Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
ICAO activities in the field of emissions of GHGs
from aviation
ICAO activities in the field of emissions of GHGs
from aviation
Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007
Jane Hupe, Chief Environmental UnitJane Hupe, Chief Environmental Unit
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
International Civil Aviation Organization
International Civil Aviation Organization
Specialized Agency of the United NationsSpecialized Agency of the United Nations
CreatedCreated in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil
Membership:Membership: 190 Contracting States190 Contracting States
Env. Objective GHG:Env. Objective GHG: Aviation (Chicago Convention) Aviation (Chicago Convention)
““to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas
emissions on global climate" emissions on global climate"
Environmental Protection is one of Environmental Protection is one of ICAO’s Strategic ICAO’s Strategic
Objectives Objectives
Specialized Agency of the United NationsSpecialized Agency of the United Nations
CreatedCreated in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil
Membership:Membership: 190 Contracting States190 Contracting States
Env. Objective GHG:Env. Objective GHG: Aviation (Chicago Convention) Aviation (Chicago Convention)
““to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas
emissions on global climate" emissions on global climate"
Environmental Protection is one of Environmental Protection is one of ICAO’s Strategic ICAO’s Strategic
Objectives Objectives
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Air TransportCommittee
Air TransportCommittee
ICAO AssemblyICAO Assembly
CouncilCouncil
Air NavigationCommission
Air NavigationCommission
Committee on AviationEnvironmental ProtectionCommittee on Aviation
Environmental Protection
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
36th Session of the ICAO Assembly (18 to 28 Sept 2007)
- 1488 delegates registered- 179 Delegations- 44 Observer Organizations
36th Session of the ICAO Assembly (18 to 28 Sept 2007)
- 1488 delegates registered- 179 Delegations- 44 Observer Organizations
NewConsolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
ICAO Policy Options to Reduce Emissions
ICAO Policy Options to Reduce Emissions
Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards
Operational MeasuresOperational Measures
Market-based Measures:Market-based Measures:
Emissions chargesEmissions charges
Emissions tradingEmissions trading
Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures
Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards
Operational MeasuresOperational Measures
Market-based Measures:Market-based Measures:
Emissions chargesEmissions charges
Emissions tradingEmissions trading
Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Montreal, 5 to 16 February 2007Montreal, 5 to 16 February 2007
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Technology and StandardsTechnology and StandardsEmissions database available from ICAO websiteEmissions database available from ICAO website
Emissions standards: NOEmissions standards: NOxx, HC, CO and smoke number, HC, CO and smoke number
Emissions database available from ICAO websiteEmissions database available from ICAO website
Emissions standards: NOEmissions standards: NOxx, HC, CO and smoke number, HC, CO and smoke number
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
NOx StandarsNOx Standars
NOx Standard was first adopted in 1981 then
made more stringent in 1993, when ICAO
reduced the permitted levels by 20% for newly
certificated engines and again in 1998 by
about 16%, on average for engines newly
certificated from 31 December 2003
The latest NOx Standards adopted in
November 2005 and apply to engines
manufactured after 31 December 2007
NOx Standard was first adopted in 1981 then
made more stringent in 1993, when ICAO
reduced the permitted levels by 20% for newly
certificated engines and again in 1998 by
about 16%, on average for engines newly
certificated from 31 December 2003
The latest NOx Standards adopted in
November 2005 and apply to engines
manufactured after 31 December 2007
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Long and medium term goals - 10 and 20 yearsLong and medium term goals - 10 and 20 years 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6
Report available on line Report available on line
Progress towards goals to beProgress towards goals to bemonitoredmonitored
Goal-setting process will Goal-setting process will now be applied to:now be applied to:
NoiseNoise Fuel burn (technology and operations)Fuel burn (technology and operations)
Long and medium term goals - 10 and 20 yearsLong and medium term goals - 10 and 20 years 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6
Report available on line Report available on line
Progress towards goals to beProgress towards goals to bemonitoredmonitored
Goal-setting process will Goal-setting process will now be applied to:now be applied to:
NoiseNoise Fuel burn (technology and operations)Fuel burn (technology and operations)
Long-term Technology Goals for NOx – CAEP/7
Long-term Technology Goals for NOx – CAEP/7
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Other CAEP/7 deliverablesOther CAEP/7 deliverables
New guidelines (future ETM)New guidelines (future ETM)
New Airport Air Quality Guidance ManualNew Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual
New guidelines (future ETM)New guidelines (future ETM)
New Airport Air Quality Guidance ManualNew Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Operational MeasuresOperational Measures
Emissions savings can come from improvements Emissions savings can come from improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures operational procedures Most important fuel saving opportunities come Most important fuel saving opportunities come from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - more direct routings and the use of more efficient more direct routings and the use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed conditions such as optimum altitude and speed COCO22 emissions are directly proportional to fuel emissions are directly proportional to fuel burnburnOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissionsOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissions1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO22
