Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport ICAO activities in the field of...

Technical workshop on emissions from aviation and maritime transport

ICAO activities in the field of emissions of GHGs

from aviation

ICAO activities in the field of emissions of GHGs

from aviation

Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007Oslo, 4 October 2007

Jane Hupe, Chief Environmental UnitJane Hupe, Chief Environmental Unit


International Civil Aviation Organization

International Civil Aviation Organization

Specialized Agency of the United NationsSpecialized Agency of the United Nations

CreatedCreated in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil

Membership:Membership: 190 Contracting States190 Contracting States

Env. Objective GHG:Env. Objective GHG: Aviation (Chicago Convention) Aviation (Chicago Convention)

““to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas

emissions on global climate" emissions on global climate"

Environmental Protection is one of Environmental Protection is one of ICAO’s Strategic ICAO’s Strategic

Objectives Objectives

Specialized Agency of the United NationsSpecialized Agency of the United Nations

CreatedCreated in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil in 1944 by the Convention on International Civil

Membership:Membership: 190 Contracting States190 Contracting States

Env. Objective GHG:Env. Objective GHG: Aviation (Chicago Convention) Aviation (Chicago Convention)

““to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas to limit or reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas

emissions on global climate" emissions on global climate"

Environmental Protection is one of Environmental Protection is one of ICAO’s Strategic ICAO’s Strategic

Objectives Objectives


Air TransportCommittee

Air TransportCommittee

ICAO AssemblyICAO Assembly

CouncilCouncil

Air NavigationCommission

Air NavigationCommission

Committee on AviationEnvironmental ProtectionCommittee on Aviation

Environmental Protection


36th Session of the ICAO Assembly (18 to 28 Sept 2007)

- 1488 delegates registered- 179 Delegations- 44 Observer Organizations

36th Session of the ICAO Assembly (18 to 28 Sept 2007)

- 1488 delegates registered- 179 Delegations- 44 Observer Organizations

NewConsolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection


ICAO Policy Options to Reduce Emissions

ICAO Policy Options to Reduce Emissions

Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards

Operational MeasuresOperational Measures

Market-based Measures:Market-based Measures:

Emissions chargesEmissions charges

Emissions tradingEmissions trading

Voluntary measuresVoluntary measures

Technology and StandardsTechnology and Standards


Market-based Measures:Market-based Measures:

Emissions chargesEmissions charges

Emissions tradingEmissions trading



Montreal, 5 to 16 February 2007Montreal, 5 to 16 February 2007


Technology and StandardsTechnology and StandardsEmissions database available from ICAO websiteEmissions database available from ICAO website

Emissions standards: NOEmissions standards: NOxx, HC, CO and smoke number, HC, CO and smoke number

Emissions database available from ICAO websiteEmissions database available from ICAO website

Emissions standards: NOEmissions standards: NOxx, HC, CO and smoke number, HC, CO and smoke number


NOx StandarsNOx Standars

NOx Standard was first adopted in 1981 then

made more stringent in 1993, when ICAO

reduced the permitted levels by 20% for newly

certificated engines and again in 1998 by

about 16%, on average for engines newly

certificated from 31 December 2003

The latest NOx Standards adopted in

November 2005 and apply to engines

manufactured after 31 December 2007

NOx Standard was first adopted in 1981 then

made more stringent in 1993, when ICAO

reduced the permitted levels by 20% for newly

certificated engines and again in 1998 by

about 16%, on average for engines newly

certificated from 31 December 2003

The latest NOx Standards adopted in

November 2005 and apply to engines

manufactured after 31 December 2007


Long and medium term goals - 10 and 20 yearsLong and medium term goals - 10 and 20 years 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6

Report available on line Report available on line

Progress towards goals to beProgress towards goals to bemonitoredmonitored

Goal-setting process will Goal-setting process will now be applied to:now be applied to:

NoiseNoise Fuel burn (technology and operations)Fuel burn (technology and operations)

Long and medium term goals - 10 and 20 yearsLong and medium term goals - 10 and 20 years 45% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/645% (2016) and 60% (2026) below CAEP/6

Report available on line Report available on line

Progress towards goals to beProgress towards goals to bemonitoredmonitored

Goal-setting process will Goal-setting process will now be applied to:now be applied to:

NoiseNoise Fuel burn (technology and operations)Fuel burn (technology and operations)

Long-term Technology Goals for NOx – CAEP/7

Long-term Technology Goals for NOx – CAEP/7


Other CAEP/7 deliverablesOther CAEP/7 deliverables

New guidelines (future ETM)New guidelines (future ETM)

New Airport Air Quality Guidance ManualNew Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual

New guidelines (future ETM)New guidelines (future ETM)

