Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Sustainable Product Development
IDBM | Helsinki | 29102008
In today’s matinee, tragic comedy in three acts
1. What is sustainability2. How to design it3. Why it’s important
Prelude:
A GOOD IDEA...
Material use
twice the normal
manufacturing
difficult and expensive
design makes the bottle
hard to use and reuse
because of design, the bottle
cannot be recycled
Act One:
WHAT?
We’re running on an enormous
ecological deficit:
By a moderate business-as-usual scenario, by 2050
we spend twice as muchas the Earth can produce.
...but, unfortunately,
right now, we’re running on 140% capacity
PEOPLE
PLANET
PROFIT
SUSTAINABILITY
PEOPLE
PLANET
PROFIT
SUSTAINABILITY
Equitable
Viable
Bearable
Ecological modernization:
Our problems have to be solved by developing existing society further.
Act Two:
HOW?
Question:
Are people going to change their habits?
Worldwide,
2% buy green for the sake of green
To recap,
1. Price2. Quality3. Ease of use4. Availability5. Eco-friendliness
Traditional thinking says
eco = expensive.
Traditional thinking says
eco = expensive.
ECO ECOE c o n o m i c a l l y v i a b l e
Eco l og i ca l l y f r i end l y
x
No matter what you are doing,
materials, energy, transportcost money
maximizing eco-efficiency= minimizing expenses
...with one big if:
it must be designed from the start.
PEOPLE
PLANET
PROFIT
SUSTAINABILITY
DESIGN
ENGINEERING
BUSINESS
Two basic strategies:
1) Design for longevity2) Design for disposal(if the product is necessary at all)
Design for longevity•Timeless, classical design
•Long lifespan
•Durability
•Designed for ease of repair and maintenance
•Designed for modularity
•Possibilities for reuse
•Possibility to upgrade with latest technology
Design for disposal•Fashionable design
•Designed for takeback
•Designed for recycling
•Designed for eco-friendly disposal
Design for longevity Design for disposal
•Timeless, classical design
•Long lifespan
•Durability
•Designed for ease of repair and maintenance
•Designed for modularity
•Possibilities for reuse
•Possibility to upgrade with latest technology
•Fashionable design
•Designed for takeback
•Designed for recycling
•Designed for eco-friendly disposal
Vastuullinen & Poikkitieteellinen Tuotekehitys | IDBMPro | Lahti | 161008-17102008
The LiDS Wheel
6
5
4 3
2
17
6. Optimized lifetime
5. Lowimpact use
4. Efficient distribution
3. Optimized manufacturing
2. Lowimpact materials
1. Innovation
7. Optimized End-of-life
What
•Also known as Eco-design Strategy wheel
•Generative ideation tool, subjective
When to use
•when there is little hard data available
•as a tool to stimulate ideation
•for evaluating the relative impact of two different products
SOURCE: Modified from the Lids Wheel, HanBrezet, et al, Promise Manual, Delft Universityof Technology /Okala Design Guiden 2007
LiDS Wheel
Vastuullinen & Poikkitieteellinen Tuotekehitys | IDBMPro | Lahti | 161008-17102008
LCA
Comprehensive method to assess all impacts over all lifecycle.
Qualitative Matrix LCA
Based on technical expertise to evaluate impacts through out the Lifecycle.
Pharos
Based on health pollution, resource use, social and community indices
Total Beauty
Five-topic method based on subjective judgement.
Environmental Impact Assessment Methods
EcologicalFootprint
Not yet fullydeveloped
QualitativeMatrix LCA
Depends on the knowledge
of users
LiDSwheel
MBDCDeficient global
Warning,Missing lifecycle
phases
Life CycleAssessment
TotalBeauty
PharosNot yet fullydeveloped
Subjective(guessing, with often
unrepeatable results)
Objective(physical measurement,
With repeatable results)
Comprehensive(Complete impact types
and all lifecycle phases)
Incomplete(few impact types
And/or missing lifecycle phases)
SOURCE: Okala Design Guide 2007 / IDSA
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Trouble with LCAs
• Life cycle analysis is time-consuming• Collecting data for the entire life cycle
can be difficult
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Single number LCA rides to rescue
Eco-99 takes into account:•Health effects•Ecosystem effects•Resource depletion
Including•Materials usage•Production processes•Energy generation•Disposal & recycling
...and gives a single number
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
What “light” LCA is good for
• Benchmarking • Evaluating concepts• Testing assumptions• Comparing products, firms
and industries
DO NOT USE FOR• Marketing claims• Greenwashing• Any public claims
For initial stages of design & development:
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Light LCA: Eco-99 Manual
• Developed for designers• From Netherlands• Based on European averages• Gives one indicator value(Single-score LCA)• In “Points” = 1/1000 of average European
consumer’s yearly environmental footprint• FREELY DOWNLOADABLE, www.pre.nl
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Using LCA
1. Establish the purpose of the calculation: product, product component, comparing two different products...
2. Define the life cycle: draw a diagram3. Quantify materials and processes; make assumptions where needed4. Fill in the data5. Interpret the results; MAKE A STRESS TEST!
