Pertemuan 4 BB Alternatif Process

8/12/2019 Pertemuan 4 BB Alternatif Process

1/85

With your favorite host

Vignesh Sridharan

Guests on todays show

K. Vaideesh Subbaraj

Shivendra Upadhyay

M. Vishwanath

Analysis of Biomass and Biofuelsas source of energy


2/85

Technology

andEnvironmental Impact

ofBiomass & Biofuels


3/85


4/85

Biomass

Biomass Plants Animals (by way of plants)

Plants Use solar energy to convert water and CO2to sugars through the

process of photosynthesis Harvested portions of live plants or remains are sources of

biomass

Animals Consume plants (or consumers of plants)

Elimination products or remains are sources of biomass

Virtually all of our current energy supply is derived frombiomass (fossil fuels are just well-aged)


5/85

Multiple Feedstocks

trees

grass agricultural residues

energy crops

municipal solid waste

sewage sludge

animal manure


6/85

78

10.9

3

4.3

400

330

220

U.S. Biodegradable Wastes

Municipal Solid Waste

Sewage Sludge

Industrial Biosludge

Recycled Paper Fines

Agricultural Residues

Forestry Residues

Manure

Amount

(million tonne/year)Alcohol Potential

Waste (billion gal/year)

10

1.4

0.4

0.5

52

43

28

Total 1,046 135

U.S. Gasoline Consumption = 130 billion gal/yearU.S. Diesel Consumption = 40 billion gal/year


7/85

Biofuels, in Order of Maturity, p1 of 2

Adopted from NREL (2006) http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/39436.pdf

FUEL SOURCE BENEFITS STATUS

Grain/SugarEthanol

Corn, sorghum,sugarcane

High-octaneWidely available sources

Commerciallyproven

Biodiesel Vegetable and seed

oils; fats and greases

Increased fuel lubricity

Widely available sources

Commercially

proven

Gasoline anddiesel blends Ethanol or biodieselblended with

petroleum fuels

Relatively straightforward forrefineries to process

Decreased sulfur emissions over

standard fuels

Commercial trialsin progress

Cellulosic

Ethanol

Grasses, wood chips,

and agricultural

residues

High-octane

Less demand on agricultural

lands than grain ethanol

DOE program

targeting 2012

demonstration

Butanol Corn, sorghum,

wheat, sugarcane

Low-volatility

High energy-density

Water tolerant

BP and DuPont in

progress


8/85

Biofuels, in Order of Maturity, p2 of 2

FUEL SOURCE BENEFITS STATUS

Pyrolysis

Liquids

Lignocellulosic

biomass

Can utilize waste products

Potential source of aromatics

and phenols

Several commercial

facilities produce

energy and chemicals

Syngas Liquids Various

biomasses

Can utilize waste products

Can be integrated with fossil

fuel sources (e.g., coal)High quality fuel

Commercially

demonstrated a large

scale using fossil fuels;biomass projects

underway

Biodiesel or jet

fuel

Microalgae High yield per acre

Could be integrated with CO2

capture and reuse

Demonstrated at pilot

scale in 1990s. Many

start-ups currently

underway

Hydrocarbons

(designer fuels)

Biomass

carbohydrates

Generate synthetic copies of

current petroleum derived

feedstocks

Laboratory-scale

research

Adopted from NREL (2006) http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/39436.pdf


9/85

Technology

Biomass technology today serves many marketsthat were developed with fossil fuels and modestlyreduces their use

Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electricalpower generation, Transportation fuels (ethanoland biodiesel) and other products.

Primary focus of the Biomass Program development of advanced technologies.


10/85

Current Focus

Platform technologies

Sugar Platform Technology

Thermochemical Platform Technology


11/85

Bio-refinery

A facility that integrates biomass conversionprocesses and equipment to produce fuels,power, and chemicals from biomass.

