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Introduction on ResearchIntroduction on Research What is Research?What is Research?
The Purposes of ResearchThe Purposes of Research
Steps on Conducting ResearchSteps on Conducting Research Scientific papersScientific papers
Parts of scientific papersParts of scientific papers
AbstractAbstract IntroductionIntroduction
Review of Related LiteratureReview of Related Literature
OutlineOutline
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Overview or BackgroundOverview or Background
Methodology Results and DiscussionMethodology Results and Discussion
Conclusion and Future workConclusion and Future work
Citation and ReferencesCitation and References
Tables and FiguresTables and Figures
Sample PapersSample Papers
OutlineOutline
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Introduction on ResearchIntroduction on Research
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What is Research?What is Research?
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The wordThe word researchresearch is ais a very confusingvery confusingtermterm
OftenOften--misusedmisused term, itsterm, its usageusage inin
everydayeveryday language islanguage is very differentvery different fromfromthethe strictstrict scientific meaningscientific meaning
It hasIt has so manyso many meanings that we mustmeanings that we must
understandunderstand preciselyprecisely what wewhat we meanmean
when we use it in itswhen we use it in its scholarly sensescholarly sense
MisconceptionsMisconceptions
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We have beenWe have been conditionedconditioned to the term into the term inso many connotativeso many connotative frameworks that weframeworks that wemaymay not be surenot be sure exactly what the termexactly what the term
reallyreally does meandoes mean ItIt bewildersbewilders many studentsmany students encounteringencountering
the term for thethe term for the first timefirst time in ain a trulytrulyprofessionalprofessional andand academicacademic sensesense
MisconceptionsMisconceptions
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WhenWhen studentsstudents are enrolled inare enrolled in graduategraduateprograms, they areprograms, they are gropinggroping in the darkin the darkunder aunder a thunderingthundering adviser who wants aadviser who wants a
real researchreal research done by a studentdone by a student
MisconceptionsMisconceptions
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ProductProduct of years of researchof years of researchSunsilk CoSunsilk Co--creation Shampoocreation Shampoo (using(using
Straightening System) as promoted byStraightening System) as promoted by YukoYukoYamashitaYamashita, a Japanese straight hair expert, a Japanese straight hair expert
Research?Research?
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ClearClear ShampooShampoo (A Revolutionary New(A Revolutionary NewAntiAnti--dandruff Shampoo) as promoted bydandruff Shampoo) as promoted byRainRain, a Korean artist, a Korean artist
Research?Research?
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IndustryIndustry endeavorsendeavors
FactFact--findingfinding surveyssurveys of consumerof consumer buyingbuyingpowerpower
FiguresFigures showing customershowing customer preferencespreferences andandneedsneeds
ChartsCharts andand graphsgraphs detailingdetailing growthgrowth andandsalessales improvementimprovement
FactsFacts andand figuresfigures representing therepresenting thecorporate economycorporate economy
Research?Research?
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AcademicAcademic activitiesactivities
AA basic educationbasic education studentstudent browsingbrowsing thetheinternetinternet for information to learnfor information to learn howhowMagellanMagellan discovereddiscovered the Philippines and thethe Philippines and therouteroute he tookhe took
Research?Research?
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AA high schoolhigh school student making astudent making a term paperterm paperAnAn undergraduateundergraduate studentstudent studyingstudying thethe
companyscompanys manualmanual system in order tosystem in order toautomateautomate its systemits system
AA graduategraduate studentstudent gatheringgathering informationinformationin order toin order to conductconduct a seminar on thea seminar on the recentrecenttrendstrends in ITin IT
Research?Research?
