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Vice-Chancellor
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
FOREWORD
It is a matter of pleasure that the Field crops -II (Rabi crops) manual is being
published by the Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar for the benefit of agriculture students. The manual
contains complete crop husbandry of rabi field crops from field preparation to the crop
harvesting. It seems to be very useful not only to the students to prepare for examinations
but also to the farmers and associated persons engaged in raising rabi field crops. The
authors Drs. R.K. Pannu, A. K. Dhaka, Bhagat Singh and Satish Kumar have needed
teaching and research exposure on field crops. The manual so developed may also serve
as a text book as this has been written as per revised curriculum, which will help the
undergraduate students for their better understanding of the crop cultivation. The
language of manual is simple and easily understandable with cultivation practices
elaborated in detail. The production constraints of each crop with practical solution have
been explained very well. This publication will certainly help the students to prepare for
competition of different examinations.
I congratulate the authors for their tireless efforts in bringing out the manual only
to help in development of quality human resource. This manual can also be used as ready
reckoner by all stakeholders of field crops.
(K.S. Khokhar)
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PREFACE
Crop cultivation as subsistence farming has been followed since ancient times.
Raising field crops is a dynamic process of taking decision from time to time as the
cultivation practices changes with change in agro climatic conditions, soil types andlocations. Crop production embraces the knowledge to perform the various operations at the
farm in a skillful manner. This also teaches judicious and efficient use of farm resources and
inputs are required for sustainable production. In view of the ever-growing human and cattle
population and horizontal expansion of crop cultivation is impossible, therefore very limitedscope for extension of cultivated area, it is necessary to produce more food, feed, fodder, fuel
and fiber from the existing land area with the available resources. Depletion and degradation
of natural resources by intensive agriculture in post green revolution era coupled withincreasing cost of inputs required for crop production are posing serious threat to
sustainability of crop production. Therefore, it requires developing skilled man power
through human resource at global level. The apex body of agriculture at national level(ICAR) has developed a common course curriculum for the graduates in agriculture for
parity. None of the available books covers the whole syllabus and taking this in to
consideration a manual has been written by the authors. The course contents have beenimplemented from 2011-12 in Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar. The new course of field crops (Rabi) is more comprehensive as it deals with the
complete package of practices of major rabi season cereals, pulses, oil seeds, forage crops,
sugar crops, commercial crops and medicinal and aromatic plants. A comprehensivedocument on different aspects of crop production i.e soil, climatic requirement, crop
production and crop protection technologies along with the processing and value addition
will provide comprehensive knowledge to the students.
We hope the manual will be helpful in fulfilling the objective of holistic knowledge
of crops for increasing the income of farmers and sustainability to the production system. Wewish this manual will be useful to the students, teachers and farmers alike pursuing the sacred
mission of increasing food availability to the hungry millions.
We are thankful to the Worthy Vice-Chancellor for writing forward for this manualand authorities of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for granting permission to
publish this manual. The encouragement and guidance by Dr. (Mrs.) Sucheta Khokhar, Dean,
College of Agriculture and technical help rendered by Dr. A.S. Dhindwal, Professor andHead, Department of Agronomy is thankfully acknowledged. We are extremely thankful to
the authors of various books, manuals and documents for getting useful material for inclusion
in this publication. We are also grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research forproviding financial assistance for publication of this manual.
Suggestions for improvement of the subject matter are always welcome.
Hisar R. K. Pannu
March, 2012 A.K. Dhaka
Bhagat Singh
Satish Kumar
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CONTENTS
Sr. no. Title Page no.
Cereals1 Wheat 1-14
2 Barley 15-20
Pulses
3 Chick Pea 21-27
4 Lentil 28-33
5 Field Pea 34-38
6 French Bean 39-41
Oil seeds
7 Rapeseed and Mustard 42-50
8 Sunflower 51-59
Sugar crop
9 Sugarcane 60-73
Commercial crop
10 Tobacco 74- 86
Forage crops
11 Berseem 87- 91
12 Lucerne 92- 94
13 Oat 95- 97
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Syllabus (Theory)
AGRON 203 FIELD CROPS- II (RABICROPS)
Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic
requirements, varieties, cultural practices, manuring, water management,
important limiting factors and constraints in production and cultivation of rabi
crops.
Cereals: Wheat and Barley
Pulses: Chickpea, Lentil, Peas and French bean
Oil seeds: Rapeseed and mustard and Sunflower
Sugar crop: Sugarcane
Commercial crop: Tobacco
Forage crops: Berseem, Lucerne and Oat
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WHEAT
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is locally known as Gehun/Kanak belongs to family
Poaceae. It is the Worlds number one cereal crop with an area of about 214 million hectare,
which is about 14% of the global arable land area. The area under wheat is almost staticaround 220 million hectare since last three decades but its production has been increased by
four fold due to improved varieties, increase in irrigation and fertilizers use with modern
production technologies. Wheat is the second most important food crop of the country, which
contributes nearly one-third of the total food grains production.
It is consumed mostly in the form of unleavened pan-backed bread, called chapati.
Wheat is consumed in various other preparations such as dalia, halwa, puri, upma, flakes,
cakes, biscuits etc. It contains more proteins (10-12%) than other cereals. Wheat has a
relatively high content of niacin and thiamine. Wheat proteins are of special significance
beside nutrition; they provide characteristic substance gluten, which is very essential for
bakers, because gluten provides the structural frame work for the spongy, cellular texture of
bread and other baked products. Wheat straw is used for feeding the cattle.
Origin
According to De Candolle wheat was originated in the valley of Euphrates and Tigris
and spread from there to China, Egypt and other parts of worlds. But, Vavilov believed that
durum wheat was originated in Abyssinia, while soft wheat was probably originated in the
region of western Pakistan, south western Afghanistan and the southern parts of mountainous
Babshara.
Area, Production and ProductivityThe major Wheat producing countries in the world are China, India, United States,
Russia and France. In India the major wheat growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana and Rajasthan with a highest productivity in Punjab (45.1 q/ha), Haryan (44 q/ha)
and UP (31.2 q/ha) with all India average of 29.1 q/ha. The average productivity of wheat in
Haryana during 2009-10 was 42.13 kg/ha. The area under wheat has steadily gone up since
the start of the Wheat Revolution in 1967 and its production and productivity has increased
tremendously. The overall increase in area, production and productivity of wheat in our
country during 1965-2010 had been 207%, 655% and 317%, respectively. Another major
change that has occurred in wheat cultivation since independence is that the proportion of
area under irrigated wheat has increased greatly. It has gone up from 34% in 1967 to 51 % in
1970 and more than 89.6% in 2006-07. Thus the crop has now become largely irrigated as
compared to being primarily rainfed earlier.
Classification of wheat
According to Bayles and Clark (1954) the 12 cultivated species of Triticum are
Triticum aestivum/vulgare (Common bread Wheat), T.durum (Durum/macroni Wheat), T.
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dicoccum (Emmer Wheat), T.sphaerococcum (Shot Wheat), T. macha (Macha Wheat), T.
vavilovi (Vavilovii Wheat), T. spelta (Spelt Wheat), T. compactum (Club Wheat), T.
polonicum (Polish Wheat), T. turgidum (Poulard Wheat), T. persicum/carthlicum (Persian
Wheat) and T. monococcum (Einkorn Wheat). Out of total 18 species of Triticum genus,
Perival (1921) classified 12 cultivated species into three distinct groups; deploids (Einkorn
Wheat) , tetraploids ( Emmer, Durum, Persian, Poulard and Polish wheat) and hexaploids (
Common, Club, Spelt, Shot, Macha and Vavilovii wheat), with 7, 14 and 21 chromosomes,
respectively in their cells. T. sphaerococcum has now practically gone out of cultivation
because of its low productivity and high susceptibility to diseases. Only spring-type wheat
varieties are grown in the country, though these are raised in winter.
Common bread wheat (T. aestivum) is the most important species, occupying more than
90% of the total wheat area in the country. It is grown all over India from the sea-level up to
an elevation of 3,500 m in the Himalayas. Mexican dwarf wheat developed by incorporating
dwarfing gene Norin 10 was introduced in India by Dr. N.E. Borlaug (Noble Leurate).
Macaroni wheat (T. durum)is the second most important species, occupying nearly 10% ofthe wheat area. Earlier its cultivation was primarily confined to the central and southern
India, with very small area in Punjab and West Bengal. Its cultivation was most common
under rain fed conditions only, on account of high susceptibility to rusts. But with the
development of high-yielding semi-dwarf types, a large area has come up in Punjab under
irrigated conditions. The durum wheat is good for making suit, semya, sphagetti.
Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum), is grown on a very restricted scale in Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, where it is known as popatiya, khapli, ravva,
godhumalu, samba etc. A large pocket of several thousand hectares of this species exists in
Belgaum district of Karnataka along the river Krishna.
It has a very high degree of heat tolerance and can be sown as late as December and January
without much fear of heat damage during grain filling, even in the southern zone. It is
preferred for several south Indian dishes, which use granular form of wheat.
Growth stages
Pre-establishment stage:
a. Pre-emergence (up to 5 DAS): Sprouting of seeds by giving rise to seminal roots and
coleoptiles.
b. Emergence (6 DAS): Appearance of coleoptiles from germinating seeds above the soil
surface.Vegetative stage:
a. Seedling (up to 30 DAS): The young plants establish larger root systems in this stage.
