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Institute for Critical Thinking
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Origin of Species:
A critical analysis of Darwin’s basic theory.
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges.
Environmental barriers
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges.
Species Selection
Variation
Environmental barriers
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“Variation” can be of two types:
Mutation occurs when something new is produced—different gene from what was there before. It requires a permanent change in the DNA pool.
Adaptation occurs when something already present simply changes proportion—same genes that were there before. It requires only an increase or decrease within an existing pool of DNA..
6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Mutations are accidents. The more complex a DNA message is, the less likely it is that an accident will be an improvement.
hatccattleThe cattle roundup is under way at the Okay Corral.
Mutations are accidents.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
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Thousands of distinct diseases have been ascribed to mutations that result in deficiencies of critical enzymes.
Achromatopsi
Acoustic neuroma
Adenosice deaminase deficiency
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Aicardi syndrome
Albinism
Albright’s syndrome
Alkaptonuria
Alpers syndrome
Antitrypins deficiency
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alport syndrome
Alzheimer’s disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Anencephely
Hereditary angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary ataxias
Mutations Among Humans
All known mutations, in humans and otherwise, are the result of something that once worked either no longer working (such as blindness) or working in the wrong place (such as extra fingers or toes).
No mutations of new information, useful or otherwise, have ever been verified in any organism.
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Coyote
(Canis latrans)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas)
Dog (Canis familiaris)
“Species” is not clearly defined.
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
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“Selection” is not exactly what happens.Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored.
Natural selection?
Natural elimination.
Improves the species?
Preserves the species.Natural elimination: Harmful traits are eliminated, while viable traits survive.Artificial selection: Only a few selected traits are allowed to survive.
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Weimaraner
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Green
Brown
Blue
Yellow Yellow
Blond
Black
Gray
Brown
Red
Gray
Weimaraner
Selective breeding creates nothing. It merely eliminates options until variation can no longer occur.
Eyes
Hair
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South America
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South America
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species.
--Both mutation & adaptation
3. Competition is how mutations are purged.
adaptations survive to
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The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life1. Variation occurs randomly.2. Competition determines which variation survives to reproduce and which does not.3. A reproducing variation is the basis of a new species.
--Both mutation & adaptationadaptations survive to
3. Competition is how mutations are purged.
and the Preservation of Healthy Stock The Preservation of Kinds by
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• Change from one “species” to another is a misleading basis for evaluating evolution, because it may not identify permanent change.
• “Natural selection” does not necessarily remove neutral traits; it may simply reduce their frequency during times that they are less useful.
• Mutation is harmful; natural selection helps keep it in check
• Adaptation is a way of preserving an organism’s kind, not a means of changing it to something else.
Summary
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B100 Origin of Species
Additional comments and discussion
Slide 7
”Thousands of diseases” by mutation can be verified by visiting http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/Stats/mimstats.html The Mandelian Inheritance in Man database is the authoritative source for genetic disease mutations in humans. The identified mutations to date are “Established Gene Locus;” Positively identified diseases from these mutations are called “Phenotype Descriptions;” and conditions being investigated as possible genetic diseases are listed as “Other Entries.”
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