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COMBINING QUALITY DESIGN AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR SMALL RETAIL LIGHTING
S M A L L R E T A I L L I G H T I N G
Retail Lighting Elements
Helpful Hints
Lighting Fixture Specifications
Basic Retail Lighting
Intermediate Retail Lighting
Higher-end Retail Lighting
The select ion of the r ight l ight ingcan b e a m a j o r co n t r ib u t i o n t o
retail sales.
Light ing ca n
establ i sh a
store ' s image,
l ead cu s t o m ers
inside, focus their
a t t en t i o n , m a k e
the products
at t ract ive an d
visible, and in
g en e ra l en co u rag ep u rch as i n g .
"En ergy Effective"
l ight ing provides
all these benefits
for th e lowest l ife-
cycle cost, while
saving energy, operating costsan d m a i n t en an ce . Th i s g u i d e
shows you how it is done, with
sam ple layouts and speci ficat ions
tha t are energy effect ive, an d
energy code com pl iant . Retai l
l ight ing m ust ha ve good color,
cont rast and balance between
l ighted surfaces. Other qua l i t ies
are l i s ted in th e cha rt below.
There i s no single form ula for
all retail l ighting. A professional
l ight ing designer or re ta i l designerm ay be able to create successful
designs whi le breakin g al l the
rules suggested here. However,
th is guide i s in ten ded to provide
sound advice and simple
techniqu es for con sistent ly
successful and "energy effective"
reta i l l ight in g .
LIGHTING LAYOUTSThese layouts are in ten ded for
independent re ta i l establ i shments
between 500 an d 1000 square feet in
size, and for three different types of
stores: Basic re ta i l l ight ing system s
are appropria te for h igh act ivi ty,
sel f-service re ta i l ing such as m ass
m erch an d i s in g an d d i sco u n t s to re s.
Shelves are genera l ly ta l l an d dense.
Bright sur faces, exposed sou rces
an d i n d u s t r ia l l u m i n a i re s a re an
i m p o r t an t p a r t o f t h e ap p ro ach ,
c o m m u n i c a t in g t h e i m a g e o f
"m ax i m u m v a l u e" t o cu s t o m ers .
Higher-end re ta i l ing requ i res loweram b i en t l eve l s an d m o re accen t
l ight ing to create cont rast and
d ram a . Th ese st o res h av e a m o re
relax ed level of custom er activity
wi th m ore personal ized sales
assistan ce. The m ajori ty of stores
fal l in between th ese categories,
req u i r in g m o re am b i en t l i g h t in g
tha n exclusive shops, wi th fewer
accent l ights . We cal l th is category
a n intermediate retail store.
basic
MOST IMPORTANT DESIGNFACTORS FOR RETAIL LIGHTING
Feature GeneralDisplay Retail Cashier Circulation
Color Rendering Index / Color TemperatureContrast / Accent / Highlight
Daylighting Integration / Control
Direct Glare / Reflected Glare
Image or Style
Modeling of Objects / Shadows
Visual Priority / Organization
Quantity of Light on Vertical Displays (fc) d
Quantity of Light on Horizontal Surfaces (fc)
Aiming Flexibility of Accent Lighting
Very Important Important Somewhat Important * Adapted from the Lighting Design Guide.IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition
“To attract mycustomers, thelighting MUSThave goodcolor, contrast
and the rightbalance betweenlighted areas.It also shouldbe easyto maintain.”
Retai l Owner,
Jon Megari s & Co
SMALL RETAIL LIGHTING
knowhowINTRODUCTIONENERGY EFFECTIVE LIGHTING
Expose d so urces g ive a bright, clean look.
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AMBIENT LIGHTINGGeneral , uni form l ight ing using l ight f ix tures
that distribute the light widely, directly or
indi rect ly. Am bient l ight ing ena bles the custom er
t o see an d ex am i n e t h e m erch an d i se , an d t h e
sales s taff to complete the sale an d perform
thei r o ther du t ies.
ACCENT LIGHTINGSpot light ing used to provide h igher levels
of light in a focused pat tern to accentu ate
selected objects in re la t ion to thei r su rroun dings.Accent l ight ing establ i shes the im portan ce of
certa in objects throu gh th e use of cont rast , and
high l ights the form , structu re , texture or color
o f t h e m erch an d i se.