This stage may be further differentiated as one leaf, two leaves, three leaves and four leaf
stages.
b. Crown root initiation (22 DAS): This coincides with three or four leaf stage in the plant.
At this stage the roots emerge from the crown disc.
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c. Tillering (35 - 45 DAS): Plants develop crown and branch out into tillers from their base
at soil surface.
d. Jointing (65 DAS): This is the stage at which the plants start elongating when the nodes
start developing above the crown node.
Reproductive stage:
a. Booting (75 DAS) in this stage the uppermost leaf swells out into flag holding the spike
into it.
b. Heading (85 DAS) The spikes start emerging out from the flag leaf sheath at this stage.
c. Flowering/Anthesis (95 DAS) Anthesis of florets and fertilization of ovaries take place at
this stage.
Post- Anthesis stage
Grain filling (105-135 DAS): The ovaries, after fertilization, start elongation into seeds
or ovules passing through Milk stage (105 DAS), Soft dough stage (120 DAS) and Hard
dough stage (135 DAS).
Maturity stage: Colour of glumes changes and kernels become fairly hard at this stage.There are two stages of maturity i.e.Physiological (140 DAS) and harvestable maturity
(145 DAS)
Climatic requirement
In India wheat is a winter season (rabi) crop. The sowing is done in autumn and
harvesting in summer. The high temperature at both ends of the crop season determine the
duration available for cultivation, which ranges from 100 days in south to more than 145 days
in north-western plains and 180 days in the hills. The best wheats are produced in areas
favored with cool, moist weather during the major portion of the growing period followed by
dry, warm weather to enable the grain to ripen properly. The optimum temperature range for
ideal germination of wheat seed is 20 to 250C though the seeds can germinate in the
temperature range of 3.5-350C.
During the heading and flowering stages, excessively high or low temperature and
drought are harmful to wheat crop. The temperature conditions at the time of grain filling and
development are very crucial for yield. Temperature above 25oC during this period tends to
depress grain weight. Early seeding severely restricts tillering capability, crop duration and
yield potential of most varieties. Very hot temperature during grain-ripening period can result
in grain shriveling.
Soil requirement
Well-drained loams and clayey loams are considered the best for growing wheat.
However, good crop of wheat can be raised in sandy loams and the black soils also. Durum
wheat is considered more suitable for cultivation in heavy and black soils, whereas aestivum
wheat is grown in all types of soils.
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Crop rotations
In Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh where rice is now extensively grown in
kharif and is followed by wheat. Similarly, wheat is now extensively cultivated after rice in
eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The sugarcane-wheat and cotton-wheat rotations are also
common in several parts, in northern India under irrigated condition Pearl millet--wheat,
Sorghum-wheat and jute-wheat are other rotations followed in some parts of the country.
Development of short-duration varieties of pigeonpea has made the growing of wheat feasible
after harvest of this crop. In north-western India and in the foot-hill tarai areas of Uttar
Pradesh, irrigated wheat is also grown as a companion crop between rows of sugarcane and
potato. In the black soils of central and peninsular India, dryland wheat is rotated with
sorghum, pearl milet or cotton in kharif in the preceding year. The growing of quick-maturing
crops, viz. greengram, onion, coriander and even groundnut or early sown maize as catch
crops before wheat are fairly common. All over India, the growing of rainfed wheat mixed
with Chickpea, lentil, mustard, linseed, barley and safflower is quite common. Even under
irrigated conditions a row of mustard for every 8 to 12 rows of wheat is a common practice.
Field preparation
Wheat crop requires a well pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform
germination. With 3 to 4 ploughings, repeated harrowing, cultivation and planking before
sowing to produce firm seedbed are considered desirable for raising a good crop of wheat.
Very timely cultivation to conserve moisture in the soil is essential under rainfed condition.
In the black cotton soils, blade harrow (bhakar) is used instead of the plough. For field
prepration 1 to 3 ploughings with an iron plough may sometimes precede the use of bhakar.
Pre-sowing irrigation (palewa or rauni) of field, followed by cultivation and planking to
prepare a fine well pulverized seed bed. Recently zero-tillage and minimal tillage sowing
practices using a specially designed zero-till seeding-cum-fertilizer drill have been
recommended to save the time required to prepare proper seedbed under the rice-wheat
rotation, particularly when medium long and long duration varieties of rice (or basmati types)
are grown and the fields get vacated very late in November and December. Such practices
can be followed even for timely sown wheat to reduce expenditure on field preparation.
However, these are successful when weeds are not a serious problem or when these are
controlled with the use of herbicides.
Resource conservation technologies (RCT)
1. Laser land leveling: This is precursor resource conservation technology that is a must forthe proper implementation of other RCTs for greater productivity and profitability. This
technology increases productivity, increases area under crop, saves water and other inputs,
enhances factor productivity and reduces costs of production.
2. Surface seeding: This RCT is specifically suited to single crop diaralands of eastern parts
of India where soil remains wet after rice harvesting. The technology requires no tillage,
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broadcast dry or soaked seed under saturated condition, scope in areas where soil remains wet
after rice harvesting and doubles the cropping intensity.
3. Zero tillage: The main features of the technology are; zero tillage drill is simple and
affordable, direct drilling in untilled condition, advances sowing time realizing higher yields,
saves more than 90% fuel energy and time, similar yield at lower cost in comparison to
timely sown wheat with conventional tillage and better management of herbicide resistant
biotypes of Phalaris minor
4. Bed Planting: The Furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS) accommodate 2-3 rows of
wheat on raised bed with 75-90 cm spacing between beds. The furrows in between the beds
are used for irrigation purpose. The method helps in saving of water upto 40% without loss of yield.
Sowing time
Normally wheat is sown when the average daily temperatures fall to around 22-23C,
which happens only in November in most wheat-growing areas. Sowing wheat while the
temperatures are high (around 25C) results in poor germination reduced tillering and earlyonset of flowering, thereby exposing the floral parts to cold damage. All these factors depress
the crop yields. Only few varieties, viz. C 306 and WH 533 are suitable for sowing in the end
of October to Ist week of November, which makes these suitable for rainfed conditions where
seeding is done early.
Under irrigated conditions, the first fortnight of November is considered the optimum
time for sowing the medium and long-duration varieties, which are capable of producing the
highest possible yield.
Seed rate
For varieties with the medium sized grains (38 to 44 g for 1,000 seeds) a seed rate of
100 kg/ha is recommended. For bold seeded varieties (around 45 g or more/1,000 seeds) a
seed rate of 125 kg/ha is optimum. For late-sown and mild salinity condition, 25% higher
seed rate (125-150 kg/ha) is recommended.
Method of sowing
In many places the seed is sown by hand in furrows behind the plough, drawn by
bullocks by the kera method. In Paddy - wheat rotation areas the sowing of wheat should be
done with the help of zero till seed- cum -fertilizer drill. The seed of semi-dwarf varieties
should be placed at seeding depth of 4 to 5cm depth, since they have a short coleoptile, butthat of the tall types can be placed up to a depth of 6 to 7 cm. For irrigated timely sown
wheat, a spacing of 20 cm between the rows is considered optimum. For irrigated late-sown
conditions, the row spacing is reduced to 18 cm. Under rainfed conditions seed is required to
be placed deeper, and after sowing, the furrows are left open. Rainfed wheat is sown at
relatively wide spacing of about 25 to 30 cm between the rows. Some farmers sow the crop
by broadcasting seeds in the well-prepared fields followed by harrowing. This is an
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undesirable practice since seed cannot be spread uniformly, and get placed at variable depths
resulting in erratic crop stand. However, in case this method has to be adopted under certain
constraints then seed rate should be increased by 25% and moisture availability ensured in
top-soil level.
Varieties
Early Sowing, Medium Fertility and Restricted Irrigated Conditions
C 306: This is a most drought tolerant variety of wheat. This is suitable for early sowing (i.e.
last week of October to 1st week of November). This is a tall variety (135 cm) and has high
tillering capacity. It has white and hairy ears on maturity. It has high early growth vigour and
medium late in maturity (150 days). Due to its tall stature and weak stem, it is susceptible to
lodging. It has excellent chapati making quality and its grains are hard, amber and medium in
size. This variety yields about 25q/ha without irrigation.
WH 1025: It is recommended for early sowing, low fertility and low irrigated areas. Medium
in height (105 cm), lodging resistant. Grains are medium in size, amber coloured and hard. Itschapatti making quality is very good. It is resistant to rust. Average yield is 27.5 q/ha.
WH 1080: It is recommended for rainfed and restricted irrigation areas. The plant has
average height of 86 cm. The stem is hard and lodging resistant. The grains are of medium
size, hard with amber colour. It can tolerate the drought conditions very well. It gives average
yield of 30.8 q/ha with crop duration of 151 days.
Timely Sowing, Medium Fertility and Restricted Irrigated Conditions
WH 147: It is a dwarf variety with fast growing habit, good tillering capacity, and compact
plant type with broad and erect leaves. The flag leaf is prominent. Its earhead is thick at the
top. This variety is about one week early in heading and maturity. Hence, it can escape high
temperature at the time of maturity of crop. The average yield is 50 q/ha. It has resistance to
brown rust but susceptible to yellow rust and powdery mildew. Therefore, its cultivation
should be avoided in humid climate areas. The last irrigation should be light and done when
winds are not blowing to avoid lodging.
