Introduction to the Periodic Table
I am Dmitri Mendeleev!
I made the PERIODIC TABLE !
Periodic Table -HistoryDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
1st modern periodic table arranged elements by atomic mass number
predicted the presence missing elements
elements of similar properties were stacked on top of each other
Periodic Table -History
Henry Moseley (1911) Discovered atomic number arrange by atomic numberCorrected error with properties of the elements Tellurium atomic number 52 and Iodine atomic number 53.
Periodic TablePeriodic - things that have a regular repeating pattern
Periodic Table of Elements - an arrangement of elements in order of their atomic number so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column
Periodic Table
Zig - Zag Line - Thick bold line that separates metals from nonmetals.
What is the PERIODIC TABLE?
oShows all known elements in the universe.
oOrganizes the elements by chemical properties.
But what is an element?
An element is matter that is made entirely from one type of atom.
But what is matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Main Components of the AtomProton p+
Electron e-
Neutron n0
(Nucleus- p+ and n0)
Atomic Terminology
Atomic Number - # of protons in the atomAtomic Weight – equals the # of protons and the # of neutronsIsotopes – atoms with the same # of protons, but a different # of neutrons
Electron Shells –layers or orbits surrounding the nucleus where electrons exist
1st shell has two electrons, 2nd and 3rd shell has eight, larger numbers of electrons fill the outer shells
Atoms/elements are more stable if their outer shell is full.
How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE?
What is the ATOMIC NUMBER?oThe number of
protons found in the nucleus of an atom
OroThe number of
electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
What is the SYMBOL?
oAn abbreviation of the element name.
What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?
oThe average number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
How do I find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element using the periodic table?
o # of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC WEIGHT NUMBER
Now you are almost as smart as I am!
But not as handsome!Man, I look GOOD!
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
What is an ELEMENT?
oA substance composed of a single kind of atom.
oCannot be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means.
What is a COMPOUND?
oA substance in which two or more different elements are CHEMICALLY bonded together.
What is a MIXTURE?
oTwo or more substances that are mixed together but are NOT chemically bonded.
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
How are elements arranged on the Periodic Table?
1st, by atomic number, small at the top, large at the bottom
2nd, by the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom, arranged in vertically columns called groups
3rd, by the number of electron shells in the atom, arranged in horizontal rows called periods
Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups
Horizontally Into Periods
The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells
Be (Beryllium)
Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom
The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron containing shells
K (Potassium)
AtomFe (Iron) Atom
Kr (Krypton)
Atom
4th Shell
Alkali Metals
Soft, silvery colored metals
Very reactive!!!
Alkali Metals reacting with water:
Li (Lithium)Na (Sodium)K (Potassium)Rb (Rubidium)Cs (Cesium)
What would you expect from Francium?!?!
Alkaline Earth Metals
Silvery-White Metals
Fairly reactive
Many are found in rocks in the earth’s crust
Transition Metals
Malleable (easily bent/hammered into wires or sheets)
Most are good Conductors of electricity
How many things can you think of that have Transition Metals in them?
How many things can you think of that have Transition Metals in them?
Metalloids lie on left side of these “zig-zag line”
They share properties with both metals and non-metals
Si (Silicon) and Ge (Germanium) are very important “semi-conductors”
What are semiconductors used in?
Nonmetals
Brittle
Do not conduct electricity
Most are Poisonous
Fairly reactive
Halogens
Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I.
It was used by the Nazis in World War II.
Unreactive
Gases at room temperature
Noble Gases
Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger
Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes:Ne (Neon): orange-red
Hg (Mercury): light blue
Ar (Argon): pale lavender
He (Helium): pale peach
Kr (Krypton): pale silver
Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue
Lanthanide SeriesActinide Series
The lanthanide series is a group of transition elements that have chemical properties similar to lanthanum. Lanthanide metals are also referred to as rare-earth metals. All the members of this series are silvery-white with a metallic lustre, and like all other metals, are malleable and ductile. These elements all have unfilled inner 4f electron orbitals.
The actinide series consists of 14 radioactive elements, most of which have been synthetically produced by chemists in the laboratory. The elements in this series all have chemical properties similar to actinium. The actinides have unfilled inner 5f electron orbitals.