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TheThe systematicsystematic process ofprocess ofcollectingcollecting andandanalyzinganalyzing information toinformation to increaseincrease ourourunderstandingunderstanding of theof the phenomenonphenomenon underunder
studystudy SuccessfulSuccessful researchresearch beginsbegins with awith a properproperorientationorientation
EssentiallyEssentially a waya way of thinkingof thinking SimplySimply aa mannermanner in which menin which men solvesolve thethe
knottyknotty problems in theirproblems in their attemptattempt toto pushpushbackbackthe frontiers ofthe frontiers ofhuman ignorancehuman ignorance
ResearchResearch
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BeginsBegins with awith a questionquestion in thein the mindmind of theof theresearcherresearcher
Requires aRequires a planplan
Demands aDemands a clear statementclear statement of problemof problem DealsDeals with thewith the mainmain problemproblem throughthroughsubproblemssubproblems
SeeksSeeks directiondirection throughthrough appropriateappropriatehypothesishypothesis
DealsDeals withwith factsfacts and theirand their meaningmeaning Research isResearch is CircularCircular
Characteristics of ResearchCharacteristics of Research
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Begins with a question in the mind ofBegins with a question in the mind ofthe researcherthe researcher
StartsStarts with thewith the curiositycuriosity of man, whichof man, which
causes him tocauses him to wonderwonder,, speculatespeculate, and, and askaskquestionsquestions A questionA question intelligentlyintelligently asked in theasked in the
presencepresence of anof an observedobserved phenomenon thatphenomenon that
puzzlespuzzles the researcherthe researcher
Characteristics of ResearchCharacteristics of Research
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NormallyNormally startsstarts when one asks awhen one asks aquestion like question like WhyWhy?, ?, How comeHow come?,?,Whats the cause of thatWhats the cause of that?, ?, What doesWhat does
it all meanit all mean?, etc.?, etc.
Characteristics of ResearchCharacteristics of Research
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Begins with a question in the mind ofBegins with a question in the mind ofthe researcherthe researcher
Begins with aBegins with a questioningquestioning andand inquisitiveinquisitive
mind in the presence ofmind in the presence ofbafflingbaffling andandperplexingperplexing factfact
Characteristics of ResearchCharacteristics of Research
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The Purposes of ResearchThe Purposes of Research
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TheThe purposepurpose of research can be aof research can be acomplicatedcomplicated issue andissue and variesvaries acrossacross
different scientificdifferent scientific fieldsfields andand disciplinesdisciplines
At theAt the most basicmost basic level, science can be split,level, science can be split,
loosely, into two types, loosely, into two types, pure researchpure research and and
applied researchapplied research
Purposes of ResearchPurposes of Research
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AllAll scientific researchscientific research seeksseeks toto answeranswerquestionsquestions
ScientificScientific questions askquestions askhowhow oror whywhy
somethingsomething happenshappens
TheThe answersanswers to these questionsto these questions helphelp
broaden ourbroaden our understandingunderstanding ofofhowhow thethe
world worksworld works
Purpose of Research (Scientific)Purpose of Research (Scientific)
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However,However, mostmost scientistsscientists considerconsider thetheanswers theyanswers they getget through research to bethrough research to be
theoreticaltheoretical oror probableprobable rather thanrather than
absoluteabsolute factfact
This allows forThis allows for differencesdifferences of opinion inof opinion in
thethe scientificscientific community as well ascommunity as well as helpshelps
scientistsscientists keepkeep their mindstheir minds openopen
Purpose of Research (Scientific)Purpose of Research (Scientific)
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AsAs newnew discoveries arediscoveries are mademade, scientists, scientistschangechange their beliefs abouttheir beliefs about howhow somethingsomething
worksworks
Purpose of Research (Scientific)Purpose of Research (Scientific)
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TheThe objectiveobjective of academic andof academic andinstitutional R&D is to obtaininstitutional R&D is to obtain newnew
knowledgeknowledge, which, which may or may notmay or may not bebe
applied toapplied to practicalpractical usesuses
Purpose of Research (R&D)Purpose of Research (R&D)
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TheThe objectiveobjective of industrial R&D is toof industrial R&D is toobtainobtain knowledge,knowledge, applicableapplicable to theto the
