683© The Author(s) 2019T. M. Shaw et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary International Political Economy, Palgrave Handbooks in IPE, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45443-0
Index1
1 Note: Page number followed by fig refers to a figure and by t refers to a table.
NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS9/11, 33, 195, 338, 469
AAAAA (Addis Ababa Action Agenda),
387Aboadze power station, Ghana, 254Abrindo Espaços (Open Schools)
Programme, Brazil, 475–476‘absentee ownership,’ 310–311absolute-income measures of class,
172–173, 174, 176, 178–179Abu Dhabi, 435, 442Acharya, A., 8ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific)
countries, 95, 164, 292–294, 287, 288
Adaptation Committee, 362ADB (Asian Development Bank),
170–171, 175Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris
Agreement (APA), 361
Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), 360
Addis Ababa Action Agenda, see AAAAAdidas, 657advance tax rulings (‘comfort letters’),
350–351, 354AfDB (African Development Bank),
‘Feed Africa’ strategy, 393, 404Afghanistan, 33Africa, 2–3
agency, 163capitalism, 5food imports, 392, 400‘land grabbing,’ 392migration from, 398neoliberal reforms, 536projected population increase, 393,
394water availability, 504African Development Bank, see AfDB
African Tax Administration Forum 2014, 354–355
684 Index
Afro-Caribbean diasporas, 595agency, 45–47, 163agrarianism, 176Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights, see TRIPS
agriculturefamily farming, 393, 398smallholder farms, 392–393, 398,
399, 511subsistence farming, 400
agriculture, Sub-Saharan Africa, 391–406
GDP source from, 395t–396timportance of, 397–398and poverty reduction, 400–402responses to help, 399–400
AI (artificial intelligence), 619–621Aid for Trade, 292AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank), 14, 241Adesina, Dr A. 406Alibaba, 55Alliance of Small Island States,
see AOSISAlphabet, 54alter-globalisation movement, 126aluminium, 571Amazon, 54–55America First, 9, 206, 237Americas Barometer, 469anarchy, 76Angola, 257, 394, 443, 504Antigua, 162, 602, 603–611antitrust practice, 51AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States),
364, 368APACs (Associations for the
Protection and Assistance of the Condemned), Brazil, 478–479
apartheid, 77–78Apple, 53, 54, 352, 559
Arabian Sea, 490Arab states, and migration, 595arbitrage, 304arbitration mechanisms, 64Argentina, 90, 94, 469, 543,
546, 548tAristotelian approach, 169–170arms trafficking, 575Arrighi, G., 592artificial intelligence, see AIartisanal and small-scale mining, see
ASMASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations)Asian crisis, 90, 94establishment, 89free trade area, 93regional integration, 96, 211, 237
ASEAN+1, 96ASEAN+3, 94, 96, 211, 237Asia
global financial crisis (GFC), 209gross fixed capital
formation as percentage of GDP, 548t
imports, 542middle class, 170–171, 174migration, 185rise of, 234
Asian Bond Fund, 241Asian Development Bank, see ADBAsian Drivers framework, 249, 250tAsian financial crisis, 33, 35, 94Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,
see AIIBAsia Society, 36n5ASM (artisanal and small-scale
mining), 576Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
see ASEANAssociations for the Protection and
Assistance of the Condemned, Brazil, see APACs
685 Index
AU (Africa Union), 403Maputo and Malabo Declarations,
393, 399austerity, 240, 269, 339Australia
coalition building, 207–208emissions trading, 369human rights, 204path of inequality, 177Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
431, 440, 442systemic impact approach, 205–206tobacco industry, 671Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206and US, 205–206
authoritarianism, 204‘automatic enterprise,’ 620–621l’Autorité de la Concurrence and
Bundeskartellamt, 54Azerbaijan, 442
BBab el-Mandeb Strait, Horn of Africa,
490Bahrain, 443Baidu, 55balance-of-power logic, 103–104Baldwin, David, 49Bangladesh, 286Bank for International Settlements, see
BISBan Ki-moon, 379Barbados, 160, 288Barclays, 312base erosion and profit shifting, see
BEPSBasel Accord, 306, 308BAT, see British American Tobaccobehavioural programmes, and
recidivism, 475Belgium, 6, 158, 286Belize, 293, 287
BEPS (base erosion and profit shifting), 347, 354–355
Bermuda, 604BEST program, Los Angeles, 475BETonSPORTS, 609BEUC (The European Consumer
Organisation), 447BICs (Brazil, India, and China), 224Big Data, 54, 320bioenvironmentalism, 521BIS (Bank for International
Settlements), 195, 301blockchain, 621–623, 625Boeing, 51, 458Bokor National Park, Cambodia, 253Bolivia, 469Bombardier, 291border regimes, 587–597
centres and peripheries, 590–592and global re-ordering, 592historical control, 592–596
BOT (Build, Operate, Transfer contract), 252
Botswana, 158, 160, 436British Petroleum (BP), 254brain drain, 191, 194, 423Brazil
anti-inflationary policies, 112and Argentina, 90and China, 539, 543, 544Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects, 365Confederation of Industry, 114currency flotation, 94on ‘currency war’ US and China,
113–114damming projects, 508Fica Vivo program, 477FIESP (Federation of
Industry of the State of Sao Paulo), 114
and G20, 110–113and Germany, 104
686 Index
gross fixed capital formation as % of GDP, 548t
health, 15, 675investment in Africa, 574MERCOSUR, 94–95middle class, 174military police, 471Morar Carioca program of housing
improvement, 662neoliberalism, 128Olympic Games 2009, 661–662organized crime, 473–474Petrobras, 545re-offending programs, 478and renewable energy, 565savings rate, 112as state-permeated, 111–112stimulus distribution, 111sustainable resource management,
369trade negotiations, 5Units of Pacification Police (UPP),
662and World Trade Organization
(WTO), 104, 225youth-based interventions, 475–476 See also BICs; BRICs; BRICS; IBSA
Bretton Woods System, 31–32, 33, 79, 218, 307, 310
Brexit, 283–297Canada-style deal, 289challenge of, 96Chequers Plan, 289and Commonwealth trade,
294–295costs of shipment via EU, 287–288customs union, 289depreciation, 285and development, 292–294economic implications, 285–287financial passporting, 290hard Brexit (no deal), 289, 308
most-favoured nation (MFN) tariffs, 293
impact of, 285–290negotiations, 283–284and Northern Ireland, 283Norway-style deal, 289referendum, 283regulatory standards, 288trade relationships, 288–292transitional period, 284, 288
BRIC/S (Brazil, Russia, India, China,/South Africa)
G20 meeting, 29gross domestic product (GDP),
235peer recognition, 222rise of, 2, 155as development donor, 12energy demands, 563financial statecraft (FS), 27–28,
37–38and global health, 15and global reordering, 7, 8governance, 2, 241growth of, 94investments in Global South, 574summit, 3support of Russia, 34
Bridgewater Canal, UK, 509Britain, 32, 77
See also BrexitBritish American Tobacco (BAT), 673British Virgin Islands, 604Brundtland, G. H., 518Brundtland Report, 518–519Brunei, 442Brzezinski, Z., 660Buffett, W., 301Build, Operate, Transfer contract, see
BOTBundesbank, 111Burkina Faso, 399Burundi, 235, 394, 398
Brazil (cont.)