Emissions savings can come from improvements Emissions savings can come from improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures operational procedures Most important fuel saving opportunities come Most important fuel saving opportunities come from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - more direct routings and the use of more efficient more direct routings and the use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed conditions such as optimum altitude and speed COCO22 emissions are directly proportional to fuel emissions are directly proportional to fuel burnburnOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissionsOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissions1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO22
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Operational Measures (Cont’d)Operational Measures (Cont’d)
Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Circular 303Circular 303
Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)
Route selection Route selection
Altitude selectionAltitude selection
Speed selectionSpeed selection
Flap selectionFlap selection
CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and emission effects from NADPs emission effects from NADPs
Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Circular 303Circular 303
Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)
Route selection Route selection
Altitude selectionAltitude selection
Speed selectionSpeed selection
Flap selectionFlap selection
CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and emission effects from NADPs emission effects from NADPs
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Types of Market Based Measures considered by ICAO
Types of Market Based Measures considered by ICAO
Voluntary MeasuresVoluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified government and other entity agree to take specified
actions or meet specified goalsactions or meet specified goals
Emissions ChargesEmissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of
engine emissionsengine emissions
Emissions Trading Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and allowances in the form of permits could be bought and
sold to meet emission reduction objectivessold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors
Voluntary MeasuresVoluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified government and other entity agree to take specified
actions or meet specified goalsactions or meet specified goals
Emissions ChargesEmissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of
engine emissionsengine emissions
Emissions Trading Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and allowances in the form of permits could be bought and
sold to meet emission reduction objectivessold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for AviationsAviations
New Draft Emissions Trading GuidanceNew Draft Emissions Trading Guidance
New Local Air Quality Emission Charges New Local Air Quality Emission Charges GuidanceGuidance
Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation ServicesAirports and Air Navigation Services
New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for AviationsAviations
New Draft Emissions Trading GuidanceNew Draft Emissions Trading Guidance
New Local Air Quality Emission Charges New Local Air Quality Emission Charges GuidanceGuidance
Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation ServicesAirports and Air Navigation Services
Results on Market Based measures from CAEP/7
Results on Market Based measures from CAEP/7
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Guidance onemissions trading
Guidance onemissions trading
New areaNew areaLiving documentLiving documentFocus on aviation-specific issuesFocus on aviation-specific issuesAircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sourcesInternational civil aircraft operations onlyInternational civil aircraft operations onlyNot State aircraft - no customs and police Not State aircraft - no customs and police
servicesservicesIdentifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possiblepotential solutions where possible
Published in September 2007Published in September 2007
New areaNew areaLiving documentLiving documentFocus on aviation-specific issuesFocus on aviation-specific issuesAircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sourcesInternational civil aircraft operations onlyInternational civil aircraft operations onlyNot State aircraft - no customs and police Not State aircraft - no customs and police
servicesservicesIdentifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possiblepotential solutions where possible
Published in September 2007Published in September 2007
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Montreal, 18 to 28 September 2007Montreal, 18 to 28 September 2007
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36
Regularly assess the impact of aviation Regularly assess the impact of aviation emissions and develop the appropriate emissions and develop the appropriate guidance and tools for that purpose;guidance and tools for that purpose;
Collect, monitor and disseminate data Collect, monitor and disseminate data on the contribution of aviation on the contribution of aviation emissions to local air quality and emissions to local air quality and climate change;climate change;
Develop appropriate indicators, and Develop appropriate indicators, and parameters to measure performance; parameters to measure performance;
Regularly assess the impact of aviation Regularly assess the impact of aviation emissions and develop the appropriate emissions and develop the appropriate guidance and tools for that purpose;guidance and tools for that purpose;