companyscompanys needsneeds, that eventually will, that eventually will
resultresult in any of the following:in any of the following:New or improvedNew or improved productsproducts
NewNew processesprocesses
NewNew systemssystemsNewNew servicesservices
TheThe objectiveobjective is normally tois normally to increaseincrease thethe
companyscompanys salessales andand profitsprofits
Purpose of Research (R&D)Purpose of Research (R&D)
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PurePure research is research done simplyresearch is research done simplytoto find outfind out something bysomething by examiningexamining
anythinganything
ForFor instanceinstance, in some pure scientific, in some pure scientific
research scientistsresearch scientists discoverdiscover whatwhat
propertiesproperties variousvarious materialsmaterials possesspossess
Purpose of Research (Pure)Purpose of Research (Pure)
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It isIt is notnot for the sake offor the sake ofapplyingapplying thosethoseproperties toproperties to anythinganything in particular, butin particular, but
simply tosimply to find outfind out whatwhat propertiesproperties therethere
areare
Pure mathematicsPure mathematics is for theis for the sakesake ofof
seeingseeing whatwhat happens,happens, not to solvenot to solve aa
problemproblem
Purpose of Research (Pure)Purpose of Research (Pure)
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Steps in Conducting ResearchSteps in Conducting Research
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ForFor anyany research project,research project, researchersresearchersmust have amust have a detaileddetailed plan beforeplan before
beginningbeginning
TheThe planplan shouldshould includeinclude aa
conceptualization of theconceptualization of the overalloverall
organizationorganization of the project and aof the project and a
detaileddetailed specification of thespecification of the stepssteps
required for successfulrequired for successful executionexecution of theof the
researchresearch
Identify Area of FocusIdentify Area of Focus
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ImplicitImplicit in thein the overalloverall plan of a researchplan of a researchdesign are:design are:
TheThe basicbasic formatformat of the researchof the research
TheThe naturenature andand rolerole of the dataof the data
TheThe identificationidentification of appropriateof appropriate
measurementmeasurement instrumentsinstruments
TheThe linkinglinking of data and the specificof data and the specific
researchresearch methodologymethodology
Identify Area of FocusIdentify Area of Focus
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TheThe determinationdetermination as to whether theas to whether theresearch is of aresearch is of a qualitativequalitative nature,nature,
quantitativequantitative nature, or both;nature, or both;
TheThe validityvalidity of the selected researchof the selected researchmethodologymethodology
HowHow the data will bethe data will be acquiredacquired
The existingThe existing ethicalethical issuesissues
Identify Area of FocusIdentify Area of Focus
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ReadingReading the literaturethe literature relatedrelated to yourto yourtopictopic of interest can help youof interest can help you formulateformulate
a specific researcha specific research problemproblem
In addition, theIn addition, the related literaturerelated literature cancan
help you in severalhelp you in several otherother ways like:ways like:
AvoidingAvoiding mediocre results (mediocre results (low qualitylow quality))
AvoidingAvoiding duplications (duplications (same qualitysame quality))
ProducingProducing new or improve things (new or improve things (highhigh
qualityquality))
Review Related Literatures/WorksReview Related Literatures/Works
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ForFor softwaresoftware related researches, yourelated researches, youdont havedont have to limit your review toto limit your review to
literaturesliteratures, you, you needneed to reviewto review softwaresoftware
oror systemssystems as wellas well
In the review, you have toIn the review, you have to identifyidentify thethe
strengthsstrengths andand weaknessesweaknesses of theof the existingexisting
oror previousprevious researches or systemsresearches or systems
Review Related Literatures/WorksReview Related Literatures/Works
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Your researchYour research aimsaims to solve theto solve theweaknessesweaknesses of the previous or existingof the previous or existing
onesones
This willThis will givegive you theyou the reasonreason to go onto go on
with the research andwith the research and produceproduce superiorsuperior
products or servicesproducts or services
Review Related Literatures/WorksReview Related Literatures/Works
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DependingDepending on the type of research beingon the type of research beingconductedconducted, this is the, this is the meatmeat of researchof research