687 Index
Bush, G. Sr., 369Bush, G. W., 33, 206BusinessEurope, 447
CCAADP (Comprehensive African
Agriculture Development Programme), 399–400, 404
Cairns Group, 207–209, 605Cambodia, 252–254, 286Cameroon, 504Canada
competition laws, 451European Union free trade
agreements (FTAs), 290and G7, 32legalisation of cannabis, 10outlawing landmines, 204path of inequality, 177rehabilitation, 478sports branding, 657–658Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
431Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206
cannabis industry, 10CANZUK, 295Cape Town, 506Cape Verde, 158, 193Capgemini, World Wealth Report, 559capital, international movements of, 33capitalism
‘dependent capitalism,’ 139–140diversity of, 5domestic, 140and ecology, 523–534East Asian model, 126and governance, 83hegemonism and, 82–83hierarchical, 138history of, 143and institutions, 108Marx on, 82–83
and socialist regimes, 81 See also CC (comparative
capitalism); CCC (critical comparative capitalism); carbon capitalism
capitalization, 560–561, 563–564carbon capitalism, 555–567
climate change and renewable energy, 562–566
energy and capital as power, 559–561energy and traditional international
relations, 556–559‘carbon credits’ (certified emissions
reductions) (CERs), 364carbon-offset trading programmes, 523,
582Cardoso, F.H., 112CARICOM CARIFORUM,
293–294cartels, 49, 52, 451Cayman Islands, 604CBD (Convention on Biological
Diversity), 359, 519CC (comparative capitalism), 135–144
economic growth, 137–138emerging economies, 140, 141foreign economic policies, 140–141institutional features, 136–137international institutions, 139–140long-term tendencies, 142–143multinational corporation strategies
(MNCs), 142non-democratic countries, 141
CCC (critical comparative capitalism), 138–139
CCS (Climate Change Secretariat), 361, 362
CDB (China Development Bank), 249, 254–255
CDMs (Clean Development Mechanisms), 360, 364–367, 370
Central African Republic, 397
688 Index
Central American Common Market, 673
Central Arizona Project, 509Central Valley Project, California, 509CERS (certified emissions reductions),
see ‘carbon credits’CGIAR (Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research), 402
CGPCS (Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia), 486, 491, 495
Chad, 397, 437Chiang Mai Initiative, 96, 241Chicago, CureViolence, 476–477Chicago School approach, 593Chile, 121, 160, 543, 546, 548tChin, G. 219–220China
and Africa, 246–249, 254–256, 539, 574
agriculture and poverty reduction, 401–402, 404
and Australia, 207Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 37,
237, 241border with India, 3and Brexit, 291and Cambodia, 252–254Chinese Communist Party, 257Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects, 365comparative capitalism (CC), 140competition law, 455currency, 38damming projects, 508decline in formal borrowing, 319development, 246–248diaspora, 191divestment projects, 126e-commerce, 55as emerging market (EM), 234–236energy security, 247, 563
engineering and construction sector, 249
environmental issues, 5, 247, 565exchange rate, 35, 36, 113–114expansionary capitalism, 246–247exports and competitiveness, 542financial statecraft (FS), 27, 35–38foreign exchange reserves, 36, 247global financial crisis (GFC), 211and global leadership, 209, 210and global resources, 245–259and Global South, 36–38and Gulf of Aden, 489globalisation, 207, 247gross fixed capital formation, 548tgrowth, 247, 539–544health, 675hydraulic works, 252–254, 505impact on Lower and Middle
Income Countries (LMICs), 249–252
import of iron ore, 541–542inward foreign direct investment
(FDI), 35and Latin America, 256–258,
535–536, 546–547and liberalism, 53Manchu dynasty, 595middle class, 174, 175migration, 591, 592Navy, 37negative net income balance, 271neoliberalism, 128net international investment
position (NIIP), 272figObama and, 369outward foreign direct investment
(FDI), 35–37, 248, 256, 543rare-earth elements (REE), 49remittance recipient, 193resource extraction, 539–544rise of, 10–11, 155and South China Sea, 211
689 Index
Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), 35–36, 430, 431, 432, 435, 442
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 247, 249, 543, 675
state-permeated capitalism, 141state sovereignty, 212stimulus programme, 240Vision 2050, 236 See also ASEAN+3; BRICs; BRICS
China Development Bank, see CDBChina International United
Petroleum & Chemicals Co, see UNIPEC
China Investment Corporation, see CIC
China National Offshore Oil Corporation, see CNOOC
China National Petroleum Corporation‘China Threat Theory,’ 226, see
CNPCCIC (China Investment Corporation),
432, 433, 435CIFUS (Committee on Foreign
Investments in the United States), 433
Cignifi, 320Ciudad Juarez (Mexico), CureViolence,
477civil society, 46, 66–67class
and car ownership, 175globalisation and, 26figGramscian approach, 83migration and, 187relative-income measure, 173, 176,
178reproduction and, 172SLDCs, 160struggle, 50and water security, 503 See also elites; middle classes
Clean Development Mechanism, see CDMs
climate change, 5–6, 383, 561Climate Change Secretariat, see CCS
Clinton, W.J. (Bill), 34, 203, 369CNOOC (China National Offshore
Oil Corporation), 248, 254CNPC (China National Petroleum
Corporation), 248coal industry, 123, 437, 440, 509, 525,
539, 565Cochabamba ‘water wars,’ 504Code of Hammurabi, 301coercion (relational power), 44–45cognitive behavioural therapy, and
recidivism, 475Cold War
and diasporas, 591end of, 33, 89, 125, 201, 202 See also Bretton Woods System
collectivism, 120collusion, 50, 52Colombia, 469, 476colonialism, 450, 537commercial liberalism, 106Committee on Foreign Investments in
the United States, see CIFUScommodities, 571–583
Asian drivers, 243boom, 536, 538, 571derivative markets, 309and environmental issues, 580–582financialization, 577–578flex, 580–581and global development, 574–575and global reordering, 572–574governance, 578–580illicit and informal, 575–577international price cycle, 37niche, 581and political events, 571price of, 437, 578and regionalism, 574
Common Market of the South, see MERCOSUR
690 Index
Common Reporting Standard, see CRS
Commonwealth Games, 15Commonwealth Heads of Government
Meeting London, 294Commonwealth of Nations, 77, 291,
294–295Communism, 187Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgie e
Mineração, 544comparative advantage, theory of,
527–528comparative capitalism, see CCcomparative political economy, see CPEcompetition, 46, 49–50competition law and policy, 447–459
Comparative Political Economy (CPE) approach, 455–457
and economic development, 456and democracy, 456and globalisation, 92and institutionalization, 457–459and international integration of
markets, 451–454law enforcement, 458and market size, 456as political, 449–450and protectionism, 452
competition state, 127Comprehensive African Agriculture
Development Programme, see CAADP
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, 9, 291
concentration ratio, see CRconcept analysis, 218‘conditioned power,’ 45Confederation of European Business
Associations, 447Confucianism, 170Congressional Research Services, see
CRS
constructivist approachglobal economy, 69market power, 44, 46neoliberalism, 121regionalism, 91, 92small-and least-developed countries
(SLDCs), 161–166transnationalism, 76
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, see CGIAR
consumer welfare, 51consumption
agriculture and, 403and class, 171, 172, 174–176and environmental impact, 179and microfinance, 322and migration, 187remittances and, 194sports and, 656sustainability, 527and US, 110, 277
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, see CGPCS
‘contestable market’ model, 47Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, see SUA
Convention on Biological Diversity, see CBD
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 523
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, 188
Convention Relating to the Protection of Refugees, 188
cooperation, 12, 47, 105–106Copenhagen Accord, 367corporate social responsibility, see CSRcorruption, 241, 437–438, 456cosmopolitanism, 78–81
691 Index
Costa Rica, 160, 174‘Cotton Four’ 162cotton trade, 573countervailing power, 46, 51CPE (comparative political economy),
135, 137, 144, 158, 455–457CR (concentration ratio), 47credit scoring, 320–321, 324, 325
and psychometric testing, 321, 325Crimea, 34crime prevention
childhood and family-based measure, 474–475
community-based interventions, 476–477
prison-based measures, 477–479reduction in risk factors, 475strategies, 473tyouth-based interventions,
475–476critical comparative capitalism, see
CCCCRS (Common Reporting Standard),
349CRS (Congressional Research Services),
53cryptocurrencies, 319, 623–626
BitCoins, 623, 625BitPesa, 319
CSR (corporate social responsibility), 622, 673
Cuba, 37CureViolence, 476–477currency leadership, 265–280
‘balance-sheet perspective,’ 266benefits and costs, 271–279macroeconomic policy, 266–270relatively accommodative policy,
265relatively conservative policy, 265US dominance, 265–268
customs unions, 91Cyprus, 295
Ddamming, 506–509, 511, 512da Silva, L. 112‘data revolution,’ 378Davos; see WEFDDoS (Distributed Denial of Service),
628debt securities balance, 270decolonization and migration 66, 187,
508, 594deflation, 32deforestation, 369, 382, 517,
519, 582deindustrialization, 241, 544democratic governance, 178Democratic Republic of Congo, see
DRCDeng Xiaoping, 170Denmark, 51–52dependency theories 50, 138, 654‘deregulation,’ 127derivatives, 301–312
crises 304–305Exchange-Traded (ET), 302gross market values, 301multidisciplinary approach, 303over-the-counter (OTC), 301, 302,
305, 309regulation, 304–312Derivatives Product Group,
see DPGDeutsche Bank, 312diasporas, 189–192, 588–591, 595‘differential ownership,’ 559Diffused Globalisation, 417Digital Solidarity Fund, see DSFdigital divide, 14digital technological innovation, 49,
615–629artificial intelligence (AI), 619–621blockchain, 621–623cryptocurrencies, 623–626financial inclusion, 317–326
692 Index
The Internet of Things (IoT), 626–628
stock trading, 620and transnationalist approach,
420–423displacement, World Wars, 593–594Distributed Denial of Service, see
DDoSDjibouti, 494DNS (Domain Name System), 628Dodd-Frank Act, 308Doha Round, 6, 65, 159, 165, 220,
223, 366; see also, WTO‘dollar exchange rate weapon,’ 271–272Domain Name System, see DNSdomestic politics 6, 103–115
leadership, 104power relations, 421societal approach, 107–110theories of, 105–107
‘Double Irish’ corporate subsidiary structure, 351–352
DPG (Derivatives Product Group), 305–306
DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 257, 319, 369–370, 388, 394, 539
DSF (Digital Solidarity Fund), 14Dubai, 442, 443Dubai Ports World, 433dumping, 50duopoly, 52duopsony, 52DuPont, 457‘Dutch disease,’ 194
EEarth Summit Rio 1992, see UNCED‘East Asian miracle,’ 234Eastern Europe, 36, 139, 187, 189,
575, 591
East Timor, 438, 442ECB (European Central Bank),
268–269ECLAC (UN Economic Commission
for Latin America and the Caribbean), 173–174, 543, 549
ecologism, 524–525Economic Partnership Agreements, see
EPAseconomies in transition, see EITEconomist, The, 2, 3, 14, 37eco-socialism, 517, 523–534Ecuador, 543, 546, 547EDF (European Development Fund),
159EEC (European Economic
Community), 158EEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 90,
94‘Efficient Market Hypothesis,’ 304Egypt, 204, 490EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessment), 253EIG (Environmental Integrity Group),
364EIT (economies in transition), 364EITI (Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative), 579EKC (Environmental Kuznets’ Curve),
528elites
and colonialism, 510financial, 125, 421and globalisation, 426Gramscian approach, 83local, 163, 164, 258and ‘national interest’, 557neoliberalism and, 121, 124, 643and political power, 161, 246, 438power elite tradition, 83in sports, 656, 660
El Salvador, 469‘embedded neoliberalism,’ 127, 162
digital technological innovation (cont.)
