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HUMAN RIGHTS
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SHORT MEDITATION
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PERSPECTIVES• Anthropology
• History
• International Relations & Law
• Political Economy
• Sociology
• etc., etc., etc.
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IDEOLOGY, POLITICS & ORGANIZATION• CRITICAL• BOTTOM-UP• TRANSFORMATION• PROBLEM-SOLVING• ACTION• NEW ORDER• MUTUAL CO-
LEARNING• MUTUAL
RESPECT• DO• LATEST• EMANCIPATORY
• CONSERVATIVE• TOP-DOWN• VIPs/EXPERTS• SPOONFEEDING• LECTURES• PROFIT• TEACHER-
CENTERED• RESPECT ELDERS
& AUTHORITY• LISTEN• OLD/TRADITIONAL• AUTHORITATIVE
• LIBERTARIAN• LATERAL• PROCESS• SHARING IDEAS• DISCUSSION• LEARNING• STUDENT-
CENTERED• RESPECT
LEARNERS• TALK• NEW/MODERN• ELICITIVE
CLASHING PERSPECTIVES
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SNAP POLL:IS THE WORLD
MORE GLOBALIZED NOW THAN 10-20
YEARS AGO?
•YES •NO
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SNAP POLL:IS GLOBALIZATION
IS A “GOOD THING”?
•YES •NO
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SNAP POLL
VALUESIN GENERAL ARE
RELATIVE
VALUESIN GENERAL ARE
GLOBALIZED & UNIVERSAL
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Is Morality Relative to Culture?
• YES: Melville J. Herskovits, “Cultural Relativism and Cultural Values,” in Frances Herskovits, ed., Cultural Relativism: Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism (Random House, 1972)
• NO: Louis P. Pojman, from Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong, 2d ed. (Wadsworth, 1995)
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CULTURAL RELATIVISM VS. ETHNOCENTRISM
• American anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits (1895–1963):
– morality
• has no absolute identity
• & it is a social & cultural phenomenon that varies according to the customs & beliefs of different cultural groups.
• the great enemy of relativism is ethnocentrism, esp. as expressed by European colonialism.
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CULT. RELATIVISM VS. MORAL UNIVERSALISM
• Professor of philosophy Louis P. Pojman: ethnocentrism is a prejudice like racism or sexism.
• He agrees that moral beliefs & practices vary greatly across cultures & from 1 person to another
• But he finds very serious problems in the contention that moral principles derive their validity from dependence on society or individual choice.
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UNIVERSAL OR CULTURALLY RELATIVE?
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THINK PAIR: 2 MINUTES
• WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?
• ARE HUMAN RIGHTS IMPORTANT? WHY OR WHY NOT?
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DEFINITIONS
FULL MINIMALIST
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MINIMALIST DEFINITIONPROBLEM OF
TERMINOLOGY
EUROPE &U.N.
U.S.
CIVILRIGHTS?
CIVILLIBERTIES?
CIVILRIGHTS
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5 ASPECTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS(UNITED NATIONS “FULL” DEFINITION)
• 1. CIVIL RIGHTS
• 2. POLITICAL RIGHTS
• 3. ECONOMIC RIGHTS
• 4. SOCIAL RIGHTS
• 5. CULTURAL RIGHTS
• DOES THE U.S. GIVE EQUAL EMPHASIS TO ALL THESE RIGHTS? PHILIPPINES?
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SNAP POLL:ARE HUMAN
RIGHTS GLOBAL VALUES?
•YES •NO
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TRADING RIGHTS:1. EACH GROUP WILL HAVE 1 SET OF
RIGHTS & LIST DOWN THE OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.
2. IN THE LARGER PERSPECTIVE, WHAT ARE THE PROs & CONs OF THIS RIGHT?
3. WHICH OTHER RIGHT DO YOU PREFER? WHY? PRO/CON?
4. YOU WILL EXPLAIN & TRADE YOUR RIGHT WITH OTHER GROUPS.
5. WE WILL DO ONLY 1 ROUND.
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3 TRADITIONS(H. BULL, 1997)
GROTIAN ORINTERNATIONAL-
IST
KANTIAN ORUNIVERSALIST
HOBBESIANOR REALIST
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“PROBLEMS”: How to Understand HR
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DEBATES
3. CONSERVATIVEVS.
LIBERAL VIEWS
2. UNIVERSALISMVS. CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
1. ASIAN VALUES VS. WESTERN
VALUES
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5 PROBLEMS (BAYLIS & SMITH 2001)
• 1. ENFORCEMENT
• 2. TRADITIONAL NOTION OF SOVEREIGNTY & NON-INTERFERENCE VS. UNIVERSAL DOMESTIC STANDARDS
• 3. CIVIL/POL RIGHTS VS. ECONOMIC RIGHTS
• 4. INDIVIDUAL VS. COLLECTIVE RTS.