ForFor purepure research,research,
CollectingCollecting data maybe bydata maybe by interviewinterview ororsurveysurvey questionnairesquestionnaires
ObservingObserving phenomenonphenomenon
PerformingPerforming some experimentsome experiment
Investigate / ExperimentInvestigate / Experiment
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ForFor softwaresoftware related researches,related researches, bearbear ininmind that wemind that we wantwant to produceto produce fastfast andand
efficientefficient softwaresoftware
SoSo AnalyzeAnalyze the problem or needthe problem or need
DesignDesign a solution to thea solution to the
problem/subproblemsproblem/subproblems ImplementImplement the designthe design usingusing programmingprogramming
languageslanguages
TestTest andand EvaluateEvaluate
Investigate / ExperimentInvestigate / Experiment
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For pure researchFor pure research AnalyzeAnalyze the collected datathe collected data
UseUse statisticalstatistical toolstools
InterpretInterpret observed phenomena or factsobserved phenomena or facts CorrelateCorrelate some phenomena or factssome phenomena or facts
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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ForFor softwaresoftware related researches, we arerelated researches, we arenormallynormally interestedinterested in thein the running timerunning time
bothboth theoreticaltheoretical andand empiricalempirical
AnalyzeAnalyze thethe theoreticaltheoretical running time andrunning time andcomparecompare with the existing oneswith the existing ones
CompareCompare thethe actualactual running time of yourrunning time of your
algorithmalgorithm with thewith the existingexisting onesones CreateCreate somesome tablestables oror figuresfigures to show thatto show that
you have ayou have a betterbetter resultresult thanthan the existingthe existing
onesones
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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Common complexity classesCommon complexity classes
O(2O(2nn), O(10), O(10nn), etc.), etc.exponentialexponential
O(O(nn33))cubiccubic
O(O(nn22))quadraticquadratic
O(O(n log nn log n))n log nn log n
O(O(nn))linearlinear
O(O(log nlog n))logarithmiclogarithmic
O(1)O(1)constantconstant
OO--notationnotationDescriptionDescription
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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DifferentDifferent
runningrunning
times oftimes of
algorithmsalgorithms
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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After seeingAfter seeing the tables or figures,the tables or figures, analyzeanalyzewhat went wrong to somewhat went wrong to some unexpectedunexpected oror
undesirableundesirable resultresult
DiscussDiscuss how this can behow this can be solvedsolved oror avoidedavoided SomeSome statisticalstatistical approachesapproaches or evenor even
packagespackages will be used towill be used to analyzeanalyze the datathe data
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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If there areIf there are alreadyalready itemsitems identifiedidentified butbutcannotcannot be implemented because ofbe implemented because oftimetime
constraintsconstraints, they must be, they must be statedstated asas
futurefuture works in theworks in the appropriateappropriate sectionsectionof a paperof a paper
Analyze and Discuss ResultsAnalyze and Discuss Results
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Make someMake some generalizationgeneralization of what youof what youfoundfound or theor the resultresult of your experimentof your experiment
Sometimes, because ofSometimes, because oftime constraintstime constraints,,
we havewe have future worksfuture works//recommendationsrecommendations IdentifiedIdentified butbut to beto be implementedimplemented
Conclude About Your FindingsConclude About Your Findings
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Scientific PapersScientific Papers
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PublishedPublished ReportsReports
ConferenceConference ProceedingsProceedings
JournalJournal PaperPaper
UnpublishedUnpublished ReportsReports TerminalTerminal ReportReport
TechnicalTechnical ReportReport
MastersMasters thesisthesis
DoctoralDoctoral dissertationdissertation
Research OutputResearch Output
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Parts of Scientific PaperParts of Scientific Paper
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TheThe completioncompletion of a research project isof a research project isalwaysalways thethe writtenwritten reportreport
ToTo writewrite a research report that showsa research report that shows
fidelityfidelity to the data and theto the data and the abilityability toto
organize themorganize them logicallylogically andand presentpresent
themthem clearlyclearly is tois to bringbring one's researchone's research
effort to itseffort to its destineddestined conclusion: toconclusion: toshareshare your workyour workwith otherswith others
