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Page 1: Lecture 2 sildes - Amherst College...1/24/12 2 MiddleRepublic(c.264–133BC) • hugegrowth,andcreaonof“RomanEmpire” asweknowit.RomemistressofItalyby260s,% andthendominatesWest.andEast.Med

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•  Monarchy  (tradi2onally,  753-­‐509  BC):      -­‐  7  kings,  star2ng  with  Romulus  (but  also  a  senate)  

   -­‐  Last  few  Kings  were  Etruscan      -­‐  Ends  when  Tarquin  the  Proud  is  kicked  out        -­‐  trad.  date  509  BC  for  founding  of  the  Republic  

•  True?  Specifics  are  legend,  but,  yes,  there  were  kings.    •  Traces  of  Monarchy:    –   Regia  (king’s  house)    – Rex  Sacrorum  (king  of  sacred  rites)  a  priesthood  in  the  Republic  

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      Homer  &  lyric  poets  like  Sappho  

Early  Republic    (c.  509  to  264  BC)    (res  publica  =  commonwealth)    

   -­‐  supreme  power  shared  by  annually  elected  officials      -­‐  constant  ext.  struggle  among  small  Italian  city-­‐states      -­‐  constant  internal  class  struggle  over  poli2cal  power      -­‐  military  and  econ.  decline  a\er  end  of  monarchy  

•  NB:  kingdom  and  early  Rep.  not  well  known.    Few  historical  sources  &  many  legends,  later  distor2ons.  

•  Roman  literature  only  begins  in  3rd  cent.  BC,    

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      Fi\h  century  =  Athenian  Golden  Age,  Classical  period  of  democracy,  Greek  tragedy,  &  Athenian  hegemony.      

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Middle  Republic  (c.264  –  133  BC)    

•  huge  growth,  and  crea2on  of  “Roman  Empire”  as  we  know  it.    Rome  mistress  of  Italy  by  260s,  and  then  dominates  West.  and  East.  Med.  

•   establishes  internal  poli2cal  equilibrium  between  classes  (but  precarious)  

•  Meanwhile  in  Greece:      

•  Hellenis2c  Age-­‐  compe2ng  dynas2es  all  over  East,  figh2ng  over  pieces  of  Alexander  the  Great’s  conquests.  

Late  Republic  (c.133-­‐31  BC)  

•  Con2nued  external  expansion  in  all  direc2ons  •  but  paradoxically:  internal  chaos  at  Rome.    Assassina2ons,  violence,  poli2cally  sanc2oned  murder,  bribery,  revolt,  and  civil  war…  

•  End  of  Rep.  as  we  know  it  in  31  BC,  when  young  warlord  Octavian  (aka  Augustus),  wins  civil  war  against  Mark  Antony  (and  Cleopatra)  

•  Easily  best-­‐known  period,  mass  of  documenta2on  -­‐-­‐  above  all  speeches  and  lehers,  some2mes  daily,  of  R’s  greatest  orator,  Cicero  (105-­‐43)  

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Principate  /  Empire  

•  Begins  some2me  around  31  BC  when  Octavian  (aka  Augustus)  gains  control  

•  named  a\er  rule  of  one  man:  chief  ci2zen  (princeps  =  first)    

•   Republic  Restored??    Remember:  central  ins2tu2ons  of  Republican  gov’t  s2ll  exist—s2ll  consuls  and  a  senate  

•  Western  Roman  Empire  lasts  un2l  5th  cent.  AD  and  Eastern  half,  even  longer  

Figures  and  sta2s2cs—  

•  Popula2on  of  the  city  of  Rome  under  Augustus—about  1,000,000  

•  Popula2on  of  Roman  Empire  at  death  of  Augustus—about  54,000,000  

       Possibly  1/5  of  all  humans  then  alive  lived  in  the  territory  of  the  Roman  Empire.  

•  Literacy  rate—maybe  15-­‐20%?  

•  Percentage  of  the  pop.  in  slavery  ca.  30%  

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Two  founda2on  stories  combined:  •  1)    Romulus,  Remus,  Alba  Longa,  and  She-­‐Wolf  

•  2)    A\er  Troy  fell  (1184,  tradi2onal  date),  Aeneas  leads  survivors  to  La2um.    War  with  La2ns,  then  merges  with  them.        -­‐  Aeneas’  link  to  Rome  standard  by  at  least  3rd  cent.  B.C.  

 -­‐  Combined  with  Romulus  and  Remus  myth:    R+R  supposedly  descendants  of  Aeneas  and  his  new,  La2n  wife.  

Aeneas’  route  from  Troy  to  La2um-­‐  as  told  by  Vergil  

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Greek  depic2ons  of  Aeneas  carrying  his  father  out  of  Troy  

Apc  Black-­‐Figure  Vase    ca.  520  BC   Apc  Red-­‐Figure  Vase  5th  cent.  BC  

Coin  minted  by  Julius  Caesar  ca.  46  BC  

Aeneas  rescues  both  father  and  the  Palladium  (sacred  cult-­‐statue  of  Athena)  from  burning  Troy.  