PERIMETER LIGHTINGAND VALANCE LIGHTINGLight ing the vert ical surfaces. Asym m etrical l ight
fix tures can d i rect l ight on ta l l vertical shelv ing
an d displays, typical ly located a t the perim eter of
the merchandise area . Valance l ight ing a l lows
the source to be qui te c lose to the m erchan dise ,
providing a sh ie ld or “valan ce” to conceal the
l ight sources from th e v iew of the custom er.
Valan ces are often bu i l t in to the wal l , shelv ing
uni t or gondola . Al though primari ly in tended to
provide l ight down on the m ercha ndise , they also
can be designed to l ight up on signa ge or provide
indi rect am bient l ight ing for the space.
SHELF LIGHTING ANDCASE LIGHTINGSmal l or miniature l ight sources located very
close to the objects being displayed, shielded
from th e custom er’s v iew. This l ight ing m ust be
careful ly selected for the part icular appl icat ion
to avoid accidental contact wi th hot lamps and
t o p reven t d am ag i n g t h e m erch an d i se wi t h t o o
m u ch u l t ra -vi o le t rad i a t io n o r h ea t .
retail lighting elements
valance
ambient
perimeter
accent
It's a Trade-Off Higher-end shops do
not need to use more
energy to be effective.
The lighting layouts on
pages 4, 5 and 6 all
have connected loads
of 2.1 watts per square
foot or less. All achieve
good quality lighting
appropriate for their
businesses. Higher light
levels are provided in
Basic retailing. Higher-end
shops provide more
focus and highlights bydecreasing the ambient
light levels. Compared
to common practice,
2.1 watts per square
foot not only meets
the latest energy codes,
but also saves 30% of
a store's energy cost
for lighting.
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don’ts
1. Put the light source closeto the merchandise.
2. For ambient lighting, use
efficient, diffuse sources,such as fluorescent.
3. For accent lighting, usenarrow beam spotlightssuch as Halogen PARs orLow-Voltage MR-16s.
4. Use the fewest typesof lamp to get thedesired effect,reducingrelamping
mistakes andmaintenanceheadaches.
5. Illuminate the aisleswith spill light from theaccented merchandisingareas or displays.
6. Lower levels of ambientlighting require fewerwatts of accent lighting.
7. Use the lightest colorson the interior surfacesof shelving.
8. Use organized patternsof light fixtures. Chaotic
patterns may confuse,agitate or fatiguethe customers.
9. Use high color renderinglamps for both ambientand task lighting.
TRUE OR FALSE?
Q. Incandescent light has a truer color?
A. FALSE. There i s no “ t ru e” color of l ight , but m id-day natu ral l ight i s often considered a s tanda rdbecause i t has a l l the wavelength s of color in m ore or less equal am oun ts. Inca ndescent sources are
rich in warm tones but weak in cool tones. This i s fla t tering to skin ton es but poor in reveal ing colors
for ma ny products , especial ly those contain in g b lues an d greens. New “t ri -phosphor” technology has
resul ted in f luorescent sources with su perior color rendering in a wide varie ty of color appeara nces
an d l am p t yp es.
Q. Low-voltage lamps use less energy than standard voltage lamps?
A. FALSE. A 50 wat t 12-vol t lam p uses the sam e am oun t of power as a 50 wat t , 120 vol t lam p or 50 wat t
277 vol t lam p. However, low-vol tage lam ps ha ve sm al ler f ilam ents, which en ables t ighter focus of the
beam . Thu s, low vol tage m ay be the m ost energy-effect ive choice for accent l ight ing .
Q. More light is better?
A. FALSE. Light ing for re ta i l i s a l l about cont rast and focus. Too much accent l ight ing means
no cont rast and no focus. The greatest l ight ing value i s achieved by balancing ambient and
accent l ight ing .
helpful hints quicktipsGetting the M ost“Bang for your Bucks”
RETAIL
3
COMMON MISAPPLICATIONS
1. Using incandescent
lights for everything
2. Track lighting rather
than fixed locations
3. Using floodlights
rather than spotlights
4. Random fixture layouts
or visual chaos
5. Too many shiny
surfaces
6. Black ceilings
7. Dark finishes
8. Accenting everything emphasing nothing in particular
9. Spotty lighting. Not enough ambient light to clearly
examine merchandise
"The first
step is to
establish
the store
lighting
categorywith the
Owner, since there will be a
tradeoff between accent
lighting and ambient light
levels. There is no single right
way to design retail lighting,
so it’s important to agree on
which lighting approach to
follow, “basic," “intermediate”
or “higher-end.”
