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NORTH AMERICANNORTH AMERICAN
REGIONSREGIONSIV. Ozark Plateau
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KeyKey
n Red-Term to define and remembern Yellow-Place to locate and remembern
Green-Resource to know andremembern Bright Green-Agricultural product
(crop) to remembern White , Blue and Brown - Narration to
help understanding
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P i e d m o n t
P i e d m o n t
R i d g e a n d V a l l e y
R i d g e a n d V a l l e y
P l a
t e a u
P l a t
e a u
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Lost Valley, ArkansasLost Valley, Arkansas
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From Bell Mountain, MissouriFrom Bell Mountain, Missouri
Note: the horizon is flat, therefore it’sNote: the horizon is flat, therefore it’saa plateau plateau
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From Bell Mountain, MissouriFrom Bell Mountain, Missouri
The valleys are caused by water eroding theThe valleys are caused by water eroding thePlateau.Plateau.
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Dendritic Dendritic drainage—drainage—typical of typical of an eroded an eroded
plateau plateau
• The dark places are trees.The dark places are trees.• What type of topography would What type of topography would
have trees? have trees? • Therefore: the slopes of the ridgesTherefore: the slopes of the ridgesare dark.are dark.• The flat spots are on top of theThe flat spots are on top of theridges.ridges.
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Ridges of the Ozark Plateau inRidges of the Ozark Plateau inWinter Winter
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LimestoneLimestone
What kind of rock makes up most of theWhat kind of rock makes up most of the
Ozark Plateau? Ozark Plateau?
Which canWhich candissolve indissolve in
water,water,formingforming
underground underground . . .. . .
Photo b NCGE Photo b NCGE
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CavesCavesWhich, as they enlarge, can collapse forming . . .Which, as they enlarge, can collapse forming . . .
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SinkholesSinkholesHa Ha Tonka State ParkHa Ha Tonka State Park
• Sometimes water runs through these caverns,Sometimes water runs through these caverns,• emerging at low spots as . . .emerging at low spots as . . .
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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SpringsSprings
Big SpringBig Spring , near Van Buren, Mo. , near Van Buren, Mo.
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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KarstKarstTopographyTopography
n Limestone• Dissolves in
water…n
Caves• Collapse forming…n Sinkholes
• Which can ben
Dryn Filled with
water
• Or water flows outvia
n Springs
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Mammoth Spring, ArkansasMammoth Spring, Arkansas
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Welch Spring, Shannon Co. Mo.Welch Spring, Shannon Co. Mo.
http://www.umsl.edu/~joellaws/ozark_caving/springs/jspring.html http://www.umsl.edu/~joellaws/ozark_caving/springs/jspring.html
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Round Spring, Shannon Co. Mo.Round Spring, Shannon Co. Mo.
http://www.umsl.edu/~joellaws/ozark_caving/springs/jspring.html http://www.umsl.edu/~joellaws/ozark_caving/springs/jspring.html
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Alley Spring, MissouriAlley Spring, Missouri
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What is theWhat is the
purpose of the purpose of the
building? building?
MillMillNote the water Note the water
cress.cress.
A sign of unpolluted A sign of unpolluted water water
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Mill Water Wheel Mill Water Wheel Used for grinding grainUsed for grinding grain
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Bollinger MillBollinger Mill
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Alley SpringAlley Spring
Note theNote theerosion of theerosion of the
plateau plateau
caused by thecaused by theriver.river.
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Jacks Fork River Jacks Fork River
Missouri streams are unique.Missouri streams are unique.The spring fed, chert andThe spring fed, chert and
limestone bottomed riverslimestone bottomed rivershave a fauna like nowherehave a fauna like nowhereelse.else.
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What is going on here?What is going on here?
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
GladeGlade
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Victoria Glades, Jefferson Co.Victoria Glades, Jefferson Co.
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Juniper (“cedar”) trees Juniper (“cedar”) trees Associated with limestone Associated with limestone
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You can seeYou can seethat thethat thelimestone islimestone is
too close to thetoo close to thesurface for thesurface for thetree to root.tree to root.
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Here the soil isHere the soil isthinner due to anthinner due to anoutcrop of outcrop of limestone.limestone.
Here the soilHere the soilis thicker.is thicker.
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That leads to theThat leads to thelines following thelines following the
contours in thesecontours in theseglades.glades.
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TheThe poor soilpoor soil leadsleadsto these stuntedto these stunted
Black-eyedBlack-eyedSusans.Susans.
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Other flowersOther flowersmanage to survive.manage to survive.
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Others thrive in theOthers thrive in theshade of the valleys.shade of the valleys.
Poison IvyPoison Ivy
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Witch HazelWitch Hazel
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Some animals also live here . . .Some animals also live here . . .
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DefinitionsDefinitionsn Plateau – a relatively flat elevated arean Cave – a void in subterranean limestonen Sinkhole – a collapsed caven Spring – water that flows from the groundn Mill – a factory using water powern Glade – an unforested space in the Ozarks
with thin soil
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Note that the horizon is not quite flat.Note that the horizon is not quite flat.