New Airport Air Quality Guidance ManualNew Airport Air Quality Guidance Manual



Emissions savings can come from improvements Emissions savings can come from improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures operational procedures Most important fuel saving opportunities come Most important fuel saving opportunities come from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - more direct routings and the use of more efficient more direct routings and the use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed conditions such as optimum altitude and speed COCO22 emissions are directly proportional to fuel emissions are directly proportional to fuel burnburnOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissionsOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissions1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO22

Emissions savings can come from improvements Emissions savings can come from improvements in air traffic management (ATM) and other in air traffic management (ATM) and other operational procedures operational procedures Most important fuel saving opportunities come Most important fuel saving opportunities come from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - from the implementation of CNS/ATM systems - more direct routings and the use of more efficient more direct routings and the use of more efficient conditions such as optimum altitude and speed conditions such as optimum altitude and speed COCO22 emissions are directly proportional to fuel emissions are directly proportional to fuel burnburnOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissionsOptimize fuel consumption = reduced emissions1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO1 tonne of fuel is equivalent to 3.16 tonnes of CO22


Operational Measures (Cont’d)Operational Measures (Cont’d)

Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Circular 303Circular 303

Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)

Route selection Route selection

Altitude selectionAltitude selection

Speed selectionSpeed selection

Flap selectionFlap selection

CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and emission effects from NADPs emission effects from NADPs

Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Opportunities for fuel conservation – ICAO Circular 303Circular 303

Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)Reduce weight (fuel reserves; airplane loading)

Route selection Route selection

Altitude selectionAltitude selection

Speed selectionSpeed selection

Flap selectionFlap selection

CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and CAEP/7 - New ICAO Circular on noise and emission effects from NADPs emission effects from NADPs


Types of Market Based Measures considered by ICAO

Types of Market Based Measures considered by ICAO

Voluntary MeasuresVoluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified government and other entity agree to take specified

actions or meet specified goalsactions or meet specified goals

Emissions ChargesEmissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of

engine emissionsengine emissions

Emissions Trading Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and allowances in the form of permits could be bought and

sold to meet emission reduction objectivessold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors

Voluntary MeasuresVoluntary Measures government and other entity agree to take specified government and other entity agree to take specified

actions or meet specified goalsactions or meet specified goals

Emissions ChargesEmissions Charges a charge on the amount of emissions a charge on the amount of emissions revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of revenues used to mitigate the environmental impact of

engine emissionsengine emissions

Emissions Trading Emissions Trading the total amount of emissions would be capped the total amount of emissions would be capped allowances in the form of permits could be bought and allowances in the form of permits could be bought and

sold to meet emission reduction objectivessold to meet emission reduction objectives open trading allows trading across sectorsopen trading allows trading across sectors


New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for AviationsAviations

New Draft Emissions Trading GuidanceNew Draft Emissions Trading Guidance

New Local Air Quality Emission Charges New Local Air Quality Emission Charges GuidanceGuidance

Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation ServicesAirports and Air Navigation Services

New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for New report on Voluntary Emissions Trading for AviationsAviations

New Draft Emissions Trading GuidanceNew Draft Emissions Trading Guidance

New Local Air Quality Emission Charges New Local Air Quality Emission Charges GuidanceGuidance

Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Changes to the ICAO Policy on Charges for Airports and Air Navigation ServicesAirports and Air Navigation Services

Results on Market Based measures from CAEP/7

Results on Market Based measures from CAEP/7


Guidance onemissions trading

Guidance onemissions trading

New areaNew areaLiving documentLiving documentFocus on aviation-specific issuesFocus on aviation-specific issuesAircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sourcesInternational civil aircraft operations onlyInternational civil aircraft operations onlyNot State aircraft - no customs and police Not State aircraft - no customs and police

servicesservicesIdentifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possiblepotential solutions where possible

Published in September 2007Published in September 2007

New areaNew areaLiving documentLiving documentFocus on aviation-specific issuesFocus on aviation-specific issuesAircraft are mobile sourcesAircraft are mobile sourcesInternational civil aircraft operations onlyInternational civil aircraft operations onlyNot State aircraft - no customs and police Not State aircraft - no customs and police

servicesservicesIdentifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers Identifies options, pro’s and con’s and offers potential solutions where possiblepotential solutions where possible

Published in September 2007Published in September 2007


Montreal, 18 to 28 September 2007Montreal, 18 to 28 September 2007


Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36

Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36

Regularly assess the impact of aviation Regularly assess the impact of aviation emissions and develop the appropriate emissions and develop the appropriate guidance and tools for that purpose;guidance and tools for that purpose;

Collect, monitor and disseminate data Collect, monitor and disseminate data on the contribution of aviation on the contribution of aviation emissions to local air quality and emissions to local air quality and climate change;climate change;

Develop appropriate indicators, and Develop appropriate indicators, and parameters to measure performance; parameters to measure performance;

