POTENTIAL OF LANDFILL GAS TO ELECTRICITY IN NIGERIA
BY
OLUBUNMI OGUNSOLA, PhD
TEMEC
WOODBRIDGE, VA, USA
TEMEC
Outline of Talk • About TEMEC and CPE •Solid Waste Management & Energy Picture • Brief Description of CPE/TEMEC LFGE Pre- Feasibility Study • Some Observations and Results from the Study • Conclusions/Remarks • Acknowledgment
TEMEC
TEMEC AT A GLANCE
Founded in 1997 in Alaska
Incorporated in 2002 in Virginia
Minority woman-owned and small business
Multidisciplinary staff with several years of experience
Services
Energy and Minerals Technology
Materials and Chemical Processing
Environmental Engineering TEMEC
OVERVIEW OF TEMEC CAPABILITIES
- TEMEC OFFERS SERVICES IN:
• Energy Science and Technology
• Environmental Science and Engineering
• Minerals/Materials Science and Engineering
• Chemical Processing
• Data Analysis
• Process Economic Analysis and Simulation
TEMEC
About CPE • CPE is an NGO founded in 2007. • Established exclusively for charitable, educational, and scientific purposes. • Primary mission is to improve socio-economic standard of Nigerian people and protect the environment they live in through appropriate educational, scientific research, and charitable programs
• Services Include: o RESEARCH o COMMUNITY & PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT o EDUCATIONAL TRAINING o OUTREACH
CONTACT INFORMATION E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: www.centreforpeopleandenvironment.org
TEMEC
Impact of Solid Waste and Dumpsite
• Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic (man-made) emission source • It accounts for about 13-20% of global methane emissions or over 223 MMTCE) • About 2.23 MMTCE of which are generated in Nigeria dumpsites • Per capital rate of MSW production in Nigeria is 0.2-0.5kg/day • This is equivalent to about 49 million kg/day (17.9 million tons/year) • No effective or efficient waste management in place • Wastes are dumped in Dumpsite and mostly on roadsides • No Engineered (sanitation) Landfills
TEMEC
Electricity Situation in Nigeria
• Only about 40 percent of Nigerian populace has access to grid
electricity supply
• It is generally unreliable • Demand exceeds supply big time •Difference met by portable generators resulting in health and environmental problems • Installed capacity = 6GW (2008) •The country is lacking in policies to harness resources and develop and/or improve the electricity infrastructure • Future plan 40GW in 2020 • LFG is currently not used for generating electricity • LFG has a role in distributed generation and commercial sector, estate, hospitals, schools, bakeries, etc TEMEC
TEMEC
The TEMEC/CPE LFGE Pre-Feasibility Study
TEMEC
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
Identify appropriate dumpsites/landfills suitable for an integrated project
Quantify and characterize waste materials from the selected dump sites/landfills
Estimate the LFG that could be generated from the selected
dumpsites/landfills and the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions potential of implementing a LFG-to-Electricity project at each of the selected sites.
Assess the economic viability of the development of a LFG recovery and utilization project at each of the selected study sites in Nigeria.
TEMEC
LANDFILLS STUDIED MPAPE, Abuja
AFOFUNRA, Ibadan
AJAKANGA, Ibadan
AWOTAN, Ibadan
TEMEC
Photographs of Afofunra (Aba-Eku) Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
Photographs of Awotan (Apete) Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
Photographs of Mpape Dumpsite A:Covered Waste B: Leachates TEMEC
Photographs of Ajakanga Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
Composition of the Solid Wastes at the Landfills Studied Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant
Number: XA83367801, 2010
Parameter Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan
% Paper & Textiles 19.22 34.02 23.1 21.99
% Garden Waste
25.62 7 26.7 15.64
% Food 27.05 53.5 21.8 36.67
% Wood Population Expected to be Served
28.11 265,571
1.9 N/A
28.3 486,559
25.70 315,898
TEMEC
PARAMETERS USED IN ESTIMATION Methane Correction Factor: 0.4
Average Temp at the Landfill: 28 oC
Fraction of Methane in the Landfill: 0.5
Methane Density: 0.717 kg/m3
Waste Generation Per Capital: 0.45 kg/day
TEMEC
Estimated Ultimate Analysis of the Waste at The Dumpsites Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
Landfill Carbon
(%)
Hydrogen (%)
Oxygen (%)
Nitrogen (%)
Sulfur (%)
Ash (%)
Awotan 50.14 6.38 36.89 1.93 0.26 4.40
Ajakanga 50.24 6.76 36.54 1.95 0.24 4.27
Afofunra 49.96 6.32 37.31 1.96 0.25 4.20
Mpape 49.07 6.37 36.7 2.26 0.30 4.20
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ASSUMPTIONS MADE The Afofunra, Mpape, Ajakanga, and Awotan sites were opened in 1997, 1988,
1996, and 1998, respectively.