693 Index
emerging markets, see EMsemerging powers, see EPsemissions trading, 364, 369–370empowerment, ‘five components’
approach, 643EMs (emerging markets), 233–243
convergence, 236decoupling, 236demand for commodities, 240ecological sustainability, 241financial role, 237global gross domestic profit (GDP),
233and globalisation, 235, 237governance, 241growth, 51, 236, 239–240industrialization, 241institutional transformation, 241investments, 242–243middle class and urbanization,
236–237middle-income trap, 236production and, 139public sector, 241purchasing power parity (PPP), 233;
see also “BRIC/S” and “EPs (emerging powers)”
energy, 556–559, 563renewable, 565–566
Engel’s law, 175Entrepreneurial Finance Lab, see EFLentrepreneurialism, 322, 641Environment
commodification of, 581–582crime, transnational, 576social and governance standards, see
ESGEnvironmental Kuznets’ Curve, see
EKCEnvironmental Impact Assessment, see
EIAEnvironmental Integrity Group, see
EIG
environmental institutionalism, 521EPAs (Economic Partnership
Agreements), 164–165, 293–294‘epidemiological transition’ model, 670EPRDF (People’s Revolutionary
Democratic Front) Ethiopia, 161EPs (emerging powers), 217–227
characterisation of, 218–219, 223as concept, 223–225diplomatic ambition, 220–221domestic support, 221and G20, 33and global economic governance
(GEG), 221and health, 221institutional disadvantages, 222investment in Africa, 222lack of differentiation, 225–226material capability, 219–220, 222peer recognition, 221–223structural hindrances, 224; see also
“EMs (emerging markets)” and “BRIC/S”
EPZs (export processing zones), 422Equatorial Guinea, 431Eritrea, 193ESG (environmental, social, and
governance standards), 243ESM (European Stability Mechanism),
269Espinosa, P., 362ETFs (exchange traded funds), 10Ethiopia, 160–161, 186, 394, 508,
511EU (European Union)
and Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP), 95, 292–293
antitrust practice, 51austerity, 240, 269border regimes, 587–588, 593, 597Brazil and, 95and CARIFORUM, 164climate governance, 5
694 Index
Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), 492
competition regulation, 452crisis, 96Economic and Monetary Union, 89,
139economic governance, 421economic interdependence, 91Economic Partnership Agreements
(EPAs), 164–165, 293Emissions Trading Scheme (EU
ETS), 364free trade agreements (FTAs), 290–294Generalised System of Preferences
(GSP), 292imports, 54and integration, 90–91Lomé protocol, 159non-tariff barriers (NTBs), 289and piracy, 486organised crime, 14refugees, 185Salzburg Summit, 289sanctions on Russia, 429and South Africa, 77structural power, 209tariffs, 289taxation, 347technical assistance in Africa, 573trade with UK, 286 See also Brexit; Eurozone
EUNAVFOR (EU Naval Force), 491, 492
Eurasian Economic Union, see EEUEurope
diasporas, 588extremist ideologies, 32left-wing movements, 50migration, 185, 591nationalism and populism, 53regional integration, 92security, 91tripartite bargain, 50
European Banking Authority, 284European Central Bank, see ECBEuropean Coal and Steel Community,
32European Commission, 351, 457European Consumer Organization, see
BEUCEuropean Development Fund, see EDFEuropean Economic Community, see
EECEuropean Medicines Agency, 284European Stability Mechanism, see
ESMEurozone
austerity, 269conservative macroeconomic policy,
268crisis, 11, 90, 95–96, 270debt-servicing, 267and safe assets, 269unemployment, 2
exchange traded funds, see ETFsExIm Bank, 249, 252Expansive Globalisation, 417export processing zones, see EPZsexports and competitiveness, 113–114Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, see EITIextractive resources
artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), 576
blockchain and, 622–623Chinese investment in, 248,
256–258, 535–537, 539–544, 548
economic impact of, 397, 403–404, 437
and global development, 574governance of, 579nationalism, 544–547reforms, 544taxation, 354water diversion, 509
ExxonMobil, 254, 561
EU (cont.)
695 Index
FFacebook, 54fair trade mineral schemes, 579Fairtrade International, 526family farming, 393, 398Family Integrated Transitions, 475FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organisation), 366FATF (Financial Action Task Force),
195FCPF (Forest Carbon Partnership
Facility), 366FDI (foreign direct investment)
acquisitions and mergers, 50decline, 193growth, 52and taxation regime, 354, 355volatility, 192
Federal Reserve, 276–278Federation of Industry of the State of
Sao Paulo, see Brazil, FIESPfeminist approach
gender analysis, 633, 635, 638, 639, 640, 642, 644–645
on microfinance, 322neoliberal, 129
FFD (financing for development), 378, 387–388
Fiji, 287Financial Action Task Force, see FATFFinancial Conduct Authority, Mortgage
Market Review (MMR), 340financial inclusion, 321–323Financial Stability Board (FSB), 12,
308Financial Stability Forum, see FSFfinancial statecraft (FS), 6, 27–38Financial Times, The, 351Financial Times Stock Exchange, see
FTSEfinancing for development, see FFD‘Fintech’ and financial inclusion,
317–326First Industrial Revolution, 617, 619
First World War, 348Fiscal Compact, 269fishing industry, 490followership, 104, 204, 205, 222Food and Agriculture Organisation, see
FAOfood expenditure and income, 175food security, 12–13, 392–394, 399,
401–405, 511foreign exchange reserves, 35, 36, 38,
247, 267, 269forest activities, 366, 367Forest Stewardship Council, see FSCformal financial institutions, access to
317, 318, 319formal sector employment and class,
173Fortune Global 500, 142fossil fuels, 555–558, 561, 562–563,
564, 566Foucault, M., 122, 334‘Four Industrial Revolutions’
model, 616Fourth Industrial Revolution, 618–619France
and Euro crisis, 95and European Coal and Steel
Community, 32and G7, 32gross domestic product (GDP), 285imperialism, 158, 594–595labour migration, 590path of inequality, 177protection from foreign takeovers,
432Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
431free trade
argument for, 527–528and emerging markets (EMs), 237free trade areas, 91as substitute for competition policy,
452, 453; see also, WTOFriedman, M., 123
696 Index
FS (financial statecraft)Second World War, 31China, 35–38defence and, 34definition of, 28–30exercise of structural power, 30financial inducements, 30and foreign policy goals, 28–29instruments and techniques, 30power orientation, 30reconceptualization, 29–30, 31tUS, 31–35
FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), 526, 579
FSF (Financial Stability Forum), 33, 308
FT Global 500, 142FTSE (Financial Times Stock
Exchange), 243functional family therapy, 474–475functionalist approach, 69
GG6, 235G7, 3, 32, 104, 209, 285, 434G8, 237G20
anti-inflationary policies, 112and emerging powers, 225exchange rate controversies,
113–114formation of, 8, 9, 33and global financial crisis (GFC),
29, 209–211, 237, 309importance of, 221institutionalisation of economic
models, 111–112London meeting, 349Principles for Innovative Financial
Inclusion, 324public debt, 110–113‘SME Finance Challenge,’ 324
societal approach, 110–114UK rating in, 285
G30, 305G77, 364, 605GAO (Government Accountability
Office), 431GAPP (Generally Accepted Principles
and Practices; Santiago Principles), 434, 441
gas industryand commodity trade, 574environmental issues, 561, 564,
565figGhana, 254–256impact of extraction, 537investment in sports, 660Latin America, 545, 548liquefied natural gas (LNG), 255,
490Nigeria, 400piracy and, 489, 490
GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), 602, 605, 606, 608–609, 611
GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade), 48, 61, 157, 159, 208, 451–452
GCF (Green Climate Fund), 362GCHS (Geneva Convention on the
High Seas), 486GDLP (global division of labour and
power), 418, 422GE, 458GEF (Global Environment Facility),
362GEG (global economic governance),
218, 220, 221, 224gender, 633–646
‘analytical gender’ approach, 636–637
‘empirical gender’ approach, 636empowerment and development,
640–645
697 Index
feminist analysis, 633, 635, 638, 639, 640, 642, 644–645
and global governance, 637–640and health, 15and neoliberalism, 129
General Agreement on Trade in Services, see GATS
General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, see GATT
Generalised System of Preferences, see GSP
Generally Accepted Principles and Practices, see GAPP
Geneva Convention on the High Seas, see GCHS
GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), 508, 511