Distributor, Monro Distri buting
What's wrongwith this picture?
P h o
t o b y
H .
M c
K a y
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basic retail lighting Types of stores: High act iv ity re ta i l ing su ch a smass merchandising, d iscount s tores, hardware, v ideo,
fast food, grocery, service establishments and sale of
bulk or large objects such a s appl iances or furni ture .
A dest ina t ion store tha t doesn’t requi re l ight ing to dr aw
custom ers inside, and th at offers inexpensive products
an d/or s igni ficant value for m oney. Sel f-service .
Purpose of lighting: To light all objects
un iform ly, provide good visibili ty for readin g labels
an d t o c rea te a b r i g h t , cl ean , s t im u l a t i n g en v i ron m en t .
Lighting Strategies:
• Exposed sources are effective to project a “discount”
or “ speedy service” im age. F luorescent sources
provide the best value, g iv ing good color rendering,
h igh effic iency l ight ing wi th the lon gest l i fe .
• Use l ight colored fin ishes on a l l wal l surfaces to
increase overal l brightness an d reflected l ight .
• For a greater sense of brightn ess an d consistency
with da ylight use “841” color lam ps. This s tands
for a Co l o r Ren d e r i n g In d ex o f 8 0 + an d a
Correla ted Color Tem peratur e of 4100K.
• Consider neon or colored l ights for window
displays or to ident i fy departm ents.
Lighting Levels:
50-80 footcandles ambient l ight ing .
Ba sic Reta il: Layout 1
Storage
8
'
8'
15 ft.
S ection: Layo ut 1
10 ft. 7 ft.
S ection: Layo ut 2
10 ft. 7 ft.
Ba sic Reta il: Layout 2
Storage
8'
6
'
15 ft.
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SUMMARY TABLE FOR “BASIC” RETAIL
Layout 1 Layout 2
Ambient 1 Footcandles (fc) 80-90 50-60
Connected Load (W/sf) 1.8 1.9
Energy Savings2 (%) 45-55% 40-50%
First Cost 3 (material & labor) No adder No adder
Applicable Area4 (sf) 650-850 650-850
Bright ambient lighting
BASIC RETAIL FIXTURESCHEDULE
A: 3-lamp Parabolic 2'x4'
E: 2-lamp Fluorescent pendantSee page 7 for complete fixture specifications.
1-Actua l FC m ay be 30% lower due to she lv ing un its over 6 ' ta l l . 2 -Savings com pared to cur r en t l igh tingprac tices in th e New Englan d r eg ion . 3 -Layout 1 and 2 cos t the sam e and r epresent the lowes t cost op tion .This is the bas is o f compar ison for “ I n te rm edia te” and “ Higher -End” cos ts. 4 -Layout applies to any s torewith in th is s ize r ange , while mee ting l igh t leve l r ecomm enda tions an d without exceeding energy codes.Add rows of f ixtures for larger stores.
E
E
A
A
M e r c h a n d i s e a r e a : 7 5 0 s q u a r e f e e t
2 ' x 2 ' c e i l i n g g r i d
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intermediate retail lighting
Types of stores: Clothin g, s ta t ionary, beau ty shop,
gourmet shops, accessories, housewares, furni ture and
sma l l objects . Most com m on store type, wi th average level
of retail activity.
Purpose of lighting: Suffic ient ly uni form i l luminat ion
necessary to see and examine product and read labels .Lim i ted accent l ight ing i s desirable to set produ cts apart , to
create h ighl ights or enhance texture and to a t t ract a t tent ion
to window displays.
Lighting Strategies:
• Part ia l ly conceal am bient l ight sources with louvers or
baffles to create mor e emph asis on product .
• Locate accen t l ights c lose to d isplays.
• Use exposed or decorat ive accent l ights to create a t tent ion
or establ i sh image.
Lighting levels: 30-50 fc am bient , 75-100 fc accent .
Intermediate Reta il:Layout 3
Storage
8'
8
'
15 ft.
Se ction: Layo ut 3
7.5 ft.
Intermediate Retail:Layout 4
Storage
15 ft.
Section : Layout 4
3 ft.
