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With your favorite host
Vignesh Sridharan
Guests on todays show
K. Vaideesh Subbaraj
Shivendra Upadhyay
M. Vishwanath
Analysis of Biomass and Biofuelsas source of energy
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Technology
andEnvironmental Impact
ofBiomass & Biofuels
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Biomass
Biomass Plants Animals (by way of plants)
Plants Use solar energy to convert water and CO2to sugars through the
process of photosynthesis Harvested portions of live plants or remains are sources of
biomass
Animals Consume plants (or consumers of plants)
Elimination products or remains are sources of biomass
Virtually all of our current energy supply is derived frombiomass (fossil fuels are just well-aged)
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Multiple Feedstocks
trees
grass agricultural residues
energy crops
municipal solid waste
sewage sludge
animal manure
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78
10.9
3
4.3
400
330
220
U.S. Biodegradable Wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Sewage Sludge
Industrial Biosludge
Recycled Paper Fines
Agricultural Residues
Forestry Residues
Manure
Amount
(million tonne/year)Alcohol Potential
Waste (billion gal/year)
10
1.4
0.4
0.5
52
43
28
Total 1,046 135
U.S. Gasoline Consumption = 130 billion gal/yearU.S. Diesel Consumption = 40 billion gal/year
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Biofuels, in Order of Maturity, p1 of 2
Adopted from NREL (2006) http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/39436.pdf
FUEL SOURCE BENEFITS STATUS
Grain/SugarEthanol
Corn, sorghum,sugarcane
High-octaneWidely available sources
Commerciallyproven
Biodiesel Vegetable and seed
oils; fats and greases
Increased fuel lubricity
Widely available sources
Commercially
proven
Gasoline anddiesel blends Ethanol or biodieselblended with
petroleum fuels
Relatively straightforward forrefineries to process
Decreased sulfur emissions over
standard fuels
Commercial trialsin progress
Cellulosic
Ethanol
Grasses, wood chips,
and agricultural
residues
High-octane
Less demand on agricultural
lands than grain ethanol
DOE program
targeting 2012
demonstration
Butanol Corn, sorghum,
wheat, sugarcane
Low-volatility
High energy-density
Water tolerant
BP and DuPont in
progress
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Biofuels, in Order of Maturity, p2 of 2
FUEL SOURCE BENEFITS STATUS
Pyrolysis
Liquids
Lignocellulosic
biomass
Can utilize waste products
Potential source of aromatics
and phenols
Several commercial
facilities produce
energy and chemicals
Syngas Liquids Various
biomasses
Can utilize waste products
Can be integrated with fossil
fuel sources (e.g., coal)High quality fuel
Commercially
demonstrated a large
scale using fossil fuels;biomass projects
underway
Biodiesel or jet
fuel
Microalgae High yield per acre
Could be integrated with CO2
capture and reuse
Demonstrated at pilot
scale in 1990s. Many
start-ups currently
underway
Hydrocarbons
(designer fuels)
Biomass
carbohydrates
Generate synthetic copies of
current petroleum derived
feedstocks
Laboratory-scale
research
Adopted from NREL (2006) http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/39436.pdf
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Technology
Biomass technology today serves many marketsthat were developed with fossil fuels and modestlyreduces their use
Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electricalpower generation, Transportation fuels (ethanoland biodiesel) and other products.
Primary focus of the Biomass Program development of advanced technologies.
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Current Focus
Platform technologies
Sugar Platform Technology
Thermochemical Platform Technology
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Bio-refinery
A facility that integrates biomass conversionprocesses and equipment to produce fuels,power, and chemicals from biomass.
Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
It is based on the Sugar Platform and theThermochemical Platform
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Biomass to Liquids (BTL)via Gasification Solid or solid/liquid biomass is converted to gas at
high temperatures in the presence of smallamounts of oxygen
Main objective is to transfer the maximum amount
of chemical energy within the feedstock to thegaseous fraction by producing a high yield of lowmolecular weight products (high H:C)
The resulting gas is conditioned to producesynthesis gas (syngas)
Syngas is then converted to liquid fuel via theFischer-Tropsch process
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How to Get Liquid TransportationFuels from Biomass
Convert sugars and starches to ethanolfermentation
Convert plant oils to biodieseltransesterification
Convert anything to liquidpyrolysis
Convert anything to gas (gasification) withsubsequent conversion to liquidakabiomass to liquids (BTL)
f t
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=8/12/2019 Pertemuan 4 BB Alternatif Process
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The Challenge
Jet Fuel
forestwaste
corn
stover
switch-grass
Gasification to syngas (CO + H2)
Diesel
Gasoline
Lignocellulose
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
Gasolinecorngrain
sugarcane
starchSaccharification lignin burn
Enzymatic Fermentation Ethanol
Pyrolysis, fast or slow
gases
bio-oil
sugar
Sugar/starch
Liquid Phase Processing
Dissolution
Can we achieve sufficiently high yields of targetedchemical compoundsfrom solubilized biomass fractions to
justify the cost of biomass pretreatment?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/images/sugarcane.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/index.html&h=771&w=1181&sz=1332&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=mR6kWoocFn-gJM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/images/sugarcane.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/index.html&h=771&w=1181&sz=1332&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=mR6kWoocFn-gJM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=8/12/2019 Pertemuan 4 BB Alternatif Process
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Fermentation
Starch-Based Ethanol Food of Fuel Debate
Oxygenated gasoline
Established process and feedstock supply Cellulosic Ethanol
SunOpta Bioprocess / Central MN EthanolPartnership (Little Falls)
Abengoa (Kansas)
Feedstock supply is perhaps the biggestchallenge
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Ethanol (EtOH)
Chemical Composition CH3CH2OH or (C2H6O) Ethanol is ethanolsource independent
Also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol 2 types:
Biologic: conversion of starches to sugar followed byfermentation of sugar with yeast
Synthetic: acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene
Blending Currently used as a additive (10% max) to improve
performance (octane) of gasoline Internal combustion engines must be designed to
accommodate ethanol content >10%
OH
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Ethanol Sources
Most common sources are plants with highsugar or starch content (e.g., corn, beets,cane, potatoes)
Sources with more complex cellularstructures (e.g., wood, grass, stalks) requiremore effort to extract available sugars
(cellulosic ethanol)
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Gasification
Handful of commercial systems for ag residues Several for wood
Fuel flexibleUnlike cellulosic ethanol
More manageable feedstock supply
Shorter path to commercialization
Thermal energydistrict heating and coolingprocessheatelectrical energy generationtransportation fuel
Chippewa Valley Ethanol Company / Frontline EnergyGasifier and University of Minnesota, Morris system
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Potential Gasification Products-
Heat (and Cooling)- Combustion of gas to make steam
Gases- Purify and store the CO and H2
Ethanol, Methanol, Butanol, DME, Fisher Tropsch Gas and Diesel-
Electricity- Using Steam to power a turbine
Gasification
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UMM Biomass Gasification System
o
High natural gas prices have been crippling to Universities and otherpublic entities
o UMM Biomass Gasification System is a model for small to moderatescale biomass systems
o Construction began July 2007 and was dedicated October 2008
o Builds on the current UMM district heating and cooling systemacross the campus (natural gas) and will provide 80% of thermalenergy needs
o Provides fuel flexibility and choices (corn stover, wood, DDGS,straw, grass hay, etc)
o Gasification appears to be a clean and moderately priced method toprovide heating and cooling. (~$5 per MM/BTU NG = $50 per tonbiomass)
o Wired for research
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UMM Biomass Gasification System
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UMM Gasifier
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Gasification Technology
Gobar gas Production
Biogas
Synthesis gas
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Gasification
A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam toconvert materials directly into a gas composedprimarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Gasification technologies rely four key engineeringfactors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygenor air content).
2. Reactor design.3. Internal and external heating.
4. Operating temperature.
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Gasification
Typical raw materials- coal, petroleum-basedmaterials, and organic materials.
The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry orslurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called agasifier.
The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, andeither an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environmentwithin the gasifier.
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Raw Materials for Gasification
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Gasification
Products of gasification :* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
Syngasis primarily carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume)and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide andmethane
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Gasifier Plant
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Gasifier Plant
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Types of Gasifiers
Updraft Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
Downdraft Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
Twin-fire Gasifier
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Types of Gasifiers
Crossdraft gas producers
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Gobar gas
Gobar gas production is an anaerobicprocess
Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester
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Anaerobic Digestion - BioGas
Primarily used in engine gensets but alsocan be feedstock for other biofuels
Composition: Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen
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Community Biogas System
Feasibility study has been completed:
-Anaerobic Digester $10.59 MM BTU
-Biomass Gasification $10.44 MM BTU
Municipal financing improves economics
Large livestock producers near Morris
Large amounts of crop biomass
Large energy users including the ethanol plant
Inconsistent natural gas prices & supply
WCROC research and demonstration platform
Next step is underway!