Germanyanti-inflationary stance, 111automatic stabilisers, 111and Brazil, 104and Brexit, 286Chamber of Industry and
Commerce, 113coordination, 112and Euro crisis, 95European Coal and Steel
Community, 32exports and competitiveness, 114and G7, 32and G20, 110–113International Monetary Fund (IMF)
leadership, 104liberalism, 140migration, 590, 591path of inequality, 177remittance outflow, 193savings rate, 111, 112
GFC (global financial crisis), 11, 33, 155, 236
and ‘age of austerity,’ 339and coordinated capitalism, 140
and derivatives, 302, 304–305, 307–308
and emerging powers, 221financial inclusion and, 322and G20, 29housing market, 340and international currency,
266–267and neoliberal capitalism, 127–128,
210–211and remittances, 192and risk, 338, 341sources of credit, 247stimulus programmes and public
debt, 110and Sovereign Wealth Funds
(SWFs), 435tax avoidance, 347, 349and US, 209, 311
Ghana, 248, 254–256, 439Ghana Infrastructure Investment Fund,
439Ghana Petroleum Fund, 439GHG (global health governance),
672–674, 676GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) 361,
364–365, 369–370, 523, 562–563
Gilpin, R., 52, 415Giscard d’Estaing, V., 271Glencore, 578Global Commission on Drugs and
Drug Policy/Health, 14global division of labour and power, see
GDLPglobal economic governance, see GEGGlobal Environment Facility, see GEFGlobal Financial Centre Index,
London, 290global financial crisis, see GFCGlobal Forest Principles, 519GlobalG.A.P agricultural
standard, 527
698 Index
global governance, 75–84and climate change, 383corporate, 177cosmopolitanism, 78–81and emerging powers (EPs), 104,
220, 222–224, 226financial statecraft (FS) and, 29, 31and gender, 635, 637–640and globalisation, 423–426and health, 668hegemonism, 81t, 82–84, 237historical-institutionalist approach,
30legal practice and, 68levels of, 6–7and post-war trade, 61reformism, 78–81statist approach, 142and Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), 386transnationalism, 76–78, 81tand US, 5, 34
global health governance, see GHGGlobal Hunger Index, 13, 391globalisation, 413–426
consequences of, 418–420and cosmopolitanism, 81denial of, 414–416and emerging markets (EMs), 235,
237first and second waves, 654globalist perspective, 416–417governance, 79–80, 423–426hegemonism and, 82and inequality, 234and migration, 594and national economy, 55, 421new regionalism and, 92oriental globalisation, 235qualitative definition, 422figquantitative definition, 414–418and regionalism, 89social consequences, 423
and sustainability, 517as unpopular, 48, 53
global markets and power, 43–55agency, 45–47digital economy, 54–55knowledge economy 52–53strategies, 49–52structure, 47–49
Global Northcolonialism, 156commodities, 579, 580credit scoring, 320energy, 566infrastructure, 505Marxist approach to, 558and migration, 183, 187, 191, 192,
193OECD membership, 354privileges of, 8regionalism, 95tax avoidance, 355water supply, 510
global population, 394Global Risk Institute, 12Global South
capitalism, 5commodities, 573–575, 576, 579credit scoring, 320development, 12digital technology, 16environmental issues, 565fintech, 323governance, 637health, 15impact of climate change, 562market power, 51middle classes, 9–10, 170migration from, 183, 185, 187, 191,
192regionalism, 93, 96sports, 652water security, 503–504, 510–511
global value chains, see GVCs
699 Index
GNPC (Ghana National Petroleum Corporation), 255
gold, 571, 578gold standard, 32, 415Goldman Sachs, 9Google, 51, 54Government Accountability Office, see
GAOgovernmentality, 162, 334, 338Grameen Bank, 641Gramsci, A., 82Gramscian approach, 83
neo-Gramscianism, 128, 524Grand Canal, China, 509Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, see
GERDGreece, 96Green Climate Fund, see GCF‘green growth,’ 46green mercantilism, 517, 522green socialism, 521greenhouse gas emissions, see GHGGreenspan, A., 304‘Groupe Danone,’ 432GSP (Generalised System of Preferences),
157, 158, 159, 292–3Guatemala, crime legislation, 469Gulf of Aden, 489, 491, 492–493Gulf of Guinea, 504GVCs (global value chains), 62, 126,
285, 455, 527, 671
HHarare, Zimbabwe, 509hard currency, 30Harvard Research Draft, 486HDI (Human Development Index),
256, 395–396, 398health and healthcare, 667–678
and class, 172co-regulation, 674corporate actors, 672–674
and economic globalisation 670–672emerging powers (EPs), 675–676global health governance (GHG),
672–674, 676inequality of, 670internationalization of, 669Lower and Middle Income
Countries (LMICs), 669marketization of, 668neoliberalism and, 669–670privatization of, 668–669and restructuring of global economy,
669–672self-regulation, 674
hegemonic stability theory, 46hegemonism, 81t, 82–84Held, D., 416, 417, 426Helleiner, E., 128, 266HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman index), 47High Level Panel of Eminent Persons
on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 380–381, 383
high net worth individuals, see HNWIshistorical institutionalist approach, 30,
69, 106, 108–109HNWIs (high net worth individuals),
350, 354Hobson, J.A., 450Honduras, 469Honeywell, 458Hong Kong, 33, 431Hoover Dam, US, 506, 508Horn of Africa
drought, 383maritime piracy, 485–496
Howard, J., 205Hu Jintao, 539Human Development Index, see HDIHuman Development Report, The rise
of the South 234human trafficking, 186, 188Hungary, 204hunger levels, indicators of, 391
700 Index
IIADB (Inter-American Development
Bank), 257, 320, 321, 324IBC (‘international business company’),
351, 353IBRD (International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development), 31
IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa), 237
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), 487
Iceland, 162ICIJ (International Consortium of
Investigative Journalists), 352–353ICT (Information & communication
technology)IFAD (International Fund for
Agricultural Development), 385–386
IG (internet gambling), 601–611employment, 604regulation, 603transparency, 603–604
IIC (Inter-American Investment Corporation) and Wyman, O., 320, 321
Ikenberry, G.J., 205illegal fishing, 489ILO (International Labour
Organization), 188IMB (International Maritime Bureau),
487–488IMF (International Monetary Fund)
bailout packages, 94, 437Bretton Woods System, 31BRICS, 37capital controls, 143on commodity boom, 571conditionality loans, 124and emerging powers (EPs), 29,
221, 234leadership, 104loss of importance of, 209
and Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), 434
and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 625
study on investment, 178US hegemony, 238World Economic Outlook, 2
IMO (International Maritime Organization), 487
imperialism, 238, 413, 450, 537, 558, 637, 640–641
import substitution, 90imprisonment, 470‘incomplete contracting,’ 64India
border with China, 3Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects, 365Commonwealth Games, 15Competition Commission of India
(CCI), 457commodities and investment, 574cricket, 652diaspora, 191as emerging market (EM), 234–235and energy, 563, 565European Union free trade
agreement, 291growth, 10, 174, 285and Gulf of Aden, 489health, 675hydraulic works, 505Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), 55low-income borrowing, 319middle class and growth, 174Mughal period, 595Narmada Water Project, 507neoliberalism, 128pharmaceutical industry, 573remittance recipient, 193South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC), 94trade negotiations, 5
701 Index
UK trade, 291and World Trade Organization
(WTO), 225 See also BRIC/S; IBSA
Indonesia, 94, 369, 548t, 592industrialization
and commodities, 240–241and competition, 454first, 617and inequality, 176Marx on, 82and migration, 589natural resources and, 535,
537–538, 546, 548, 550and risk, 336
inequality, 176–179globalisation and, 234governance and, 386and health, 670and the law, 68state institutions and, 241water, 503
infectious diseases, spread of, 670inflation
Brexit referendum and, 285China, 401deficit spending and, 104, 110–112,
268and derivatives, 305, 307oil supply, 557Somalia, 490
‘Inflationstrauma,’ Germany, 111informal remittance systems, 193, 195informal sector employment, 173infrastructure
Chinese investment, 37, 246, 247–249, 255, 256, 401–402, 404
digital technology, 626–627diversion of water and, 509Latin America, 549Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)
and, 438sports mega-events (SMEs),
659–660, 662
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 387