4.5 ft.
intermediate
Ambient lighting with limited accent lighting
INTERMEDIATE RETAIL FIXTURESCHEDULE
A: 3-lamp Parabolic 2'x4'
B: 2-lamp Parabolic 2'x2'
C: 1-lamp Fluorescent Valance
M: 50 Watt Accent Lights (M1, 2 or 3)
See page 7 for complete fixture specifications.
A
M
M
M M
A
CB
M
M
B
C
SUMMARY TABLE FOR “INTERMEDIATE” RETAILLayout 3 Layout 4
Ambient1 Footcandles (fc) 35-45 35-45
Connected Load (W/sf) 2.1 1.8
Energy Savings2 (%) 35-45% 45-55%
First Cost Increase 3(material & labor) +30-40% +25-35%
Applicable Area4 (sf) 650-850 650-850
1-Actua l FC m ay be 30% lower due to she lv ing un its over 6 ' ta l l . 2 -Savings com pared to cur ren tl igh ting pra c t ices in the New England r eg ion . 3 -Cos t com pared to Bas ic Re ta i l Layouts1 an d 2 on pa ge 4 . 4 -Layout applies to any s tore with in th is size r ange , while m ee ting l igh tingleve l r ecomm enda tions a nd withou t exceeding energy codes . Add rows of f ix tures for la rger s tores.
locating efficient, inexpensive lights close to the product, valancehting (Type C) is a very "energy effective" strategy.
Control
windowdisplayl ights
separate ly M e r c h a n d i s e a r e a : 7 5 0 s q u a r e f
e e t
2 ' x 2 '
c e i l i n g g r i d
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Types of stores: More expensive or exclusive
m erchan dise, such as jewelry, g i f ts , ant iqu es, fine c lo th in g
an d accessories, fine h ousewares an d beau ty salons. Lower
act ivi ty than o ther re ta i l types. Most personal ized a t tent ion
and assistance from sales personnel .
Purpose of lighting: To establ i sh image and
enhance product color, sparkle or texture . Encourage
l i n g e ri n g , ex am i n a t io n a n d i m p u l se bu y i n g .
Lighting Strategies:
• Use lower i l lum ina t ion levels for am bient l ight ing
to enhance cont rast of accent l ight ing , but do not
e l im i n a t e a m b i en t sys tem .
• Use fluorescent l ight ing for am bient l ight ing . Whi te-
pain ted par abol ic louvers m ay be preferable in sm al l
spaces or low cei lings. For h ighest end a ppl icat ions,
consider sma l ler d iam eter (T-5 or T-2) f luorescent
lam ps for concealed ap pl icat ions such as coves,
valances an d shel f l ight ing .
• U se t h e b est co lo r ren d e r i n g l am p s (CRI ab o ve 8 0 ) a n da warm er color temperatu re of 3000 to 3200 Kelvin .
For exam ple, se lect f luorescent lam ps designa ted 830.
• Use accent l ight ing to establ ish a h ierarchy of
im portan ce. Since the eye i s a t t racted to the br ightest
object in the f ie ld of v iew and then to the n ext brightest
object, provide the h igh est wat tage or the t ightest focus
lamps on the most important i tems or areas of the store .
• Use exposed or decorat ive sources to a t t ract a t tent ion to
specific displays or areas of the shop.
Lighting Levels: 15-40 fc am bient . 75-100 fc accent .
Accent l ight ing i s cou pled wi th areas of lowest am bientlighting levels.
Higher-End Retail:Layo ut 5
Storage
8
'
S ection : Layo ut 5
3 ft.
4.5 ft.10 ft.
15 ft.
Higher-End Retail:Layo ut 6
Storage
8'
8
'
15 ft.
S ection : Layo ut 6
3 ft.
4.5 ft.
2.5 ft.
10 ft.
higher-end
SUMMARY TABLE FOR “HIGHER-END” RETAIL
Layout 5 Layout 6
Ambient1 Footcandles (fc) 35-45 20-30
Connected Load (W/sf) 2.1 2.1
Energy Savings2 (%) 35-45% 35-45%
First Cost Increase3 (material & labor) +140-150% +80-90%
Applicable Area4 (sf) 650-850 650-850
1-Actua l FC m ay be 20% lower due to she lving u ni ts over 5 ' ta l l . 2-Savings compa red to currentl ight ing prac t ices in the New England region. 3- Cost com pared to Bas ic Re ta i l Layouts 1 an d 2 .4-Layout appl ies to any store of within th is size ran ge , while meet ing l igh t ing leve lrecomm endat ion s and without exceeding energy codes. Add rows of fix tures for la rger spaces.