Research OutputResearch Output
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TheThe researchresearch report is areport is astraightforwardstraightforward document thatdocument that setssets
forthforth clearlyclearly andand preciselyprecisely what thewhat the
researcherresearcher has donehas done toto resolveresolve thetheresearch problemresearch problem
In its structure, it isIn its structure, it is factualfactual andand logicallogical
and it makesand it makes no pretenseno pretense of being aof being awork ofwork offinefine literatureliterature
Research OutputResearch Output
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It must beIt must be completecomplete,, comprehensiblecomprehensible,,andand grammaticallygrammatically correctcorrect
The researchThe research documentdocument you write is ayou write is a
clear reflectionclear reflection of your scholarshipof your scholarship
That isThat is whywhy it isit is oftenoften used as aused as a
culminatingculminating measure of ameasure of a student'sstudent's
educationaleducational successsuccess
Research OutputResearch Output
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Research paper frequently follows thisstructure:
AbstractAbstract
IntroductionIntroduction Review of Related WorksReview of Related Works
Overview or backgroundOverview or background
MethodologyMethodology Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion
Conclusion and Future WorkConclusion and Future Work
ReferencesReferences
Paper FormatPaper Format
may be lumped withmay be lumped with
the introductionthe introduction
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AA briefbriefoverview thatoverview that tellstells the readerthe reader ininbasic termsbasic terms what your thesis/researchwhat your thesis/research isisall aboutall about
FairlyFairly shortshort, only, only oneone oror twotwo paragraphsparagraphsin lengthin length
Typically written inTypically written in simple nontechnicalsimple nontechnical
termsterms Should beShould be interestinginteresting enough toenough to arousearouse
interestinterest
AbstractAbstract
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Often considered theOften considered the mostmostimportantimportant part of a paperpart of a paper
Probably theProbably the most difficultmost difficult sectionsectionto writeto write
OftenOften written lastwritten last, after the, after the
majoritymajority of the paper has beenof the paper has beencompletedcompleted
AbstractAbstract
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Identifies theIdentifies the mainmain purpose of thepurpose of theresearch, itsresearch, its majormajor points, andpoints, and
conclusionsconclusions
TheThe mainmain purpose of the research shouldpurpose of the research should
includeinclude the following:the following:
TheThe research questionresearch question
TheThe noveltynovelty of the researchof the research
TheThe primary resultprimary result of the research projectof the research project
AbstractAbstract
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FamiliarizesFamiliarizes the readers of thethe readers of the mainmainpurpose andpurpose and focusfocus of theof the
thesis/researchthesis/research
ProvidesProvides backgroundbackground informationinformation
EnablesEnables the reader to bethe reader to be mentallymentally
preparedprepared beforebefore reading the morereading the moretechnicaltechnical aspects found in theaspects found in the
discussiondiscussion sectionsection
IntroductionIntroduction
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AlsoAlso beginsbegins thethe majormajor description ofdescription ofthe paperthe paper
LikeLike abstract, it should beabstract, it should be
interestinginteresting enoughenough
Typically containsTypically contains threethree parts:parts:
PurposePurpose,, scopescope, and, and backgroundbackgroundinformationinformation
IntroductionIntroduction
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PurposePurpose explainsexplains whywhy the researchthe researchis beingis being carriedcarried outout
The specificThe specific problemproblem or researchor research
questionquestion beingbeing addressedaddressed ScopeScope defines thedefines the parametersparameters
Discusses theDiscusses the basic pointsbasic points included inincluded in
the thesis/researchthe thesis/research
OutlinesOutlines thethe methodmethod of investigation,of investigation,if oneif one is carried outis carried out
IntroductionIntroduction
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SometimesSometimes includes aincludes a short glossaryshort glossary ofofterms ofterms ofkeywordskeywords that need to bethat need to be
defineddefined beforebefore the readerthe reader startsstarts toto
read the discussionread the discussion
BackgroundBackground informationinformation includesincludes
importantimportant facts tofacts to prepareprepare thethe
reader for thereader for the discussiondiscussion sectionsection
that followsthat follows
IntroductionIntroduction