Analogous to today's petroleum refineries

It is based on the Sugar Platform and theThermochemical Platform


12/85


13/85


14/85

Biomass to Liquids (BTL)via Gasification Solid or solid/liquid biomass is converted to gas at

high temperatures in the presence of smallamounts of oxygen

Main objective is to transfer the maximum amount

of chemical energy within the feedstock to thegaseous fraction by producing a high yield of lowmolecular weight products (high H:C)

The resulting gas is conditioned to producesynthesis gas (syngas)

Syngas is then converted to liquid fuel via theFischer-Tropsch process


15/85


16/85

How to Get Liquid TransportationFuels from Biomass

Convert sugars and starches to ethanolfermentation

Convert plant oils to biodieseltransesterification

Convert anything to liquidpyrolysis

Convert anything to gas (gasification) withsubsequent conversion to liquidakabiomass to liquids (BTL)

f t
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=


17/85

The Challenge

Jet Fuel

forestwaste

corn

stover

switch-grass

Gasification to syngas (CO + H2)

Diesel

Gasoline

Lignocellulose

Fisher-Tropsch

methanol

Gasolinecorngrain

sugarcane

starchSaccharification lignin burn

Enzymatic Fermentation Ethanol

Pyrolysis, fast or slow

gases

bio-oil

sugar

Sugar/starch

Liquid Phase Processing

Dissolution

Can we achieve sufficiently high yields of targetedchemical compoundsfrom solubilized biomass fractions to

justify the cost of biomass pretreatment?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/images/sugarcane.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/index.html&h=771&w=1181&sz=1332&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=mR6kWoocFn-gJM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/images/sugarcane.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/media/pictorial/index.html&h=771&w=1181&sz=1332&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=mR6kWoocFn-gJM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=150&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/images/vegherb/CornBodacious.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.peoriagardens.com/vegetables.html&h=300&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=33&tbnid=bXYorfnBNX2IZM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sintef.no/upload/Energiforskning/Bilder/Kompetanse/Biomasse.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sintef.no/content/page1____3353.aspx&h=242&w=375&sz=50&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=c7VS-rVQAFWVSM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=122&prev=http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html%3Fprint&h=400&w=500&sz=79&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=3IIj6Nc2-qHT_M:&tbnh=104&tbnw=130&prev=


18/85

Fermentation

Starch-Based Ethanol Food of Fuel Debate

Oxygenated gasoline

Established process and feedstock supply Cellulosic Ethanol

SunOpta Bioprocess / Central MN EthanolPartnership (Little Falls)

Abengoa (Kansas)

Feedstock supply is perhaps the biggestchallenge


19/85

Ethanol (EtOH)

Chemical Composition CH3CH2OH or (C2H6O) Ethanol is ethanolsource independent

Also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol 2 types:

Biologic: conversion of starches to sugar followed byfermentation of sugar with yeast

Synthetic: acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene

Blending Currently used as a additive (10% max) to improve

performance (octane) of gasoline Internal combustion engines must be designed to

accommodate ethanol content >10%

OH


20/85

Ethanol Sources

Most common sources are plants with highsugar or starch content (e.g., corn, beets,cane, potatoes)

Sources with more complex cellularstructures (e.g., wood, grass, stalks) requiremore effort to extract available sugars

(cellulosic ethanol)


21/85

Gasification

Handful of commercial systems for ag residues Several for wood

Fuel flexibleUnlike cellulosic ethanol

More manageable feedstock supply

Shorter path to commercialization

Thermal energydistrict heating and coolingprocessheatelectrical energy generationtransportation fuel

Chippewa Valley Ethanol Company / Frontline EnergyGasifier and University of Minnesota, Morris system


22/85

Potential Gasification Products-

Heat (and Cooling)- Combustion of gas to make steam

Gases- Purify and store the CO and H2

Ethanol, Methanol, Butanol, DME, Fisher Tropsch Gas and Diesel-

Electricity- Using Steam to power a turbine

Gasification


23/85

UMM Biomass Gasification System

o

High natural gas prices have been crippling to Universities and otherpublic entities

o UMM Biomass Gasification System is a model for small to moderatescale biomass systems

o Construction began July 2007 and was dedicated October 2008

o Builds on the current UMM district heating and cooling systemacross the campus (natural gas) and will provide 80% of thermalenergy needs

o Provides fuel flexibility and choices (corn stover, wood, DDGS,straw, grass hay, etc)

o Gasification appears to be a clean and moderately priced method toprovide heating and cooling. (~$5 per MM/BTU NG = $50 per tonbiomass)

o Wired for research


24/85

UMM Biomass Gasification System


25/85

UMM Gasifier


26/85
http://renewables.morris.umn.edu/pictures/index.php?random=1


27/85
http://renewables.morris.umn.edu/pictures/index.php?random=1


28/85


29/85


30/85


31/85

Gasification Technology

Gobar gas Production

Biogas

Synthesis gas


32/85

Gasification

A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam toconvert materials directly into a gas composedprimarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Gasification technologies rely four key engineeringfactors