C
C
D M
MM
D
NB
M
higher-end retail
B
N
Reduced ambient light, more accent lighting
Control
differentfixture typesseparate ly
Control
windowdisplay lightsseparate ly
2 ' x 2 ' c e i l i n g g r i d
M e r c h a n d i s e a r e a :
7 5 0 s q u a r e f e e t
HIGHER-END RETAIL FIXTURESCHEDUL
B - 2-lamp Parabolic 2'x2'
C - 1-lamp Fluorescent Valance
D - Decorative Pendant
M - 50 to 90 Watt Accent Lights (M1, 2, or 3)
N - 50 Watt MR16 Recessed Accent Light
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M1. MR-16 SPOT LIGHT
LAMP: 50W MR-16 Narr ow Spot
DESCRIPTION: Requires low voltage e lect ronic
t ran sform er. Mount to J-box, canopy, m ono-t ra ck
or penda nt , as requi red by appl icat ion . Use
n a r ro w es t beam sp read fo r t h e m o s t im p ac t .
M2. HALOGEN PAR 20 LAMP SPOT LIGHT
LAMP: 5 0W PAR 2 0 Sp ot
DESCRIPTION: Alternative to M1. No transformer
requi red . Moun t to J-box, canopy, m ono-t ra ck
or penda nt , as requi red by appl icat ion . Use
n a r ro w es t beam sp read fo r t h e m o s t im p ac t .
M3 . HALOGEN PAR 30 o r PAR 38 SPOT LIGHT
LAMP OPTIONS: 50W PAR 30 Spot or
Q90 PAR 38 Spot
DESCRIPTION: Alterna tive to M1 or M2. Lar ger size
lam p an d softer beam spread. Choose PAR 30 or
PAR 38 fixtur e to fit lam p size. Moun t to J-box,
canopy, mono-t rack or pendant , as requi red by
appl icat ion . Use narrowest beam spread for the
m ost im pact . Reduce qua nt i ty of 90 Wat t lam ps.
N. RECESSED MR-16 ADJUSTABLE ANGLE
ACCENT LIGHT
LAMP: 50W MR-16 Narr ow Spot
DESCRIPTION: Recessed ho using wi th n om ina l
5" d iam eter aperture . 35 degree t i lt or m ore.
Specular or semi-specular c lear cone. In tegral
low vol tage t ran sform er.
E. 2-LAMP FLUORESCENT INDUS TRIAL WITH
REFLECTOR. PENDANT OR SURFACE MOUNTED
LAMPS: (2) 32W T8, 841 color for ba sic
reta i l , 835 color for in term ediate re ta i l
D ESCRIP TIO N: P en d an t o r su r face m o u n t ed
fluorescent luminai re in modules of 8 ' -0"(4 l am p s p e r 8 ' -0 " ) . Wh i t e b ak ed en am e l fi n i sh .
Min i m u m 9 0 % d o w n l ig h t . 9 5 % m i n i m u m f i xt u re
effic iency. Four-lam p electronic instan t -start bal last , 110 nom inal in put
w a t ts . Su r face m o u n t t o l o w ce i li n g s (8 ' -6 " o r l e ss ) o r p en d an t m o u n t a t
18" a bove h ighest product shel f .
D: SMALL DECORATIVE PENDANT BOWL
LAMPS: (4) 13W TT, 830 color
DESCRIPTION: 20" to 24" diam eter bowl with
frosted or pat terned or colored g lass or acryl ic .
Provides image and brightness to space, and
m ay l ight cei l ing .
C: VALANCE: SIDE-SOCKET FLUORESCENT CHANNEL
LAMPS: (1) 32W T8, 835 color in in term ediate
reta i l , 830 color in h igh er end shops
DESCRIPTION: S tanda rd fluorescent
indust ria l s t r ip wi th single lamp mounted on side.
N o m i n a l 8 ' -0 " h o u s in g w i t h t w o lam p s i n - l in e .
Two-lam p elect ronic instant s tart bal lasts , 61
n o m i n a l i n p u t w a t t s. Tan d em w ire an d u se fou r - lam p
ballasts where possible.