Saint Francois MountainsSaint Francois Mountains
Not all of the Ozarks is limestone.Not all of the Ozarks is limestone.
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TheThe St. Francois MountainsSt. Francois Mountains arearesimilar to the Canadian Shield.similar to the Canadian Shield.They are very old andThey are very old and
composed of igneous andcomposed of igneous and
metamorphic rock.metamorphic rock.But they are unglaciated.But they are unglaciated.
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Elephant RocksElephant Rocks
What kind of rock?What kind of rock?
GraniteGranite
TheseTheseunusualunusual
shapes wereshapes wereformed byformed by
weathering.weathering.
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This hardThis hardigneousigneous
rock is . . .rock is . . .
basaltbasalt
It weathersIt weathersvery slowly,very slowly,
causingcausing
rapids in therapids in the
stream.stream.
Pickle Creek in Hawn StatePickle Creek in Hawn StatePark.Park.
Only in the Ozarks do we call rapidsOnly in the Ozarks do we call rapids
shut-ins.shut-ins.
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What would you do here?What would you do here?
Note the clarity of the waterNote the clarity of the water
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No, you shouldn’t!No, you shouldn’t!
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Taum SaukTaum Sauk Reservoir Reservoir
Taum SaukTaum Sauk Mountain in theMountain in the St. FrancoisSt. FrancoisMountainsMountains is the highest point in theis the highest point in the
state. (1772’)state. (1772’)
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The Black RiverThe Black River
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The Black River The Black River below the shut-inbelow the shut-in
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Cultural Uses Of the OzarkCultural Uses Of the OzarkPlateauPlateau
n Forestryn Agriculturen Miningn Recreation
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LumberingLumbering• Pine was thePine was the
most commonmost commontimber tree, buttimber tree, buthad been mostlyhad been mostlyremoved by theremoved by the
late 1800’s.late 1800’s.• NowNow oakoak andandhickoryhickory are theare themost commonmost commonspeciesspecies
A sawmill is not necessarily a largeA sawmill is not necessarily a large
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Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
oakoak
A sawmill is not necessarily a largey gcapital investment.capital investment.
h h l d h b lN h h l d h b l
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MulesMules
Note that the land has been recentlyNote that the land has been recentlycleared, exposing the soil.cleared, exposing the soil.
Soil quality is . . .Soil quality is . . .
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
poor.poor.
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goatsgoats
Note the soil!Note the soil!
Bits of limestone and chertBits of limestone and chert
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
f h i l l l d i
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Most of the agricultural land isMost of the agricultural land isplanted in hay (fescue).planted in hay (fescue).
This is used for raising . . .This is used for raising . . .
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CattleCattle
The single biggestThe single biggestagricultural product of theagricultural product of theOzarksOzarks
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TurkeysTurkeys
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
Sil S i A kSil S i A k
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Siloam Springs, ArkansasSiloam Springs, Arkansas
So . . .So . . . PoultryPoultry is raised here.is raised here.
ChickenChicken barnbarn
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Crops, whileCrops, while notnot important, include . . .important, include . . .
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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ApplesApples
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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GrapesGrapes
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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and, believe it or not, . . .and, believe it or not, . . .
walnutswalnuts
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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Missouri leads the U.S. in theMissouri leads the U.S. in themining of mining of
LeadLead el ev a t or
el ev a t or
c o n v e y o r c o n v e y o r
crushercrusher
Underground MiningUnderground Mining
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
N Bi b Mi iN Bi b Mi i
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Near Bixby, MissouriNear Bixby, Missouri
O PitOpen Pit l d i J lilead mine near Joplin
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Open PitOpen Pit lead mine near Joplinlead mine near Joplinactive around the year 1900active around the year 1900
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Attractive, but don’t drink the water.Attractive, but don’t drink the water.
Lead is poisonous, especially to theLead is poisonous, especially to thedeveloping brains of children.developing brains of children.
Since Missouri has so many lead mines, thatSince Missouri has so many lead mines, thatis one of the things which makes teaching inis one of the things which makes teaching in
Missouri such a challenge.Missouri such a challenge.
A i t b l f l d iAppropriate symbols for lead miners
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Appropriate symbols for lead miners.Appropriate symbols for lead miners.
Carthage, Mo.Carthage, Mo.
Once the lead ore is smelted, whatOnce the lead ore is smelted, what
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,,do you do with the leftover rock?do you do with the leftover rock?
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Dump it.Dump it.
Today this is . . .Today this is . . .
Then donate the land to the stateThen donate the land to the state
St. Joe State ParkSt. Joe State Park
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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We call this ore wasteWe call this ore waste chat.chat.
Extreme northeastern OklahomaExtreme northeastern Oklahoma
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Lots of Lots of chatchat
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N.I.M.B.Y.N.I.M.B.Y.
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St. LouisSt. Louis
Pea RidgePea RidgeMineMine
Crystal CityCrystal City
N.I.M.B.Y.
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Strip mining . . .Strip mining . . .
baritebarite
Used forUsed for• PaintPaint• Oil wellsOil wells
Mines closedMines closednow, since wenow, since we
import thisimport this
from China.from China.