WH 416: It has 105 cm height, quick growing habit and green foliage with broad and erect
leaves. Its spikes are smooth and fusiform and have white glumes on maturity. The grains are
amber and fairly bold with about 40g per 1000 grains. It has been found most suitable for
timely sowing, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The average yield of this variety is 55
q/ha.
Timely Sowing, High Fertility and Irrigated ConditionsWH 711:It is a dwarf variety with an average plant height of 81 cm its plant is compact with
profuse tillering capacity having stout stem which resists lodging. Leaves are erect, small and
medium sized of dark green foliage. Spikes are tapering bearing medium awns and semi-
dense which turn creamy white on maturity. It matures in 145 days. Grains are amber,
medium and of oral shape and its average yield is 59 q/ha.
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WH 542:It is a semi-dwarf variety (90 cm) with high tillering and compact plant type having
dense and white spikes with short awns. It is highly resistant to lodging. It has resistance to
all the three rusts, flag smut and loose smut, Karnal bunt and powdery mildew. Its foliage
colour is light green. The awn and ear colour at maturity becomes white. The grains are
amber colour, semi-hard and medium in size. This variety has very good chapati making
qualities. It matures in 140 days and its average yield is 58 q/ha.
WH 283:It is a dwarf variety with an average height of about 104 cm. The tillering is fairly
good and the foliage is dark green and drooping. Its grains are bold; shining and amber. The
bread and chapati making quality is very good. It is highly resistant to leaf rust and has good
field resistance to Karnal bunt. The average yield of this variety is 50 q/ha.
PBW 502: It is dwarf variety (95 cm) with profuse tillering habit. The ears are dense and
tapering in shape. Its grains are bold, amber, lustrous and hard. It is resistant to yellow and
brown rust. It is less susceptible to Karnal bunt but susceptible to loose smut. Its average
yield is 50 q/ha. It matures in 150 days.
PBW 550:It is dwarf (85 cm), high tillering, grains are medium in size (41 g/1000 seeds)and hard. It is resistant to yellow and brown rust. It is resistant to Karnal bunt also. Its
average yield is 58 q/ha. It matures in 140 days.
DBW 17: It is recommended for timely and irrigated conditions. It is dwarf (85 cm), high
tillering, grains are medium in size (39 g/1000 seeds) and hard. It is resistant to yellow and
brown rust. It is resistant to Karnal bunt also. Its average yield is 58 q/ha. It matures in 143
days.
UP 2338:It is a dwarf variety with an average height of about 100 cm. Its grains are bold and
amber. Moderately resistant to brown rust. Average yield is 57.5 q/ha.
PBW 343:It is a, semi-dwarf variety with an average height of 95 cm with high tillering and
compact plant type having resistance to lodging. It has recently turend susceptible to the
rusts. The grains are amber, hard and medium bold. It matures in 142 days and its average
yield is 57.5 q/ha.
Late sown and high fertility conditions
WH 1021:Dwarf (95 cm), high tillering and ears are brown in colour at maturity. Grains are
medium in size, shiny and have 12.2% protein content. It is resistant to brown and yellow
rust. It is tolerant to high temperature. Average yield is 47.5 q/ha.
PBW 373: Dwarf (96 cm), high tillering, strong stem and resistant to lodging. Grains are
medium and hard. It is resistant to brown and yellow rust. Average yield is 46 q/ha.
Raj 3765: It is recommended for late and very late sowing. Plant height is 95 cm. It hasprofuse tillering and strong stem. Its spike is dense, pointed and white in colour. Its leaves are
light green in colour. Grains are hard, bold and amber in colour. It is heat and rust tolerant. Its
average yield is 46 q/ ha.
Sonalika (S 308): Semi-dwarf, low tillering and ears are light red in colour at maturity.
Grains are bold and soft. Incidence of Karnal bunt is less but sensitive to yellow rust.
Average yield is 42 q/ha.
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Timely Sowing under Salinity and Alkalinity Conditions
WH-157: It is a dwarf variety with an average height of 105 cm with compact habit of
growth in the early stage. Its foliage and stem remain dark green throughout its growth period
till maturity. However, the older leaves show a tendency of tip drying. The grains of this
variety are bold, hard and amber. Its tillering capacity is low. Its ears are fully bearded and
mid-dense. Its ear heads have whitish glumes, slight hairiness and long awns. It matures in
142 days. It has high resistance to yellow rust and resistance to brown rust. Its average yield
under salt affected lands is 35 q/ha.
KRL 210: Recommended for timely sown, irrigated saline and alkaline soil conditions.
Semi-dwarf and early maturing (125 Days) variety with high yield potential, giving about
33.75 q/ha grain yield. Grains are medium, semi-hard and amber in colour. Highly resistant to
loose smut disease and tolerant to Karnal bunt and foliar blight. Fairly good for chapatti
making quality.
KRL 213:Timely sown, irrigated- saline and alkaline conditions. Semi-dwarf and maturing
in 145 days giving about 33.57 q/ha grain yield. Grains are medium, semi-hard and amber in
colour. It has high level of resistance against rust diseases. Good for chapatti making quality.
Durum wheat varieties
WH 896: It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The
leaves of this variety are erect growing. It is dwarf in nature and have strong stem. Ear head is
white in colour and compact. Grains are bold and attractive. It is good for sujimaking. It is
resistant to rust, Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 52.5 q/ha.
WH 912:It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The stem
is strong and resistant to lodging. It is dwarf in nature. Ear head is brown in colour and
compact. Grains are bold and attractive. It is good for pastamaking. It is resistant to rust,
Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 55 q/ha.
PDW 233: It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The
leaves of this variety are light green in colour. It is dwarf in nature. Ear head is white in
colour and compact. Grains are bold and shining. It is good forpastamaking. It is resistant to
rust, Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 52q/ha.
Fertilizer requirement
It is better to apply fertilizer on soil test basis. Under irrigated conditions for dwarf
varieties of wheat, 150 kgN+60 kg P2O5+60 Kg K2O + 25 Kg ZnSO4/ha is recommended.
While for tall/desi variety 60 kg N+30 kg P2O5+30 Kg K2O/ha is recommended under
irrigated conditions. Half nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus, potash and zinc should be
drilled at the time of sowing. Remaining half nitrogen should be applied after first irrigation.
If the zinc is not applied at the time of sowing then spray twice 0.5% zinc sulphate + 2.5%
urea at 45 and 60 days after sowing.
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Chemical control of weeds in wheat
Sr.
No.Weeds Herbicide
Dose
(g/ha)
Time of
application
(DAS)
2,4-D Na salt (80% WP) or 625 30-351 Broadleaf weeds
2,4-D Ester (34.6% EC) 750 30-352,4-D Na (80% WP) or 1250 30-352 Hardy broadleaf
weeds(R. dentatus,C.
arvensis,C.arvense
andL. aphaca)
2,4-D E (34.6% EC) 1500 30-35
Metsulfuron-methyl
(Algrip, 20% WP)
20 30-353 Broadleaf weeds and
Asphodelus tenuifolius,
Carfentrazone-ethyl
(Aim 40 % DF)
50 30-35
Isoproturon 50% WP (Delron,
Tolkan, Taurus, Greminan,Hilproturon.
2000 30-354 Grassy weeds
Isoproturon (75% WP) Nocilon-
75, Arelon 75% WP) or with
Triton, Selvit)
1250 30-35
Triallate (Avadex, 10 % EC)
Or
3000 PPI Use
25% extra
seed rate
5 Grassy weeds
Particularly
Avena Ludoviciana
TriallatefbIsoproturon 2500 fb
1250
PPI & 30-35
Glyphosate (Round up, Glycel
41 % SL) or
2.0%
Solution
Spray after
wheat
harvest at
peak growth
of Weed
Glyphosate + surfactant or 1.0% +0.1%
---do-
6 Pluchea lanceolata
2,4-D E (34.6% EC) 3000 ---do-
Isoproturon (75% WP) + 2,4-D
Na (80% WP) or
900 + 650 30-35
Isoproturon + metsulfuron 900 + 15 30-35
7 Complex weed flora
(grassy + broad leaf
weeds)
Total (SSN + MTS) 40 30-35
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Precaution should be taken that Isoproturon has been found to cause phytotoxicity in
wheat CV. WH-157 and DWL 5023. 2,4-D should not be used under mixed cropping where
gram, raya or any other broadleaf crop has been grown with wheat. It should also not be
used in wheat varieties viz. WH 283, HD 2009, Raj 3077, WH 416 and Sonak.
Medicago denticulata and Melilotus indica spp. and Rumex dentatus are not controlled by
2,4-D, but can effectively be controlled by Algrip. Fumaria parviflora is not effectively
controlled by Algrip, but can be controlled by 2,4-D only. Aim is very effective against
Malva parviflora, Convolvulus arvensis andRumexdentatus. Delayed application may lower
its efficacy against Chenopodium album, Melilotus indica, Medicago denticulata and
Anagallis arvensis.