B. 2' x 2' PARABOLIC TROFFER, TWO-LAMP
LAMPS: (2) 31W T8 U-tube, 6" leg
spacing. 835 color for in term ediate re ta i l ,
830 color for h igher-end shops
DESCRIPTION: Recessed Fluorescen t troffer with
whi te baked enam el in terior reflector and
para bol ic louvers that are pain ted whi te or semi-specular an odized
a l u m i n u m , m i n i m u m 2 -3 / 4 " d eep , wi t h 9 cel ls . Tw o - lam p
electronic instan t s tart bal last , 61 nom ina l input wat ts .
65% m inim um fix ture effic iency.
A. 2' x 4' PARABOLIC TROFFER, THREE-LAMP
LAMPS: (3) 32W T8, 835 color
DESCRIPTION: Recessed fluor escent with
whi te baked en am el in terior reflector, parabol ic
louvers that are whi te-pain ted or semi-specular
an o d i zed a l u m i n u m , m i n i m u m 2 -3 / 4 " d eep , w i t h
18 cel l s. Three-lam p electronic in stant -start bal last ,
91 nominal input wat ts . 71% minimum fix ture effic iency.
ACCENT LUMINAIRES
AMBIENT LUM INAIRES
7
These specifications include lighting fixtures that willensure a balance of performance, flexibility, energy-savings and maintenance at a cost-effective price.Many standard products will meet these specifications.
lighting fixture schedule
A
E
B
C
D N
M3
M2
M1
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The stan dard th ree-dig i t system for c lassi fying fluorescent lam ps includes
i n fo rm a t i o n a b o u t t h e Co l o r Ren d e r in g In d ex ( CRI) an d t h e Co r rel a t ed
Co lo r Tem p era t u re . Th u s “8 3 5 ” s tan d s fo r a CRI o f 8 0 + an d a co l o r
tempera ture of 3500 Kelvin .
The Color Rendering In dex indicates how wel l a g iven lam p renders thecolors of the objects i t il lum ina tes. For Basic re ta i l ing , a CRI of 70+ is
genera l ly adequ ate . For In term ediate an d Higher-End shops, 80+ is
preferable . Correla ted color tempera ture refers to the appeara nce of
an y light source. Low wat tage inca ndescent i s very “warm ” a t about 2700
Kelvin , Halogen is som ewhat warm at 3000 Kelvin , an d dayl ight i s qui te
“cool” a t 5000 to 10,000 Kelvin . The n ew fluorescent lam ps are avai lable
in a wide ran ge of color tem peratur es, but those m ost appropria te for
re ta i l ing are 30 00 K for Higher-End shops, 3500 K for In termediate shops,
an d 4100 K for Basic re ta i l ing .
UNDERSTANDING THE NEWFLUORESCENT LAMP COLORS
Ambient Light Sources Accent Light Sources
0 20 40 60 80
LUMENS PER WATT
“Proper lighting controls assurethat individual fixtures are ononly when they are mosteffective. The display windowlights should be controlled
separately from the rest of thestore lights. In addition, otherfixture types should be on separate circuits,controlled by an astronomical time clock. Thisway, only the most efficient fixtures will be usedoutside of business hours, for staff activities suchas cleaning and restocking. This not onlysaves energy, but greatly reducesmaintenance for burned-outaccent lights.“
Il lumi nati ng Engineer, Belden, Inc.
Controls are important!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th e LIGHTING KNOWHOW series was developed, fun ded, an d sponsored by the fo l lowing m em bers of theDesignLights Consort ium :
Boston Edison Company
COM/Electric
• Co m m o n we a lt hElect ric Company
• Cam b r i d g e E l ec t ri cL ig h t Co m p an y
Eastern Utilities Associates• Blackston e Valley Electric• Newport Elect ric• E a st er n E d i so n C o m p a n y
NEES Com pa nies• Massachu sett s Electric
• N ar rag an se t t E lec tr i c• N an t u ck e t E lec tr i c
Northeast Energy EfficiencyPar tnersh ips , Inc .
Northe ast Utilities• Co n n ec ti cu t Li g h t & P o w er• Western Massachu sett s
Elect ric Company
United I l lum inating
Unitil
• F it ch b u rg G as an d E l ec t ri cLi g h t Co m p an y
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LUMENS PERWATT
Lamp/Ballast Efficacies