INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
What is individual behaviour?
How do biographical characteristics affect individual behaviour?
Role of ability in individual behaviour.
“There’s beauty in individual differences”
Individual behaviour
Both innate factors and Environmental factors affects our behavior. (Lewin, 1951)
B=f (P, E)
where: B=Behavior P=Person (innate), and E=Environment
BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
AgeGenderMarital statusTenure Dependent variables:I. Productivity (Job performance)II. AbsenteeismIII. TurnoverIV. Job satisfaction
ABILITIES
AbilityAn individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.
Intellectual AbilityThe capacity to do mental activities.
Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:
cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
TYPES OF ABILITY
Intellectual Ability1) Verbal Ability2) Numerical Ability3) Reasoning Ability4) Deductive Ability5) Memory6) Spatial Ability7) Perceptual Ability
Physical Ability1) Motor Skills (e.g.
reaction time, dexterity)2) Physical Skills (e.g.
strength, endurance)
PHYSICAL ABILITIES
The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Employee’sEmployee’sAbilitiesAbilities
Job’s AbilityJob’s AbilityRequirementsRequirements
Employee’sEmployee’sAbilitiesAbilities
Job’s AbilityJob’s AbilityRequirementsRequirementsABILITY -
JOB FIT
Ability-Job Fit using Human Resource Management
Selection
Placement
Training AND Rewards
LEARNINGLearning-Any relatively permanent
change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Learning(a)Involves change
(b)Is relatively permanent
(c)Is acquired through experiencing
Learning is defined by the outward expression of new behaviors
Focuses solely on observable behaviors
A biological basis for learning
Learning is context-independent
THEORIES OF LEARNING
BEHAVIOURISM
Confined to observable and measurable behavior
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov
Operant Conditioning - Skinner
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY
S R
A stimulus is presented in order to get a response:
IVAN PAVLOV,S EXPERIMENT
Measured accurately the amount of saliva sectreted by a dog.
Presented meat- noticeable salivation No meat,only bell-no salivation Ring bell,then show food- salivation on
hearing bell Hear bell,no food-salivation occrred
FOUR ELEMENTS
Unconditioned Stimulus(US)-meat Caused the dog to react in a specific way Unconditioned response(UR)-noticeable
increase in salivation(whenever US given)
Conditioned stimulus(CS)-the bell The object that initially does not bring the
desired response Conditioned response(CR) A conditoned behaviour that the organism
learns to produce
THEORIES OF LEARNING
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Key Concepts
Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Behaviour is a function of consequences. Behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively
unthinking manner People learn to associate stimulus and their
response
Conditioning stimulus-response (S-R) associations through reinforcement
Shaping behaviour through selective reinforcement
Skinner’s Learning Theory
REINFORCEMENT
Anything that increases the strength of the response and tends to induce repetitions of the behaviour that preceded the reinforcement.
Is an environmental event that follows a response
Schedule of Reinforcement
Fixed-ratio
THEORIES OF LEARNING(CONT.)
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience.
Key Concepts-Learning occurs in two steps-
Person observes how others act-acquires a mental picture-bears consequences
Person acts out of certain image,if+ve consequences-tend to do again
-s
Grew out of Cognitivism
A. Bandura (1973)
Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences
Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
Four Processes to determine the influence....
Attentional process-when people recognize and pay attention-they learn.
Retention process- how well the individual remembers the model's action
Motor reproduction process- Observation turns into action. Individual performs the modeled activities.
Reinforcement process- exhibit modeled behaviour if rewards occur and vice versa
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
Positive reinforcementProviding a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcementRemoving an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs.
PunishmentApplying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
undesirable behavior.
ExtinctionWithholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its
cessation.
BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATIONOB Mod
The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
a) Identify critical behaviors
b)Develop baseline data
c) Identify behavioral consequences
d)Develop and apply intervention
e) Evaluate performance improvement
Organisational Applications
Well Pay versus Sick PayReduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
Employee DisciplineThe use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training ProgramsOB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-managementReduces the need for external management control.