Chemical control of weeds in Isoproturon resistance affected areas
Herbicide Common
name
Dose
(g/ha)
Weeds controlled
Sulfosulfuron 75%WP
Leader, SF-10and Safal -75
32.5 + 1250 mlSurfactant
(0.25%)
Avena ludoviciana, P. minorand30-40%control of
broadleaf weeds
Clodinafop-propargyl
15% WP
(Topik, Point,
Moolah,
Rakshak Plus)
400 Avena ludoviciana andP.
Minor
Pinoxaden Axial 1000 Avena ludoviciana andP.
Minor
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Puma Power 1000 + S (Puma
activator 0.1%)
Avena ludoviciana and
Phalaris minor
Sulfosulfuron+
metsulfuron (R.M.)
Total 40 + S (0.25%) Grassy as well as broad leaf
weeds such asRumex dentatus,
Malva parviflora, C. album,
Medicago Denticulate and
Coronopus didymus
Mesosulfuron+
Idosulfuron ( R.M.)
Atlantis 400 + 0.1
activator
Grassy as well as broad leaf
weeds .
Clodinafop-propargyl
+ Metsulfuron-
methyl ( R.M.)
Vesta 400 + 1250 ml
surfactant
Grassy as well as broad leaf
weeds such asRumex dentatus,
Malva parviflora, C. album,
Medicago Denticulate and
Coronopus didymus
Note- Apply any one of the above mentioned herbicides by mixing in 500 litre of water per
hectare area after 30- 35 days of sowing.
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For complex weed flora (grassy and broadleaf weeds) where clodinafop or
fenoxaprop are used; sequential application of 2,4-D, one week after the application of grassy
herbicides provides good control of most of the weed flora. Tank mixing of grassy weed
herbicides with 2,4-D is antagonistic and should be avoided. Tank mix of clodinafop or
fenoxaprop with Aim (carfentrazone) is compatible, but not that of fenoxaprop plus Algrip
(metsulfuron). Sequential application of Algrip, one week after fenoxaprop spray should be
followed.
Precautions:Sulfosulfuron or its ready mix formulation (Total) should be avoided in areas
where sorghum or maize is grown after wheat harvest; however, no residual effect of these
herbicides was observed on cotton.
Diseases management
Black rust or stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici): Disease starts as dark reddish brown
elongated pustules without yellowingon leaves, leaf sheaths, stems and ear heads. Thefringed epidermis covering the pustule later ruptures, revealing powdery mass of brick red
coloured uredospores on the stem. Later in the season rusty coloured pustules turn black and
telia are formed which produce teleutospores.
Brown rust or leaf rust (Puccinia recondita ): The pustules are circular, brown to orange
brown generally irregularly scattered or scattered around the central pustules on ventral side
of the leaves but also occur on leaf sheath, peduncles, internodes and ear heads. Later on
rusty colour pustules turn black when teleutospores are formed.
Yellow rust or stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis):The disease occurs under comparatively
cooler conditions. The symptom starts in the form of narrow, yellow to orange yellow stripes
which become clearer in adult plants. Later on these stripes turn black when teleutospores
are formed. The infection also occurs on leaves, leaf sheath, stem, glumes, awns and also
some times on kernels. Foliar sprays with Zineb (Dithane Z-78) or Mencozeb (Dithane M-45)
@ 2kg/ha in 600 litre of water at the time of disease appearance effectively control the disease.
Loose smut [Ustilago segatum var. tritici (Syn.= U. tritici)]: Symptoms can be seen at the
time of ear emergence. Normally, infected ear heads emerges earlier than the healthy ones.
In the infected plants, the ears are transformed into a black powdery mass consisting of smut
spores, initially covered by a delicate papery membrane which ruptures and exposes the
spores. Subsequently these spores are dislodged by the wind leaving behind the naked rachis.
For control, Solar heat treatment- Soak the seeds in water for four hours in the morning and
spread the seed in the noon for drying during the months of May June, and seed treatment
with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or Tebuconazol (Raxil-2DS) @ 1g per kg seed
is quite effective.
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Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri): The disease affect the leaves primarily, leaf sheath, culm
and stem. The affected leaves become twisted which later drop down like flag and finally
wither away. These sori are formed in the mesophyll tissue under the epidermis of the leaf.
The epidermis ruptures exposing black powder mass of the spores. The culms remain sterile
and plants generally do not produce grain but sometimes shriveled grains may be produced.
Control: Burning of diseased plant debris, shallow sowing and one to two year crop rotation
reduces the disease. Seed treatment with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or
Tebuconazol (Raxil-2DS) @ 1g per kg seed is quite effective.
Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica = Syn. Tilletia indica): Symptoms are evident only on the
grains. Only few grains in an ear head are affected. In a stool, all the ears are not infected
and in an ear all the grains are not bunted. The infected spike lets may flare up the glumes to
expose the bunted grains. The infected seeds emit foul odour due to production of volatile
chemical trimethylamine. For control: Use of disease free seed and crop rotation should be
followed.Seed treatment with Bavistin (2 g/kg seed) reduces the seed borne inoculum.Foliarspray of carbendazim (Bavistin) or Dithane M 45 (0.2%), Hexaconazol or
propiconazole(0.1%) at anthesis stage gives effective control.
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici):The pathogen attacks all the aerial parts of the
plant. The symptoms appear on the upper surface of the leaves as white to grayish brown
colonies of fluffy superficial powdery mass. As the disease advances, premature drying of the
leaves takes place. Under favourable conditions the pathogen covers leaf sheath, stem and
glumes. Control: Burning of crop debris and deep summer ploughing helps in eliminating the
inoculum. Crop rotation helps in minimizing the disease incidence. Foliar spray of Sulfex @
2-2.5 kg/ha in 400-500 litre of water at first appearance of the disease and repeat after 10-15 days
Ear Cockle (Mamni) and Yellow ear rot (Tundu) (Anguina tritici and Rathyi bacter):
Diseased plants have spreading tendency and swollen base, leaves become crinckled and
twisted. Earheads contain dark brown, hard and roundish galls (Mamni) instead of grains.For
Control: Before sowing of seed, put wheat seed in water and agitate vigorously for few
minutes. Ear cockle galls will float to the surface. These may be skimmed off with an
ordinary sieve and brunt.
Molya (Heterodera avenae): Plants become stunted with yellowing of leaves, reduced
tillering and absence of ears on some tillers or small ears with poorly filled grains. The root
system of infected plants gets reduced in size and becomes bunchy with profuse development
of thin rootlets. Cysts (shining white bodies of female nematodes) are seen attached to the
roots at the later stage of the crop. For control: Expose the soil to the hot sun by summer
cultivation. follow rotation with non- cereals in badly infested soils. Use resistant variety Raj
M R- 1. Apply Temik 10G @ 10 kg or Furadan 3G @ 32 Kg/ha at sowing time.
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Insect management
Termites (Microtermos obesus): Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and near
maturity. The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pooled out. The plants
damaged at later stages give rise to white ears. The damage is generally more in low irrigated
light soils areas. For control : Treat the 100 kg seed with 150 ml Chlorpyriphos 20 EC or 250
ml Formothion 25 EC or 500 ml Ethion 50 EC, make the total solution of 5 litre by adding
water and then after spreading the seed on polythine sheet or floor mix solution with seed. To
control termite in standing field condition mix the 5 litre of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC in 5 litre of
water and 5 kg sand or ash, then spread in field evenly followed by a light irrigation.
Aphid (Lipophis erysimi) and Jassid (Amrasca biguttula): These pests damage the crop in
the month of Feb - March in our conditions by sucking the cell sap from leaves, earhead and
flag leaf. For cntrol: If you find 10 pests in one group on flag leaves of crop then go for spray
of 625 ml Fanitrothion 50 EC or 1000 ml Malathion 50 EC mix with 625 litre of water per
hectare area.
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BARLEY
Barley (Hordium vulgareL.) commonly known as Jau belong to family Poaceae. It is
very hardy crop and can be cultivated in adverse agro-environment like drought, salinity,
alkalinity etc. in plains and hilly areas under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The
carbohydrates present in barley help in the regulation of the glucose level due to high fiber
content which is five times more than that of the other whole grains. Barley grain are rich in
Vitamin B, Vitamin E and folic acid. Its feed helps in reducing the body weight, as it makes
a food appetite suppressant, making one feel filled and satisfied. Barley is a good source of
protein and 60% produce in India is used as a feed for the livestock. Barley contains about
15% water, 6.7% of gum, 3.2 % of sugar, 60% of starch and 2.2% of fat. A wide variety of
barley products are known to be suitable for human consumption. These include porridge,
muesli, cookies, barley flakes, breads, pasta, etc. The energy rich drinks like Bournvita,
Boost, Horlicks, Maltova etc. are prepared from malt extracts of barley. The parched grains
of barley are consumed in many parts of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana. Barley is
malted in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, etc. The by-products of malted barley are also
used in the form of animal feed. Barley straw is used to make the bed for the livestock,
making paper, fiberboard, etc.
Origin
According to Vavolov (1951) there are two main centers of diversity i.e.One group of
investigators considered North- East Africa and Mountainous regions of Abyssinia as the
principal centre of origin because many diverse forms are available there. This region is
particularly rich in two rowed, hulled, awned types which are classified as occidental type.Another group of investigators considers that possible centre of origin is south eastern Asia,
particularly China, Japan, Tibet and Nepal which is characterized by hull-less six rowed
varieties with short awn or no awn which grouped as oriental type barley. All the cultivated
forms of barley are thought to have originated from a wild species Hordium spontaneum a
species very similar to the present two-rowed barley.