US, 505, 508in-prison rehabilitation, 478institutionalist approach, 83, 91, 104,
136, 138insurance, and risk, 333–336Inter-American Development Bank, see
IADBintergovernmental organizations, see
IOsIntergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, see IPCCInternational Bank for Reconstruction
and Development, see IBRD‘international business company’, see
IBCInternational Chamber of Commerce,
see ICCInternational Conference on
Population and Development Guidelines, 643
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, see ICIJ
international economic law, 59–70intergovernmental organizations,
65–66international court systems, 59liberal approach, 69literature, 68market-for-law thesis, 63neoconservative approach, 63non-governmental actors, 65, 66–67political actors, 62–64supply and demand, 63
International Energy Agency, 565International Fund for Agricultural
Development, see IFADInternational Labour Organization, see
ILOInternational Maritime Bureau, see
IMBInternational Monetary Fund, see IMF
702 Index
International Maritime Organization, see IMO
International Olympic Committee, see IOC
International Organization for Migration, see IOM
‘internationally transferred mitigation outcomes’, see ITMOs
International Risk Governance Center, see IRGC
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 306
International Trade Organization, see ITO
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 508, 519
Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor, see IRTC
internet gambling, see IGInternet of Things, see IoTinvestment memes, 233, 234tIOC (International Olympic
Committee), 658–659IOM (International Organization for
Migration), 385IOs (intergovernmental organizations),
62, 64, 69, 222, 224IoT (Internet of Things), 626–628IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change), 363, 366, 562Iran, 34, 186Iraq, 33, 206Ireland, 286, 351–352, 429, 442IRGC (International Risk Governance
Center), 339iron, 436, 542IRTC (Internationally Recommended
Transit Corridor), 493Israel, 191, 478Italy, 32, 587–588ITMOs (‘internationally transferred
mitigation outcomes’), 370ITO (International Trade
Organization), 451
JJapan
Asian financial crisis, 33Chiang Mai Initiative, 96damming projects, 508and European Union, 290foreign direct investment (FDI)
inflows, 36financial statecraft (FS), 27and G7, 32path of inequality, 177semi-autonomous state, 50state-owned domestic tobacco, 675Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206 See also ASEAN+3
Johannesburg, 175, 509JP Morgan EM Bond Index, 243Jubilee Oil Field, Ghana, 254–255justice targets, 386–387Juvenile Breaking the Cycle program,
US, 478
KKamchay Dam, Cambodia, 252–254Katzenstein, P., 105, 141, 158Kazakhstan, 442Kenya
access to sanitation services, 504BitPesa, 319middle class, 178mobile money accounts, 319Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
436trade with UK, 286, 287, 288water availability, 504
Keohane, R. O., 46, 416, 605Keynesianism, 307Khanna, P., 8Kim Jong-Un, 3Kimberley Process Certification
Scheme, see KPCSKiribati, 443Klein, N. 578
703 Index
knowledge economy, 52Kosmos Oil, 254KP (Kyoto Protocol), 360, 361, 362,
364–366, 369KPCS (Kimberley Process Certification
Scheme), 623Krueger, A. 124Krugman, P.R., 453Kuwait, 193, 431–432, 442Kuwait Declaration, 434Kuwait Investment Authority, 431Kuznets, S. 176Kyoto Protocol, see KP
Llabour
collective action, 52and migration, 589–591and production, 50and technological change, 423
LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean) countries, 543, 544, 548t
Lagarde, Christine, 624‘Lagarde List’, 350Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, 508‘land ethic,’ 524–525land use, land-use change, and forestry,
366Laos, 508Latin America
annual infrastructure gap, 549and China, 256, 547, 575and coalition governments, 178competition, 293gross fixed capital formation as a
percentage of GDP, 548thierarchical capitalism, 138homicides, 465–466labour migration, 590left-wing movements, 50legal system, 469Mano Dura and crime prevention,
465–480
middle class, 173, 175natural resources, 535–551neoliberal reforms, 536oil production, 545police abuse, 469post VoC argument, 138prison sentences, 469–470privatisation, 125resource nationalism, 546–547taxation, 546US lending, 36–37Latin America and the Caribbean,
see LACLatin American Commission on Drugs
and Drug Policy/Health, 14law and order, cost-benefit analyses of
472–475Law of Nations, 486LDCs (least-developed countries), 156t
Everything-But-Arms (EBA), 293exports to UK, 287legal criteria, 157–158Paris Accord (PA), 368population growth, 394post-Brexit, 292UNFCCC, 363, 364LDCF (Least Developed Countries
Fund), 362League of Arab States, 364League of Nations, 348, 451least-developed countries, see LDCsLebanon, 186Lee, E., 589Lehman Brothers, 128Lenin, V., 450Lerner Index, 46liability, limited, 310liberal environmentalism, 517, 519,
520, 522–523liberal institutionalist approach,
418–419, 424–425, 426liberal intergovernmentalism, 91liberal internationalist approach, 184liberal international relations theory, 76
704 Index
liberal market economies, see LMEsliberalism, 106, 120, 521‘libertarian paternalism’ approach, 529libor, see London Interbank Offered
RateLibya, 442, 571, 587–588Liechtenstein, 364Like Minded Southern Countries, 364Lisbon Treaty, 283LNG (liquefied natural gas), 255, 490Loíza, Puerto Rico, 477Lomé protocol, 159, 164London and Brexit, 290London Interbank Offered Rate (libor),
578London School of Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine, 676LTCM (long-term capital
management), 301, 304Luxembourg, 350–351‘Lux Leaks’, 350–351
MM&As (mergers and acquisitions), 422,
544machine-learning algorithms, 320, 326Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure,
see MIPmacroprudential approach, 308Mahama, J., 256Malabo Declaration, 399Malawi, 394, 399, 400Malaysia, 94, 236, 319, 442, 548tMaldives, 158Mali, 394Malta, 162, 295managing for development results, 378Manhattan Project, 566Mano Dura, 465–480
core characteristics, 468tcost-benefits, 472–474lack of theory of change, 472
Mantega, G., 113Maputo Declaration, 399Marcona iron ore mine, Peru,
257–258Marcopolo 175marginalization, 76, 83, 322, 417, 507,
640, 656Marine Stewardship Council, see MSCmaritime piracy, 485–496
combatting, 490–495cost of, 490, 493definition of, 486–488historical background, 488off-shore responses, 493prevention of, 52ransom payments, 493use of citadel rooms, 491, 494, 495
Maritime Security Center in the Horn of Africa (MSC-HOA), 492
market-for-law thesis, 63market power, global 43–55
and competition, 448, 449, 450, 452, 457
definition of, 45government influence, 48neo-classical economics, 44and political power, 449, 450
Marshall Plan, 37Marx, K., 582Marxism, 47, 77, 82–84, 121–122,
246, 523, 590material determination, 82, 84Mauritania, 437Mauritius, 160, 287May, T., 1McDonnell Douglas, 51, 458McKinsey & Co. report, 319MDGs (Millennium Development
Goals), 3, 12, 81, 377–379, 380–381
medical tourism, 669MENA (Middle East and North
Africa), 417, 490
705 Index
Mendota Juvenile Treatment Center, US, see MJTC
Mercantilism, 538MERCOSUR (Common Market of the
South), 89, 90, 93, 94–95mergers and acquisitions, see M&Asmethodological statism, 557Mexico
diaspora, 191CureViolence, 477and European Union trade, 290gross fixed capital formation 548thomicide rate, 471labour migration north, 590middle class, 174Pemex, 545as remittance recipient, 193
micro, small and medium enterprises, see MSME
microeconomic approach, 63microfinance, 318, 322–324, 641–644,
646Microsoft, 51middle classes, 169–180
consumption and, 175definitions, 171–173economic measurements of, 171–174emerging, 9, 10and growth, 174–176and health, 15historical, 169–170inequality and, 176–179occupational status definition,
173–174vulnerability, 176
Middle East and North Africa, see MENA
middle powers, 201–212definition of, 203–205‘followership,’ 204and hegemonic orders, 205–207influence, 207–211‘progressive’ causes and, 204
strategic powers and, 204systemic impact approach, 205theory of, 202, 203, 205
migration, 183–196and Cold War, 589–590definition of, 186demand for cheap labour, 591and development, 385diasporas, 189–192, 588–591, 595governance, 188–189‘gravity model,’ 589historical background, 183, 594‘irregular’ or ‘undocumented’ 186, 188push and pull factors, 187, 588–590‘radiation model,’ 589refugees, 185–186remittances, 192–195, 319, 588South-North, 185, 187South-South, 185and technological change, 423and West-centric power, 590and women, 186, 187, 188
