The Peacez SettlementsAp il l 6. l17--
Regultar Army ...............National Ouard in Federal {er>
aeserve (orps in service....
Total of soldies ...Peronnel of na vy .....Marine Corps ........ .
Total armed forces....Nov. Ii, 1l-
Army ......................Navy . ........... ...........Marine Co-ps ..................
Totl ame
foce
. Total armed forees :....
Soldiers transported overseaAmn4rian troops in action,
Nov. 11. 191t..............Soldiers in camps in the tnl-
ted States. Nov. 11, 191S ...Casualties, Artmy and Ma-
rine Corp. A. V, P...Death iate per thousand,
A. A. F ..... ..........Germant prisoners taken....Americans decorated by
British. French, Belgiannd Italian Artoes. about
N mber of men registeredind. classified tunder se-lecive service law......
Cost of thirty-two NationalArmy cantonments andNational Ouarld camps....
Students' enrolled tn B»0 S.A. T. C. eamps............
Officers commissioned fromtraining camps (exelusiveof universities. &c.)..
W.omen engagedV in Govern-ment war industries ......
. BlHIND THE BAT'TLEI' allway locomotives sent to
France.................F relght <ars asent to France.
.ocolmotves of toreign ori-i . gtoperatoi b A. B. F...
:Cars of forign orgin .p-.- erateld by A. Ei. ........
M .. lee of standard gauge. track laid in .Frariie .....
Waro ouse : . approlintatgares in fuare fet........
.RM. ' 'e .... A1......" .e A R ..... A .. T.. ......... A MWLWTN
and more than 15,000 men in thetc '*46B British merchant marine had lost
4'<M, U their lives through enemy action.-- The United States lost 145 Ameri-2 1 4 can passenger and merchant vessels1a.~ of 354,449 gross tons. In this destrue-
- tion 775 lives were lost.- 293: The ship eonstruction during this
period was 10,849,527 gross tons, while'4.iS .t enemy shipping amounting to 2,892,
.... 7s,01 676 gross tons was eaptured, so that-- ==„: the net lossof allef and neutral
tonage was 1,584 gross to .ati47 'The neutral loes aounted to
about 2,000000 tons, the chief suf-i, feers being Holland and NorWay.
IW, GROWTH OF NATIONAL DEBTS3 The Mechanics and Metals Bank of
.l57 New York issued a statement showing44*t, the debts of the leading nations at the
beginning and else of the war, whichlo.00o is herewith summarized:
GrosaDebtof Aug. 1, 1114. Jan. 1, X119.t 7axO O< U·. 8 ....... $I,600,,01n. O $21. ( 0,001,000
G*I*,'.0 (3t. Britain.. 3,.I 0 .OW.000.1 40,0wl.w00.000France ....... ,50,00, 0 30 tl, t 0X,0 l00
t179,29,497 Russia ...... 4,60..000.000 27,X,10,1)0Italy ........ 2,800.00,000 12 .i0t0.
. Entente na-tions ... $18,40,(t04,000 f$ltl,0000i,0W000
tier man Emp.· * .- "'" 'and States.. I.2tiN(,0l0o.0t» 40f.L/001,000.
Austria-Hun- .!.a, > -gary .... .,7O0,000,45 24.0 ,000.0(
Teutonie na-* n . ttons.. $l..S.. ik).i $ 19.9}.,0000,00w W
1.-174 Gross debt ... $2<>i.lKf>isi.t» $,i<4.0x0.0XN»,afn550a
rto
» '-at I.f B
Roun4' of small arm am-mut i. i -n ...... ,.: 2.t8
Machtuie gus*and automaticrifles ; .... ..' .. ,....
Higb explosive shells-... .Gs a shells .. ............. .. . .Shrapnel .................. ,'las masks, 'extra canisters,
and horse malsks.,..... .
NAVY AND MERCHANT SI;l* Warshps at .beginning of
war.a ...... . ........'Warships at end of war..--Small boats bullt........
, Submarine chasers built....·Merchant ships armed......Naal bares In Huropean
waters and the Azores..... Shipbuilding yards (meN-
t hant marine) increasedfrom 61 to moree than 200.
Shipbuilding ways increasedfrom 23~5 to more than
ered to Shippingend of 1918.:,...tonnage of shipsi . - , j < . . . .
S OF VTBH wVA,ximatelyi, .$24,.
n in 19t.,. 3,5ty ia .... 14,0Mps to .&o-
esilmated.. 4,9
THE **"FOURTEEN POINTS"
In an address to Congress, Jan. 8,·. v 1918, President Wilson enunciated
ooto fourteen points which he regarded asthe onl possible basti of an enduring
i)000 peace. Theywere as follows:. . , Open covienanfts nf peaee opnly ar-
ried at, after which the-e 'hall be noprivate international understandings of
{ 0i, a*ny kind, -but diplomay shall proceed'*il-ways frankly andl n the public view.
2 0*0 Ii. Absolute freedom of navigation uponthe seas, outside territorial waters, alike
Tla48.0 in peace and in war: exeept as the seasmay be closed in whole or In part by
0,416 2' international action for the e-nforenment4 ,24101n) of international covenants.
ii(I ill. The refioval. so far as possible, of- tK all economic barriers and the establish-
nent of an equality of trade conditionsamong all the nations consenting. to the
* peace and associating thenistlvxe for itsI'PINN. maintenance.
IV,. Adequate guarantees given andtaken that national armaments wiill biv
' reduced to the lowest point ' insistent±2.0t with domestic safety.
3;55 V. A free, oper-rlindted. and ahsoluttly- imtpartial adjustment. of all colonial
c. laims, based upon a strict observance ofthe principle that in determining all suchquestions of sovereigntya the interests ,ofthe populations concerned must hlaeequal weight with the equitable clitims ofthe Government whose title is to tI de-termined.
VI. The evacuation of all Russian ter-rilory and such a settlement of ;ill ques-tions affecting Russia as will seculre the
592 best and freest co-operation of the oiliernations of the world In obtaining for her
3.42,4W5 an unhampered and unnembarrassed op-it. portunit for the independent rletenrina-
tion of her own political development and20,000,000. national policy and assur- her 1ot a in-41,T7,000 'cer weelcomae ito the society of free na-4 (M00010 tions under institutions of her own choos-0R000 ,00 ing; and, more than a welcome, assist-
ance also of every kind that she may14,2 3.000 need and may herself deslre. The treat-1l,000,000 mnent accorded Rursia by her sister na-
MOBILIZbrD STRENGTH AND CASUALTY LOSSES OF BELLIGERENTS
ation. 2Modited States ...... 4,itish Empire ;... 7.ance-e . ..... .Ttly .'...... ..... 5..6ilgium ............
lin .............pan 'i. . .. . ..
iugal .........
Total.........39,
lnlted iSta
tbilled,72.;521
0,000
M7.000
707,348
100jiu , 00i 4.a»"
rM.aa YW*
ernyr ........ 11,000,000Mu.nt-tra uagary ..- ,00,000W
Bulgaria .......... 40.000Turkey ............ 1,00.00
Total ........ .19.1,51.000Grand total...5..,176.8
DAMAGE BY StThe cessation of
possible an accurateloss caused to the aworld by submarine
te and Associated Nations.Prisoners or
Dead. Wounded. 2Missing.67.813 1t2,483 14.363
4B92,06 ' 2,107,325. 34003t171,385,301 2,675,000 4468,.0
40l,0o0 9, 47000 1,303,000
300 007 3200,000 120,000 80,0M10322,000 28,(000 1000
3.000 10,000 7,00015,000 ' 40,000 5 ,000,000 * 1,000 200
4;,f9,478 11,07,7-15 4,95,233Central Powers.
1,f11,104 3,13,143 ' 72,522'000 3,200.0010 1,211,000
1.224 152oi.399 10, o250.010 570,000 130,001)
2,912,328 ?7. 85i,42 2.124,3477,781,808 18,681,2S7 7,080.580
TotalCasualties.
2T4 .WR274,15)W
2,50W.000
X,150,0(511.210
400,0000450.100
201000100,0[0
0,892,221
6,066.74195,211,000
2F4,448
12,542,21733,434.443
IBMARIINES tions in Abe months fo come will be theacid test of their good-will, of their com-
hostiities mae prehension dof her needs as distinguished- . from theirf own t itersts, and of their in-
9ui of0 t4he telllgett and unselfish sympathy.ed and neutral VII. Belgium, the whole world will
are agree, must be evacuated and restored.n« rc ,19 without any attempt to limit the sover-
y o Duec .s,», 191 elgsty which she enjoys in common withlosses of the all other free nations. No other single
.te * hfrom.he act will serve as, this will serve to restorea « tend o confidence among the natioas int the laws
hich they hav themselves set and de-lW03,7806 gross termined for the government of their rela-
28 were British; tions with one another. Without thisbee snkdr healing act the whole strture andi va-
d ,S nk ^ lidlty of international la* is forever im-2,475 had been paired.
a stil on board VHI. All French territor should bee ed. and freed and the Invaded portions reatqred,
· Fshin .s -and the wrong done to Pamne by Prussia.... Isin 1871 in the matter of Alsaee-Lorralne,had been sunk, which has unisettled the peace of the
world for nearly fifty years. should berighted in order that peaee may once morebe made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readlustment of the frontiers ofItaly should be effected along clearly re-ognixable lines of nationality.
X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary,whose plae among the nations we Wishto see safeguarded and assured, shouldbe aecorded the freest opportunity of au-tonomous development.
XIL Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegrshnoul be: evacuated, ocupied territoriesrestored, Saria aceorded free arnd seeureaccess to the sea, and the relations of theseveral Balkan States to one another de-terminl by friendly counsel aloirng his-torieally etabUlshed lines of allegianceand nationality, and internatlonal guar-antees of the politial an*d eeonomic ide-pendence and territorial integrity of theseveral Balkan States should be entredintoee
XI. The Turkish portions of the pres-ent Ottonman Epnpire should be assured a«secure sovereignty, but the other nation-aslties which are now under Turkshl ruleshould be assured an undoubted securityof life and an abtolutely' unmolested op-portunity of, autonomous develownent,and the Dardanelles. should be rmaranently. petted as 'a free passage to theships and commerce of all nations undeTinternational guarantees.
Xl II. An independent Polish StateshoulM be erected which .should innCudethe terrltories inhabited by inlisputablyPolish. opulations, which should be as-.sured a free and sere access to the sea,and whose political and *economle nde-pendence and territorial in.egrity'should
e guaranteed by intern natonal cvenant.XIV. A generai association of nations
must be frmed under specifi.eovenantsfor the purpose of affording mutual guaT?antees of political independence and terr -torial integrity to great and small Statesalike.
ARMISTICE TERMS GRANTED TOCENTRAL POWERS
Bulgarian Armistice, Sept. 29, 1918The terms involved nothing less
than unconditional surrender. They,were purely military in character.Consideration of political and teri-torial matters was poned util thesigning of a final treaty of peaceBulgaa a to a te all -pied territory in Greece and Serbia;to demobilize her army at once; tosurrender all means of transport onland and on the Danube to the Allies;to permit their unhindered passagethrough Bulgaria for the developmentof military operations; to surrenderall arms and ammunition; to'permitthe occupation by the Allies of allstrategic points, and to withdraw asa belligerent from the war. No stip-ulations were made regarding KingFerdinand, as this was. regarded as apurely internal matter, to be disposedof as the Bulgarian people mightchoose. The King settled the matterby abdicating onOct. 4.
Turkish Armistice, Oct. 30, 1918
The Dardanelles and Bosporus wereto be opened and access to the BlackSea accorded to the Allies, who werealso to occupy the forts of the strait.Allied prisoners of war'were to be re-patriated immediately. Demobiliza-tion of the Turkish Army was pro-vided for, except such troops as theAllies might choose to retain underarms as a police force. All ships wereto be surrendered, and all occupiedterritory to be evacuated. Turkishtroops in garrisons were to surrenderto the nearest allied commander, Anystrategic points in Turkish territorywere to be oecupied by the.Allies atwill. G-ermans residing in Turkeywere to be sent home, and Turkeywas required to end all relations withthe Central Powers.
Austrian Armistice, Nov. 3, 1918The terms of the armistice stripped
Austria of all power to renew the warshould she be so inclined. The armywas to be wholly and promptly demo-bilized. Austrian brigades fightingwith the Germans were to be with-drawn. All territories occupied byAustria since the beginning of thewar were to be evacuated. Militaryand railway equipment in the evacu-ated territory was to be left intact.German troops in the Austrian Armywere to be expelled. Half of thearmy material, artillery, and ammuni-tion was to be surrendered to the Al-lies. Prisoners of war in Austrianhands were to be repatriated at oncewithout reciprocity. A large and speci-fied number of battleships, cruisers,destroyers, and submarines was to besurrendered, and the remaining navalvessels were to be concentrated, dis-armed, and placed under allied super-vision. Free movement over all partsof Austrian territory and the occupa-tion of strategic points were to begranted to the forces of the Entente.Freedom of navigation in the Adri-atic, the Danube, and all territorialwaters, together with the right to dis-mantle the fortifications of water-way, was also to be yielded. Strin-
gent condit s were inserted againstabotage, concealment, or evasion.
German Armislie, hNov. 11, 1918Germany was reuired to evacuate
all occupied territories everywhere.The iniquitous treaties of Br-i-tovsk and Bucharet were annulled.Germany was to surrender 5,000pieces of liht and heavy artlery,25,00 machine ans, 3,O00 minen-werfers, 1l,700 airplanes, 5,000 locomo-tives, 150,000 railrod ears, and 5,000motor lorries. All he were to be inperfect condition. All submarineswere to be srr , together wit10 battleships, 6 battle cruisers, 8 lighternsers, and 50 destroyers. The re-maning naval vessels were tobe dis-armed and pled under allied super-viion. Prisoners of war in G anhands were to be yielded up withoutreciprocity All terriry on the lbank of tie Rhine was to be occupiedby te allied aies, and three bridge-heads were to-be established at May-enee, Coblen, and Cologne, each witha radius of eighteen miles. A trip ofterritory six iles wide on the rightbank of the Rhine was to onstitute a
' neutral one The period of armisticewas one nmnth, with provision for re-newal if necesary.
PEAC CONFERENCE
The Peace Conference, composed ofdelegates fro the allied and asso-ciated p er, convened in Paris, Jan.18, 1919. The treaty was practicallycompleted by April 26, on which datethe German envoys were summonedto Versailles. The treaty was handedto theF on Mayf 7. Counterproposalsby the Germans resulted in some
fieations, and the trety in itsamended form was delivred on June1C, the Ge«ns biein allowed a weekatp awetor reject it. Tey agreed onJune2 to sign the treaty.
PEIAC TREATY SIGNED
The Treaty of Peace between r-many and the allied and associatedpowers was signed at Versailles,France, June 28, 199. What Ger-many is compelled to concede under itsterms may be briefly summarized asfollows:
Relinquishment of Alsace-Lorraine toFrance, Posen and West Prussia to Po-land, of part of Schleswig to Denmark,and of 3_2 square miles of Rhenish P rus-sia to LBelgium.
The Saar coal basin to be internation-alized for fifteen years, pending a ple-hiscite to determine permanent control,the coal mines.going to France.
Luxemburg lis freed from the Germancustomns union.
Germany recognites the indiependence ofGerman Austria, ioland, and ('Cechoslo-vakia.
Germany loses all colonies and her val-uable concessions in Europe, Asia, andAfrica, and recognizes the British pro-tectorate of Egypt.
The German Army is to be cut to a tem-porary total strength of 2S10,0 men, butultimately must be 100t.lO,* The German Navy is limited to six bat-tleships under 10 000 tons each, six lightcruisers, and twelve torpedo boats, sur-rendering or destroying all other war ves-sels. She is to have no more submarines.The navy personnel is limited to 2 000.
Military and naval air forces are abol-ished.
Munitions factories are to be operatedonly by permission of the Allies, and im-port or export of war materials is forbid-den.
Heligoland defenses will be dismantled.Fortifications aiming at control of theBaltic are forbidden.
The Rhine and the Moselle are put un-der the control of an international eom-nissaion, *on Which Germany- will be rep-resented. The French, Belgian, and othernations may rtn canals from the Rhine,but Ger is f orbi to do s. erman forts within thirty-three miles-of theriver will be dismantled
Other great rivers hitherto German willbe under international control, the eCecho-slovaks and Poles having free access tothe Elbe, Oder, and other streams, andthe Poles to the-Nlemen.
The Danube will be ontrolled by an in-ternational commission . The Kiel Canalwill be open to all nations, and the Czechset harbor rights at the mouth of the
Oerman railroads must be of standardgauge, and rights are granted 'to otherpowes to use them. Traffic discrimina-tions galirst outsiders are forbidden.
-Offenders against the rules of warfareand humanity are to be delivered up tothe Allies. An International high court isprovided for the trial of the Kaiser, whosesurrender will be asked of Holland.
oermany's indemnity payment is to befixed by an interalied commission. Aninitial payment of 3,0X00,000,000 must bemile within two years. Bonds runningthirty years will be issued for later pay-fments. Occupation of the Rhbine countrywill continue until the Allies are assuredof Germany's good faith.
Germany must help build ships to re-place those she sank, help rebuild dev-astated regions, surrender her tourteensubmarine cables, and cede all Oermanships over 1,100 tons and many smaller
She accepts the League of Nations prin-ciple, but is barred from membership for
Her peace treaties with Rusala' and Ru-mania are abrogated, and she .reeognizesthe Independence of States formerly Rus-siatn.
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