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Example: Life cycle of a coffee maker
Coffee beans Paper Polystyrene Aluminium Steel Glass
Assembly &transport
Packaging
Devicedisposal
Water
USE
Coffeedisposal
Filterdisposal
Packagedisposal
Electricity
Transport & processing
FiltersInjectionmolding
ExtrusionPress
formingBlowing
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Systems view: Coffee maker
Purpose: • Make coffee and keep it hot
System includes• All products and processes that are
needed to produce coffee in a home during the lifetime of the device.
Assumptions:• Lifetime 5 years• 5 cups of coffee twice a day • Kept warm for 30 minutes
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Fill in the form...
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Fill in the form...
Estimate energy use for glass blowing
4 MJ
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Fill in the form...
Find indicator value for 4 megajoules of electricity
5.3
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Fill in the form...
What has thebiggest impact?
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Fill in the form...
What has thebiggest impact? Electricity
13 875 mPts
Total mfg.536 mPts
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
If you get stuck:
• Check whether the missing value has significant impact
• Use similar indicators• Analyze from e.g. electricity
usage• Get help
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Complex products
Analyze in parts, add up the results
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Analyze in parts, add up the results
Complex products
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Uncertainties arise from• correctness of the model:
assumptions, attitudes, values
• data uncertainties: absolute and relative uncertainties
Uncertainties and how to deal with them
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Products, materials,manufacturing processes• Similar = relative error,
doesn’t hurt (by much)
• Different = results uncertain!
Rule of thumb: • Similar processes: 10-50%
difference in results
• Different processes: at least 100% difference required!
Uncertainties and how to deal with them
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Difference matters!
Electricity13 875 mPts
Total mfg.536 mPts
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro chassis
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät
• Oletetaan 6061-alumiini, josta neitseellistä materiaalia 70%
• Menetelminä lastuava työstö vs. prässääminen
• Lastut kierrätetään
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät4. Lasketaan materiaalit ja menetelmät, tehdään oletukset
• 1,133 kg alumiinia, josta poistetaan 1 kg, vs. 0,25 kg alumiinilevyä
• Oletus: 30 % kierrätettyä = valmistuksen ympäristövaikutus (780 * 0,7 + 60 * 0,3) = 564 mPts/kg
• Lastuavan työstön ympäristövaikutus 800 mPts/dm3 poistettua materiaalia
• Alumiinin tilavuus 2,7 kg/dm3 joten lastutaan 1 kg / 2,7 kg/dm3 = 0,37 dm3
1. Prässäämisen ympäristövaikutus 23 mPts/kg muokattua materiaalia2. Oletetaan että lastuista kierrätetään 95 %, vaikutus -720 mPts/kg
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät4. Lasketaan materiaalit ja menetelmät, tehdään oletukset5. Tehdään laskelmat: lastuava työstö
• Alumiinin valmistus: 564 mPts/kg * 1,133 kg = 639 mPts
• Työstö: 0,37 dm3 * 800 mPts/dm3 = 296 mPts
• Lastujen kierrätys: (95 %): 1 kg * 0,95 * -720 mPts/kg = - 684 mPts1. Yhteensä 639 mPts + 266 mPts - 684 mPts = 257 mPts
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät4. Lasketaan materiaalit ja menetelmät, tehdään oletukset5. Tehdään laskelmat: prässääminen
• Alumiinin valmistus: 564 mPts/kg * 0,25 kg = 141 mPts
• Prässääminen: 23 mPts/kg * 0,25 kg = 6 mPts
• Yhteensä 147 mPts
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät4. Lasketaan materiaalit ja menetelmät, tehdään oletukset5. Tehdään laskelmat6. Vertaillaan:
• Lastuava työstö 257 mPts
• Prässääminen 147 mPts
• Eroa 57 %
Sustainable Product Development | IDBM | Helsinki | 291008
Esimerkki: MacBook Pro-kotelo
1. Rajataan tehtävä pelkän kotelon vertailuun2. Määritetään elinkaari: pelkkä tuotanto3. Materiaalit ja menetelmät4. Lasketaan materiaalit ja menetelmät, tehdään oletukset5. Tehdään laskelmat6. Vertaillaan7. Tarkastetaan oletukset
• Onko tulos realistinen?
• Mitä puuttuu?
• Mitä vaikutuksia oletusten muuttamisella on?
• Onko ero riittävän suuri?
Act Three:
WHY?
By 2025,
75% reduction
By 2050,
93% reduction
However,
There’s some good news
namely,
everything needs to be redesigned.
75% reduction means
2 x endurance2 x less inputs
Question:
What you get when you have:
a) new technologies
b) new user needs
c) new markets
d) new business plans
If you have:
a) new technologiesb) new user needsc) new marketsd) new business plans...?
...what you get is
new opportunities toget cleanly rich(as opposed to filthy rich)
What qualities are important in consumer goods?
Innovativeness
Environmentally friendly
Quality design
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
56%
70%
73%
Title
In addition,
There’s also some new sources of inspiration
...like
biomimicry
Insecta, (c) Shao Yung Yeh 2008
Other hot ideas:
Breaking the cost barrierConstraint-based designCradle to Cradle