Millennium Development Goals, see MDGs
Miller, M., 311–312Milner, H., 105mindware contamination, 529mining, see extractive industryMinniti, M., 587–588MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria
and Turkey), 227Minskyianism, 307MIP (Macroeconomic Imbalance
Procedure), 269MJTC (Mendota Juvenile Treatment
Center), US, 478MNCs (multinational corporations)
and Comparative Capitalism (CC), 142
double taxation, 348emerging markets, 9tax avoidance, 347, 350–352,
354–355
706 Index
mobile payment systems, 319, 323–324
mobile phone use, 319Modi, Narendra, 3Molson, 657–658Monaco, 364Mongolia, 436–437monopolistic competition, 47monopoly, 49monopsony power, 51Mont Pèlerin Society, 120‘moral hazard’ and remittances, 194Moravcsik, A., 106Morgan Stanley Capital International
(see MSCI)Morocco, 443mortality and class, 179Mossack Fonseca, 603Mozambique, 394, 399, 436M-Pesa, 319, 323–324MSC (Marine Stewardship Council),
579MSCI EMF ESG Leaders Index, 243MSCI EM Index, 243MSI (Multi-stakeholder initiative)MSMEs (micro, small and medium
enterprises), 320, 321multidisciplinary approach, 68multilateral creditor negotiating
committees, 36multilateralism, 48, 66, 205, 605“multilevel regulatory capture,” 307multinational corporations, see MNCsMurphy, C. N., 82, 83Murray, D., 434
NNAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement), 89, 90, 93, 97, 671Nairobi Work Programme (NWP), 361Namibia, 436Narmada Water Project, India, 507
National Business Systems framework, 137
National Football League, see NFLnationalism, 2, 48, 53, 297, 505, 521Nationally Determined Contributions,
see NDCsNATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization), 296, 486, 491–492
natural resources, 535–551concentration of, 543institutional reforms, 538Latin America, 547–550metal mining deals, 540–541tprivatization, 544resource nationalism, 546–547response to piracy, 491and sustainability, 518
nature tourism, 581Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust, 438NCDs (non-communicable diseases),
15, 179, 670NDB (New Development Bank), 9, 14,
218, 227, 241NDCs (Nationally Determined
Contributions), 365neoclassical economic approach, 44,
47, 124, 177, 178, 452neo-colonialism, 246, 543, 588neo-Foucauldianism, 122neofunctionalist approach, 91neo-institutionalist approach, 416–417,
426neoliberal feminism, 129neoliberalism, 119–130
concepts of, 6constructivism, 121–122energy security, 557–558export sector, 538financial inclusion, 322–323and gender, 129and globalisation, 48, 235governance and, 81, 126
707 Index
hybridisation of, 129industrial policy, 544and insurance, 335as intellectual movement, 120–121and post-Marxist approach, 122post-positivist approach, 122privatisation, 121public spending, 125reconstitution of state, 127and social change, 129in social sciences, 122and sport, 652and sustainability, 517ties with finance, 127and Transnational Managerial Class
(TMC), 83and water, 513
neo-Marxism, 246, 558–559neorealist approach, 6, 76, 103, 104,
219, 557NEPAD, 399Nepal, 193net international investment position,
see NIIPNetherlands, 286, 287–288, 590network power 48, 53New Basel Accord, 306New Development Bank, see NDB‘new extractivism,’ 537New International Economic Order, see
NIEO‘new-new’ trade theory, 451,
453–454‘New Right,’ 123new regionalism, 6, 89–90, 91, 92–93new trade theory, 453New Zealand, 442, 657NFL (National Football League), 652NFPs (nurse-family partnerships),
474NGOs (non-governmental
organisations), 67, 77, 80–81, 368, 425, 496, 642
Niamey, Niger, 175NICE (‘non-inflationary constant
expansion’), 305NIEO (New International Economic
Order), 159Niger, 175, 235, 394, 397, 399Nigeria, 5, 9, 193, 225, 319,
400, 443NIIP (net international investment
position), 271–280Nike Foundation, ‘Girl Effect’
campaign, 641, 642Nokia, 559non-communicable diseases, see NCDsnon-governmental organisations, see
NGOs‘non-inflationary constant expansion’,
see NICE‘non-traditional security,’ 13Nordic Europe, 241norms, importance of, 77–78North America, 185, 590North American Free Trade Agreement,
see NAFTANorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, see
NATONorth East Asia, 241Norway
European Union trade, 290in-prison rehabilitation, 478Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
431, 435, 437, 440, 442, 549state drug authorities, 51–52windfall profits, 548
nurse-family partnerships, see NFPsNWP, see Nairobi Work Programme
OObama, B., 34, 113, 369occidental globalisation, 235ODA (official development assistance),
12, 34, 192
708 Index
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Basel Accord and, 306on digital economy, 54global tax governance, 346–347,
349, 353Harmful Tax Competition project,
349Inclusive Framework, 355‘New Rules of the Global Tax
Agenda,’ 354–355Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
433, 435, 439OECD-DAC model (Organisation of
Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Committee), 379
OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States), 606
OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation), 348
OFCs (Offshore Financial Centres), 601, 602–605
‘Panama Papers,’ 350, 353, 603‘Paradise Papers,’ 350, 352
official development assistance, see ODA
offshore jurisdictions, 601–602Offshore Leaks, 350, 352–353offshore markets, 421oil industry
crude oil prices 1950–2016, 556figexports, 538Ghana, 254–256imports, 247, 248Latin America, 545and maritime piracy, 489, 490 See also OPEC (Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries)Olifants River Basin, South Africa, 503oligopoly, 49Olympic Games, 15, 653, 658–662O’Malley, P., 334
Oman, 443O’Neill, J., 9, 218–219OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries), 49, 364, 572
Open Society Foundations, 386optimal tariff theory, 452ordoliberalism, 120–121, 450Organisation of Eastern Caribbean
States, see OECSOrganisation for European Economic
Co-operation, see OEECorganised crime, 13–14Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries, see OPECoriginate-to-distribute banking model,
306Ottoman Empire, 594–595
PPA (Paris Accord), 2, 367–369, 382Pakistan, 186Palestine, 443Panama, 174Paris Accord, see PApath-dependence, 30PBoC (People’s Bank of China), 35Peace Management Initiative, 477Peace Management Initiative,
Kingston, Jamaica, 477Peace of Westphalia, 80People’s Bank of China, see PBoCPeople’s Republic of China, see ChinaPeople’s Revolutionary Democratic
Front, Ethiopia, see EPRDFPermanent Court of Arbitration, 59Pernambuco, Brazil, 476Peru
elites, 258exports, 257gross fixed capital formation, 548tmining, 256–258, 543, 544
709 Index
neoliberalism, 256taxation, 546
pharmaceutical and hospital sectors, 15Philippines, 94, 191, 193, 204, 548tPhocylides, 169, 170Piketty, T., 176–177pilgrimage and trade routes, historical,
595Pinochet, A., 121platforms, digital, 54–55Polanyianism, 127Population Dynamics in the Post-2015
Development Agenda: Report of the Global Thematic Consultation on Population Dynamics, 385
populism, 53, 184, 241, 297, 418, 454, 468
portfolio capital flows, 35, 192, 193, 249
postcolonialism, 156, 159, 160, 588Potanin, V., 660–661power, 44–45, 49, 50
See also hegemonismPrebisch-Singer hypothesis, 537precautionary principle and risk, 338precedent, legal, 64precision agriculture, 361predatory pricing, 50preferential trade agreements, see PTAsprice formation, 46primitives, 302Prison Entrepreneurship Program, US,
478private protectionism, 453privatization
China and, 401, 536, 544of healthcare, 668, 669mining industry, 256, 545neoliberalism and, 121, 123,
125–126and regionalism, 93of water, 581
probability 334, 335production, internationalisation of,
126protectionism
and competition policy, 452, 453European Union and, 291G20 on, 113rise in, 48US, 90, 97, 128, 237, 291World Trade Organization (WTO)
on, 527Xi Jinping on, 155
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 188
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 188
PTAs (preferential trade agreements), 452, 456–457
public debt, 110–112, 115, 268, 269figpublic transport, 175Putin, V., 3, 660, 661
QQatar, 431, 432, 435, 442, 490QE (quantitative easing), 28, 112, 113,
240, 243, 268, 275
Rracial equality, 77–78rare-earth elements (REE), 49Ras Al Khaimah, 443rational choice institutionalism, 137rationality and law, 63Reagan, R., 124, 652realist approach, 77, 94, 414–416,