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SometimesSometimes additionaladditional section issection isincluded in the introductionincluded in the introduction
This describesThis describes whatwhat other researchesother researches
have writtenhave written on theon the samesame topictopic
AttemptsAttempts to establish or emphasize ato establish or emphasize a
need forneed for furtherfurther researchresearch
IntroductionIntroduction
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GrammarGrammarWhen theWhen the writer(s)writer(s) refers to his/herrefers to his/her
own work in this section, the simpleown work in this section, the simple
present verbpresent verb is often usedis often used
Sometimes theSometimes the passive verbpassive verb form isform is
preferablepreferable to the active form in ato the active form in a
scientificscientific paperpaper
IntroductionIntroduction
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GrammarGrammarWhen referring toWhen referring to otherother researches,researches,
either theeither the past tensepast tense oror presentpresent verbverb
can be usedcan be used
Sometimes theSometimes the passive verbpassive verb form isform is
preferablepreferable to the active form in ato the active form in a
scientificscientific paperpaper
IntroductionIntroduction
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AnAn inin--depthdepth examination of theexamination of thesignificantsignificant material inmaterial in booksbooks,,journalsjournals
andand other sourcesother sources relating to your topicrelating to your topic
AimsAims toto exploreexplore what iswhat is already knownalready knownon the topic and toon the topic and to introduceintroduce the mainthe main
thinkers/writersthinkers/writers in the areain the area
HelpsHelps you and your readers toyou and your readers to acquireacquire
an understanding ofan understanding ofyour topicyour topic
Review of Related Literature/WorksReview of Related Literature/Works
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Sets theSets the scenescene for your research,for your research, placingplacingyour research questionyour research question in contextin context
Therefore,Therefore, a parta part of your academicof your academic
developmentdevelopment ofofbecoming expertbecoming expert ononyour topicyour topic
Review of Related Literature/WorksReview of Related Literature/Works
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HelpsHelps you and your readers toyou and your readers to acquireacquireanan understandingunderstanding of your topic, of whatof your topic, of what
hashas alreadyalready been done on it,been done on it, howhow it hasit has
beenbeen researched, and what theresearched, and what the keykeyissuesissues areare
Review of Related Literature/WorksReview of Related Literature/Works
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You needYou need to showto show that you havethat you haveunderstoodunderstood thethe mainmain theories in thetheories in the
subject areasubject area andand howhow they have beenthey have been
appliedapplied andand developeddeveloped, as well as the, as well as themain criticismsmain criticisms that have been made onthat have been made on
the topicthe topic
Therefore, aTherefore, a partpart of your academicof your academicdevelopmentdevelopment -- ofofbecomingbecoming anan expertexpert onon
your topicyour topic
Review of Related Literature/WorksReview of Related Literature/Works
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NotNot aa linearlinear processprocess
Rather,Rather, itit isis aa backwardsbackwards--andand--forwardsforwards
processprocess betweenbetween youryour readingreading andand youryour
writingwriting
YouYou readread otherother peoplespeoples workwork,, andand youyou
writewrite youryour evaluationevaluation ofof it,it, andand discussdiscuss
howhow itit cancan helphelp youyou toto developdevelop youryour
researchresearch questionquestion
Review of Related Literature/WorksReview of Related Literature/Works
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WrittenWritten beforebefore,, duringduring andand afterafter thetheotherother partsparts ofof youryour paperpaper
StartStart itit asas soonsoon asas youyou can,can, butbut dontdont
considerconsider itit finishedfinished untiluntil thethe paperpaper asas aa
wholewhole isis finishedfinished
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TheThe four mainfour main functions of a literaturefunctions of a literaturereviewreview
ItIt demonstratesdemonstrates the underlyingthe underlying
assumptionsassumptions behind thebehind the generalgeneral researchresearchquestionsquestions
It shouldIt should demonstratedemonstrate thethe stancestance of theof the
researcher, and theresearcher, and the valuesvalues andand politicspolitics s/hes/hebringsbrings to the researchto the research
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ItIt demonstratesdemonstrates thatthat thethe researcherresearcher isisknowledgeableknowledgeable aboutabout relatedrelated researchresearch andand
theorytheory