Collect, monitor and disseminate data Collect, monitor and disseminate data on the contribution of aviation on the contribution of aviation emissions to local air quality and emissions to local air quality and climate change;climate change;
Develop appropriate indicators, and Develop appropriate indicators, and parameters to measure performance; parameters to measure performance;
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Cont’d)
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Cont’d)
develop appropriate policies, guidance and develop appropriate policies, guidance and measures to minimize aviation emissions measures to minimize aviation emissions under:under:
technology (SARPs and goals);technology (SARPs and goals);
new operational procedures, including air new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; andtraffic planning and management; and
economic instruments including open economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality chargeslocal air quality charges
Other: carbon-offsets, CDMsOther: carbon-offsets, CDMs
develop appropriate policies, guidance and develop appropriate policies, guidance and measures to minimize aviation emissions measures to minimize aviation emissions under:under:
technology (SARPs and goals);technology (SARPs and goals);
new operational procedures, including air new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; andtraffic planning and management; and
economic instruments including open economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality chargeslocal air quality charges
Other: carbon-offsets, CDMsOther: carbon-offsets, CDMs
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Cont’d)
Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Cont’d)
actively cooperate with scientific and actively cooperate with scientific and
UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the
UNFCCCUNFCCC
Develop policy options to reduce the Develop policy options to reduce the
environmental impact of aircraft engine environmental impact of aircraft engine
emissions and concrete proposals and emissions and concrete proposals and
provide advice to the UNFCCCprovide advice to the UNFCCC
actively cooperate with scientific and actively cooperate with scientific and
UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the
UNFCCCUNFCCC
Develop policy options to reduce the Develop policy options to reduce the
environmental impact of aircraft engine environmental impact of aircraft engine
emissions and concrete proposals and emissions and concrete proposals and
provide advice to the UNFCCCprovide advice to the UNFCCC
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change
Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change
Group on International Aviation and Climate ChangeGroup on International Aviation and Climate Change
Senior Government OfficialsSenior Government Officials
Aggressive Program of ActionAggressive Program of Action
Implementation Framework: strategies and Implementation Framework: strategies and measures that States can use to achieve emissions measures that States can use to achieve emissions reductionsreductions
Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures
Effective dissemination of technologyEffective dissemination of technology
More efficient operational measuresMore efficient operational measures
Improvements in air traffic managementImprovements in air traffic management
Positive economic incentivesPositive economic incentives
Market-based measuresMarket-based measures
Group on International Aviation and Climate ChangeGroup on International Aviation and Climate Change
Senior Government OfficialsSenior Government Officials
Aggressive Program of ActionAggressive Program of Action
Implementation Framework: strategies and Implementation Framework: strategies and measures that States can use to achieve emissions measures that States can use to achieve emissions reductionsreductions
Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures
Effective dissemination of technologyEffective dissemination of technology
More efficient operational measuresMore efficient operational measures
Improvements in air traffic managementImprovements in air traffic management
Positive economic incentivesPositive economic incentives
Market-based measuresMarket-based measures
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change
Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change
Means to measure progressMeans to measure progress
Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-
efficiencyefficiency
Contracting States to report on actions Contracting States to report on actions
implementedimplemented
Convene high-level meeting to reviewConvene high-level meeting to review
Means to measure progressMeans to measure progress
Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-
efficiencyefficiency
Contracting States to report on actions Contracting States to report on actions
implementedimplemented
Convene high-level meeting to reviewConvene high-level meeting to review
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Data ActivitiesData ActivitiesSBSTA/10 SBSTA/10 –– IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the
Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)
SBSTA/11SBSTA/11 –– Requested ICAO’s assistance on Requested ICAO’s assistance on
emissions dataemissions data
SBSTA/15 - SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore
opportunities to examine and improve data reporting opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of quality and comparability under provisions of
Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAOConvention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO
ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCCparticipation from UNFCCC and IPCC
SBSTA/10 SBSTA/10 –– IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the
Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)
SBSTA/11SBSTA/11 –– Requested ICAO’s assistance on Requested ICAO’s assistance on