LFG-to-electricity project was assumed to begin at the sites about 16 years after the sites were opened.
Turbine was assumed to be the choice of technology for the electricity generation plant.
Landfill gas was assumed to be selling at the price of $5/million Btu.
A methane generation rate constant of 0.03 year-1 was assumed for all sites.
Landfill gas collection efficiency of 50 and 63 percent were assumed for all sites. This assumption was based on typical achievable collection efficiency ranges between 50-75 % of total LFG generation (Aboyade, 2004; World Bank, 2004b).
TEMEC
ASSUMPTIONS MADE CONTD Loan lifetime of 10 years was assumed in all cases. Interest rate was assumed to be 8 percent. Marginal tax rate was assumed to be 35 percent, while a
discount rate of 10 percent was used in all cases. Twenty percent of the loan was assumed to be the down
payment in all cases. Varying electricity sales price was used to obtain the minimum
electricity sales price that a project at each site becomes economically viable.
All electricity generated by the project is assumed to be sold
off-site at varying tariff rates. TEMEC
AFOFUNRA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
AJAKANGA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
AWOTAN LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
TEMEC
MPAPE LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Afofunra Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
Electricity Cost ($/KWh)
Economic Parameters 0.20 0.21 0.24
Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 624,671 499,736
Average Project Size (KW) 71 71 57
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 650,878 765,308 601,872
Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,058 42,655 39,209
Internal Rate of Return (%) 9 10 10
Net Present Value at Year of Construction ($) (22,392) 6,338 104
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations
Begins)
None 15 15
TEMEC
Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Ajakanga Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
Electricity Cost ($/KWh) Economic Parameters
0.14 0.15 0.17
Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 1,106,974 1,106,974 878,551
Average Project Size (KW) 126 126 100
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 819,254 819,254 734,122,
Annual Operating Cost ($) 52,189 53,246 47,526
Internal Rate of Return (%) 8 11 11
Net Present Value ($) (36,108) 14,990 17,261
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations
Begins)
None 15 15
TEMEC
Comparison of the Economic Viability of the LF at Best Economic Conditions Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010
Landfill Economic Data
Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan
Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 842,050 1,106,974 723,205
Average Project Size (KW) 71 96 126 83
Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 765,308 734,895 819,254 689,133
Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,655 48,728 53,246 45,811
Internal Rate of Return (%) 10 11 11 12
Net Present Value ($) 6,338 21,826 14,990 32,644
Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations
Begins)
15 15 15 14
Minimum Electricity Costs ($/KWh) 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.20
TEMEC
CONCLUSIONS The total expected in-place waste at the sites was found to be
adequate to generate LFG to sustain a LFGE project
A LFGE project at each of the sites of study was found to be economically viable under the various parameters considered and at a minimum electricity cost of about $0.2/KWh.
The installed capital cost of an average plant size of about 120KW is estimated to be in the $650,000 - $820,000 range with a payback period of about 15 years.
Each plant is capable of providing electricity for about 40 households, assuming about 3KW/household
TEMEC
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The information used in this presentation was from a project sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under Cooperative Agreement Number XA-83397601-0 to Centre for People and Environment (CPE).
TEMEC