Area, Production and Productivity
The leading barley producing countries are USSR, China, France, Canada, USA and
Spain. The area under barley cultivation in India has been gradually going down as farmers
are shifting to more remunerative crops like wheat and gram or cash crops like rapeseed and
mustard or safflower. Barley is grown mainly in the northern plains of the country but its
cultivation extends up to an altitude of about 4,575 metres in the Himalayas. In India, barley
occupied 0.62 m ha area and produced nearly 1.35 m tons grain, with a per hectare
productivity of 21.7q/ha during 2009-10. Its greatest concentration is in the states of Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, M.P., Punjab, Haryana and Bihar in plains and Himachal Pardesh,
Uttrakhand and Jammu & Kashmir in hills. In Haryana barley is grown on an area of 42
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thousand hectare with a production of 137 thousand tones and average productivity of 3262
kg/ha (2009-10). The major barley growing districts are Hisar, Sirsa, Bhiwani, Mohindergarh,
Rewari and western part of Jind, Rohtak and Gurgaon.
Classification
Barley can be classified in different groups which are given below:a) Classification based on arrangement of spikelets on rachis
Aberg and Wiebe (1946) classified all the cultivated barley varieties into three distinct
species based on the number of rows of grain and their arrangement:
(i) Hordium vulgareL. six-row barley
(ii) Hordium distichonL. two-row barley
(iii) Hordium irreglareL. two-row barley
Six-rowed hulled and some hull-less barley are generally cultivated in the country. In
very high altitudes in Leh and Kargil with cool arid climate, 6-rowed hull-less type is grown
in summer for food. With the demand from malting industry, the introduction and release of
some 2-rowed improved barley has also created considerable interest towards their
cultivation. The 2-rowed varieties are preferred for malting because of their bold, plump
grains, uniform germination, higher malt extract and other desirable traits.
b) Classification based on Awns
Depending on the presence or absence of awns in grains it has been grouped into:
(i) Awned type (ii) Awnless type: Awnless types are also called hooded because of the hood
shaped structure that develops in place of awn.
On the basis of nature of awn presence they are sub-grouped into:
(a) Smooth awned (ii) Rough awned.
c) Classification Based on Adherence of Chaff to grains
Barley are grouped into 2 types as i) Hulled (syn. husked) type: (ii) hull-less (syn.
naked) type.
In case of hulled barley the husk, i.e.floral glumes also called chaff remains attached
to grains resulting in poor flour making. In the hull-less type the husk readily falls after
threshing and naked grains free of chaff can be collected.
Growth stages
Barley has well defined stages of growth and development similar to wheat as follows:
1)Germination and seedling stage: After germination below the soil surface the coleoptile
emerges on the soil surface. This stage is marked by the exhaustion of endosperm andinitiation of crown roots. This stage lasts upto 20-25 days after sowing.
2)Tillering: The seedling after initial establishment of crown root system starts tillering. In
general, two row barley produces more tillers than six row barley. This stage of growth
continues upto 30-35 days after sowing.
3)Jointing and booting: At this stage plant develops its vegetative parts like stem, nodes
start multiplying and internode distance become longer. This stage lasts upto 55-65 daya
after sowing.
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4)Heading: The flag leaf give rise to emergence of ear head and anthesis begins in the
central florets ultimately resulted into milk stage. This stage lasts upto 75-85 days after
sowing.
5)Ripening: At this stage grain filling and grain development starts resulted into hard dough
stage. This phase lasts upto 90-100 days after sowing.
6)
Maturity and drying: This stage is the final stage in the crop life, plant turn yellowish,loose stiffness and become droopy and becomes ready for harvest.
Climatic requirement
Barley requires cool weather during early growth and warm and dry weather at
maturity. It grows reasonably well in temperate as in sub-tropical regions of the world. The
optimum temperature at the sowing should be around 22- 24oC. The crop requires around 12-
15oC during growing period and around 30
oC at maturity. Being drought resistant, barley suits
to areas with scanty rainfall. The crop can withstand cool humid and warm dry climates, but
hot humid climate disfavour its growth, mainly due to prevalence of diseases. It can not
tolerate frost at any stage of growth and incidence of frost at flowering is highly detrimental
for yield. Intermitted drought during the growth period results in premature ripening with high
nitrogen content and shriveled grains unfit for malting. Uniform moisture supply and bright
sunshine at the ripening are important for the production of clean bright kernels required by
the malting industry.
Soil requirement
Sandy to moderately heavy loam soils of Indo-Gangetic plains having neutral to mild
saline reaction and medium fertility are the most suitable for barley cultivation. However, it
thrives well on well-drained fertile deep loam soils. Severe lodging occurs when grown on
extremely fertile soils. Its cultivation also extends, although to a limited extent, to medium
black soils of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is more tolerant to alkali and saline conditions
than other rabicereals and is grown extensively under such conditions in Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Crop rotation
It is generally rotated with crops, such as pearlmillet, maize, paddy, sorghum, cotton,
groundnut, smaller millets, greengram and balckgram in different parts of the country.
Double-cropping with barley is practiced under assured soil moisture or irrigation facilities.
Barley is grown pure or mixed with other rabi crops, such as gram, peas and lentil.Sometimes, rape and mustard, taramira and linseed are also intercropped with barley. The
following are common crop rotations where barley is included: Paddy barley, Maize
barley, Sorghum barley, Cotton barley, Pearlmillet - barley, Groundnut - barley,
Blackgram barley, Greengram barley, Cowpea barley, Guar barley.
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Field preparation
Barley requires a well-pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform
germination. Two to three ploughings, repeated harrowing, cultivation and planking before
sowing are required to prepare seedbed. Cultivation is essential after effective rainfall to
conserve moisture in the soil under rainfed condition.
Sowing time
Sowing time plays a pivotal role in barley production. Under rainfed condition the
optimum time for barley sowing is second fortnight of October, whereas, under irrigated
situation is better to plant the crop between 15-30th
November for harvesting a good crop.
High malt content varieties such as BH 393 sowing must be completed between 15-30th
November otherwise it will affect malt content in grain.. Under late planting the quantity and
quality of malt is reduced.
Seed rate
Under irrigated conditions 85-90 kg/ha seed is required for sowing. However, under
late sown condition increase the seed rate by 25%. In rainfed situation, 75 kg/ha seed is
sufficient to avoid competition for moisture.
Method of sowing
Sowing method depends upon the moisture content in the top soil. If the moisture is
sufficient in the top soil than seed can be sown by kera method, otherwise, it must be planted
by pora method. Row to row spacing must be maintained at 22 cm under normal planting,
however, under late sown condition it should be reduced to 18-20 cm for obtaining optimum
plant population.
Varieties
Huskless barley varieties: Karan 3, Karan 16, Karan 18, Karan 19, Karan 750, Karan 757, DL
487 and K 1155.
Hulled barley varieties: Karan 15, Karan 280, NH 87, K 392, DL 472.
Malting and brewing purpose: Alfa 93, BCU 73, DWR 28, DWRUB 52, RD 2668 and
DWRB 73.Feed purpose: RD 2552, PL 751, BH 902, BH 393 and RD 2592 (Irrigated), K 560, K 603,
RD 2624, RD 2660 (Rainfed), DL 88, RD 2552, NDB 1173, NDB 1020 and NDB 209(Saline
soils).
Nematode resistant variety: Raj Kiran.
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The important barley varities recommended in Haryana state areas follows:
Fertilizer managementBarley needs 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5and 15 kg K2O/ha under irrigated condition. Apply
full dose of P2O5, K2O and half nitrogen at the time of planting and remaining half dose of
nitrogen should be applied at first irrigation. However, under rainfed situations barley needs
30 kg N and 15 kg P2O5 /ha and all the fertilizers should be applied at the time of sowing.
Aviod excessive nitrogen application as it leads to lodging which will reduce the grain
quality. Application of FYM helps in conservation of moisture.
Irrigation management
Due to low water requirement, barley can be grown as a rainfed crop. To harvest good
yields, barley requires two irrigations at the active tillering stage (40 - 45 DAS) and the otherat the anthises stage (80 - 85 DAS). One extra irrigation is required only on sandy soils. If the
supply of water is inadequate, its efficiency can be increased by a proper timing of its
application at the critical stages of growth of the crop. If only one irrigation is available, its
application near the tillering stage has proved very profitable. On highly alkali-saline soils,
frequent light irrigation gives better results than a fewer heavy irrigation.
Variety Av. Grain
Yield (q/ha)
Duration
(days)
Reaction to major disease/
insects/ pests
Other features
BG 25 34 136 Resistant to yellow rust,susceptible to blight and
moderately resistant to
aphids
Six row, waxy and suitablefor irrigated conditions
BG 105 37 137 Susceptible to yellow rust,
blight and aphids
For irrigated late conditions
BH 75 38 136 Moderately resistant to
yellow rust, susceptible to
blight and aphids
For irrigated timely sown
conditions
BH 393 46 121 Resistant to yellow and
brown rust and molyadisease
Six row, early maturity,
very good malting traits
BH 331 43 127 Resistant to major diseases Suitable for brackish water
and salt affected soils
BH 338 39 107 Tolerant to yellow rust Suitable for late sowing
BH 902 50 130 Resistance against yellow,
brown and black rusts. It is
also moderately resistant to
leaf blight.