• 5. FEMINISTS QUESTION WESTERN, MASCULINE ROOTS OF RTS.
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Are Human Rights Universal?, Shashi Tharoor, World Policy
Journal, Winter 1999/2000 • 1. THERE ARE REAL
DIFFERENCES OF VALUES AMONG CULTURES.
• 2. BUT “A UNIVERSAL IDEA OF HRs CAN HELP MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DIVERSITY.”
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EXCUSE• 1. THERE IS A REAL DEBATE
• 2. BUT SOME AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS/DICTATORS HIDE BEHIND THE CULTURALLY RELATIVE MASK
• 3. ALSO, “WESTERN-FOUNDED UNIVERSALISM” IS FRAGILE (HUNTINGTON), CF. WAR IN IRAQ
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5 FABLES ABOUT HRs (LUKES, 1993)
• 1. COMMUNITARIA
• 2. UTILITARIA
• 3. LIBERTARIA
• 4. EGALITARIA
• 5. PROLETARIA
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IDEOLOGY & VALUES(JANDA, 2006)
• 1. CONSERVATIVE
• 2. LIBERTARIAN (CLASSIC LIBERAL)
• 3. SOCIAL DEMOCRAT (MODERN LIBERAL)
• 4. REVOLUTIONARY MARXIST
• 1. ORDER & PROPERTY
• 2. LIBERTY• 3. EQUALITY• 4. ABRUPT
SOCIAL CHANGE
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SNAP POLL GLOBALLY, DOES THE
U.S. HAVE THE HIGH MORAL GROUND TO BE
THE BEACON OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD?
• NO• YES
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ABU GHRAIB
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HADITHA
• Allegations of massacre of 24 civilians by US marines at Haditha in November 2005
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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 1
• Shiman, D. (2006). Minneapolis: U of Minnesota.
• 1. 3 will begin with some coins & scoop
• 2. Scramble. Rule: no touch or “fired”
• 3. Report.
• 4. “Great/Some/Little” Wealth & Power: satisfaction of (1) basic needs & (2) wants
• 5. Donors? Regroup.
• 6. Communities & countries differ
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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 2
• 1. Grouped accdg to wealth & power• 2. Random distribution of 3 persons• 3. Create a plan for the fair distribution of
pennies & (a) explain why it is fair, (b) what needs to be done, (c) explain your plan
• 4. 1 Spokesperson per group.• 5. COMELEC. Vote.• 6. 6 or more pennies= 2 votes; 0-2 pennies= ½
vote. Tabulate.• 7. Announce the plan & carry out plan.
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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL JUSTICE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 3
• Personal Impact: How do feel? Fair? Donors? U received or gave? Why? Feel? How is wealth & power represented? What about those “3” with extra help? Fair? Destiny?
• Social Impact: Reflect reality? Who are the haves & have nots? Should we care? Why? Giving money solve problem & help the poor? What can have-nots do to address econ. & pol. Inequality? Retribution of wealth? Why? How? Principles?
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What is democracy?
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Democracy
• Diamond; Huntington; Lipset; Przeworski
• a political system in which contestation (competition among candidates), participation (fair, honest, open, and periodic elections) and PERHAPS civil liberties (also known internationally as part of human rights) exist.
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Different Views• HUMAN RIGHTS
LITERATURE:• Democracy is part of
human rights
• DEMOCRACY LITERATURE:
• 1. Minimalist definition: no human rights– Zakaria criticizes
minimalist definition as “illiberal democracy"
• 2. Expanded definition: Human Rights are part of democracy
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CHICKEN OR EGG DEBATE• Which comes first? Development or
Democracy?• 2 groups: • a) group discussion; • b) Sides A & B their present points; • c) Side A debates 1 point from Side B;
reverse role; continue• d) Concluding remarks• 1. “Development leads to democracy”• 2. “Democracy leads to development”
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CHICKEN OR EGG?• Evidence• No correlation in
3W• It’s a matter of
choice/policy• Human Rights:
we need BOTH• Hong Kong, US,
Western Europe, Japan, Canada: both
• Inglehart, some relationship but some values are enduring
• G.W.Bush: Democracy in Iraq leads to economic growth?
• Philippines: Democracy with no growth?
• Clinton: Economic growth in China leads to democracy?