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
In MissouriIn Missouriwe call thiswe call this
tiff.tiff.
fS f li b
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Some types of Some types of limestonelimestone can be a resource.can be a resource.Dolomitic limestone is hard enough to use as aDolomitic limestone is hard enough to use as a
building material.building material.Here, near Carthage, the old limestone mine isHere, near Carthage, the old limestone mine isbeing reused for storage. It’s always the samebeing reused for storage. It’s always the same
temperature.temperature.
In South St. Louis County limestone is minedIn South St. Louis County limestone is minedfor gravel and cement.for gravel and cement.
The largest cement plant in the world is justThe largest cement plant in the world is justbeing built near Ste. Genevieve.being built near Ste. Genevieve.
Today the most important part of the economy of theToday the most important part of the economy of the
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Tablerock Lake (Tablerock Lake ( reservoir reservoir ))
y p p yy yOzarks is . . .Ozarks is . . .
Tourism/RecreationTourism/Recreation
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
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Tablerock DamTablerock Dam
L a k e T a n e y c o m o
L a k e T a n e y c o m o
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Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
Silver Dollar CitySilver Dollar City (in the 1960’s)(in the 1960’s)
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BransonBransongladeglade
A national entertainment phenomenon . . .A national entertainment phenomenon . . .
TheThe infrastructureinfrastructure has not kept pace withhas not kept pace withh id h
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L a k e T a n e y c o m o
L a k e T a n e y c o m o
the rapid growth.the rapid growth.
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Jesus welcomes you toJesus welcomes you to
the Passion Play inthe Passion Play in
Eureka Springs, Ark.Eureka Springs, Ark.
Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
Less expensive, but exhilaratingLess expensive, but exhilarating
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Photo by NCGE Photo by NCGE
d
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Modern TourismModern Tourism
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Human SettlementHuman Settlement
n Frenchn
Germann General house types
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The FrenchThe French
palisadepalisade
Mansard roof Mansard roof
Bolduc houseBolduc house
The First French settlement in theThe First French settlement in theO k d Mi i i
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Ozarks and Missouri is . . .Ozarks and Missouri is . . .
French StyleFrench Style
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French StyleFrench Style
Mansard roof Mansard roof
Vertical postsVertical posts
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limestonelimestone
TheThe FrenchFrench alsoalso
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brought along theirbrought along theirownown land divisionland divisionsystemsystem ..The French settledThe French settledalong rivers and drewalong rivers and drew
boundariesboundariesperpendicular to theperpendicular to theriver.river.
Hence theHence the long lotlong lot system.system.
Ste. Genevieve,Ste. Genevieve, QuebecQuebec
Long lotsLong lots i thin the
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in thein thevicinity of vicinity of
Montreal,Montreal,Quebec.Quebec.
S t . L a w
r e n c e
S t . L a w
r e n c e
MontrealMontreal
Saint Louis in 1796Saint Louis in 1796
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Saint Louis in 1796Saint Louis in 17961910 map1910 map
NN
Hermann, MissouriHermann, Missouri
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Photo by NCGEPhoto by NCGE
,,settled by the . . .settled by the . . .
GermansGermans
M i s s o u r i R i v e r
M i s s o u r i R i v e r
HermannHermann with German style buildingswith German style buildings
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Photo by NCGEPhoto by NCGE
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Old Mines, Washington Co., Mo.Old Mines, Washington Co., Mo.
What were they mining?What were they mining?
LeadLead
Old MinesOld Mines
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Houses circa 1840?Houses circa 1840?
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Typical Ozark DwellingsTypical Ozark DwellingsNote wheelsNote wheels
Atypical sidingAtypical siding
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yp gyp g
Perhaps used forPerhaps used for• Permanent residence (Ozarks are the poorestPermanent residence (Ozarks are the poorest
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Permanent residence (Ozarks are the pooreste a e t es de ce (O a s a e t e poo estsection of Missouri)section of Missouri)• Weekend retreat with a few head of cattleWeekend retreat with a few head of cattle• Hunting “cabin” Hunting “cabin” •
Not Catholic or LutheranNot Catholic or Lutheran
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Ozarks and places to the southeast areOzarks and places to the southeast arepart of thepart of the Bible Belt.Bible Belt.
Note exposedNote exposedlimestone.limestone.
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Not necessarily a typical Ozark houseNot necessarily a typical Ozark house
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Many former farmhouses are abandoned asMany former farmhouses are abandoned as
farms enlarge and farmers stop trying tofarms enlarge and farmers stop trying tomake a living off the poor quality soil.make a living off the poor quality soil.
Note theNote thestormcellar.stormcellar.
Lost ValleyLost Valley
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yy
But not anymoreBut not anymore
DefinitionsDefinitions
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DefinitionsDefinitionsn Shut-in – a Missouri term for rapidsn Reservoir – a man-made laken Underground mine – a place where ore is
extracted using man-made tunnel and shaftsn Chat – the leftovers from lead smeltingn Infrastructure – the transportation and
communication systems of a regionn French land division system – dividing the land
with long lots perpendicular to riversn Bible Belt – the region in the southeastern USwhere most people are fundamentalistChristians
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