Regularly assess the impact of aviation Regularly assess the impact of aviation emissions and develop the appropriate emissions and develop the appropriate guidance and tools for that purpose;guidance and tools for that purpose;

Collect, monitor and disseminate data Collect, monitor and disseminate data on the contribution of aviation on the contribution of aviation emissions to local air quality and emissions to local air quality and climate change;climate change;

Develop appropriate indicators, and Develop appropriate indicators, and parameters to measure performance; parameters to measure performance;


Emissions Work Programme resulting from A36 (Cont’d)


develop appropriate policies, guidance and develop appropriate policies, guidance and measures to minimize aviation emissions measures to minimize aviation emissions under:under:

technology (SARPs and goals);technology (SARPs and goals);

new operational procedures, including air new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; andtraffic planning and management; and

economic instruments including open economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality chargeslocal air quality charges

Other: carbon-offsets, CDMsOther: carbon-offsets, CDMs

develop appropriate policies, guidance and develop appropriate policies, guidance and measures to minimize aviation emissions measures to minimize aviation emissions under:under:

technology (SARPs and goals);technology (SARPs and goals);

new operational procedures, including air new operational procedures, including air traffic planning and management; andtraffic planning and management; and

economic instruments including open economic instruments including open emissions trading, voluntary measures, emissions trading, voluntary measures, local air quality chargeslocal air quality charges

Other: carbon-offsets, CDMsOther: carbon-offsets, CDMs




actively cooperate with scientific and actively cooperate with scientific and

UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the

UNFCCCUNFCCC

Develop policy options to reduce the Develop policy options to reduce the

environmental impact of aircraft engine environmental impact of aircraft engine

emissions and concrete proposals and emissions and concrete proposals and

provide advice to the UNFCCCprovide advice to the UNFCCC

actively cooperate with scientific and actively cooperate with scientific and

UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the UN bodies, notably the IPCC and the

UNFCCCUNFCCC

Develop policy options to reduce the Develop policy options to reduce the

environmental impact of aircraft engine environmental impact of aircraft engine

emissions and concrete proposals and emissions and concrete proposals and

provide advice to the UNFCCCprovide advice to the UNFCCC


Programme of action on International Aviation and Climate change


Group on International Aviation and Climate ChangeGroup on International Aviation and Climate Change

Senior Government OfficialsSenior Government Officials

Aggressive Program of ActionAggressive Program of Action

Implementation Framework: strategies and Implementation Framework: strategies and measures that States can use to achieve emissions measures that States can use to achieve emissions reductionsreductions


Effective dissemination of technologyEffective dissemination of technology

More efficient operational measuresMore efficient operational measures

Improvements in air traffic managementImprovements in air traffic management

Positive economic incentivesPositive economic incentives

Market-based measuresMarket-based measures

Group on International Aviation and Climate ChangeGroup on International Aviation and Climate Change

Senior Government OfficialsSenior Government Officials

Aggressive Program of ActionAggressive Program of Action

Implementation Framework: strategies and Implementation Framework: strategies and measures that States can use to achieve emissions measures that States can use to achieve emissions reductionsreductions


Effective dissemination of technologyEffective dissemination of technology

More efficient operational measuresMore efficient operational measures

Improvements in air traffic managementImprovements in air traffic management

Positive economic incentivesPositive economic incentives

Market-based measuresMarket-based measures




Means to measure progressMeans to measure progress

Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-

efficiencyefficiency

Contracting States to report on actions Contracting States to report on actions

implementedimplemented

Convene high-level meeting to reviewConvene high-level meeting to review

Means to measure progressMeans to measure progress

Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-Aspirational goals in the form of fuel-

efficiencyefficiency

Contracting States to report on actions Contracting States to report on actions

implementedimplemented

Convene high-level meeting to reviewConvene high-level meeting to review


Data ActivitiesData ActivitiesSBSTA/10 SBSTA/10 –– IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the

Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)

SBSTA/11SBSTA/11 –– Requested ICAO’s assistance on Requested ICAO’s assistance on

emissions dataemissions data

SBSTA/15 - SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore

opportunities to examine and improve data reporting opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of quality and comparability under provisions of

Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAOConvention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO

ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCCparticipation from UNFCCC and IPCC

SBSTA/10 SBSTA/10 –– IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the

Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)Global Atmosphere (requested by ICAO)

SBSTA/11SBSTA/11 –– Requested ICAO’s assistance on Requested ICAO’s assistance on

emissions dataemissions data

SBSTA/15 - SBSTA/15 - Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore Invited ICAO and UNFCCC to explore

opportunities to examine and improve data reporting opportunities to examine and improve data reporting quality and comparability under provisions of quality and comparability under provisions of

Convention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAOConvention and Kyoto Protocol and under ICAO

ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing ICAO organized 2 expert meetings aimed at increasing the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with the quality of data for aviation-related emissions with participation from UNFCCC and IPCCparticipation from UNFCCC and IPCC


SBSTA/18 & 19SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation modelsarising from the use of validated aviation models

SBSTA/20 - SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO was organized by ICAO

SBSTA/22 SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this itemon this item

SBSTA/26 - SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27

SBSTA/18 & 19SBSTA/18 & 19 - requested ICAO to provide - requested ICAO to provide modeled fuel consumption and emissions data modeled fuel consumption and emissions data arising from the use of validated aviation modelsarising from the use of validated aviation models

SBSTA/20 - SBSTA/20 - A side event on aviation emissions A side event on aviation emissions was organized by ICAO was organized by ICAO

SBSTA/22 SBSTA/22 - Preliminary results of the comparison - Preliminary results of the comparison of aviation emissions inventory data with the of aviation emissions inventory data with the modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since modeled data were presented to SBSTA/22. Since then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA then, no further progress was achieved in SBSTA on this itemon this item

SBSTA/26 - SBSTA/26 - Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27Deferred consideration to SBSTA/27

Data Activities (Cont’d)Data Activities (Cont’d)


ICAO modelling activitiesICAO modelling activitiesICAO is currently evaluating several models to ICAO is currently evaluating several models to estimate aviation emissions, among which:estimate aviation emissions, among which: AERO2K (European Union)AERO2K (European Union) SAGE (US FAA)SAGE (US FAA) AEM (Eurocontrol)AEM (Eurocontrol) FAST (FAST (UK)

ICAO and member States are in the process of ICAO and member States are in the process of improving these models in order to achieve:improving these models in order to achieve: better accuracy and more detailed results.better accuracy and more detailed results.

RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to informationinformation

ICAO is currently evaluating several models to ICAO is currently evaluating several models to estimate aviation emissions, among which:estimate aviation emissions, among which: AERO2K (European Union)AERO2K (European Union) SAGE (US FAA)SAGE (US FAA) AEM (Eurocontrol)AEM (Eurocontrol) FAST (FAST (UK)

ICAO and member States are in the process of ICAO and member States are in the process of improving these models in order to achieve:improving these models in order to achieve: better accuracy and more detailed results.better accuracy and more detailed results.

RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to RADAR DATA and other projects – Access to informationinformation


ICAO Fuel consumption estimatesICAO Fuel consumption estimatesICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by:ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by: City-pairCity-pair Traffic flowTraffic flow Country of departure, arrivalCountry of departure, arrival Country of airline registrationCountry of airline registration International / domestic (definition)International / domestic (definition)

Estimates based on airline schedules:Estimates based on airline schedules: Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted

forfor Flight cancellations are not accounted forFlight cancellations are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted forFlights additions are not accounted for

ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by:ICAO develops fuel consumption estimates by: City-pairCity-pair Traffic flowTraffic flow Country of departure, arrivalCountry of departure, arrival Country of airline registrationCountry of airline registration International / domestic (definition)International / domestic (definition)

Estimates based on airline schedules:Estimates based on airline schedules: Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted Non-scheduled (charter) flights are not accounted

forfor Flight cancellations are not accounted forFlight cancellations are not accounted for Flights additions are not accounted forFlights additions are not accounted for


Fuel consumption estimates by country of departure for the year 2005 (sample)

Fuel consumption estimates by country of departure for the year 2005 (sample)

Country of departure Fuel consumed (liters)

AFGH 49,886,891

ALBN 25,926,277

ALGR 124,704,700

AMSM 605,025

ANGL 64,515,851

ANGU 756,655

ANTG 64,212,064

ARGT 782,414,661

ARMN 76,469,997

ARUB 106,721,260

ASTL 3,366,213,105

AUST 748,778,907

AZER 221,065,013


NEXT STEPS ?NEXT STEPS ?Data quality improved?Data quality improved?

Interest on further development of ICAO data? Interest on further development of ICAO data? By Country? On a per request basis?By Country? On a per request basis?

International aviation emissions data International aviation emissions data validation? Process?validation? Process?

How best to report progress on international How best to report progress on international sectors? Global figures? Regional? sectors? Global figures? Regional?

How better cooperate and coordinate the How better cooperate and coordinate the evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?

Data quality improved?Data quality improved?

Interest on further development of ICAO data? Interest on further development of ICAO data? By Country? On a per request basis?By Country? On a per request basis?

International aviation emissions data International aviation emissions data validation? Process?validation? Process?

How best to report progress on international How best to report progress on international sectors? Global figures? Regional? sectors? Global figures? Regional?

How better cooperate and coordinate the How better cooperate and coordinate the evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?evolution in ICAO and UNFCCC?


For more information

www.icao.int/icao/env

www.icao.int/icao/en/env/pubs/Env_Report_07.pdf

Thank you!

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