ItIt showsshows thatthat thethe researcherresearcher hashas identifiedidentifiedsomesome gapsgaps inin existingexisting workwork onon thethe topic,topic, oror
hashas singledsingled outout somesome elementelement ofof existingexisting
workwork thatthat s/hes/he wouldwould likelike toto developdevelop oror
buildbuild onon
ItIt demonstratesdemonstrates thatthat thethe proposedproposed studystudy willwill
thusthus fillfill aa demonstrateddemonstrated needneed
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ItIt helpshelps youyou refinerefine andand redefineredefine thetheresearchresearch questionsquestions,, althoughalthough thethe detaildetail ofof
thisthis maymay notnot alwaysalways bebe recordedrecorded inin thethe
reviewreview
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The mainThe main processesprocesses involved in ainvolved in aliterature reviewliterature review
FindsFinds outout whatwhat isis knownknown aboutabout aa topictopic
CriticallyCritically evaluatesevaluates whatwhat isis knownknown
ExaminesExamines similarsimilar workwork thatthat addressesaddresses thethe
issuesissues youyou areare addressingaddressing
IdentifiesIdentifies gapsgaps inin whatwhat isis knownknown andand showsshows
howhow youryour workworkfillsfills thosethose gapsgaps
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IdentifiesIdentifies elementselements thatthat youyou wouldwould likelike totobuildbuild on,on, andand discussesdiscusses howhow youyou proposepropose toto
dodo soso andand whywhy
ExplainsExplains whywhy youryour researchresearch isis worthworth doingdoing
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InIn thesisthesis oror dissertationdissertation, this section is, this section isnormallynormally conceptualconceptual andand theoreticaltheoretical
frameworkframework
InIn conference proceedingsconference proceedings oror scientificscientificjournal,journal, this section is normally anthis section is normally an
overviewoverview oror backgroundbackground
Overview or BackgroundOverview or Background
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This sectionThis section discussesdiscusses what thewhat theresearcherresearcher usedused during theduring the
experimentexperiment oror investigationinvestigation
ApproachesApproaches
Analysis & DesignAnalysis & Design
Apparatus/equipmentApparatus/equipmentTools including softwareTools including software
ImplementationImplementation
MethodologyMethodology
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Although it isAlthough it is typicallytypically calledcalledmethodsmethods, this section, this section can alsocan also bebe
calledcalled equipmentequipment,, materialsmaterials, or, or
proceduresprocedures, or a, or a combinationcombination ofof
each of theseeach of these
GrammarGrammarIn theIn the methodsmethods,, resultsresults, and, and discussiondiscussion
sections, thesections, the past tensepast tense is usedis used
MethodologyMethodology
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Often theOften the most difficultmost difficult to writeto writeAims toAims to telltell the readers thethe readers the meaningmeaning ofof
data resultsdata results withinwithin anan acceptableacceptable
theoretical frameworktheoretical framework IncludesIncludes importantimportant information forinformation for
readers to understand:readers to understand:
What the writer isWhat the writer is trying to dotrying to doWhat he hasWhat he has actually doneactually done andand discovereddiscovered
and what should beand what should be done nextdone next
DiscussionDiscussion
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AlsoAlso helpshelps the reader understandthe reader understandthethe relationshiprelationship betweenbetween observedobserved
factsfacts
InformationInformation should be organized inshould be organized in
clearclear,, logicallogical, and, and interestinginteresting style instyle in
order toorder to keepkeep the readers attentionthe readers attention
DiscussionDiscussion
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ComponentsComponents of a discussionof a discussionExplainExplain the principles, relationship, andthe principles, relationship, and
generalizationgeneralization supportedsupported by theby the datadata
results.results. Do not just repeatDo not just repeat informationinformationfrom the results.from the results.
NeverNever try totry to cover upcover up any weaknesses inany weaknesses in
the research.the research. Point outPoint out when there arewhen there are
problemsproblems or if there isor if there is any lack ofany lack of
correlationcorrelation with the data.with the data.
DiscussionDiscussion
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Point outPoint out how the research eitherhow the research eitheragreesagrees oror disagreesdisagrees withwith previouslypreviously
published research.published research.
ConclusionConclusion should be stated asshould be stated as clearlyclearlyas possible.as possible.
SummarizeSummarize the evidence that you havethe evidence that you have
forfor eacheach conclusion.conclusion.