418fig, 426, 522RED (‘reducing emissions from
deforestation’), 366
710 Index
REDD (‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’), 366
REDD+, 366, 367, 369–370, 582redistributionism, 177, 178REE, see rare-earth elementsrefugee crisis, European Union, 96regionalism, 89–98
and commodities, 574and European Union (EU),
90–91and globalisation, 422–423regional agreements, 62, 65, 237regional hegemon, 92–93
regulation perspective, 138relative-income measures of class, 173,
176, 178remittances, 192–195, 319, 588resource curse, 248, 398, 536‘ring fencing,’ 604Rio+20 Conference, 379Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 473, 476
Olympic Games, 661–662‘rise of the rest,’ 235risk, 331–341
as context, 336–339aversion, 333–336dimension of, 332–333evaluation, 338–339and global crises, 340–341mitigation and prevention, 335power and knowledge, 332as social construction, 331–332systemic, 210, 304, 309, 325
risk management, 337risk society, 336–337risk triangle, 339–340Rodrik, D., 126Roessler, F., 61‘rollback’ and neoliberalism, 126Rome, Italy, 503, 505Rousseff, D., 112, 113RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front), 161
RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), 579
rule of law, 61rural areas and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), 385–386
Russia, 34, 94, 193, 235, 429, 431, 442–443
See also BRICs; BRICSRwanda, 160–161, 394, 399, 431
Rwandan Patriotic Front, see RPF
SSAARC (South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation), 94
SADC (Southern African Development Conference), 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 293
safe assets, 266–271Saint Lucia, 288, 293Samoa, 158Sana’a, Yemen, 504sanctions, 27, 30, 33–34, 37, 77, 296,
429sanitation, 386, 503, 504, 505, 506San Pedro Sula, Honduras 477Santiago Principles, see GAPP
(Generally Accepted Principles and Practices)
São Paulo, Abrindo Espaços (Open Schools) Programme, 476
Sao Tome and Principe, 443Sarkozy, N., 128SAS, see Small Arms SurveySaudi Arabia, 28, 193, 432, 442, 549savings rates, 111–112SCCF (Special Climate Change Fund),
362Schäuble, W., 113Schwab, K., 221, 616, 618–619, 620
711 Index
SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), 377–388
implementation, 387–388on migration, 188Report 2016, 388rural areas, 385–386social concerns, 385success of, 12
SDRs (Special Drawing Rights), IMF loans, 38
SDSN (Sustainable Development Solutions Network), 381, 385
Second Industrial Revolution, 618, 619semi-autonomous state, 50Senegal, 319service economy, 655sexual exploitation, 186‘shadow’ banking system, 308Shanghai Cooperation Organization,
237Shougang Corporation, 257–258SIDS (small island developing states),
156Sierra Leone, 397–398Singapore, 33, 160, 290, 431, 442Sinohydro, 252–254Sinopec, 248, 254–255slavery, modern, 186SLDCs (Small and Least-Developed
Countries), 155–166and agency, 163defined by, 156developmentalism, 160–161post-war, 157–160resilience, 162state bureaucracy, 161systemic vulnerability, 161–165
slum dwellings, 510–511Small and Least-Developed Countries,
see SLDCssmall and medium-size enterprises, see
MSMEsSmall Arms Survey (SAS), 14
small data, credit scoring, 320–321small developing states, 155, 158small island developing states, see SIDSsmallholder farms, 392–393, 398, 399,
511‘smart’ consumer goods, 627–628‘Smart Economics,’ 642‘Smarter Economics,’ 642–643SMEs (sports mega-events), 653,
658–662SMEs (state-permeated market
economies), 143, 521SNM (Somali National Movement), 489Sochi Winter Olympics, 659–660social movements, 76–78, 81tSocial Structures of Accumulation
(SSA) approach, 143‘soft’ profit-seeking, 46Solomon, S., 503, 507, 508Somali National Movement, see SNMSomalia
maritime piracy, 487–495population growth, 394
South Africa‘African’ capitalism, 5apartheid, 77–78borrowing from formal institutions,
319European Union trade, 293and G20, 225health, 675Southern African Development
Conference (SADC), 94, 95sanctions, 77Trade, Development and
Cooperation Agreement (TDCA), 95
water inequality, 503 See also BRICS; IBSA
South America, leftist governments, 128
South Asia, agricultural productivity, 401
712 Index
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, see SAARC
Southern African Development Community, see SADC
South Korea, 12, 50, 94, 290, 364, 442, 548t, 675
See also ASEAN+3South-South cooperation, 3, 543South-South migration, 185, 193South-South trade, 573, 575sovereign-to-sovereign loans, 30Sovereign Wealth Funds, see SWFssovereignty
China, 212Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts (SUA), 487cosmopolitanism and, 80delegation of, 69emerging powers (EPs) and, 225and globalisation, 421and liberalism, 106Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs)
and, 601Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)
and, 432Soviet Union, 31, 84, 508Soweto, 175‘Soziale Marktwirtschaft’ Germany, 111Special Climate Change Fund, see
SCCFSpecial Drawing Rights, see SDRssports 651–662
branding and sponsorship, 656–658and globalisation, 654–656and identity, 653, 656and media, 653and migration, 655multinational corporations (MNCs),
656sports mega-events, see SMEs
SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa)conflict and instability, 397–398Chinese aid, 37
crop productivity, 392, 398demography, 394, 397dependency rates, 404employment, 403extractive industries, 397family farming, 393fragile states, 391impact of maritime piracy, 490mobile phone use, 319neoliberal development, 322population, 392, 394, 404poverty, 394, 397, 404–405rural food insecurity, 392–393smallholder farmers, 392–393subsistence farming, 400water use per capita, 503
SSA approach, see Social Structures of Accumulation
STABEX, 159state–firm coordination, 50state-owned enterprises, 50statist approach, 142, 452, 526Steinbrück, P., 112St Kitts and Nevis, 288Stolper-Samuelson theorem, 48Structural Adjustment Programmes,
247structural-material determinism, 161SUA (Convention for the Suppression
of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation), 487
Sub-Saharan Africa, see SSAsubsistence farming, 400Sudan, 248, 257suicide, 322sukuk lending (sharia-compliant), 319surveillance, 335Susa, Iraq, 301sustainability, 517–530
and certified trade, 526–529governance of, 517–518,
525–529
713 Index
Sustainable Development Goals, see SDGsSustainable Development Solutions
Network, see SDSNSWFs (Sovereign Wealth Funds),
429–443Forum of, 434global, 433–439growth of, 440International Working Group
(IWG), 434non-democratic countries, 430OECD countries, 431total assets, 429
Switzerland, 193, 290, 364, 433SYSMIN, 159
TTaiwan, 675Tajikistan, 193Tanzania, 319, 394tariffs, 48, 50tax avoidance, 345–356, 350–352
and derivatives, 311–312banking regulations and, 578and concealment, 347corporate practices, 350definition of, 346developing countries, 353–356intermediaries and individuals,
352–353and Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD), 349
and Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs), 603
as societal problem, 349–350tax evasion definition, 346tax fraud definition, 346
taxationCommon Reporting Standard
(CRS), 349Currency Transaction Tax, 14
historical background, 348–349and investment, 178and OFCs, 603
Technology Mechanism (TM), 361Temasek, 435Tencent, 55TF, see transparency frameThailand, 94, 204, 548t, 675Thatcher, M., 123, 652Thick Globalisation, 417, 426Thin Globalisation, 417Third Industrial Revolution, 618, 619‘tied aid,’ 30Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund, 438TM, see Technology MechanismTMC (Transnational Managerial
Class), 83tobacco industry, 3, 675–676Tobin Tax, 14Togo, ‘Nana Benz,’ 175Tonga, 193tourism, 253–254, 490TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), 97, 206Trade Facilitation Agreement, 66trade unions, 124, 125, 258, 259, 423tragedy of the commons, 518Transatlantic Trade and Investment
Partnership, see TTIPTransnational Managerial Class, see
TMCtransnationalist approach, 48, 76–78,
81t, 418fig, 419–423Trans-Pacific Partnership, see TPPTranspacific Stabilization Agreement, 52transparency
blockchain and, 621–623and corruption, 437cryptocurrencies and, 623, 625derivative trading, 302, 309internet gambling (IG) and, 603legal development and, 67and middle class definition, 172power and, 45, 48
714 Index
transparency frame (TF), 368Treaty of Rome, 51TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), 52, 605
Trudeau, J., 3Trump, D.