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Wood
Domestic heating with wood is still by farthe largest market for bio-energy
Dramatic improvements of technology in
domestic heating equipment Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood
boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and
pellet stoves. Pourable wood-based fuel is also available
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Tiled stoves
Pellet Boile a d Sto e
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Pellet Boilers and Stoves
Logwood boiler
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Logwood boiler
Woodchip boilers
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Woodchip boilers
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Pyrolysis
Heating of biomass in the absense of air
Anhydrous Pyrolysis
Flash pyrolysisBio-diesel
Hydrous Pyrolysis
Thermal depolmerization -Bio-oil
Vacuum Pyrolysis
Decreases boiling point
UOP, LLC (Des Plaines, Illinois) Honeywell and Ensyn Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP)
Converts forest and ag residues to bio-oil for power and heat
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Biodiesel
Transesterification of lipids
Triglyceride is converted to methyl ester plusglycerol
Vegetable Oil, Methanol, and SodiumHydroxide
Glycerol is a by-product
B2 mandate in Minnesota
Biodiesel or
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Biodiesel orFAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
Chemical composition Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straightchain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 20)
Differs in that it is oxygenated and has a small number ofdouble bonds
Fuel characteristics will vary slightly depending uponsource
Blending Completely miscible with diesel fuel
Used as an additive (5% max) to increase cetane andimprove performance of diesel Internal combustion engines must be designed to
accommodate fuels with FAME content >5%
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Biodiesel Sources
Plant oils Soybean
Palm
Rice
Cottonseed
Rapeseed (canola) Waste oils (plant and animal)
Algaerecent interest because High amounts of oil
Minimal competition with food crops and crop land Can be grown on land with low potential for CO2sequestration (e.g.
deserts)
Does not necessarily require fresh water
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Algae Biodiesel
Algae grow rapidly and can have a highpercentage of lipids, or oils.
Can double their mass several times a day Produce at least 15 times more oil per acre than
alternatives such as rapeseed, palms, andsoybean Efforts to screen natural microalgae species to
find the strains that produce the highest yields
and the most oil. Combine with power plantsAlgae uses C02then harvested for bio-diesel production
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Bio-diesel
Made by transforming animal fat or vegetableoil with alcohol .
Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil orsoybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
Directly substituted for diesel either as neatfuel or as an oxygenate additive
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Modified Waste Vegetable Fat
Designed for general use in most compressionignition engines .
The production of MWVF can be achieved in acontinuous flow additive process.
It can be modified in various ways to make a'greener' form of fuel
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E-Diesel
Uses additives in order to allow blending ofethanol with diesel.
Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel
from separating at very low temperatures orif water contamination occurs.
Jatropha
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Jatropha
Biodiesel from Jatropha
Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
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HR BioPetroleum
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DME (Dimethyl Ether)
Produced by the dehydration of methanol
BioDMEEuropean Project to ProduceDimethyl Ether
Low emissions Volvo Group
Diesel replacement
CH3 0CH3 Colorless gas
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Fischer Tropsch Fuels
Conversion of carbon monoxide andhydrogen to liquid hydrocarbons usingcatalytic reactions (Co, Fe, Ru)
Primarily Gasoline, Diesel, and Wax
WWII
Sasol
Syntroleum and Tyson FoodsBio-dieseland jet fuel from low grade animal fats
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BioAlcohols
Ethanol (10% mandate in MN)
C2 H6 0
Methanol (wood alcohol)
CH3 OH
Butanol
C4 H10 O
Propanol
C3 H7 OH
Advanced Biomass R & D Timeline
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Federal Interagency Biomass R and D Board (2008)
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Environmental Concerns
Air Pollution
Soil Deterioration
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Air Concerns
Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the
potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
o Increase in Noxemissions
Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric
concentrations of carcinogensEmission of relatively large sized particulate matter
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Soil Concerns
Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallowReduced land availability for cattle grazing
Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy
crops contaminate ground and surface water
o Affects fish and wildlife
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Environmental Benefits
Reduction of waste
Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared tofossil fuels
Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
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Socio-Economic Benefits
Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
Increase in jobs
Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser
dependence on foreign resources
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BIO FUELS
THE WORLD SCENARIO
BRAZIL
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BRAZIL
World leader in production and export ofethanol.
Ethanol produced per day equivalent to200,000 barrels of gasoline.
24% blend ethanol mandatory.
Competitiveness
Bio diesel initiatives underway
U S A
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U.S.A.
Ethanol : a big boost to economy
E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
MTBE phased out in many states
Soya bean main source of biodiesel
E U
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E.U.
Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
3-15% blended petrol
France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax
Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons
Rise of SVO as domestic fuel
Th Si ifi t Oth
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The Significant Others
China: 3rdlargest producer of ethanolproducing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting90,000 tons in 2000.
In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is usedas a significant fuel source
Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-
scale production from palm oil.
I di
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India
Sources of ethanol: Sugarcane
Molasses
Agricultural waste
Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion
litres
I di (C td )
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Sources of biodiesel: Honge
Jatropha
High capital, broad scale production plan initiated
Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
India (Contd.)
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Bio Mass
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Bio Mass
Biomass already supplies 14 % of the worlds
primary energy consumption. On average, biomassproduces 38 % of the primary energy in developingcountries.
USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around9000 MW
INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government toimport oil.
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Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste,forest residue and municipal waste.
Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give biogas
Digester consumes roughly one third the power its
capable of producing. Fertilizers as by product.
Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow
per day!!
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