DiscussionDiscussion
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GrammarGrammar
In theIn the methodsmethods,, resultsresults, and, and discussiondiscussion
sections, thesections, the past tensepast tense is usedis used
DiscussionDiscussion
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AA briefbriefrestatement of therestatement of the majormajorinferences that can beinferences that can be interpretedinterpreted
from thefrom the discussiondiscussion sectionsection
NewNew informationinformation oror evidenceevidence that isthat is
aa surprisesurprise to readers shouldto readers should nevernever
bebe included toincluded to supportsupport a writersa writersargumentargument
ConclusionConclusion
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OftenOften there isthere is moremore than onethan oneconclusion in aconclusion in a formalformal reportreport
StateState firstfirst thethe mainmain conclusionconclusion
Then follow with theThen follow with the remainingremaining
conclusion in aconclusion in a decreasingdecreasing order oforder of
importanceimportance
ConclusionConclusion
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RememberRemember: The: The conclusionconclusion containscontainsonly theonly the writers opinionwriters opinion based onbased on
data/evidencedata/evidence presented in thepresented in the
discussiondiscussion sectionsection
ConclusionConclusion
C iC i
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GrammarGrammar
When theWhen the major result(s)major result(s) of the thesisof the thesis
areare presentedpresented in this section, thein this section, the pastpast
tensetense is usedis used
ConclusionConclusion
R f Bibli hR f Bibli h
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WhenWhen referringreferring to other documentsto other documentsin a thesis, such as ain a thesis, such as a textbooktextbook,,
journal articlejournal article,, questionnairequestionnaire,,
correspondencecorrespondence, or even a, or even a
conversationconversation, the writer, the writer mustmust
identify theidentify the sourcesource of thisof this
informationinformation in the thesis/researchin the thesis/research
paperpaper
References vs. BibliographyReferences vs. Bibliography
R f Bibli hR f Bibli h
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ReferencesReferences thethe listlist of sources ofof sources ofinformation that youinformation that you citedcited in the textin the text
BibliographyBibliography -- thethe listlist of sources ofof sources of
information that youinformation that you consultedconsulted
whether or notwhether or not you got somethingyou got something
out of themout of them
References vs. BibliographyReferences vs. Bibliography
Ci i d R fCi i d R f
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Be sure toBe sure to citecite the ideas that youthe ideas that youborrowedborrowed,, liftedlifted, or, or paraphrasedparaphrased fromfrom
other sourcesother sources in the textin the text
Follow theFollow the prescribedprescribed format of theformat of thepublisherpublisher
Ex.Ex. [23, 45][23, 45] oror ((RoxasRoxas 2004 and2004 and SaxorSaxor
2011)2011) AllAll cited sources should becited sources should be foundfound in thein the
ReferencesReferences section of the papersection of the paper
Citations and ReferencesCitations and References
T bl d FiT bl d Fi
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AllAll figuresfigures andand tablestables should be citedshould be citedin the textin the text
Never useNever use tables and figurestables and figures withoutwithout
citing themciting them in the textin the text Ex.Ex. Table 1 showsTable 1 shows oror Figures 4 and 3 showFigures 4 and 3 show
Never useNever use phrases likephrases like as shown in theas shown in the
figure abovefigure above oror in the table belowin the table below
Tables and FiguresTables and Figures
SS
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Practical ResearchPractical Research -- Planning and DesignPlanning and Design bybyPaul D.Paul D. LeedyLeedy and Jeanne Ellisand Jeanne Ellis OrmrodOrmrod
Introduction to ResearchIntroduction to Research by Richard F.by Richard F.
TaflingerTaflinger, available online at:, available online at:
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~taflinge/research.http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~taflinge/research.
htmlhtml
U.U. AizuAizu Graduation Thesis HandbookGraduation Thesis Handbookbyby
StephenStephen LambacherLambacher, John, John IzzoIzzo, & Jerold, & JeroldDeHartDeHart, March 2000, by The University of, March 2000, by The University of
AizuAizu
Doing a Literature ReviewDoing a Literature Review by Anne B. Ryanby Anne B. Ryan
SourcesSources
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THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH