Crusade"If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will find it.”
-- Matthew 16:24-25
TERMS LIST• East/West Schism (1054)
– Vicar of Christ– Ecumenical Patriarch
• Seljuk Turks• Alexius I• Urban II• Jerusalem
– Holy City for Three Religions• First Crusade (1095)
– People’s Crusade• Peter the Hermit• Infidels• Antisemitism• Usury
– Prince’s Crusade• Godfrey of Bullion• Indulgence
– Crusader Kingdoms• Pilgrim• Knights Hospitaller• Knights Templar• Second Crusade• Saladin• Third Crusade• Richard I• Fourth Crusade
– Sack of Constantinople
• Legacies of the Crusades
The Vicar of Christ
Peter
Popes
Current Pope
Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter Pietro Perugino (1481-82)
East/West Schism1054 A.D.
Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church
Pope (Bishop of Rome) Patriarch of Constantinople
Western Europe Eastern EuropeMiddle East
Papal Supremacy Papal Supremacy
Filioque Filioque
1054 – Mutual Excommunication
JerusalemHoly to Three Religions
• Byzantine Request for Assistance
• Pope Urban II– Called First Crusade (1095)
• “God wills it!”
The First Crusade1096-1099
The First Crusade1096-1099
• Mission:– Capture Jerusalem–Make it safe for pilgrims
• Urban II (Pope)– Speech @ Council of Clermont
• Godfrey of Bouillon – Sold Lands to raise army
• SUCCESS• Crusader Kingdoms established
Indulgence
SinsCrusade
Godfrey of Bouillon“Defender of the Holy Sepulcher”
• Refused Royal Title– Later Christian Rulers
of Jerusalem accepted the title of King.
Crusader Kingdoms(in shades of green)
Principality of AntiochCounty of EdessaKingdom of JerusalemCounty of Tripoli
Pilgrims• It’s not just about turkey.
• A pilgrim is anyone who makes a religious journey.– It was common for
Christians to make pilgrimages to holy sites during the Middle Ages.
– e.g., Canterbury Tales
Pilgrims
Pilgrims needed protection on the long, treacherous road to the Holy Land.
Military Orders
Christian:• Knights Hospitaller • Knights Templar• Teutonic Knights
Islamic:• Nizari (Hashashin)
Knights HospitallerOrder of St. JohnPower Base: Antioch
MOTTO:TUITIO FIDEI ET OBSEQUIUM PAUPERUMDefense of the Faith and Service to the Poor
Managed hospitals for pilgrimsArmed Escort for PilgrimsProtectors of Holy Land
Crusades, Part 2, 12m
Knights Templar
Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon
Power Base: Jerusalem
“Knights of the Temple”Defended PilgrimsGrew Wealthy
Knights Templar
1307 – Templars proscribed by the Pope
Templar Banks
JIHAD• “Struggle” / “Holy War”• Islam strikes back (12th c.)– Edessa Re-captured
The Second Crusade1045-1149
• Mission:–Recapture Edessa
• Louis VII–King of France
• Success Level:– EPIC FAIL
Saladin
Nur ad-Din / Saladin 36mStatue of Saladin in Damascus
Saladin
• United Muslims• Captured Jerusalem (1187)
Hashashin
• Nizari (Shia Sect)• “Assassins”• Nickname applied
by Sunni enemies
Crusades video, Part 2, 42 mins
The Third Crusade1189-1192
• Mission: Recapture Jerusalem
• Richard I (the Lionheart)–King of England
• Recaptured Acre• Failed to recapture
Jerusalem, but Richard defeated Saladin in battle
Compare to First Crusade MapCompare to Third Crusade Map
The Fourth Crusade1202-1204
• Mission: – Invade Jerusalem
through Egypt– Venetian Ships
• EPIC FAIL• Sack of
Constantinople
Shroud of Turin
Legacies of the Crusades
• Increased Power of Kings and the Papacy• Reopening of East/West Trade• Rise of Italian City-States• Permanent Decline of the Byzantine Empire• Strained Christian/Jewish and Christian/Muslim
relations• Cemented East/West split of the Christian
Church