Six row barley variety for
feed barley group.
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Weed management
Weeds generally pose greater problem in irrigated areas, though barley is known to be
a good competitor of weeds due to its fast growing habit and high initial vigour. Both
broadleaf (Chenopodium album) and narrow leaf weeds (Phalaris minor and Avena
ludoviciana) are common in barley. The weed population also depends upon the extent of
tillage practices followed prior sowing of barley crop. To prevent losses from weeds, onehand weeding after first irrigation is quite useful. Application of 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 1 kg/ha
in 500 litres of water after 1st irrigation (40 DAS) can take care of broadleaf weeds. Broad
leaved weeds can also be controlled with the application of Algrip 20 WP (Metsulfuron
Methyl) @ 20 g + 500 ml surfactant or Affinity 40DF (Carfentrazone ethyl) @ 50g per
hectare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 DAS. Whereas, application of Axial 5 EC (Penoxadene)
@1 litre per hactare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 days after sowing can control narrow leaf
weeds. For control of mixed weed flora apply Axial 5 EC (Penoxadene) @1 litre mixed with
Algrip 20 WP (Metsulfuron Methyl) @ 20 g + 500 ml surfactant or Affinity 40DF
(Carfentrazone ethyl) @ 50g per hectare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 DAS.
Diseases management
Rusts (Puccinia spp.): Black, brown and yellow rusts occur in barley. Rust resistant varieties
of barley are: -
Black rust:- Azad, BCU 73, BH 505, BH 508 and HBL113.
Brown rust: - Alfa 93, BCU 73, HBL 113, BH 514, RD 2503, RD 2508 and PL 419.
Yellow rust:- BH 902,C 164, BH 75, Alfa 93, R 2503, RD 2508, PL 419, BH 393.
Seed treatment with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or Tebuconazol (Raxil-
2 DS) @ 1g per kg seed is quite effective.
Covered Smut (Ustilago hordei)is observed at the time of heading. All the ears of diseased
plant become infected and all the grains in the ear turn into smut sori. Each smut sorus
remains covered by a white, shining, silvery membrane. The membrane may ruptures bymechanical pressure during threshing and release smut spores black powders. For control this
diseses infected plants should be rouged out and burnt. Shallow sowing should be followed.
Seed treatment with carbendazim (Bavistin) or carboxin (Vitavax) @ 0.2g/Kg seed is quite
effective. Resistant varieties K 12, K 18, K 24 and BG 105 should be cultivated.
Stripe Disease (Dreschlera graminea) usually occurs at late tillering stage. Narrow yellow
stripes initially appear on lower leaves and later appear on the upper leaves also. As the
disease progresses, yellow stripes increase in length parallel to the veins and soon turn reddish
to dark brown. Heavily infected leaves mature early which later on dry and give shredded
look. The spots also appear on glumes and spike- lets. Seed treatment with Bavistin (2g/kg
seed) is quite effective in managing the external seed infection. Foliar spray of Dithane M 45
@ 0.2% at the initiation of disease. Resistant varieties K 12, K 24, K 125, Vijaya, C 164, BG105 and BH 87 should be cultivated
Insect management
There is no major insect in case of barley, however, termite attack is observed in this crop
and for its control treat the seed with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Formathion 25 EC @ 6 ml /kg of
seed and prepare the solution in 25-30 litres of water for one hectare area, mix the insecticide well
in water and spray the solution on the seed and air dry it overnight before sowing.
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CHICKPEA
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important cool season food legume. It is also
known as Bengal gram. Globally it is the third most important pulse crop after dry beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris) and dry peas (Pisum sativumL.). Chickpea seeds contain on average 18-
22% protein, 52-70% total carbohydrates, 4-10% fat, 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. Seeds are
rich in mineral content as phosphorus (340 mg/100 g), calcium (190 mg/100 g), magnesium
(140 mg/100g), iron (7 mg/100 g) and zinc (3 mg/100 g). Its leaves contain consist of mallic
and citric acid, which is very useful for stomach ailments. Chickpea is best blood purifier. It
assists in lowering of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Chickpea is mostly consumed in the
form of processed whole seed (boiled, roasted, fried, steamed and sprouted) or dal or as dal
flour (Besan). It is an excellent animal feed. Its straw also has good forage value. In India,
chickpea flour is used for preparation of number of sweets and recipies.
OriginChickpea is one of the pulse crop domesticated in the old world. Chickpea is known to
have originated in western Asia (probably eastern Turkey). The cultivated chickpea is not
found in the wild and C. reticulatum is its progenitor, while C. echinospermum is a close
relative. It has a wide geographical distribution covering Indian sub-continent, the
Mediteranean region, western and eastern Asia, northern and eastern Africa, southern Europe
and Australia.
Area, Production and Productivity
Globally India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Australia, Mexico, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Spain
and Bangladesh are the major chickpea producing countries which contributes 96% of the
total production. India ranks first in area and production of chickpea at world level. Chickpea
in India occupies 7.89 million ha area, producing 7.06 million tones and a productivity of 895
kg/ha. Presently, the major chickpea producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat which together account for more than 80% of
the total production. In Haryana this crop is generally grown in south western districts. The
area, production and productivity of Haryana during 2009-10 was 84,000 ha, 62,000 tons and
735 kg/ha, respectively.
Madhya Pradesh with 2.8 M ha producing 2.6 M t with productivity of 981 kg/ ha,
ranks first in area, and production. The national average productivity is 895 kg/ha (2008-09),
which is much lower than the highest average productivity (1800 kg/ha) in Egypt.
Classification
Two major cultivar types designated as Desi/Brown gram (microsperma) and Kabuli/
White chickpea (macrosperma) have emerged under domestication. In addition `gulabi', pea
shaped forms of local importance are also recognized. Desichickpeas are small and angular
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with rough brown to yellow testas, while kabuli types are relatively large, plump, and with
smooth cream colored testas. Kabulitypes are considered relatively more advanced because
of their larger seed size and reduced pigmentation achieved through conscious selection.
Study at ICRISAT revealed that desiand kabulitypes differ in their dietary fiber components
of seed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Kabuli types contain higher amount of dietary
fiber, particularly cellulose and hemicellulose.
The differences in desi and kabuli-chickpea are as follows
Desi chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) Kabuli chickpea(Cicer kabulium)
The seed colour ranges from yellow to
dark brown
The seed colour is usually white
Seed size is usually small. Seeds are bold and attractive.
Yield potential is high Yield potential is low
Plants are small with good branching
ability
Plants are generally taller and stand more or less
erect.
Canopy colour is dark green Canopy colour is light greenLeaflets are smaller in size Leaflets are larger than desi gram
The chromosome number 2n = 14, 16 The chromosome number 2n = 16
Climatic requirement
Chickpea is essentially a subtropical crop, it grows well in a wide range of climates. The
crop is very sensitive to excess moisture, high humidity and cloudy weather, which limit flower
production, seed set and yield. Severe cold and frost are injurious to it. Chickpea is usually grown
after rainy season on stored soil moisture during winter in tropics or spring in temperate and
Mediterranean regions. In India, it is grown as rabicrop in areas of 400- 700 mm rainfall. The
average air temperature varies from 25 to 30C with warmer nights with 20-25C temperature.Chickpea is a long day plant requiring 1216 hrs bright sunshine per day.
In India, two distinct agroclimatic regions are recognised. In cold winters (rabi) of
north India, the crop duration is 160-170 days. In Peninsular India, where winters are warm,
the crop duration is short (90110 days). Hence, the productivity of chickpea is higher under
north Indian conditions. Pod set and seed development is limited by temperatures less than
5C and higher than 30C. The optimum temperature regime for chickpea is 24- 30C.
Soil requirement
Chickpea thrives well on a wide range of soils including sandy, sandy loam and black
cotton soils. It is highly sensitive to saline and sodic soils. A pH range of 6-9 is favourable.
Chickpea is highly sensitive to aeration. Therefore, on heavy soil having high moisture
retention capacity, care should be taken during seedbed preparation to ensure adequate
aeration. Well drained sandy/silty clay loam to deep loam soils of medium fertility which may
retain up to 200 mm of moisture in a profile to a depth of 1 meter are considered ideal for
chickpea cultivation. The alluvial soils of the Indogangetic belt support bumper crop of Chickpea.
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Crop rotation
Chickpea is cultivated during rabi seasion. Chickpea in rotation with cereal crops
helps in controlling soil born diseases. The most common rotations are Kharif fallow-
chickpea, paddy-chickpea, Maize-chickpea, Bajra-chickpea and Jowar- chickpea. Chickpea is
also grown mixed with wheat, barley, linseed, sunflower and rapeseed and mustard.
Field preparation
Chickpea needs clody and rough land for good aeration in root zones and does not
need a fine seedbed. When grown on residual moisture under rainfed conditions, care should
be taken to conserve rain water. At the onset of monsoon deep ploughing and one light
harrowing followed by planking at the end of monsoon helps to conserve the moisture.
Sowing time
The ideal time of sowing in rainfed areas is the middle of October whereas under
irrigated condition, middle of November is the optimum time. If the temperature is more than30
oC than chickpea should not be sown as it will lead to high vegetative growth and increase
the incidence of wilt. In order to utilize residual moisture of kharif season, sowing in Central
and Southern Zones is generally 10-15 days earlier than that in north India. For getting good
yield the optimum sowing time is second fortnight of October. While the optimum time of
sowing of Kabuli chickpea is the end of October to the first week of November.
Seed rate
Chickpea has wide variation in seed size from 12 to 40 g per 100 seeds. The small
seeded varieties require less seed in comparison to large seeded varieties. For timely planting
of desi type, 40-45 kg seed per ha is adequate, however for bold seeded varieties like HC-3
and Gaurav a seed rate of 75-80 kg seed per ha is optimal. In case of kabuli types the optimal
seed rate is 80 - 100 kg per ha. Under late planting conditions, the seed rate should be
increased by 20-30% (50-55 kg/ha) so as to compensate the per plant yield loss. In case of
intercropping, the seed rate should be adjusted as per the area available to the crop.
Seed treatment
For nodulation and nitrogen fixation, the seed must be treated with specificRhizobium
culture before sowing. The inoculation should be done 10-12 hours before sowing. To
inoculate 10 kg seed, 100 g Gur be added in one liter of water followed by heating up toprepare homogenous mixture. After cooling the mixture at room temperature, one packet of
Rhizobium culture is added in it and mixed up thoroughly. Rubbing this mixture of the culture
solution on seeds provides a uniform thin coating all over. After drying in shade for about 6-8
hours, seeds can be used for sowing.
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Method of sowing
Delayed sowing require higher seed rate for optimal plant stand than the normal
planted crop due to restricted growth. Adequacy of moisture and nutrients leads to enhance
vegetative growth and therefore, a low plant stand is desirable under such condition.The
optimal row spacing for timely sown crop is 30cm under sufficient moisture condition,
whereas for rainfed condition it should be wider i.e. 45 cm. However for late (December)
planting in irrigated areas, it should be 25 cm.
Sowing depth decides the period of emergence. The period of emergence can be
shortened with appropriate sowing depth according to soil types and moisture. In loamy sand
soil of northern India seeding at 10 cm depth is better than shallow seeding (5 cm depth) if the
chickpea be sown on conserved soil moisture condition.
Varieties
Recommended varieties of different zones
Zone VarietiesNWPZ Uday, GPF-2, GNG-663 Alok, Samrat (for Raj., HR, Pb.), PDG-3 (Pb.), HC-3,
HC-5, HK-1, HK-2, GNG-1292 (Raj.), Pusa-547, Phule G 9425-9, Aadhar
NEPZ SadaBahar, Uday, KWR 108, Pant G 186, Gujrat Gram 4
CZ ICCV 10, Vijay, JAK 92-18, Gujrat Gram 1, KAK-2, Jawahar Gram-16, Pusa
Shubra, BGD 128, JKG 1
SZ ICCV 10, JG 11, Phule G 95311
EZ Uday
High yielding cultivars for specific situations are:
o Drought tolerant:RS 10, G 24, T 3, T 87, RSG 888
o Late sown situation:JG 74, Strain 76, G 235, Pant G 114.
o Wilt resistant:HC 1, GPF 2, JG 315, KWR 108, DCP 92-3, Vijay, Vishal, JG 74.
o Ascochyta blight tolerant:Gaurav, GNG 146, Pusa 261, GNG 469, PBG I.
o Early maturing thermosensitive:KPG 59, BG 372, Pant G 186.
o Extra bold and bold seeded:Kabuli KAK 2, BO 1053, HK 2.
Varieties Jyothi (100-110 days), Kranthi (100-110 days), Swetha (80-85 days),
Annegiri (100-110) and ICCV 10 (110-120 days) are popular cultivars during post rainy
season on black cotton soils of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh.
The popular varieties in Haryana are:
H 208: It is most suitable for drier, rainfed, and wilt-prone areas as it is tolerant to wilt. It also
does well in irrigated areas. The pods are comparatively small and two-seeded. The grains are
small (115 g/1000 grains) and brownish yellow. The average yield is 20 q/ha.
C-235: It is tolerant to blight and is suitable for cultivation in blight-prone areas, particularly
humid regions of the State. The grains are medium bold (135 g/1000 grains) and brownish
yellow. The average yield is 19 q/ha. This variety gave very good yields in rainfed areas also.
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HC 1:Seeds of this variety are light yellow, pointed and medium in size. It is specially suitable
for late sowing in rainfed as well as irrigated areas as it takes only 145 days for maturity. Due to
its early maturing nature it escapes the loss by pod borer. It is also small seeded variety. Its
average seed yield is 20-25 q/ha.
HC 3: This variety is resistant to root rot, wilt and other important diseases of chickpea. It
matures in 155 days. Grains are bold (265 g/1000 seeds) and average yield is 20-22 q/ha.
Suitable for sowing in 1stweek of November in irrigated areas.
HC 5: The plants of this variety are erect compact and tall with high yields. This variety is
tolerant to root rot and wilt. The maturity duration is 145 days. Grains of this variety are
medium bold (165 g/1000 seeds) and brownish in colour. This variety is suitable for irrigated
areas and very much suitable to inter cropping in autumn planted sugarcane where chickpea is
planted on raised bed. Average yield of this variety is 20-25 q/ha.
HK 1: Plants of this variety have medium height, profused branching and podding; lightish
green leaved and matures in 142 days. Grains are medium in size and white in colour. This
variety is developed for irrigated areas. It is resistant to chickpea blight and wilt diseases.Average yield is 20-23 q/ha.
HK 2:This is white seeded variety of kabuli chickpea, it is tolerant to wilt. Its leaves are
broad and dark green in colour. The seed size is bold (280g/1000 seed). This variety matures
in 142 days and average yield is 17.5- 20 q/ha.
Fertilizer management
Chickpea responds15-20 kg N per ha on coarse textured soils unless the soil is rich in
organic matter. Foliar application of 2 % urea at the time of flowering and 10 days thereafter
is useful, specially in rainfed areas.The crop responds to 40 - 60 kg P 2O5per ha. Application
of 20 kg K2O per ha is recommended under deficient soil conditions. The recommended
fertilizer should be drilled at sowing. In addition to this, it is also advised to apply zinc
sulphate @ 25 kg/ha in irrigated conditions.
Irrigation management
Pre-flowering (45-60 DAS) and pod filling stages appear to be the most sensitive to
soil moisture stress. Depending upon the initial moisture content, winter rains and sowing
time, the schedule may vary. Kabuli chickpea needs a little more irrigation. Chickpea should
not be irrigated at flowering stage otherwise flower drop may take place.
Weed management
The dominant weed flora associated with chickpea crop are Chenopodium album,
Melilotus indica, Lathyrus aphaca, Medicago denticulata, Trigonella polycerata, Polygonum
pblebilium, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Euphorbia dracunculoides and Anagallis arvensis. The
initial four to eight weeks are most critical for weed competition and the first mechanical
weeding has been advised 25-30 DAS, and the second 45-50 DAS. However, in case of
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severe infestation, a third weeding may be needed around 70-75 DAS. Chemical weed control
with pre-sowing Fluchloralin application @ 1.0 kg per ha followed by one hoeing 45 DAS has
been effective. Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i. per ha as pre-emergence followed by one hand
weeding at 45 DAS provide effective control of annual broad leaved and grassy weeds in
chickpea crop.
Nipping
It is the process of plucking the apical buds of the crop at about 30-40 days after
sowing to control excessive vegetative growth. Nipping stops the apical growth and promotes
the lateral branching, thus the plants become more vigorous and produce more flowers and
pods and yield per plant is increased.
Diseases management
Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei): This disease appears on leaf blade, petioles, flowers,
pods, branches and stem in the form of brown spots. Fruiting bodies of the pathogen(pycnidia) are produced on the spots in the form of concentric rings which is the characteristic
symptoms of the disease. The lesions are circular on leaves and pod whereas elongated on
stem and branches. Pod infection leads to seed infection through testa as well as cotyledons.
Disease spreads rapidly in the field and field gives the burnt appearance.The disease is both
externally and internally seed borne. The secondary spread of the disease takes place by
winds, storms and rain splashes. Destruction of disease debris, deep summer ploughing and
crop rotation reduces diseases. For control of blight seed treatment with Bavistin or Captan @
2.5 g/kg seed and spray of Dithane M-45 @ 0.2% at the initiation of the disease.
Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Ciceri ):The disease appears on 3-6 weeks old seedlings in
susceptible varieties. In early stages, seedlings may collapse due to disease, where as older
seedlings show drooping of the leaves and dull green color in the initial stages. Petioles,
rachis and leaves turn yellow and become straw colored. Discoloration of xylem vessels can
be seen when roots are split open. For the control of wilt deep ploughing during the summer
months and destruction of diseased debris. Crop rotation with non leguminous crop and do not
sow the crop before 10th
of October. Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg seed. Seed
treatment with Trichoderma viride (Bioderma) @4g + Vitavax @1g by making a paste in 5
ml of water per kg seed is also effective.
Root Rot or Collar Rot (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani Sclerotium rolfsii): The
symptoms are sudden and complete wilting of the plants. The disease appears at any cropstage. The initial symptom appear as dark brown spots around the stem at the soil level byR.
solani, whereas in case of F. solani, spots are yellowish in color. Later on leaves of infected
plants turn yellow and ultimately plant wilts. Infested soil and diseased debris spread from
infested fields, help in spread of the disease. Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg seed is
advised for its control.