1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygenor air content).

2. Reactor design.3. Internal and external heating.

4. Operating temperature.


33/85

Gasification

Typical raw materials- coal, petroleum-basedmaterials, and organic materials.

The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry orslurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called agasifier.

The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, andeither an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environmentwithin the gasifier.


34/85

Raw Materials for Gasification


35/85

Gasification

Products of gasification :* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).

* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).

* Char (carbon black and ash).

Syngasis primarily carbon monoxide and

hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume)and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide andmethane


36/85

Gasifier Plant


37/85

Gasifier Plant


38/85


39/85

Types of Gasifiers

Updraft Gasifier


40/85

Types of Gasifiers

Downdraft Gasifier


41/85

Types of Gasifiers

Twin-fire Gasifier


42/85

Types of Gasifiers

Crossdraft gas producers


43/85

Gobar gas

Gobar gas production is an anaerobicprocess

Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,closed cylindrical concrete tank called a

digester


44/85

Anaerobic Digestion - BioGas

Primarily used in engine gensets but alsocan be feedstock for other biofuels

Composition: Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen


45/85


46/85
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg


47/85
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Anaerobic_digesters_overhead_view.jpg


48/85

Community Biogas System

Feasibility study has been completed:

-Anaerobic Digester $10.59 MM BTU

-Biomass Gasification $10.44 MM BTU

Municipal financing improves economics

Large livestock producers near Morris

Large amounts of crop biomass

Large energy users including the ethanol plant

Inconsistent natural gas prices & supply

WCROC research and demonstration platform

Next step is underway!


49/85


50/85

Wood

Domestic heating with wood is still by farthe largest market for bio-energy

Dramatic improvements of technology in

domestic heating equipment Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood

boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and

pellet stoves. Pourable wood-based fuel is also available


51/85

Tiled stoves

Pellet Boile a d Sto e


52/85

Pellet Boilers and Stoves

Logwood boiler


53/85

Logwood boiler

Woodchip boilers


54/85

Woodchip boilers


55/85

Pyrolysis

Heating of biomass in the absense of air

Anhydrous Pyrolysis

Flash pyrolysisBio-diesel

Hydrous Pyrolysis

Thermal depolmerization -Bio-oil

Vacuum Pyrolysis

Decreases boiling point

UOP, LLC (Des Plaines, Illinois) Honeywell and Ensyn Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP)

Converts forest and ag residues to bio-oil for power and heat


56/85

Biodiesel

Transesterification of lipids

Triglyceride is converted to methyl ester plusglycerol

Vegetable Oil, Methanol, and SodiumHydroxide

Glycerol is a by-product

B2 mandate in Minnesota

Biodiesel or


57/85

Biodiesel orFAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)

Chemical composition Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straightchain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 20)

Differs in that it is oxygenated and has a small number ofdouble bonds

Fuel characteristics will vary slightly depending uponsource

Blending Completely miscible with diesel fuel

Used as an additive (5% max) to increase cetane andimprove performance of diesel Internal combustion engines must be designed to

accommodate fuels with FAME content >5%


58/85

Biodiesel Sources

Plant oils Soybean

Palm

Rice

Cottonseed

Rapeseed (canola) Waste oils (plant and animal)

Algaerecent interest because High amounts of oil

Minimal competition with food crops and crop land Can be grown on land with low potential for CO2sequestration (e.g.

deserts)

Does not necessarily require fresh water


59/85

Algae Biodiesel

Algae grow rapidly and can have a highpercentage of lipids, or oils.