and Dodd-Frank Act, 308on environmental issues, 2and global governance, 12, 34protectionism, 1, 90, 97, 155, 211,
237on trade wars, 53and unilateralism, 3, 206and World Trade Organization
(WTO), 611Trust Fund to Support Initiatives of
States Countering Piracy off the Somali coast, 495–496
TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership), 6, 97
Tuek Chhu, Cambodia, 253Tunisia, 174Turkey, 12, 186, 204, 290turnkey contracts, 252–253
UUAE (United Arab Emirates), 193,
431, 432, 442, 443, 549UG, see Umbrella GroupUganda
access to sanitation services, 504BitPesa, 319oil exports, 574population growth, 394refugee host, 186resource abundance and weak
institutions, 248Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
436water availability, 504
UK (United Kingdom)and Africa, Caribbean and Pacific
(ACP), 287, 288canal building, 509development assistance, 292, 379Economic Development Strategy,
292exports, 285, 289financial services, 290free trade agreements (FTAs) outside
EU, 291growth rate, 285miners’ strike, 123–124path of inequality, 177post-Brexit trade, 286–287privatisation, 123residential mortgage market, 339–340services-based economy, 290sports, 655–656trade flows, 286; see also Brexit
Umbrella Group, (UG) 364UN (United Nations)
Agenda 21, 359–360Agenda 2030, 188, 377–388Commission on Sustainable
Development., 519Department of Political Affairs
(DPA), 495development goals, 3‘High-level Dialogue on
International Migration and Development’, 188
and migration, 184, 188, 590Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office
(MTFO), 366‘New York Declaration for Refugees
and Migrants,’ 189Recommendations on Statistics of
International Migration, 186response to piracy, 489, 491Security Council, 486Statement of Forest Principles, 359
715 Index
System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda, 379–380
taxation, 348‘Women’s Empowerment Principles
Forum,’ 643World Commission on Environment
and Development, 518 See also MDGs (Millennium
Development Goals)UN Convention on Biological
Diversity, 359UN Convention on Combatting
Desertification, 359UN Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean, see ECLAC
UNASUR (Union of South American Nations), 90, 95
‘unbanked’ population, 318–319, 320, 326
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development), 359, 519
UNCHE (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment), 518
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) 486–487
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 142, 158, 575
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), 243, 366
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme), 363, 366, 518, 565
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 475
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), 359–370
Climate Change Secretariat (CCS), 361, 362
Conference of the Parties (COP), 361, 363–364, 365, 367, 382
focus of, 365historical mechanisms, 364–365institutional structures and
processes, 360–363on reduction in greenhouse gas
(GHG), 562support sustainable development
(SDM), 367state and non-state actors, 363–364Subsidiary Body for Implementation
(SBI), 361Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technical Advice (SBSTA), 361transparency and accountability,
368–369 See also PA (Paris Accord)
Unilever, 284UNIPEC (China International United
Petroleum & Chemicals Co.), 255
United Arab Emirates, see UAEUnited Nations Conference on Trade
and Development, see UNCTADUnited Nations Human Development
Programme, 562United Nations Model Tax
Convention, 355United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction, 562United Nations Office of Drugs and
Crime, 495UN-Water, 386Union of South American Nations, see
UNASURurbanization, 82, 510–511Uruguay, 174Uruguay Round, 52, 159, 208, 221; see
also, WTO
716 Index
US (United States)antitrust practice, 51, 453and Australia, 205–206bilateral trade agreements, 97Bretton Woods Conference, 31–32capital markets, 34–35Chamber of Commerce, 113and China, 36, 113–114crime prevention, 476–478competition, 51, 451currency, 8, 32, 33, 36, 104, 113,
265–268, 271, 277–278damming, 506development aid, 33–34, 324, 379digital economy, 55distribution of world financial assets,
276figemission reduction targets, 369era of unipolarity, 206export lobby, 113financial globalisation, 275fiscal deficits, 269financial statecraft (FS), 31–35and G7, 32and global financial crisis (GFC),
11, 104, 270global governance, 5, 8–9, 33, 34,
210global health, 15hegemony, 127, 201, 203, 204–207hydraulic works, 505, 508, 509–510imports, 542innovation, 52and internet gambling (IG), 602Kyoto Protocol (KP), 369law, 63liberalism, 111loss of trade surplus, 32macroeconomic rules, 238middle class, 174and middle powers, 209migrant labour, 591multinational corporations (MNCs),
351
neoliberalism, 124National Intelligence Council, 8(neo)realist approach, 557net international investment
position (NIIP), 272fig–279nuclear security, 91outstanding sectoral liabilities,
279figpath of inequality, 177and piracy, 486, 491protectionism, 97, 128, 237, 291public debt, 110–113remittance outflow, 193response to piracy, 491revenue from privatisation, 126safe assets, 271–275sanctions, 34, 429savings rate, 111, 112shadow banking system, 267social enterprise movement,
525–526and South Africa, 77Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)
431, 433sports, 655subprime-mortgage market, 33, 128tariffs, 32, 291tax avoidance, 311, 352trade deficit, 36, 113–114, 271and UK trade post-Brexit, 291unilateralism, 206water use per capita, 503Wire Act, 608and World Trade Organization
(WTO), 605–611US Naval Forces Central Command
(NAVCENT), 491
VValue-at-Risk (VaR) systems, 306‘vapour shift,’ 511‘Varieties of Capitalism’ approach, see
VoC
717 Index
Venezuela, 543, 547Vietnam, 443, 548tVision 2020, 236VoC (‘Varieties of Capitalism’)
approach, 135, 136–139, 521CMEs (coordinated market
economies), 106, 136–138, 143LMEs (liberal market economies),
106, 136–138, 143state-permeated market economies,
see SMEsVodacom, 319Volcker rule, 308
WWall Street Journal, The, 242Walmart, 55Warsaw International Mechanism for
Loss and Damage (WIM), 361Washington consensus, 235, 238water, 501–514
and agriculture, 511–512availability in the tropics, 504commodification of, 512–513and development, 512–513and development 506diverting, 509–510insecurity, 13irrigation, 505, 511–512and power, 503–506privatization, 581scarcity of, 502–503and Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), 386urban, 510–511urban/rural division, 504
Water-Energy-Food nexus, 512WCD (World Commission on Dams),
508WEF (World Economic Forum), 12,
53, 155, 502, 512Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure
Development Project, 254
Western Europe, privatisation, 125WHO (World Health Organization),
15, 221, 668, 676WilderHill Nex, 564wildlife trade, illegal, 576Williams, S., 652WIM, see Warsaw International
Mechanism for Loss and Damage
windfall profits, 546, 548–549WMO (World Meteorological
Organisation), 363World Bank
Bretton Woods Conference, 31and BRICS, 37Carbon Fund, 366conditionality loans, 124on damming, 508Emissions Reduction Programmes
(ERPs), 367Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
(FCPF), 366Gender Action Plan, 642gender analysis, 129Global Financial Inclusion (Findex)
Database, 318governance and, 126, 195, 243International Finance Corporation
324and Latin America, 479psychometric credit scoring, 324Readiness Fund, 366on Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),
440on water shortage, 512
World Commission on Dams, see WCD
World Economic Forum, see WEFWorld Health Organization, see WHOWorld Meteorological Organisation, see
WMOworld systems theory, 537World Value Survey, see WVSWorld War I, 450
718 Index
WTO (World Trade Organization)amicus curiae briefs, 67Appellate Body, 66and BICs, 224and Brexit, 284Committee on Trade and
Environment (CTE), 527compulsory jurisdiction, 66Dispute Settlement Body, 64and emerging powers (EPs), 221, 225European Union and, 95food security, 13formation of, 159and GATT, 208governance role, 60and IG (internet gambling), 602,
603, 604, 605–611international economic legal
development, 65–66leadership candidate, 104and least-developed countries
(LDCs), 158most-favoured nation (MFN) tariffs,
289neoliberalism, 126, 128
post-Brexit, 287on protectionism, 527regulations, 50, 165tobacco industry, 671, 675US hegemony, 238
WVS (World Value Survey), 111
XXE Corporation, 494xiaokang (‘moderate prosperity’), 170Xi Jinping, 3, 53, 155, 170, 207,
237
YYang Jiechi, 212Yaoundé protocol, 158
ZZambia, 246, 394, 399, 436‘zero tolerance’ policies, 467–468Zimbabwe, 399, 508, 573Zoellick, R., 609