FYI:  Julius  Caesar  traced  his  ancestry  back  to  Aeneas…  

Terracoha  statue  from  1st  cent.  AD  (Pompeii)  

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Aeneas  rescuing  father,  son,  and  Troy’s  sacred  emblems                -­‐painted  by  Federico  Barrocci  in  1598  AD              -­‐now  displayed  in  Villa  Borghese  

Aeneas  leaving  Troy  sculpted  by  Bernini  c.  1619  (now  housed  in  Villa  Borghese)  

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The  Problem  of  753  BC  

•  April  21st  753  BC  

But  Fall  of  Troy  supposedly  1184  BC  Gap  way  too  large  –invent  kings  of  Alba  Longa  

So:          -­‐  Trojan  hero  Aeneas  founds  Lavinium          -­‐  his  son,  Ascanius  (or  Iulus),  founds  Alba  Longa          -­‐  genera2ons  later,  his  descendants,  Romulus        and  Remus,  found  Rome          -­‐  Rome  destroys  Alba  (convenient)    

TroyLaviniumAlba  LongaRome  

Why  would  it  appeal  to  early  Romans  to  be  linked  to  Trojan  Aeneas?      

•  link  to  Homeric  past,  but  not  Greek.    •  if  Troy  =  start  of  history  and  of  Rome,  then  history  and  Rome  =  co-­‐extensive  

•  tale  of  assimila0on  -­‐-­‐  na2ves  and  outcasts  mixed  to  produce  something  drama2cally  new  (like  Romulus’  asylum).      

 Fits  with  the  real  problems  of  incorpora2ng  so  many  new  ci2zens  during  conquest  of  Italy.  

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Why  don’t  we  buy  Livy’s  version?  

•  Clearly–  the  fabulous,  supernatural  nature  of  many  parts  of    the  story.    

•  Nature  of  historiography  at  Rome  not  same  as  ours.    Focused  on  using  history  to  instruct  with  good  and  bad  examples.  

•  Alterna2on  of  good  and  bad  kings  is  too  neat  •  The  names  look  made  up:  Rom.  >  Rome;  Numa  >  numen  (divine  power);  Servius  >  servus  (slave);  Tarquinius  >  Tarquinii  (an  Etruscan  town)  

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•  Before  the  kings:  ~  950  =  Iron  Age  •  First  substan2al  sehlement  in  Rome:  huts  on  Pala2ne  and  Esquiline  Hills  

Etruscans  arrive  from  the  East  around  700  BC  

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Etruscan  Civiliza2on  

Effects  of  Etruscan  influence  at  Rome    

•  Metal  working  techniques  •  Arts  •  Urban  planning  •  Commercial  network  •  Cra\smen,  merchants,  builders,  religious  experts  •  ...  And  kings  (last  3  kings)  •  ROME:  -­‐  Est.  poli2cal  and  commercial  center  of  city:  forum  -­‐  Est.  religious  center  on  Capitoline  Hill:  Capitolium  

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Cloaca  Maxima  emp2es  into  Tiber  Greatest  Sewer,  built    ca.  600  BC?  

19th  cent.  pain2ng  

Odd  collec2on  of  graffi2  near  modern-­‐day  cloaca  maxima  

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Capitoline  Hill  Citadel  &  Religious  center  

•  Capitoline  triad:    •  Jupiter,  Juno,  Minerva  

•  JOP  =  Jupiter  Op0mus  Maximus  

•  Jupiter  Greatest  &  Best  

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Archaeology:  Conclusions  

•  ~  950  first  sehlements  in  Rome  •  625  Etruscans  in  Rome    

•  By  ~  500  Rome  had  its  shape,  like  Greek  and  Etruscan  towns:  

•  Temples,  markets,  shops,  streets  and  drains  

•  Public  spaces  to  gather  for  poli2cs,  religious  fes2vi2es,  sport  

•  Very  primi2ve,  not  (yet)  marbled  Rome  

Servius  “the  mixer”  Tullius  (578-­‐535)  

•  Tribes  •  Army  

•  Temple  of  Diana  

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 In  509  BC:        Expulsion  of  Tarquinius  Superbus  =  expulsion  of  Hipparchus                          (last  of  tyrants  in  Athens)  

 -­‐Both  revolts  triggered  by  sexual  assault      

 -­‐Tarquin  Colla2nus  (good  guy)  exiled  from  Rome  just  for  his  name.  

 -­‐  Hipparchos  son  of  Charmos  (good  guy)  exiled  from  Athens  just  for    his  name.  

N.B.  -­‐Hipparchus  son  of  Charmos  from  Kollutos        -­‐  Tarquin  Colla2nus  from  from  Colla=a…  

-­‐Too  exact  a  synchrony  to  be  real?    Historical  plagiarism?    Conscious  emula2on  of  Athenian  model?      

Greek  contamina2on  of  Roman  archaic  history?  


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