emissions dataemissions data
SBSTA/15 - SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore
opportunities to examine and improve data reporting opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of quality and comparability under provisions of
Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAOConvention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO
ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCCparticipation from UNFCCC and IPCC
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
SBSTA/18 & 19SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation modelsarising from the use of validated aviation models
SBSTA/20 - SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO was organized by ICAO
SBSTA/22 SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this itemon this item
SBSTA/26 - SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27
SBSTA/18 & 19SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation modelsarising from the use of validated aviation models
SBSTA/20 - SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO was organized by ICAO
SBSTA/22 SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this itemon this item
SBSTA/26 - SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27
Data Activities (Cont’d)Data Activities (Cont’d)
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
ICAO modelling activitiesICAO modelling activitiesICAO is currently evaluating several models to ICAO is currently evaluating several models to estimate aviation emissions, among which:estimate aviation emissions, among which: AERO2K (European Union)AERO2K (European Union) SAGE (US FAA)SAGE (US FAA) AEM (Eurocontrol)AEM (Eurocontrol) FAST (FAST (UK)
ICAO and member States are in the process of ICAO and member States are in the process of improving these models in order to achieve:improving these models in order to achieve: better accuracy and more detailed results.better accuracy and more detailed results.
RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to informationinformation
ICAO is currently evaluating several models to ICAO is currently evaluating several models to estimate aviation emissions, among which:estimate aviation emissions, among which: AERO2K (European Union)AERO2K (European Union) SAGE (US FAA)SAGE (US FAA) AEM (Eurocontrol)AEM (Eurocontrol) FAST (FAST (UK)
ICAO and member States are in the process of ICAO and member States are in the process of improving these models in order to achieve:improving these models in order to achieve: better accuracy and more detailed results.better accuracy and more detailed results.
RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to informationinformation
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
ICAO Fuel consumption estimatesICAO Fuel consumption estimatesICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by:ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by: City-pairCity-pair Traffic flowTraffic flow Country of departure, arrivalCountry of departure, arrival Country of airline registrationCountry of airline registration International / domestic (definition)International / domestic (definition)
Estimates based on airline schedules:Estimates based on airline schedules: Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted
forfor Flight cancellations are not accounted forFlight cancellations are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted forFlights additions are not accounted for
ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by:ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by: City-pairCity-pair Traffic flowTraffic flow Country of departure, arrivalCountry of departure, arrival Country of airline registrationCountry of airline registration International / domestic (definition)International / domestic (definition)
Estimates based on airline schedules:Estimates based on airline schedules: Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted
forfor Flight cancellations are not accounted forFlight cancellations are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted forFlights additions are not accounted for
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
Fuel consumption estimates by country of departure for the year 2005 (sample)
Fuel consumption estimates by country of departure for the year 2005 (sample)
Country of departure Fuel consumed (liters)
AFGH 49,886,891
ALBN 25,926,277
ALGR 124,704,700
AMSM 605,025
ANGL 64,515,851
ANGU 756,655
ANTG 64,212,064
ARGT 782,414,661
ARMN 76,469,997
ARUB 106,721,260
ASTL 3,366,213,105
AUST 748,778,907
AZER 221,065,013
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
NEXT STEPS ?NEXT STEPS ?Data quality improved?Data quality improved?
Interest on further development of ICAO data? Interest on further development of ICAO data? By Country? On a per request basis?By Country? On a per request basis?
International aviation emissions data International aviation emissions data validation? Process?validation? Process?
How best to report progress on international How best to report progress on international sectors? Global figures? Regional? sectors? Global figures? Regional?
How better cooperate and coordinate the How better cooperate and coordinate the evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?
Data quality improved?Data quality improved?
Interest on further development of ICAO data? Interest on further development of ICAO data? By Country? On a per request basis?By Country? On a per request basis?
International aviation emissions data International aviation emissions data validation? Process?validation? Process?
How best to report progress on international How best to report progress on international sectors? Global figures? Regional? sectors? Global figures? Regional?
How better cooperate and coordinate the How better cooperate and coordinate the evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?
Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport
For more information
www.icao.int/icao/env
www.icao.int/icao/en/env/pubs/Env_Report_07.pdf
Thank you!