Can double their mass several times a day Produce at least 15 times more oil per acre than

alternatives such as rapeseed, palms, andsoybean Efforts to screen natural microalgae species to

find the strains that produce the highest yields

and the most oil. Combine with power plantsAlgae uses C02then harvested for bio-diesel production


60/85

Bio-diesel

Made by transforming animal fat or vegetableoil with alcohol .

Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil orsoybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.

Directly substituted for diesel either as neatfuel or as an oxygenate additive


61/85

Modified Waste Vegetable Fat

Designed for general use in most compressionignition engines .

The production of MWVF can be achieved in acontinuous flow additive process.

It can be modified in various ways to make a'greener' form of fuel


62/85

E-Diesel

Uses additives in order to allow blending ofethanol with diesel.

Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%

Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel

from separating at very low temperatures orif water contamination occurs.

Jatropha


63/85

Jatropha

Biodiesel from Jatropha

Seeds of the Jatropha nut is

crushed and oil is extracted

The oil is processed and

refined to form bio-diesel.


64/85


65/85

HR BioPetroleum


66/85

DME (Dimethyl Ether)

Produced by the dehydration of methanol

BioDMEEuropean Project to ProduceDimethyl Ether

Low emissions Volvo Group

Diesel replacement

CH3 0CH3 Colorless gas


67/85

Fischer Tropsch Fuels

Conversion of carbon monoxide andhydrogen to liquid hydrocarbons usingcatalytic reactions (Co, Fe, Ru)

Primarily Gasoline, Diesel, and Wax

WWII

Sasol

Syntroleum and Tyson FoodsBio-dieseland jet fuel from low grade animal fats


68/85

BioAlcohols

Ethanol (10% mandate in MN)

C2 H6 0

Methanol (wood alcohol)

CH3 OH

Butanol

C4 H10 O

Propanol

C3 H7 OH

Advanced Biomass R & D Timeline


69/85

Federal Interagency Biomass R and D Board (2008)


70/85

Environmental Concerns

Air Pollution

Soil Deterioration


71/85

Air Concerns

Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the

potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors

o Increase in Noxemissions

Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful

Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric

concentrations of carcinogensEmission of relatively large sized particulate matter


72/85

Soil Concerns

Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients

Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallowReduced land availability for cattle grazing

Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy

crops contaminate ground and surface water

o Affects fish and wildlife


73/85

Environmental Benefits

Reduction of waste

Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared tofossil fuels

Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle

Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity


74/85

Socio-Economic Benefits

Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian

communities

Increase in jobs

Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser

dependence on foreign resources


75/85

BIO FUELS

THE WORLD SCENARIO

BRAZIL


76/85

BRAZIL

World leader in production and export ofethanol.

Ethanol produced per day equivalent to200,000 barrels of gasoline.

24% blend ethanol mandatory.

Competitiveness

Bio diesel initiatives underway

U S A


77/85

U.S.A.

Ethanol : a big boost to economy

E85 sells cheaper than gasoline

Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr

MTBE phased out in many states

Soya bean main source of biodiesel

E U


78/85

E.U.

Rapeseed main source of bio diesel

3-15% blended petrol

France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax

Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons

Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

Th Si ifi t Oth


79/85

The Significant Others

China: 3rdlargest producer of ethanolproducing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting90,000 tons in 2000.

In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is usedas a significant fuel source

Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-

scale production from palm oil.

I di


80/85

India

Sources of ethanol: Sugarcane

Molasses

Agricultural waste

Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected

Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion

litres

I di (C td )


81/85

Sources of biodiesel: Honge

Jatropha

High capital, broad scale production plan initiated

Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

India (Contd.)


82/85

Bio Mass


83/85

Bio Mass

Biomass already supplies 14 % of the worlds

primary energy consumption. On average, biomassproduces 38 % of the primary energy in developingcountries.

USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around9000 MW

INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs

about 25,000 crores annually for the government toimport oil.


84/85

Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste,forest residue and municipal waste.

Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give biogas

Digester consumes roughly one third the power its

capable of producing. Fertilizers as by product.

Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow

per day!!


85/85

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	firstio-noveldo-ananda
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Pertemuan 4 BB Alternatif Process

Documents