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Insect management
Termites (Microtermos obesus): Termites damage the crop from sowing to maturity. The
damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pooled out. The damage is generally more in
low irrigated light soil areas. For control treat the 100 kg seed with 850 ml Monocrotophos
36SL or 1500 ml Clorpyriphos 20 EC make the total solution of 2 litre by adding water and
then after spreading the seed on polythene sheet or floor, mix solution with seed.
Cut worms (Agrotis sp.): The caterpillar of this pest are polyphagus in nature and causes the
damage by cutting the stem or branches of growing shoot. For control spray 200 ml
Fenvalrate 20 EC or 125 ml Cypermethrin 25 EC or 225 ml Decametharin 2.8 EC by mixing
in 500 litre of water per acre hectare.
Pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera): The borers of this pest are greenish or yellowish in
appearance, which generally feed on the leaves, buds and pods. These completely destroy the
crop by eating the grains developing in size of the pods. For control spray 1 liter Quinalphos
25 EC or 1 kg Carbaryl 50 WP or 500 ml Monocrotophos 36 SL or 200 ml Fenvalerate 20 EC
or 300 ml Cypermetharin 10EC or 375 ml Decametharin in 250 litre of water per acre hectareas and when average one catterpiller per metre row length of plants at 50 % pod formation
stage is noticed. Repeat second spray after 15 days.
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LENTIL
Lentil (Lens esculenta Moench syn) also known as Masur is a leguminous crop. It is
recognized as one of the most nutritious pulse crops, ranking next to chickpea amongst rabi
pulses. It is one of the oldest pulse crops. It is also used as a cover crop to check the soil
erosion in problem areas. The plants are ploughed back into the soil as green manure also. It
derives the name Lens from the lens shaped seeds. In Indian subcontinent, it is commonly
consumed as dal, which are deep orange red or orange yellow in colour. The whole grain is
also used in some of the dishes. It is also rich in protein (26%), calcium (560 ppm), iron (7.54
mg) and niacin. It has the lowest content of lectins and trypsin inhibitors among legumes.
Since it is a leguminous crop, it improves the fertility of soil biological nitrogen fixation.
Lentil seeds also provide a source of starch for textiles and printing. Lentil floor is used for
thickening of soups. It is mixed with wheat flour in bread and cake production. It is also
ground into flour to make variety of preparations. It is also used in preparation of several
snacks and sweets. The dry leaves and stems, empty pods and broken bits all are used as
cattle feed. Lentil residues form important livestock feed.
Origin
Lentil or masur is one of the oldest crops that originated in near East and
Mediterranean region. It was known to ancients in Egypt and Greece. It had spread to Europe,
India and China, and now it is introduced and cultivated in most sub-tropical and warm
temperate regions.
Area, Production and ProductivityGlobally lentil shares only 5% of the total area under pulses. This pulse crop is
predominantly grown in Asia followed by north and eastern Africa, north central America
and southern Europe. Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the
world. World production of lentils for 2009 was 3.917 million metric tonnes, primarily
coming from Canada, India, Turkey and United States. About a quarter of the worldwide
production of lentils is from India. It is grown throughout northern and central India. In India
during 2008-09, Uttar pardesh, Madhya Pardesh, Bihar and West Bengal contributed more
than 90% of the total area and production of lentil at national level. But highest productivity
was recorded in U.P. (889 kg/ha). Our national productivity was 693 kg/ha against 2,111
kg/ha in Australia. In Haryana it is mainly grown in the paddy areas of north and middle
Haryana along with some western parts of state. The total area under this crop in Haryana is
12 thousands hectares.
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Classification
There are two cultivated species of genus Lens i.e. Lens esculentaMoench andLens
culinarisMedik. The cultivated species L. esculenta are classified into 2 sub groups
according to size of the seed.
Sub-species microsperma(Small seeded): They have small seed of 2-6 mm diameter
and are produced in India, Africa and Asia. Pods are complex and small.
Sub-species macrosperma(Bold seeded): They have large seeds of 6-9 mm diameter
and are grown in Mediterranean region and North America. Mostly pods are flat and
large.
Climatic requirement
It requires cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the
time of maturity. It is very hardy and can tolerate frost and severe winter to a great extent.
Unlike chickpea, it remains unaffected by rains at any stage of its growth, including
flowering and fruiting.The optimum temperature for its growth and development ranges from18 to 30C.
Soil requirement
Lentil is grown on a wide range of soils ranging from light loamy sand to heavy clay
soil in northern parts and in moderately deep, light black soils in Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra. Well drained, loam soils with neutral reaction are best for lentil cultivation.
Acidic soils are not fit for growing lentil.
Crop rotation
Lentil is generally grown as rainfed crop during rabi after rice, maize, pearl millet,
sorghum and cotton. It is also grown as an intercrop in autumn-planted sugarcane. Two lines
of lentil may be sown 30 cm apart in the center of 2 sugarcane rows. In north-eastern plains,
it is also grown as utera crop after rice. Intercropping of linseed+ lentil (2:1), lentil+ mustard
(4-6:1) in Bundel khand region of Uttar Pradesh is also promising. Lentil is relatively more
shade tolerant than chickpea. Hence, it performs better in mixed and intercropping systems.
Field preparation
Soil should be made friable and weed free so that seed could be placed at a uniform
depth. In case of light soils, less tillage is required to prepare an ideal seed-bed. In heavysoils, after harvest of kharif crop, one deep ploughing followed by 2-3 cross harrowings
should be given. After harrowing, the field should be leveled by giving a gentle slope for easy
irrigation. There should be proper moisture in the soil at the time of sowing for proper
germination of seeds. In utera/ pairacropping system of rice-lentil in eastern Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, seeds are sown in standing rice crop and therefore no tillage
is done.
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Sowing time
The seed is sown in second fortnight of October under rainfed conditions. However, it
can be sown in the month of November in irrigated areas. Under late-sown conditions, the
seed can be sown up to first week of December. However, a reduction in 20% grain yield will
take place as compared to normal sowing.
Seed rate
The seed rate is 30- 40 kg/ha for small-seeded varieties and 4550 kg/ha for bold-
seeded varieties and late sowing. Treat the seed with Benomyl or Aagrosan GN @ 2 g/kg of
seed before sowing. The lentil seed should be treated with rhizobium culture before sowing.
After wetting the seed with jaggery solution, mix it thoroughly with rhizobium inoculant, dry
in shade and sow the seed thereafter immediately.
Method of sowing
Show the crop with plough or seed drill in lines with row spacing of 22.5 cm. Underlate sown condition the crop can be planted at 18 cm spacing.
Varieties
The small-seeded varieties resistant to rust are Pant L 406, Pant L 639, Pant L 4 and
LL l47 and bold-seeded varieties resistant to rust and tolerant to wilt are Lens 4076, LH 844,
DPL 15 and DPL 62. Bold seeded variety JL 3 released for Central Zone is tolerant to wilt.
The other high yielding bold seeded recommended varities are
Haryana Masar 1: It is recommended for cultivation in whole Haryana. It is a small seeded
variety and released for cultivation in 2005. The plants of this variety are medium growing
and leaves have dark green colour. It matures in about 140 days and average yield is 16.0-
17.5 q/ha.
Sapna : It is bold seeded variety recommended for irrigated areas.It matures in about 140
days and average yield is 15 q/ha. Seeds are with small blackish tints.
Garima :It is recommended for irrigated areas and various type of soils for timely sowing
in Haryana.The leaves are broader and dark green in colour. Its seed size is bolder than Sapna
along with blackish spots. It gives an average yield of 15 q/ha just in 135 days of duration.
High yielding bold seeded varieties of lentil recommended for different states
Varities Duration (Days) Yield (q/ha) Recommended areasPant L234 130-150 15-20 Uttar Pardesh
NFL 92 120-130 15-20 Uttar Pradesh
Pusa 1 100-110 15-20 Bihar, U P,M P,Haryana and Orissa
JLS 1 120-130 10-15 Central plateau region
Bombay 18 130-140 10-12 Maharashtra, Punjab&Haryana
DPL 15 (Priya) 130-140 14-16 North-western plains zone
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DPL 62 (Sheri) 130-140 15-20 North-western plains zone
IPL 81(Noori) 110-120 10-15 Central zone
K 75 (Malika) 120-125 14-16 North-eastern plains & central zone
Pusa 4076(Shivalik) 130-135 25-28 North-western plains & central zone
Pusa 4 130-140 20-25 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar& West Bengal
Pusa 830 120-125 20-25 U.P. and Uttarakhand
High yielding small seeded varieties of lentil recommended for different states
Variety Duaration (Days) Yield(q/ha) Recommended areas
BR 25 125-130 15-20 Bihar and Madhya Pradesh
L 4147 130-135 17.8 North-western
T 36 130-140 16-18 Uttar Pradesh
Pusa 6 130-135 20-25 Delhi, UP, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar &WB
Pant L 406 125-130 20-25 UP, Bihar, Punjab, North-eastern hills
L 830 120-125 8-12 North-western plains zonePL 81-17 130-140 14-18 North-western plains zone
LH 84-8 130-140 14-16 North-western pl