• Lee Kuan Yew, Mahathir, & China: Economic Growth is more important than democracy
• Huntington (1968): econ growth leads to pol. instability
CLASHING PERSPECTIVES
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Baylis & Smith. (2001). Oxford. OUP.
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Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace
Research, Vol. 6, 167-191.
• 1. Structural Violence
• 2. Criminal Violence
• 3. State Violence
• 4. Revolutionary Violence
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Galtung, J. (1974). Peace, violence and Imperialism.
• 1. Negative Peace
• 2. Positive Peace
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Dr. Moctar Matuan. (2004). Exec. Dir., Institute for Peace & Dev’t, MSU,
Marawi. “Mindanao Problem.” DO YOU AGREE?• 1. Poverty, inequality, & environmental
degradation.• 2. Political corruption• 3. Negative images held by Christians, Moro, &
Lumad peoples of each other• 4. Failure of the national gov’t to integrate Moro
peoples into a national Filipino identity• 5. Econ. Exploitatation of Mindanao’s resources
& migration of Filipinos from the N. that led to a loss of ancestral lands
• 6. the Moro struggle for self-rule
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Archbishop Orlando B. Quevedo. (2004). “Injustice: The Root of Conflict
in Mindanao.”• 1. Poverty, including low productivity,
criminality, marginalization & environmental degradation.
• 2. Ignorance, including poor schools & education.
• 3. Disease, including malnutrition & poor access to health services;
• 4. Injustice, including violation of human rights, land conflicts, & graft & corruption.
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NON-DISCRIMINATION
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NON-DISCRIMINATION
• Equal in dignity• Mutual respect
• Ability• Age• Birth• Color• Ethnicity• Sex• Language• National or Social
Origin• Political Opinion• Property, Class, Wealth• Religion
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ATLAS (1997). DUSHKIN.WOMEN & MEN
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CHRISTINE ENLOE (1997). BANANAS, BEACHES, & BASES
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HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL• Inah Kaloga discusses Amnesty International's concerns on
female genital mutilation• 30/06/2004© • AI Stop Violence Against Women campaign: End Female
Genital Mutilation 28/06/2004Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional practice that involves the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia.
Watch an interview with Inah Kaloga discussing Amnesty International's concerns relating to FGM (English) [RealVideo]
http://news.amnesty.org/pages/svaw-avarchives-eng
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ECONOMIC RIGHTS
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KEGLEY & WITTKOPF (2004)
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ECONOMICRIGHTS:
JOB, INCOME, ORGANIZE,LABOR UNION, ASSEMBLY,
JOB OF YOUR CHOICE, EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL
WORK
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Bake & Parkin. (2007). Microeconomics.
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Q & A• WHERE (IN W/C PART/S OF THE WORLD) WOULD YOU NORMALLY EXPECT THE FULL ENJOYMENT OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS?
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GOLDSTEIN (2003)
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DANZIGER (2003)
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O’NEIL (2004)
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O’NEIL (2004)
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O’NEIL (2004)
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SAMUELSON (1995)
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STIGLITZ (1990)
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SOCIAL RIGHTS
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SOCIALRIGHTS:
SOCIAL SECURITYUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
MEDICAL CAREMATERNITY/PATERNITY LEAVE
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SOCIAL RIGHTS• LIFE EXPECTANCY
• HEALTH
• SOCIAL WELFARE
• MEDICAL CARE
• POPULATION
• WHERE (OR IN W/C PART/S OF THE WORLD) DO YOU NORMALLY EXPECT SOCIAL RIGHTS TO BE FULLY ENJOYED?
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IR Atlas (2003). Wadsworth.
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HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 1999
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DUNCAN (2004)
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CULTURAL RIGHTS
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CULTURALRIGHTS:
EDUCATIONSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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IR ATLAS (2003). WADSWORTH
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Kendall. (2005).
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Kendall. (2005).
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CIVIL RIGHTS
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CIVIL RIGHTS:
LIFE, LIBERTY,HAPPINESS,NON-INTERFERENCE IN YOUR PERSONAL LIFE,
EQUAL TREATMENT BEFORE THE LAW
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POLITICAL RIGHTS
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POLITICALRIGHTS:
WOMEN & MEN HAVE THE EUAL RIGHT TO VOTE &
TO RUN FOR PUBLIC OFFICE
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2004 U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
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2004 POPULAR VOTE BY COUNTY
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WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE
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Monarchies: Constitutional Monarchy
Traditional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy
Republics: Democracy Restricted Democratic Practice
Authoritarian Regime
Totalitarian Regime
Non-Sovereign:
Protectorate Colonial Dependency Empire
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