the United represents a major milestone for Ukraine, the United States, and the other G-7 nations.States, and the other G-7 nations.
• President Clinton authorized an additional $2 million in President Clinton authorized an additional $2 million in assistance to Ukraine as further compensation for assistance to Ukraine as further compensation for shutdown of Unit 3. A portion of this aid was allocated to shutdown of Unit 3. A portion of this aid was allocated to shutdown and deactivation activities, which includes shutdown and deactivation activities, which includes completion of a replacement heat plant.completion of a replacement heat plant.
Chornobyl ClosureChornobyl Closure
IG0011005.15
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Replacement Heat Plant for Chornobyl
• U.S. commitment to G-7 to complete construction of partially built heat plant
• One of the nine facilities needed for site heating and decommissioning
• 290 MWt, 30-year design life, natural gas fueled with mazute (heavy fuel oil) backup
• Chornobyl nuclear power plant has overall project management responsibility
• U.S. Team (PNNL, Babcock & Wilcox, Morrison-Knudsen) provides financial/ contract management and technical support
• Scheduled completion: Mid-year 2001
IG0011005.16
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Other Chornobyl safety initiativesOther Chornobyl safety initiatives• Supporting an international effort to prevent collapse of Supporting an international effort to prevent collapse of
the shelter around Chornobyl’s ruined reactor Unit 4, the shelter around Chornobyl’s ruined reactor Unit 4, suppress the radioactive dust inside the shelter, and suppress the radioactive dust inside the shelter, and protect shelter workers from radioactive and industrial protect shelter workers from radioactive and industrial hazardshazards
• Developing technical strategies for shutting down and Developing technical strategies for shutting down and deactivating the Chornobyl plantdeactivating the Chornobyl plant
• Establishing an international research laboratory center Establishing an international research laboratory center in the city of Slavutych, near the Chornobyl site, and a in the city of Slavutych, near the Chornobyl site, and a related center in Kyiv.related center in Kyiv.
IG0011005.17
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Chornobyl Shelter• Bilateral projects completed
• Transition to multilateral effort– European Bank (EBRD) managing
finances
– $387 million pledged in 1997; 22 countries participating
– Program Management Unit selected in April 1998
– B1/B2 beam upgrade complete
– $758 million pledge was committed in Summer 2000
– Consequently, Ukraine has committed to close Chornobyl Unit 3 reactor in late 2000
IG0011005.18
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Ukrainian Nuclear Fuel Technology Transfer
Objective: • Assist Ukraine in Achieving Enhanced Fuel
Design and Licensing Capability
Background:• Quid pro quo for Ukraine’s agreement to
halt the sale of reactor technology to Iran
Major Tasks:• Transfer fuel performance and design
codes and data
• Design and irradiate six lead test assemblies
• Transfer independent review capability to regulator
• Design and fabricate one reload batch of fuel (42 assemblies)
IG0011005.19
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Ukrainian Nuclear Fuel Technology TransferUkrainian Nuclear Fuel Technology Transfer
• Technology transfer and trainingTechnology transfer and training
• Fuel design, analysis, safety codes; fuel Fuel design, analysis, safety codes; fuel fabrication and testing; quality assurance; fabrication and testing; quality assurance; licensing; nuclear fuel cycle optimizationlicensing; nuclear fuel cycle optimization
• Assistance to State Nuclear Regulatory Assistance to State Nuclear Regulatory AdministrationAdministration
• Lead test assemblies (6) in 2003Lead test assemblies (6) in 2003
• Initial reload batch (42) in 2005Initial reload batch (42) in 2005
• Flow testFlow test
• A setback occurred when the test was A setback occurred when the test was postponed and equipment returned to the U.S. postponed and equipment returned to the U.S. Efforts under way to resolve this issue.Efforts under way to resolve this issue.
IG0011005.20
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Core Conversion Project
DoD Role• Executive Agent
• Funding Provider
DOE Role• Technical Coordination
• PNNL Support
Nizhny Novgorod
IG0011005.21
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Russian Plutonium Production Reactor SitesRussian Plutonium Production Reactor SitesThe reactor near Zheleznogorsk, ADE-2, started up in 1964 and is located inside a granite mountain
The Seversk reactors, ADE-4 and ADE-5,started up in 1964 and 1965, respectively,
and share a common reactor building
IG0011005.22
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Core Conversion BenefitsCore Conversion Benefits
• International security will be enhanced by stopping International security will be enhanced by stopping production of weapons-grade plutonium at the production of weapons-grade plutonium at the reactorsreactors
• The amount of spent fuel produced at the reactors will The amount of spent fuel produced at the reactors will be reduced ten-fold be reduced ten-fold
• Spent fuel reprocessing will no longer be neededSpent fuel reprocessing will no longer be needed• The converted reactors will be less expensive to The converted reactors will be less expensive to
operateoperate• Critically needed heat and electricity will continue to Critically needed heat and electricity will continue to
be providedbe provided
IG0011005.23
International Nuclear Safety and Cooperation• DEPART
MENT OF ENER
GY
•UNITED
STATES OFAM
ERICA
Future TrendsFuture Trends
• Host country safety cultures and economies Host country safety cultures and economies become stronger allowing for more domestic become stronger allowing for more domestic resources for nuclear safetyresources for nuclear safety
• U.S. activities move from assistance toward U.S. activities move from assistance toward fully cooperative efforts to address long-term fully cooperative efforts to address long-term safety issuessafety issues
• Safety issues should come from detailed Safety issues should come from detailed safety analysis, both deterministic and risk safety analysis, both deterministic and risk basedbased